820:(二家宫词）alongside those of Emperor Huizong. It is worth mentioning that Empress Yang was one of the only four female poetry writers of the Song Dynasty whose works have survived, which makes her works even more valuable. Formatted mainly in the style of Qi Jue (七绝), Yang's Gong Ci poems depict the rich beauty of the imperial court, focusing on the elaborate lives of court figures of the emperor as well as courtesans and ministers of the inner court and celebrate the peace and stability of the Southern Song Dynasty perceived from her standpoint as an Empress. Similar to her poetic inscriptions, Empress Yang also regularly utilized the metaphor of flowers or other natural subjects as a metaphor for celebrating people or general characteristics of the royal family. For example, in the thirteenth entry of her Gong Ci, the description of lotus flowers in bloom is in fact an allegory for the lively peace of imperial court:
306:, Zhang Shansheng (d. 1170), who was at one point employed in the palace, and became an actress in service of the Empress Dowager Wu. Historical accounts indicate that Zhang Shansheng left the palace, but eventually returned after learning that her daughter would become a famous politician through a vision. Zhang Shansheng then returned to the palace as a court musician, rising through the ranks due to her musical abilities. Empress Wu called for Madame Zhang sometime after her arrival, only to find that Madame Zhang had, by that point, passed away. Yang Meizi, her daughter, was the natural substitute, and was placed immediately into imperial precincts.Empress Yang's original name also was Yang Guizhi(杨桂枝). She had been an entertainer in the palace since she was ten years old and was a
334:(婕妤) three years later in 1197 when sadly Grand Empress Dowager Wu nearly 83 years old perished within the Cifu Palace which to her was a shock and it seemed like she'd lost her main pillar in the harem. She had the palace eunuchs find an official who was willing to be her accomplice in changing her family history, and with his cooperation, she claimed to be the sister of the official Yang Cishan, and assumed his surname Yang after which she invited him to the palace for a "reunion feast" to celebrate the discovery of her long lost family. who proved to be sufficiently helpful in her rise as In the fifth year of Qingyuan (1199), Yang was promoted to
452:'s handwriting, and she sometimes used this ghostwriting ability for her political maneuverings. It is highly possible that she has appropriated Ningzong's hand to send out imperial "consents" for Han Tuozhou, her political rival, to be expelled from the imperial precincts and be assassinated. Ghostwriting was also used extensively by rulers in and around the Song dynasty as a way of delegation of imperial responsibility, but was sometimes cast in bad light because of its inclusion of the lower classes as ghostwriters. Empress Yang was among those who employed ghostwriters on occasion for her own political endeavors.
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and low clouds occupy the vertical center. Far below, a palace is pictured, with several ministers and court patrons exchanging pleasantries. The arrangement of the features in the work give room above the palace for
Empress Yang's calligraphy, which emphasizes the feelings of a warm, damp summer night in Hangzhou, the capital of the Song dynasty. Further connecting the poem and the painting, a recent feat of art historians of the period, are details about the Han Hall, presumably the palace pictured, and descriptions of such an event as a banquet.
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merely weeks was rendered a political fiasco after which he was deemed a rebel on her own charges of treason and conspiring against the throne, the nation and the Court, he was tried by a State
Tribunal which was her handiwork and even though the Emperor was unwilling to kill him, the verdict in days' time was ruled in her favour and the young Prince met his fatal end with her instituting his punishment as an
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worship at the
Ancestral Temple which had become another popularised trend by powerful Empress Dowagers following the Example of the Empress Zhangxian which ritual was supposed to be done by the Emperor she was therefore the third and last woman ruler to do so after Empresses Liu and Wu of the Gaozong Emperor both of the Song Dynasty.
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the
Empress Dowager which led many to speculate that the two political allies had even been lovers. Historically though it is asserted that Shi Miyuan never recovered from the depression and grief and his grip over State Affairs loosened as his health declined and eventually he died ten months later to be succeeded by Deng Daqian.
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ambitions served to demolish whatever efforts the aging woman had invested as he made a rather indirect public disregard of her which situation became poisonous when he started to censure her involvement in the affairs of State and served to continue showing his support to
Consort Cao her one time rival for the Empress' throne.
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trends in art during his time, but also due to his occupation as a court painter. Specifically for his work with
Empress Yang, light imagery and illustrations of the graceful facets of natural Chinese landscapes - blossoms, bamboo, and mountains are among the most abundant images in works between the two.
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Consequently, the rapid decline of the Song
Dynasty was because she had left behind a poor and weak choice of an Empress for her successor and the Emperor Lizong did little to improve the condition of his people as he lacked her foresight and advice and was least interested in handling the affairs of
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In the last decade of her life and 30 year de facto reign over the Empire, the once weak and vulnerable state with its military force had become a strong formidable one as she reduced greatly the influence of the merchant clans and political factions in the Court and restored more power to the throne
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It was in
Emperor Lizong's regime that she further cemented her political footing having been instrumental in crushing Zhao Hong's revolt where he decided to return to the capital to take his rightful throne after he yielded to the pressure from his supporters. The coup d'état intended for victory in
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and her brother Yang Cishan to murder him in 1207, on his way to the Palace for the Daily
Assembly, he was intercepted at the Sixth Platoon Bridge by the Imperial Guard Commander Xie, dragged into the Yuchin garden right outside the Imperial City and by a mob of infuriated elite Palace guards, he was
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much as there isn't adequate historical evidence to pronounce about how powerful she was because the shift in the
Dynasties roughly fifty years later so a lot of destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty records, it remains that she was nonetheless one of the most influential women in Chinese History
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of 1205-07 which ended in a stalemate, she'd garnered immense support as the Militaristic Han Touzhou had become unpopular which fermented enough hatred towards him and sowed seeds that were sufficient for her to orchestrate his downfall as the Emperor grew less confident in him and furthermore with
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could be seen as unbecoming of a Confucian woman, but she was also politically inclined to support the customs of the nobility. Her embrace of the noble culture and the reclamation of that culture for women has made her a famous figures in contemporary studies of how gender roles were challenged in
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currently housed in Taipei's National Palace Museum. It depicts the title event in the characteristic details of Emperor Ningzong's administration while staying true to the painter's style and the demands of Song artistic culture. In the background, large mountains rise above the horizon, while fog
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More than once she persisted to carry out a number of Religious ceremonies in public which accorded her a celestial aura for example the Sericultural Ceremony to the goddess of silkworms which she carried out as the Empress Dowager yet it had been largely reserved for Empress Consorts alone and the
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The Empress had tried so much to warn the young man she'd even cautioned him saying "If Your Imperial Highness would be kind to listen to loyal officials then surely the Mandate of Heaven shall be vested in you but should their will become for you a hamper to curtail your ambitions, assured for you
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and eventually became Grand chancellor a year later, a position in which he came to dominate the Imperial Court to the point of even placing spies within the Palace, nothing that happened within the Palace was kept secret from him, he even had a girl placed as a spy with the designated crown prince
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died of an illness. Both Beauty Cao (曹美人), described as gentle and submissive, and Yang who had borne the Emperor two sons were favoured by the emperor. On top of that, She had managed to effectively run the harem and preside over most duties of the Inner Court given the absence of a strong Empress
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Stylistically, Ma Yuan favored the infusion of nature with humans and man-made structures. As was indicative of his time, the landscape is not merely a background, but a subject - a living, dynamic, active player in the work. Depictions of royal architecture are central to his style, partly due to
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Empress Yang is one of the most prominent Song dynasty poets who wrote in the genre of Shengping (升平). Shengping poetry, a style created by Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty when he was admiring spring blossoms with members of his court, focused primarily on the celebration of court life and the
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After her death, the influence of the Yang, Shi, Ma and Wu Clans on which she had greatly relied for her own political survival consequently diminished. Shi Miyuan though still Grand Chancellor was psychologically and emotionally troubled suffered from trauma considering how close he had been with
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whom she had adopted become a most astute wielder of power at the Imperial Court and could just issue about any decree that she wanted when she wanted it, became the arbitrator of bureaucratic disputes and went ahead to celebrate her birthday's with special names that In the second year of Baoqing
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a situation which exacerbated with the intense rivalries between his mother the Empress Li and his Great Grandmother the Grand Empress Dowager Wu. As a result, he appeared to have never emotionally recovered from these psychological wounds and even if he was mature and possessed the qualities of a
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is a prime example of the themes explored in Empress Yang's poetry, as she reimagined literary culture to represent the values common in Confucian women while fundamentally challenging assumptions of the gender held by many in her time. For example, her encouragement of such frivolities involving
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Utilizing the imagery of a naturalistic water hall and blooming lotus, the first two lines of the poem highlights the beauty of the imperial garden, signifying the free-flowing and vibrant spirit of the royal family. The subsequent two lines then demonstrate the artistic talent of the emperor for
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herself as she could appoint and dismiss any official as she pleased, pass Edicts without the Emperor's consent, used "Zhen" to refer to herself, she was at the head of all ceremony, the final Court of Appeal and aside from the Grand Chancellor for National stability and peace was the only person
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Recent historiography uncovered a connection between Yang Meizi and Empress Yang, connecting them after centuries of belief that they were in fact two different people. This discovery led to the upheaval of previous narratives about both people. Yang Meizi, hitherto dismissed as concerned chiefly
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borrowed the proportion of Yan's characters, as each stroke was distributed evenly. The details of the brushwork—such as the heavy and tapered vertical strokes, and the “swallowtail” notch at the end of the right-falling strokes—demonstrated her deep learning of the calligraphy style of the Tang
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and went ahead to develop roads and trading centres which economically strengthened the Empire and eventually rid the Southern Song Court of Corrupt officials which oversaw its survival that she was responsible for concluding an alliance with the Mongols which safeguarded the State from foreign
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By nature, the New Crown Prince was a man of versatile attitudes and no compromise, independent and not the type of person to play second fiddle to a woman and while the Empress went to great efforts to try and strengthen her mother and foster son relationship in the hopes of pacifying him, his
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In this position, she came to the attention of the future Emperor Ningzong. It is important to note that many biographical details about Empress Yang are unclear, and, while this simply be a product of misplaced facts over the past centuries, some studies have noted the potential for purposeful
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for hampering her coronation, tried several times to turn the emperor against him first by appointing the members of the Wu Clan to power to rival the growing influence of the Han Clan under him and even had her brother rise to the position of A General he lived like a First rank Marquis which
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She was genuinely asserted to have been wise and intelligent, ruthless and at times malicious while she tried to maintain a saintly and liberal acumen she was an astute wielder of power both virtually and actually at court and in the palace, manipulative and strangely enough from an ambiguous
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and being a staunch patron of the Arts and Buddhism spent much of her personal wealth renovating and expanding temple complexes, funding the academies and also retraining and requipping the Southern Song Dynasty's army which having gone through long regimes of peace had become an inefficient
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though not actually one from 1224 until her death in 1233 at the age of 71, having been the de facto ruler of the Southern Song dynasty for 30 whole years. Empress Yang, also known by the name Yang Meizi, is considered "one of the most powerful empresses of the Song dynasty and is allegedly
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It was quite clear from the very beginning that the Empress Yang enjoyed political favour and on a number of occasions acted wisely with self restraint with the intention of curtailing the possibility of being censured for her interference lest she'd be dubbed more less like the
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loved and respected her as though she was his mother and on a number of occasions she supported his claims and accorded her political counsel it made it close to impossible to diminish her influence that she vividly stood out to represent the true power behind the throne and
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asked for a boy at least 14 years old to adopt with the hope of eliminating the possibility of a regency following his death. Zhao Hong was selected, adopted, and installed as Crown Prince in 1221 while the Empress watched quietly.
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came to Yang's dinner at night, being already somewhat drunk after having attended the dinner of consort Cao. Yang convinced the drunk emperor to sign the edict making her empress at the table. The first edict was intercepted by
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The curtains of the water hall are hooked to the wind, the rich blossoms of the lotus flowers have reddened people's reflections. My Emperor have finished his song on the flowery strings, and all earthly annoyance have trickled
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invited her to reign as his co-regent behind a lowered silk and pearl screen. She accepted the offer and ruled jointly with him until her death in 1233, eight years later. To the opposition of many at court, she selected
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Shouming. In the first year of Shaoding (1228), she was additionally named Empress Dowager Shoumingcirui (寿明慈睿皇太后). In the fourth year of Shaoding (1231), she was made Empress Dowager Shoumingrenfucirui (寿明仁福慈睿皇太后)
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She continued to expand the number of applicants from humble families to take the Imperial examinations and become officials in the Southern Song Dynasty but however, she had built a system only she could sustain.
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Her rather kind nature on the outside proved her to be a most popular political figure however beyond the Imperial Court among the people however and she in turn was idolized as the Goddess of mercy
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with poetic inscription attributed to Emperor Ningzong. Early thirteenth century, Southern Song period. Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk, 111.9 x 535 cm. National Palace Museum, Taipei.
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Empress Yang proved in no time a de facto boss as soon as she came to the phoenix throne and became an Empress and given the conditions in the palace they each proved more than favourable.
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In 1195, the first year of the Qingyuan era, she married with Zhao Kuo, future Emperor Ningzong of Song, and was named the Lady of Pingle Commandery (平乐郡夫人). She was promoted to the title
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She proved not so different from her other predecessors when she went ahead to send envoys to the Jurchens in her own name and also had open meetings with the Courtiers especially
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prospect of a peaceful and prosperous world under the court rule. Around fifty surviving poems of Empress Yang were collected by Mao Jin in the Ming dynasty and included in the
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her long time ally it was rumoured that because of this relationship they shared they to some people looked no different from lovers. She went an extra step to style herself as
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Her husband Emperor Ningzong was a man who had been brought up as a pampered child, he was the unfortunate victim of the terrible family conflicts between both His father the
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being able to transcend "all the vulgarities" with his instrument, implying the main theme of celebrating the harmony of the court and the pursuit of literary elegance.
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the oldest surviving painting by female artist in Chinese art history, should be attributed to Empress Yang, but there are many controversies surrounding this issue.
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She made other contributions to farmers by renting out the idle fertile lands of the Imperial family to the commoners, fostered International trading relations with
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with romance and beauty, was granted a dimension of leadership and acumen. Empress Yang, already respected, added an aspect of humanity which was formerly foreign.
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grew to trust her to soon enough make her his secret Chief advisor, she revised his petitions and suggested appointments and dismissals of officials in the Court.
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and forced Empress Yang onto the plot but allegedly herself insatiable she was bound to agree as long as it meant that she'd retain her power and even gain more.
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when he died because Shi Miyuan had once found Zhao Hong sober and passed out on his quarters and in 1223, a lute-playing girl forced to act like a spy by
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with encomium by Empress Yang. Early thirteenth century. Southern Song period. Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk, 77.6x33cm. Tokyo National Museum.
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Hu, Ying (2009). "On the role of imperial art in combining text and image—with Southern Song Empress Yang Meizi's inscription on painting as example".
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961:. Late twelfth to early thirteenth century. Southern Song period. Album leaf, ink and color on silk, 25.6 x 28.5 cm. Tang Shi Fan Collection.
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and the inner Palace and a relationship which was mutually prosperous ensued especially when her foster son Zhao Kai who had been designated the
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Dynasty. The employment of this "masculine" style of writing perhaps also reflects Empress Yang's own political ambition in the Song court.
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Late twelfth to early thirteenth century. Southern Song period. Album leaf, ink and color on silk, 25.3 x 27.5 cm. Tianjin Art Museum.
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arranged a dinner for each consort to decide which one to make his empress. Yang allowed Cao to have her dinner first. This meant, that the
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This painting differs from most other paintings carrying an inscription by Empress Yang: it is attributed not to Ma Yuan, but to his son
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discovered the plot, but she pleaded with him not to side with her enemy lest she should commit suicide, and he agreed not to interfere.
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who was diplomatic and she reformed and strengthened the Southern Song Dynasty and through her political skills safeguarded it from the
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Given all the divergent incidents transpiring in the Imperial Court, the powerful Grand Chancellor and political ally of Empress Yang
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Empress Yang was a woman above all deception and if the History books never had it then it was that she was a most remarkable mortal
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Hay, John (1991). "Poetic space: Ch'ien Hsüan and the association of painting and poetry". In Murck, Alfreda; Fong, Wen C. (eds.).
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Dated 1222. Album leaves mounted as a handscroll. Ink and light color on silk, 26.8 x 41.6 cm, each. Palace Museum, Beijing.
919:. Twelfth century. Southern Song period. Album leaf, ink and color on silk, 25.2 x 25.3 cm. National Palace Museum, Taipei.
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background. However contemporary history suggests that she just had most of her history altered for entirely political reasons.
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1004:. While the former can be characterized as smooth and bold, the later seems more slender and restrained. It is deduced that in
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Study on the Female Painting and Calligraphy in the Southern Song Dynasty from the Controversies of “Hundred Flowers Scroll.”
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was herself ailing and near death as she was also entirely politically detached even within the harem and the Inner Court.
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allowed himself to be politically dominated by his foster mother, her actions ultimately made her appear no less than an
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By the time of her death in 1233, the Empress Dowager Yang had been the eighth of nine Powerful Southern Song Empresses
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The calligraphy style of this inscription is notably different from Empress Yang's calligraphy in an earlier painting,
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Twelfth century. Southern Song period. Album leaf, ink and color on silk. 25.8 x 24.6 cm. Palace Museum, Beijing.
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Dated 1216, Southern Song period. Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk, 101.7 x 49.6 cm. Palace Museum, Beijing.
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into the throne room and put him on the dragon throne and then called Zhao Hong into the room without any bodyguards.
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good ruler, he was a man of frail health and questionable mental faculties which suited the Empress Yang's exploits.
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relaxed his guard, while Yang triumphed over him by convincing the emperor to sign another edict making her empress.
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This privilege had continued for about fifteen years and she lacked sufficient opposition especially since her ally
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It is believed that in the Song Dynasty's Imperial history out of its nine Great Empresses, Empress Yang alongside
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returned to the palace and particularly in her care which Imperial prerogative had last been exercised by the Late
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the death of Empress Han there was no one to plead his case as the last surviving Empress Dowager in the Palace
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ruler of the Southern Song dynasty for 22 years and through political machinations as Imperial Regent
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and the Officials referred to her as "Bixia" which titles was reserved for only Emperors and because
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threatened to have the entire Yang clan massacred, she agreed to fabricate the edict which installed
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not wanting to lose his power decided to send his ally Yu Tianxi to locate a suitable heir. Yu found
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was now the Emperor sparking protests from Zhao Hong until he was forced to bow in recognition of
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In the fifth year, she died in Ciming Palace, and was named Gongshengrenlie (恭圣仁烈) posthumously.
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of the emperor. Empress Yang is among the many regents in ancient China said to have partaken in
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Zhou, Shufang. “越地才女南宋宁宗杨皇后宫词创作探索 ”. Journal of Shaoxing University, vol. 39, Jan. 2019: 86-87.
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Zhao Hong who was the adopted grandson of Zhao Kai, who in turn was the biological grandson of
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her mentor and perfect master, she was remarked to have possessed the poise of the Empress Wu.
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to come from a humble background to become the most powerful woman in the world serving as the
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Such a passionate young man he had so seemed when the Crown Prince Zhao Xun died in 1220 from
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but just as she was up for yet another challenge, a young contender was to be beckoned with.
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Zhou, Shufang. “越地才女南宋宁宗杨皇后宫词创作探索 ”. Journal of Shaoxing University, vol. 39, Jan. 2019: 83.
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bludgeoned to death amidst great humiliation only a few hours to the hour of noon. The
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and even her funeral was conducted no different from that of an Emperor that even the
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Empress Yang is also the writer of several important inscriptions in the paintings of
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to commit suicide by strangulation that his filthy blood might not stain the palace.
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1435:《续资治通鉴》卷二十 五记载太宗于雍熙元年(984)三月己丑：“诏宰相近臣赏花于后苑。上曰:‘春气喧和,万物畅茂,四方无事。朕以天下之乐为乐, 宜令侍从、词臣各赋。”
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846:(Shanghai Museum) are painted by Empress Yang. It is also widely believed that the
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Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618-1644
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The painting features two branches covered with white blossoms of palace plum (
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was more than determined to downplay the Empress' growing political influence.
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Empress Yang is best known for her collaborations with the Song court painter
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which was the Highest Title a secondary wife could attain (贵妃) a year later.
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scholars though censuring her asserted that she was in deed a very capable
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Hu, Wenkai. “历代妇女著作考". Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 1985.
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considered the Southern Song dynasty's most powerful Empress at the time"
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rather than the emperor's favorite Consort Jia (died 1247) as empress.
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that once Zhao Hong would become Emperor, he would banish and exile
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Album leaf, 25.8 x 27.3 cm. National Palace Museum, Taipei.
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Zhao, Runjin. “杨皇后与文学 ”. Chuanshan Journal, vol. 78, 2010: 155.
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Zhao, Runjin. “杨皇后与文学 ”. Chuanshan Journal, vol. 78, 2010: 154.
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entitled to provide guidance and advice to the Imperial Crown.
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is the fate of entirely dire consequences" but to no avail and
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which had been largely curtailed following the reign of the
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Words and images: Chinese poetry, calligraphy, and painting
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The Empress Yang was an Empowering and virtuous sagacious
1333:南宋·周密《齐东野语·杨太后》：“慈明杨太后养母善声伎……如杭，或导之入慈福宫为乐部头。后方十岁，以为则剧孩儿”。
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omissions in her personal details for political reasons.
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decided to groom him as the potential heir renaming him
1595:
Journal of Nanjing Arts Institute: Fine Arts and Design
1372:"The Emperor's Lady Ghostwriters in Song-Dynasty China"
869:
A perfect example of such a collaboration is Ma Yuan's
376:, as she had expected. Believing he had won over her,
1008:, she was perhaps mimicking the calligraphy style of
278:
she was the second Empress in the dynasty after the
2000:
1967:
1946:
1893:
1847:
1784:
1703:
1257:Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (28 January 2015).
226:
218:
202:
174:
164:
149:
123:
103:
99:
89:
77:
67:
57:
47:
39:
21:
1561:Empresses, art, & agency in Song dynasty China
1302:Empresses, art, & agency in Song dynasty China
893:, a landscape painter of Song Dynasty, such as in
241:(30 June 1162 – 18 January 1233), formally titled
528:and therefore, an adopted nephew of the reigning
1068:were the most politically apt and broad-minded.
798:the stage soon turned in favour of another fair
610:wished to have another of the Imperial princes,
1417:Jiang Su University, Master Dissertation, 2017.
1342:明·田汝成《西湖游览志余》：“杨皇后在杨才人以下，年十岁，为则剧孩儿。及长，以琵琶隶慈福宫”。
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1124:Empress Dowager Shoumingrenfucirui - 1231–1233
638:. Zhao Hong was moved to a nearby prefecture,
1674:
8:
16:Empress consort of the Southern Song dynasty
1564:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1305:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
448:. She was capable of mimicking her husband
1681:
1667:
1659:
1620:
1263:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 789–790.
482:existed at the Imperial Court between the
31:
18:
1121:Empress Dowager Shoumingcirui - 1228–1231
650:In gratitude for giving him the throne,
498:Her power was climaxed when she had the
423:Finally, the Empress Yang sent her ally
1232:
910:Attending the Banquet by Lantern Light,
245:, was a Chinese empress consort of the
966:Golden Blossoms of the Weeping Willow.
199:
1479:
1477:
1409:
1407:
1405:
662:Empress Dowager Yang in assuming the
51:29 December 1202 – 17 September 1224
7:
1603:10.3969/j.issn.1008-9675.2009.01.014
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1147:Mother: Zhang Shansheng, Yang Cairen
1118:Empress Dowager Shouming - 1226–1228
622:on the throne that he first brought
93:17 September 1224 – 18 January 1233
1053:that are revered to this very day.
571:and subordinates to the far south.
563:spied on Zhao Hong and reported to
2161:13th-century Chinese women writers
2156:12th-century Chinese women writers
1486:"Emperor Ningzong's Night Banquet"
14:
945:Holding Wine Cups under the Moon.
671:(1226), Empress Gongsheng became
253:. She served as the co-regent of
210:Empress Gongsheng Renlie (恭聖仁烈皇后)
1115:Empress Dowager Yang - 1224–1226
1089:Lady of Pingle Commandery - 1195
840:Holding Wine Cups under the Moon
439:rose in rank to the position of
395:and his grandfather the Retired
938:Dong shan Wading through Water,
642:where he could live in luxury.
2146:Song dynasty empresses dowager
1134:Empress Gongshengrenlie - 1233
502:that had once been misused by
298:It is said that she came from
1:
2084:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1690:Empresses of the Song dynasty
924:Layer upon Layer of Icy Tips.
881:alcohol as those depicted in
646:As empress dowager and regent
555:did not want Hong to succeed
403:Empress Yang did not forgive
1617:. Liezhuan. Empress Part Two
1220:Zhao Yi Prince Zhaochongchun
1217:Zhao Ji, Prince Yongchong'an
973:Layer Upon Layer on Icy Tips
886:older East Asian societies.
310:who was good at playing the
154:Yongmaoling (永茂陵) mausoleum
1615:History of the Song Dynasty
838:Some scholars believe that
408:politically empowered her.
274:To become a most competent
2217:
2186:13th-century Chinese poets
2181:12th-century Chinese poets
2151:13th-century women regents
844:Cherry Blossoms and Oriole
2036:
1993:
1980:Grand Empress Dowager Xie
1959:Grand Empress Dowager Gao
1954:Grand Empress Dowager Cao
1939:
1840:
1696:
1647:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1484:Edwards, Richard (1999).
1205:Princess Zhouhan Duanxiao
901:Inscriptions (attributed)
895:Twelve Views of Landscape
806:Empress Yang and the arts
724:Emperor and his wife the
418:Grand Empress Dowager Xie
346:As imperial noble consort
209:
198:
30:
1975:Grand Empress Dowager Wu
508:Grand Empress Dowager Wu
468:of the Liu Clan and the
251:Emperor Ningzong of Song
182:Zhao Jiong (biological)
1941:Grand empresses dowager
1162:Zhao Jiong (biological)
952:Twelve Scenes of Water.
848:Hundred Flowers Scroll,
359:, an uncle of the dead
180:Zhao Zeng (biological)
40:Empress consort of the
2141:Song dynasty empresses
1197:Guifei of the Yan Clan
1194:Guifei of the Jia Clan
1159:Zhao Zeng (biological)
1101:Empress Consort - 1202
583:, a minor official in
456:Consolidation of power
257:and ultimately like a
1880:Empress Dowager Xiang
1558:Lee, Hui-shu (2010).
1370:Lee, Hui-shu (2004).
1359:on 10 September 2024.
1299:Lee, Hui-shu (2010).
842:(Tianjin Museum) and
355:Dowager at the time.
326:As imperial concubine
84:Southern Song dynasty
42:Southern Song dynasty
2201:Song dynasty regents
2196:13th-century regents
2191:People from Shaoxing
1995:Posthumous empresses
1931:Empress Dowager Quan
1921:Empress Dowager Yang
1901:Empress Dowager Meng
1182:Brother: Yang Cishan
1106:During the reign of
1077:During the reign of
854:Artistic commissions
685:Her Imperial Majesty
78:Empress dowager and
2176:Chinese women poets
1911:Empress Dowager Xie
1885:Empress Dowager Liu
1875:Empress Dowager Gao
1870:Empress Dowager Cao
1865:Empress Dowager Liu
1651:Empress Xie Daoqing
657:Empress Xie Daoqing
280:Empress Dowager Liu
184:Zhao Xun (adopted)
72:Empress Xie Daoqing
2166:Song dynasty poets
1906:Empress Dowager Wu
1860:Empress Dowager Li
1855:Empress Dowager Du
1185:Daughters-in-law:
1165:Zhao Xun (adopted)
1086:Yang Cairen - 1194
384:As empress consort
22:Empress Gongsheng
2118:
2117:
1842:Empresses dowager
1698:Empresses consort
1657:
1656:
1648:Succeeded by
1571:978-0-295-98963-1
1312:978-0-295-98963-1
1270:978-1-317-51561-6
519:Grand Chancellory
466:Empress Zhangxian
441:Minister of Rites
393:Emperor Guangzong
243:Empress Gongsheng
236:
235:
214:
213:
2208:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1641:Empress of China
1631:Preceded by
1621:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1355:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1296:
1275:
1274:
1254:
1208:Princess Zhenzhu
1152:Emperor Ningzong
1079:Emperor Ningzong
1002:Apricot Blossoms
984:Emperor Ningzong
917:Apricot Blossoms
604:Emperor Ningzong
587:and sent him to
541:Emperor Ningzong
530:Emperor Ningzong
526:Emperor Xiaozong
493:Emperor Ningzong
480:Balance of Power
450:Emperor Ningzong
397:Emperor Xiaozong
230:Zhang Shansheng
200:
169:Emperor Ningzong
130:
35:
26:
19:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2032:
1996:
1989:
1963:
1942:
1935:
1889:
1843:
1836:
1780:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1653:
1644:
1636:
1634:Empress Gongshu
1625:Chinese royalty
1611:
1610:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1572:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1234:
1229:
1202:Grandchildren:
1191:of the Xie Clan
1144:Father: Unknown
1141:
1131:
1112:
1083:
1074:
1027:Empress Dowager
1023:
976:
959:Presenting Wine
931:Peach Blossoms.
903:
856:
836:
813:
808:
757:
673:Empress dowager
648:
630:then said that
517:controlled the
478:Nonetheless, a
458:
386:
352:Empress Gongshu
348:
328:
296:
264:empress regnant
231:
204:Posthumous name
190:
185:
183:
181:
160:
155:
134:
133:Ciming Palace
132:
128:
127:18 January 1233
108:
94:
62:Empress Gongshu
52:
24:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
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1857:
1851:
1849:
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1841:
1838:
1837:
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1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
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1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1585:
1570:
1550:
1535:
1515:
1490:Ars Orientalis
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1401:
1362:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1311:
1276:
1269:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:Emperor Duzong
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:Empress Shouhe
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:Emperor Lizong
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1022:
1019:
975:
970:
902:
899:
871:Night Banquet,
855:
852:
835:
832:
818:Er Jia Gong Ci
812:
809:
807:
804:
756:
753:
702:imperial order
689:Emperor Lizong
668:Emperor Lizong
652:Emperor Lizong
647:
644:
470:Empress Wu Hou
457:
454:
411:Following the
385:
382:
347:
344:
327:
324:
295:
292:
255:Emperor Lizong
234:
233:
228:
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223:
220:
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215:
212:
211:
207:
206:
196:
195:
178:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
153:
151:
147:
146:
131:(aged 71)
125:
121:
120:
105:
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100:
97:
96:
91:
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86:
75:
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69:
65:
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49:
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44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Chinese Gējìs
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2028:Consort Zhang
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:Northern Song
1999:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:Southern Song
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:Northern Song
1945:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:Southern Song
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:Northern Song
1846:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:Southern Song
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Empress Zheng
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Empress Xiang
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:Northern Song
1702:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:9780870996047
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:(1): 61–101.
1381:
1377:
1376:Artibus Asiae
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:Guifei - 1200
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
974:
971:
969:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
911:
906:
900:
898:
896:
892:
887:
884:
883:Night Banquet
879:
878:Night Banquet
875:
872:
867:
863:
861:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
827:
826:
821:
819:
810:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
754:
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
727:
723:
717:
713:
712:institution.
710:
705:
703:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
674:
669:
665:
660:
658:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
636:Zhao Guicheng
633:
632:Zhao Guicheng
629:
625:
624:Zhao Guicheng
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:Zhao Guicheng
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
500:Imperial Seal
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
476:
475:
474:Tang Dynasty.
471:
467:
461:
455:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
433:
431:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:Jin-Song wars
409:
406:
401:
398:
394:
389:
383:
381:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
345:
343:
341:
338:(婉仪), and to
337:
333:
325:
323:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
290:for 8 years.
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
252:
249:, married to
248:
244:
240:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
179:
177:
173:
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167:
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137:
126:
122:
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106:
102:
98:
92:
88:
85:
81:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
50:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
20:
2072:N. Dynasties
2068:S. Dynasties
2018:Princess Pan
1920:
1916:Li Fengniang
1832:Empress Quan
1822:Empress Yang
1821:
1812:Li Fengniang
1792:Empress Xing
1766:Empress Wang
1756:Empress Meng
1716:Empress Song
1711:Empress Wang
1639:
1614:
1597:(1): 65–69.
1594:
1588:
1560:
1553:
1525:
1518:
1493:
1489:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1414:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1357:the original
1347:
1338:
1329:
1301:
1259:
1129:Posthumously
1095:Wanyi - 1199
1092:Jieyu - 1197
1055:
1046:Ming Dynasty
1039:
1024:
1013:
1010:Yan Zhenqing
1005:
1001:
999:
994:
990:
988:
977:
972:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
904:
894:
888:
882:
877:
876:
870:
868:
864:
857:
847:
843:
839:
837:
828:
823:
822:
817:
814:
769:
765:
761:
758:
749:
729:
718:
714:
706:
698:
678:
661:
649:
601:
573:
550:
546:
534:
523:
512:
497:
488:Crown Prince
477:
462:
459:
446:ghostwriting
434:
422:
410:
402:
390:
387:
349:
339:
335:
331:
329:
320:
316:
297:
273:
269:
258:
247:Song dynasty
242:
239:Empress Yang
238:
237:
129:(1233-01-18)
107:30 June 1162
2136:1233 deaths
2131:1162 births
2064:16 Kingdoms
2013:Princess Fu
1985:Xie Daoqing
1926:Xie Daoqing
1827:Xie Daoqing
1817:Empress Han
1807:Empress Xie
1802:Empress Xia
1776:Empress Zhu
1761:Empress Liu
1746:Empress Gao
1741:Empress Cao
1736:Empress Guo
1731:Empress Liu
1726:Empress Guo
1353:"南宋宁宗皇后杨桂枝"
1110:(1224–1233)
1081:(1194–1224)
1062:Empress Gao
1058:Empress Liu
964:Anonymous,
800:Empress Xie
726:Empress Li.
504:Han Touzhou
484:bureaucracy
405:Han Tuozhou
378:Han Tuozhou
374:Han Tuozhou
365:The Emperor
361:Empress Han
357:Han Tuozhou
232:Yang Cairen
58:Predecessor
2125:Categories
2056:3 Kingdoms
2023:Consort Li
1797:Empress Wu
1721:Empress Li
1645:1202–1224
1413:Zhao, Yi.
1227:References
1066:Empress Wu
681:Shi Miyuan
664:co-regency
628:Shi Miyuan
616:Shi Miyuan
608:Shi Miyuan
577:Shi Miyuan
569:Shi Miyuan
561:Shi Miyuan
553:Shi Miyuan
515:Shi Miyuan
437:Shi Miyuan
425:Shi Miyuan
189:(adopted)
159:, Zhejiang
53:(22 years)
1580:435628931
1545:972011758
1502:0571-1371
1496:: 55–67.
1388:0004-3648
1321:435628931
1214:(adopted)
1177:(adopted)
1171:(adopted)
1169:Zhao Hong
957:Ma Yuan,
950:Ma Yuan,
943:Ma Yuan,
936:Ma Yuan,
929:Ma Yuan,
915:Ma Yuan,
908:Ma Yuan,
905:Sources:
747:threats.
722:Guangzong
581:Zhao Yuju
537:dysentery
460:Sources:
435:Her ally
350:In 1200,
308:courtesan
304:courtesan
294:Biography
276:Sovereign
194:(adopted)
187:Zhao Hong
95:(8 years)
68:Successor
1175:Zhao Yun
1150:Spouse:
1035:Jurchens
1033:and the
922:Ma Lin,
834:Painting
620:Zhao Yun
612:Zhao Yun
585:Shaoxing
557:Ningzong
284:de facto
260:de facto
192:Zhao Yun
157:Shaoxing
140:Zhejiang
114:Zhejiang
2008:Lady He
1510:4629547
1396:3250155
1156:Issue:
1050:Monarch
1042:goddess
1031:Mongols
991:gongmei
891:Xia Gui
860:Ma Yuan
767:State.
709:Guanyin
693:Emperor
472:of the
430:emperor
369:Emperor
288:de jure
222:Unknown
90:Regency
82:of the
2096:W. Xia
2038:Xia →
1578:
1568:
1543:
1533:
1508:
1500:
1394:
1386:
1319:
1309:
1267:
1139:Family
1072:Titles
1021:Legacy
995:yongwu
980:Ma Lin
811:Poetry
732:Goryeo
640:Huzhou
606:died,
340:guifei
300:Kuaiji
227:Mother
219:Father
165:Spouse
150:Burial
136:Lin'an
110:Kuaiji
80:regent
48:Tenure
25:恭聖仁烈皇后
2040:Shang
1506:JSTOR
1392:JSTOR
1014:Layer
1006:Layer
825:away.
784:Xiang
755:Death
744:Tibet
740:India
736:Japan
666:with
602:When
336:wanyi
332:jieyu
176:Issue
144:China
118:China
2112:Qing
2108:Ming
2104:Yuan
2092:Song
2088:Liao
2080:Tang
2044:Zhou
1576:OCLC
1566:ISBN
1541:OCLC
1531:ISBN
1498:ISSN
1384:ISSN
1317:OCLC
1307:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1064:and
788:Meng
742:and
734:and
539:and
312:pipa
124:Died
104:Born
2100:Jīn
2076:Sui
2060:Jìn
2052:Han
2048:Qin
1599:doi
780:Gao
776:Cao
772:Liu
593:Shi
589:Shi
565:Shi
2127::
2110:→
2106:→
2102:→
2098:/
2094:/
2090:/
2086:→
2082:→
2078:→
2074:→
2070:/
2066:→
2062:/
2058:→
2054:→
2050:→
2046:→
2042:→
1574:.
1539:.
1504:.
1494:29
1492:.
1488:.
1476:^
1404:^
1390:.
1380:64
1378:.
1374:.
1315:.
1279:^
1235:^
1060:,
796:Li
794:,
792:Wu
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
738:,
591:.
314:.
142:,
138:,
116:,
112:,
1682:e
1675:t
1668:v
1605:.
1601::
1582:.
1547:.
1512:.
1398:.
1323:.
1273:.
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