2101:, pp. 58–60: "There was a time in which there was nothing but darkness and an abyss of waters, wherein resided most hideous beings which were produced of a two-fold principle. Men appeared with two wings, some with four wings, and two faces. They had one body but two heads, one of a man, the other of a woman. They were likewise, in their several organs, both male and female. Other human figures were to be seen with the legs and horns of goats. Some had horses' feet; others had the limbs of a horse behind but, in front, were fashioned like men resembling hippocentaurs. Bulls, likewise, bred there with the heads of men; and dogs, with fourfold bodies, and the tails of fishes. Also horses, with the heads of dogs : men, too, and other animals, with the heads and bodies of horses and the tails of fishes. In short, there were creatures with the limbs of every species of animals. Add to these fishes, reptiles, serpents, with other wonderful animals, which assumed each other's shape and countenance. Of all these were preserved delineations in the temple of Belus at Babylon."The person, who was supposed to have presided over them, was a woman named Omoroca ; which in the Chaldee language is Thalatth; which in Greek is interpreted Thalassa, the sea: but, according to the most true computation, it is equivalent to Selene, the Moon. All things being in this situation, Belus came, and cut the woman asunder: and, out of one half of her, he formed the Earth, and of the other half the heavens; and at the same time he destroyed the animals in the abyss. All this (he says) was an allegorical description of nature. For the whole universe consisting of moisture, and animals being continually generated therein; the deity (Belus), above-mentioned, cut off his own head; upon which the other gods mixed the blood, as it gushed out, with the earth; and from thence men were formed. On this account it is that men are rational, and partake of divine knowledge. This Belus, whom men call Dis, (or Pluto,) divided the darkness, and separated the heavens from the earth, and reduced the universe to order. But the animals so recently created, not being able to bear the prevalence of light, died."Belus upon this, seeing a vast space quite uninhabited, though by nature very fruitful, ordered one of the gods to take off his head; and when it was taken off, they were to mix the blood with the soil of the Earth, and from thence to form other men and animals, which should be capable of bearing the light. Belus also formed the stars, and the Sun and the Moon, together with the five planets."
1741:
adjusted to having Tiamat's blood being blown off by the wind. Marduk using floods and storms as a weapon and using a net to capture Tiamat (the personified sea) does not make logical sense, but they were weapons that
Ninurta used in the Anzu myth and in Lugal-e, and usage of a net would make sense against Anzu. Other traditions related to Ninurta were also applied to Marduk in Enuma Elish, such as the name of one of Ninurta's weapons (long wood) being given to Marduk’s bow. While it would make sense to simply write this off as Marduk using Ninurta's model simply because it was the closest match, the traditions involving Ninurta were already used to allude to heroism in the epic of Gilgamesh, and imageries of Ninurta played an important part of Neo-Assyrian ideology.
1302:, most scholars now believe it is unlikely and accept a dating to the Second Dynasty of Isin. During the Old Babylonian period, Marduk was not the pantheon head, appearing instead as the mediator between the great gods and Hammurabi, and there is no evidence that Hammurabi or his successors promoted Marduk at the expense of the other gods. It was during the Second Dynasty of Isin that Marduk started to be referred to as the king of the gods, with the return of the statue of Marduk from Elam by
55:
1863:) notes many differences, including polytheism vs. monotheism, and personification of forces and qualities in the Babylonian myth vs. imperative creation by God in the biblical stories; permanence of matter vs. creation out of nothing; and the lack of any real parallel for Marduk's long battles with monsters. He also notes some broad commonalities of both texts with other religions, such as a
1859:, which has led some researchers to conclude that these were based on the Mesopotamian work. Overarching similarities include: reference to a watery chaos before creation; a separation of the chaos into heaven and earth; different types of waters and their separation; and the numerical similarity between the seven tablets of the epic and the seven days of creation. However, another analysis (
3347:
1194:). By then additional fragments of tablet six had been found, concerning the creation of man; here Marduk was found to have made man from his blood combined with bone, which brought comparison with Genesis 2:23 ("This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called 'woman', for she was taken out of man") where the creation of woman required the use of a man's bone.
1000:. In it are described the primeval state of an abyssal darkness and water, the two primeval beings existing therein, said to be of a twofold principle. The description then relates the creation of further beings, partly human but with variants of wings, animal heads and bodies, and some with both sex organs. (Berossus states images of these are to be found at the
1235:, who was killed and whose blood made men. These discoveries were further supplemented by purchases from antiquity dealers. As a result, by the mid 20th century most of the text of the work was known, with the exception of tablet 5. These further discoveries were complemented by a stream of publications and translations in the early 20th century.
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beginning of Enuma Elish and
Atrahasis was to have Apsu remind people of Enlil, thus the overthrowing of Apsu symbolically represents the dethronement of Enlil, the old head of the pantheon. Enlil is conspicuously missing in most of Enuma Elish, only appearing to offer his title to Marduk, and Marduk receives fifty names, the number of Enlil.
1881:, or by being made in God's image in Genesis. As to the seven tablets and seven days of each system, the numbered itineraries in general do not closely match, but there are some commonalities in order of the creation events: first darkness, then light, the firmament, dry land, and finally man, followed by a period of rest.
2113:, p. 8: "If Berossus exercised little criticism on his sources, the fragments make it clear that he did choose good sources, most likely from a library at Babylon, and that he reliably reported their contents in Greek. Thus, in book one he essentially followed a version of Enuma Elish for the story of creation".
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Ea heard of Tiamat's plan to fight and avenge Apsu. He spoke to his grandfather Anshar, telling that many gods had gone to Tiamat's cause, and that she had created eleven monstrous creatures fit for war, and made Kingu their leader, wielding the 'Tablet of
Destinies'. Anshar was troubled and told Anu
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papyrus. In the Song of
Hedammu and the Illuyanka Myth the sea acts as a sort of breeding ground for the god's enemies, as both Hedammu and Illuyanka were sea monsters. The Song of the Sea, suggested to belong to the Kumarbi Cycle, likely narrates the story of the storm god Teshub fighting the sea
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Finally, Anshar proposed Marduk as their champion. Marduk was brought forth, and asked what god he must fight – to which Anshar replied that it was not a god but the goddess Tiamat. Marduk confidently predicted his victory, but exacted their promise to proclaim him supreme god, with
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epic were also pointed out. Both Apsu and Enlil wanted to destroy a source of noise which prevented them from falling asleep (for Enlil, this was humanity and for Apsu, this was his offspring). Both Nintu and Tiamat then lament their fate. Wisnom further suggests that the similarities between the
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in
Babylon.) The text also describes a female being leading over them, named as Omoroca, called Thalatth in Babylonian (derived from Greek), and her slaying by Bel, who cut her in half, forming Heaven of one part and Earth of the other. This Berossus claims to have been an allegory. The text also
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Smith speculated that the creation myth, including a part describing the fall of man, might originally have spanned at least nine or ten tablets. He also identified tablets the themes of which were, in part, closer to the account given by
Berossus. Some of Smith's early correspondences, such as
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myth are commonly observed, such as both myths using the Tablet of
Destinies as a key object and the similarities between the weapons used by Ninurta and Marduk, and lines from the Anzu myth were adapted to fit the story of Enuma Elish, such as Anzu's feathers being blown off by the wind being
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Marduk used a net, a gift from Anu, to entangle Tiamat; Tiamat attempted to swallow Marduk, but 'the Evil Wind' filled her mouth. With the winds swirling within her she became distended. Marduk then shot his arrow, hitting her heart – she was slain. The other gods attempted to flee but Marduk
1593:("the Evil Wind"), together the seven winds stirred up Tiamat. In his war chariot drawn by four creatures he advanced. He challenged Tiamat, stating she had unrightfully made Kingu her consort, accusing her of being the source of the trouble. Enraged, Tiamat joined Marduk in single combat.
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captured them, broke their weapons, and netted them. Her eleven monsters were also captured and chained, whilst Kingu was imprisoned, and the 'Tablet of
Destinies' taken from him. Marduk then smashed Tiamat's head with the mace, while her blood was carried off by the North Wind.
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New material contributing to the fourth and sixth tablets also further corroborated other elements of
Berossus' account. The seventh tablet added by King was a praise of Marduk, using around fifty titles over more than one hundred lines of cuneiform. Thus King's composition of
1009:, a sort of fish-man hybrid, who appeared from the sea and taught people all manner of knowledge, including writing, lawmaking, construction, mathematics, and agriculture; Berossus presented the account of creation in the form of a speech given by the Oannes. The neo-Platonist
2149:, pp. 25–29: "Moreover Oannes wrote concerning the generations of mankind, of their different ways of life, and of their civil polity; and the following is the purport of what he said: "There was a time in which there was nothing but darkness and an abyss of waters, ...".
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to speak with Tiamat, and he proposed to destroy the new gods, but Tiamat was reluctant to destroy what they had made. Mummu advised Apsu to destroy them, and he embraced Mummu. The new gods heard of this and were worried; Ea, however, crafted a spell to lull Apsu to sleep.
1902:. This theory is thought to lack historical or archaeological evidence. An alternative theory posits a westward spread of the Mesopotamian myth to other cultures such as the Hebrews; additionally, the Hebrews would have been influenced by Mesopotamian culture during their
1736:, it is generally advised to be wary of simply taking the text as a representative of Mesopotamian creation myths. Enuma Elish references multiple myths and other texts, and epithets usually attested in royal inscriptions were given to Marduk. Similarities with the
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Marduk then divided the gods into "above" and "below" – three hundred in the heavens, six hundred on earth. The gods then proposed to build a throne or shrine for him; Marduk told them to construct
Babylon. The gods then spent a year making bricks; they built the
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describes the beheading of a god, and the mixing of the god's blood with the Earth's soil, leading to the creation of men (people). Finally, there is also reference to Bel's creation of the stars, Sun, Moon, and planets. Berossus also gave an account of the sage
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It has been suggested that ritual reading of the poem coincided with spring flooding of the Tigris or Euphrates following the melting of snow in mountainous regions upstream. This interpretation is supported by the defeat of the (watery being) Tiamat by Marduk.
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found in Egyptian, Phoenician, and Vedic works; and that both texts were written in languages with a common Semitic root. Regarding the creation of man, there are similarities in the use of dust or clay, but man's efficiency is inverted in the two texts: in
1085:'s collection by Smith, as well as similar text on other tablets. Smith then began searching the collection for textual similarities between the two myths, and found several references to a deluge myth with an 'Izdubar' (literal translation of cuneiform for
1803:
led him to argue that the ritual should be understood in terms of its post-Assyrian and post-Babylonian imperial context, and may include elements of psychological and political theater legitimizing the non-native Seleucid rulers; he also questions whether
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Marduk then spoke to Ea, saying he would use his own blood to create man, and that man would serve the gods. Ea advised one of the gods be chosen as a sacrifice; the Igigi advised that Kingu be chosen. His blood was then used to create man.
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they are created as already qualifying as acting as servant of gods, whereas in Genesis, by being given more agency, room for failure is introduced. Nevertheless in both, the dust is infused with "godhood", either through a god's blood in
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Other comparisons were also drawn, such as the description of Marduk's awe with the description in Marduk's Address to the Demons, and the creation of the universe at the beginning of Tablet X with Tablet XXII of the astronomical series
1820:, or neither, is unclear; nevertheless there are definite connections in subject matter between the myth and festival, and there is also evidence of the festival as celebrated during the neo-Babylonian period that correlates well with
2007:
and illustrates a clear influence from Mesopotamia on Canaan during the Middle Bronze Age. The depictions of a double headed god and the creation of the world from a dragon provide the earliest evidence of the epic's composition.
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festival. There is scholarly debate as to whether this reading occurred, its purpose, and even the identity of the text referred to. Most analysts consider that the festival concerned and included some form of re-enactment of
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Other gods taunted Tiamat: "When your consort (Apsu) was slain you did nothing", and complained of the wearisome wind. Tiamat then made monsters to battle the other gods, eleven chimeric creatures with weapons, with the god
1327:
tablets were often less well written and made, though fine examples existed. All tablets, both Assyrian and Babylonian had the text in lines, not columns, and the form of the text was generally identical between both.
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The connection with the Bible stories brought a great deal of additional attention to the tablets, in addition to Smith's early scholarship on the tablets, early translation work included that done by E. Schrader,
1227:; additional important sources for tablets 1 and 6, and tablet 7 were discovered by expeditions in 1924–25 and 1928–29 respectively. The Ashur texts uncovered by the Germans necessitated some corrections: it was
1310:
does give the number 50, which traditionally belongs to Enlil, to Marduk. Dalley still proposes that Enuma Elish was written during the Old Babylonian Period, but other scholars find her proposal unlikely.
1757:. In Enuma Anu Enlil, the creation of the universe was credited to Anu, Enlil and Ea, while in Enuma Elish the creation of the universe was credited to Marduk while Enlil and Ea were assigned a position.
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Marduk made likenesses of the gods in the constellations, and defined the days of the year from them. He created night and day, and the moon also. He created clouds and rain, and their water made the
1319:
Numerous copies of the tablets exist. Even by 1902 fragments of four copies of the first tablet were known, as well as extracts, possibly examples of 'handwriting practice'. Tablets from the
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Further expeditions by German researchers uncovered further tablet fragments (specifically tablet 1, 6, and 7) during the period 1902–1914. These works replaced Marduk with the Assyrian god
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god, although the text is damaged and fragmentary. The Astarte Papyrus also mentioned a struggle with the sea, and the Ugaritic Baal Cycle had Baal Hadad fight for his position from Yam.
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1401:
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Marduk was also given a sceptre and vestments, as well as weapons to fight Tiamat – bow, quiver, mace, and bolts of lightning, together with the four winds. His body was aflame.
2497:. Three new editions, by Talon (2005), Kämmerer and Metzler (2012), and Lambert (2013), have collected the extant manuscripts and on that basis established a much improved text.
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In 1898, the trustees of the British Museum ordered publication of a collection of all the Assyrian and Babylonian creation texts held by them, a work which was undertaken by
1506:
Mummu sought to wake Apsu but could not. Ea took Apsu's halo and wore it himself, slew Apsu, and chained Mummu. Apsu became the dwelling place of Ea, together with his wife
1547:, who advised him to fetch Lahmu and Lahamu and tell them of Tiamat's war plans, and of Marduk's demand for overlordship if he defeats her. Lahmu and Lahamu and other
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myth. A second expedition by Smith brought back further creation legend fragments. By 1875 he had returned and began publishing accounts of these discoveries in the
3348:"Counter-texts, Commentaries, and Adaptations: Politically Motivated Responses to the Babylonian Epic of Creation in Mesopotamia, the Biblical World, and Elsewhere"
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primeval serpent myth, account of creation, and finally a hymn to Marduk using his many titles. Importantly, tablets, both Assyrian and Babylonian, when possessing
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addressed them to "repudiate the divinization of nature and the attendant myths of divine origins, divine conflict, and divine ascent". According to this theory,
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existed, co-mingled together. There were no other things or gods, nor had any destinies been foretold. Then from the mixture of Apsu and Tiamat two gods issued –
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1178:. King concluded that the creation myth as known in Nineveh was originally contained on seven tablets. This collection was published 1901 as Part XIII of
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1095:. There he found further tablets describing the deluge as well as fragmentary accounts of creation, a text on a war between good and evil 'gods', and a
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A tablet at the British Museum (No 93014), known as the "bilingual" version of the creation legend, describes the creation of man and animals (by
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Conceptualizing the Past, Present and Future- Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Helsinki/Tartu May 18-24, 2015
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3261:. Gods, Heroes, and Monsters: A Sourcebook of Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern Myths in Translation. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–176.
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to go to appease Tiamat, but he was too weak to face her and turned back. Anshar became more worried, thinking no god could resist Tiamat.
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1046:) between 1848 and 1876. Smith worked through Rassam's find of around 20,000 fragments from 1852, and identified references to the kings
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1306:. Sommerfield's suggestion that Enuma Elish should be dated instead to the Kassite period, was countered by Lambert, but the god list
1081:. He suggested that biblical creation stories might have their origin in that area. A link was found on a tablet labelled K 63 at the
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3222:"The Other Version of the Story of the Storm-god's Combat with the Sea in the Light of Egyptian, Ugaritic, and Hurro-Hittite Texts"
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The Ancient Fragments ; containing what remains of the writings of Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho
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In the 21st century, the text remains a subject of active research, analysis, and discussion. Significant publications include:
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The myth of a god (usually a storm god) fighting the sea is well known in the Ancient Near East, including myths such as the
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Tablets Smith examined also contained attributions on the rear of the tablet. The first tablet contained eight lines of a
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chief of the war party and her new consort. She gave Kingu the 'Tablet of Destinies', making his command unchallengeable.
1514:. The splendor of Marduk exceeded Ea and the other gods, and Ea called him "My son, the Sun!" Anu created the four winds.
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44:
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The Seven Tablets of Creation, or the Babylonian and Assyrian Legends concerning the creation of the world and of mankind
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Marduk then split Tiamat's remains in two. From one half he made the sky; in it he made places for Anu, Enlil, and Ea.
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On examination it became clear that the Assyrian myths were drawn from or similar to the Babylonian ones. Additionally
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1551:(heavenly gods) were distressed, but drank together, becoming drowsy, and finally approving the compact with Marduk.
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Different theories have been proposed to explain the parallels. Based on an analysis of proper names in the texts,
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Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit : eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen 1 und Ap Joh 12
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947:, and it ends with a long passage praising Marduk. The rise of Marduk is generally viewed to have started from the
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Over the seven tablets, it describes the creation of the world, a battle between gods focused on the offering to
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1066:, and other rulers mentioned in the Bible. Furthermore, he discovered versions of a Babylonian deluge myth (see
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elaborated the interconnections between the divine and inert matter, while the aim of Genesis was to state the
959:, although a late Kassite date is also sometimes proposed. It may have been recited during the Akitu festival.
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in 1876; active research and further excavations led to near completion of the texts and improved translation.
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105:
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Weapons of words: intertextual competition in Babylonian poetry a study of Anzū, Enūma eliš, and Erra and Išum
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A banquet was then held, with fifty of the great gods taking seats, Anu praising Enlil's bow and then Marduk.
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Der Aufstieg Marduks: Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr
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The commotion of these new gods disturbed and disgusted Apsu, and Apsu could not calm them. Apsu called
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Before the tablets were discovered, substantial elements of the myth had survived via the writings of
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tablet seems to refer to a concept of sabbath. A contextual restoration contains the rarely attested
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Clay tablets containing inscriptions relating to analogues of biblical stories were discovered by
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1186:). King published his own translations and notes in two volumes with additional material 1902 as
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Cory's Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other authors
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The earliest manuscript of the myth was excavated from Assur and dated to the 9th century BCE.
1990:("day of mid-repose"). The reconstructed text reads: "bbath shalt thou then encounter, midly."
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3401:"Borrowings to Create Anew: Intertextuality in the Babylonian Poem of "Creation" (Enūma eliš)"
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suggests that Genesis, rather than adopting earlier Babylonian and other creation myths,
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1426:(And) Mummu*–Tiamat, she who bore them all, Their waters commingling as a single body;
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Al-Rawi, F. N. H.; Black, J. A. (1994). "A New Manuscript of Enūma Eliš, Tablet VI".
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read during that period was the same as that known to the ancient Assyrians. Whether
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also gave a short version of the Babylonian cosmological view, which closely matches
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The last decade has seen important advances in scholarship on the Babylonian poem
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had noted similarities between Biblical accounts of creation and the geography of
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Landsberger, B.; Kinnier Wilson, J. V. (1961). "The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš".
3329:(Revised, reissued ed.). Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press.
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Statues of the eleven monsters of Tiamat were made and installed at the gate of
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The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight between Bel and the Dragon
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Using the four winds Marduk trapped Tiamat. Adding a whirlwind, a cyclone, and
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883:) from the late 2nd millennium BCE and the only complete surviving account of
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critical edition and translation of the text (electronic Babylonian Library).
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1906:. A third explanation supposes a common ancestor for both religious systems.
1089:). Smith's publication of his work led to an expedition to Assyria funded by
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3717:"The Babylonian Akitu Festival: Rectifying the King or Renewing the Cosmos?"
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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1666:(Temple to Marduk) to a great height, making it a place for Marduk, Ea, and
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Marduk was given a throne, and sat over the other gods, who honored him.
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While it used to be viewed that Enuma Elish was composed in the reign of
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3994:. IJS Studies in Judaica. Vol. 5. Brill Academic Publishers. 2007.
3755:. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament (in German). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster.
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A cuneiform text of Tablet I with translation and explanation in detail
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Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets, &c. in the British Museum
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Enûma Eliš, sive, Epos babylonicum de creatione mundi in usum scholae
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3902:
3853:
3626:
1744:
Outside of the Anzu myth, similarities between Enuma Elish and the
1640:
Let its brickwork be fashioned. You shall name it 'The Sanctuary'.
1459:
The tale begins before creation, when only the primordial entities
3889:
Vanstiphout, H. L. J. (1981). "Enūma eliš: Tablet V Lines 15–22".
3736:. State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts (SAACT). Vol. 4.
3327:
Myths from Mesopotamia: creation, the flood, Gilgamesh, and others
1899:
1787:
1667:
1548:
1519:
1499:
1468:
1451:
1367:
1228:
1043:
932:. Most of Tablet V has never been recovered, but, aside from this
900:
711:
582:
529:
414:
394:
384:
374:
344:
276:
246:
194:
166:
152:
1577:(Other gods speak to Marduk) Translation, Table IV. Lines 20–23.
3576:
3566:
3544:
3523:
1737:
1620:
1460:
1395:
The following per-tablet summary is based on the translation in
1209:
1205:
1120:
1038:(668–626 BCE) during excavations at the mound of Kuyunjik,
952:
904:
656:
646:
564:
439:
199:
143:
4005:, extract of English translation by W.G. Lambert reproduced at
1971:), but monthly rather than weekly; it is regarded as a form of
1832:
is also thought to have been read during the month of Kislimu.
1484:
1350:
Other variants of the creation myth can be found described in
1347:, of land and plants, as well as the first houses and cities.
1124:
1112:
226:
189:
1180:
Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum
4006:
3986:
on Ancient History Encyclopedia (includes the original text)
872:, also spelled "Enuma Elish"), meaning "When on High", is a
53:
1684:
The remainder of Marduk's fifty names or titles were read.
1107:
references to the stories of the temptation of Eve, to the
3700:. Sources from the ancient near east (SANE). Vol. 1.
3615:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
2835:
2833:
1696:. Smith's reconstruction and translation of this states:
1378:, usually written on the same line, occasionally forming
982:, a 3rd-century BCE Babylonian writer and priest of Bel (
3675:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
1428:
No reed hut had been matted, no marsh land had appeared,
1402:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
3025:, pp. 81–85, p. 82, note 7, p. 90, p. 91, note 49.
951:, triggered by the return of the statue of Marduk from
3187:"A Note on the Scenes Depicted on the 'Ain-Samiya Cup"
2467:. The American Schools of Oriental Research: 221–246.
1204:
consisted of five parts: the birth of gods, legend of
1199:
943:, the creation of man destined for the service of the
867:
855:
1676:
The first nine names or titles of Marduk were given.
1638:
Construct Babylon, whose building you have requested,
1171:, as well as contributions by several other authors.
990:'s book on Chaldean History, which was reproduced by
907:). A form of the myth was first published by English
3611:"The Ashur Version of the Seven Tablets of Creation"
1716:
was god of literacy, scribes, and wisdom; Tasmit or
1323:
tended to be well written on fine clay, whereas the
3150:
The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science
1816:creation myth was created for the Akitu ritual, or
1510:. Within the heart of Apsu, Ea and Damkina created
1434:Then it was that the gods were formed within them.
1934:Elohim over all creation (and all other deities).
1430:When no gods whatever had been brought into being,
1153:), followed by an updated translation in his 1900
3727:(1): 81–85, p. 82, note 7, p. 90, p. 91, note 49.
3520:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.
2046:The standard Babylonian creation myth Enuma Elish
1855:contains numerous parallels with passages of the
3753:Das babylonische Weltschöpfungsepos Enûma elîsch
3734:The Standard Babylonian Creation Myth Enūma Eliš
962:Some late Assyrian versions replace Marduk with
3751:Kämmerer, Thomas. R.; Metzler, Kai. A. (2012).
2034:Das babylonische Weltschopfungsepos Enuma elîsh
1699:
1635:
1562:
1483:were created. From Anshar came firstly the god
1432:Uncalled by name, their destinies undetermined—
1417:
1258:
3561:. Luzac's Semitic Text and Translation Series.
2134:
2110:
2002:
1985:
1975:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1921:
1889:
1876:
1869:
1850:
1827:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1781:
1731:
1422:Firm ground below had not been called by name,
1383:
1271:
1254:Das Babylonische Weltschöpfungsepos Enuma Elis
1241:
1183:
1014:
920:has about a thousand lines and is recorded in
3797:enūma eliš: Weg zu einer globalen Weltordnung
3654:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
3457:"Marduk. A. Philologisch. I. In Mesopotamien"
3367:"Some Remarks about the Beginnings of Marduk"
3001:Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown
2983:
2971:
2947:
1164:
834:
8:
3678:(3rd ed.). Princeton University Press.
3174:. Vol. 10. Kessinger. pp. 889–891.
2269:, v. 1, preface; pp. xxvi–xxx, introduction.
1960:
1726:Significance, interpretation, and ritual use
1616:. He gave the 'Tablet of Destinies' to Anu.
1571:Speak again, and the Images shall be whole!
1277:
1252:
1154:
1144:
928:, each holding between 115 and 170 lines of
891:in 1849 (in fragmentary form) in the ruined
887:. It was recovered by English archaeologist
3882:Enûma Eliš. The Babylonian Epic of Creation
3721:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
3056:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
3049:"Problems of the Babylonian Akitu Festival"
3003:, University of Chicago Press, p. 93,
2640:
2616:
2532:
1565:Lord, truly thy decree is first among gods.
1424:Naught but primordial Apsu, their begetter,
1420:When on high the heaven had not been named,
2959:
2374:
2001:, is believed to depict scenes similar to
841:
827:
31:
3226:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
3220:Ayali-Darshan, Noga (17 September 2015).
2428:
2257:, v. 1, preface; pp. 219ff., Appendix IV.
1894:was a combination of a Semitic myth from
1653:
1578:
1441:
1406:
1339:), as well as the creation of the rivers
3405:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3268:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2 February 2018).
3258:revision of translation: "Kumarbi Cycle"
2628:
2544:
2417:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1567:Say but to wreck or create; it shall be.
1220:had the number of the tablet inscribed.
1167:), shortly followed by a translation by
2851:
2839:
2800:
2664:
2652:
2604:
2592:
2556:
2079:
1569:Open thy mouth: the Images will vanish!
1284:
1266:
1143:published a translation and commentary
43:
3535:Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3034:
3022:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2812:
2776:
2764:
2676:
2580:
2520:
2398:
2386:
2362:
2278:
2158:
1860:
1355:
1240:The Standard Babylonian Creation Myth
1160:
1150:
2752:
2688:
2568:
2508:
2290:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
1707:
1646:(Marduk commands the other gods, the
1248:
7:
3538:(in German). Reuther & Reichard.
2935:
2923:
2824:
2788:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2454:"From Text to Reading in Enūma Eliš"
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2266:
2254:
2146:
2122:
2098:
2086:
1652:Translation, Table VI. Lines 57–58.
1351:
1191:
3298:(1876). Richmond Hodges, E. (ed.).
3172:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
1127:, were later held to be erroneous.
3500:(in German). Strassbourg: Trübner.
2064:Religions of the ancient Near East
69:Religions of the ancient Near East
25:
3990:"Mesopotamian Creation Stories".
3984:– The Babylonian Epic of Creation
3270:A History of Babylon, 2200BC-AD75
2739:Library of Ashurbanipal No. 93014
1440:First eight lines of Enuma Elis.
1388:, meaning "when on high", is the
1279:Weg zu einer globalen Weltordnung
1111:, and to instructions given from
3417:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.1.0089
3320:. New York: Scribner, Armstrong.
3272:(1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
2439:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0833
2430:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0833
1959:, cognate or merged with Hebrew
930:Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform script
4047:1849 archaeological discoveries
3842:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3317:The Chaldean account of Genesis
2036:, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 2012.
1034:in the ruins of the Palace and
936:, the text is almost complete.
775:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
4082:Ancient near eastern cosmology
2481:10.5615/jcunestud.69.2017.0221
2473:10.5615/jcunestud.69.2017.0221
1997:, found in a tomb near modern
1914:Princeton Theological Seminary
1840:Influence on biblical research
1768:, the Illuyanka myth, and the
1070:), as well as creation myths.
885:ancient near eastern cosmology
1:
3559:The Seven Tablets of Creation
3497:Die Kosmologie der Babylonier
3470:Wisnom, Laura Selena (2020).
1146:Die Kosmologie der Babylonier
881:named after its opening words
3928:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3891:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3715:Sommer, Benjamin D. (2000).
3461:Reallexicon der Assyriologie
3455:Sommerfield, Walter (1987).
3434:Sommerfield, Walter (1982).
2461:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1535:authority over even Anshar.
1200:
856:
3880:; Parker, Simon B. (1966).
3698:The babyloniaca of berossus
1961:
1259:Kämmerer & Metzler 2012
986:). These were preserved in
4098:
4042:16th-century BC literature
4037:17th-century BC literature
4032:18th-century BC literature
3325:Dalley, Stephanie (2008).
3191:Israel Exploration Journal
2452:Haubold, Johannes (2017).
2413:"Some Notes on enūma eliš"
1980:("mid-rest"), attested in
1843:
1287:); and other works still.
1272:
1242:
3775:Babylonian Creation Myths
3568:English Translations, etc
3365:Johandi, Andreas (2018).
3255:Bachvarova, Mary (2017).
3238:10.1163/15692124-12341268
2032:Kammerer TR, Metzler KA.
2022:Babylonian Creation Myths
2012:Editions and translations
1898:and a Sumerian myth from
1366:The epic itself does not
1321:library of Ashur-bani-pal
1278:
1263:Babylonian Creation Myths
1165:Gunkel & Zimmern 1895
58:Chaos Monster and Sun God
3732:Talon, Philippe (2005).
3438:. Butzon & Bercker.
1397:Akkadian Myths and Epics
970:Background and discovery
27:Babylonian creation myth
4077:Library of Ashurbanipal
4057:First Babylonian Empire
3694:Mayer Burstein, Stanley
3543:British Museum (1901).
3047:Nakata, Ichiro (1968).
3037:, pp. 91, note 49.
2003:
1986:
1976:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1922:
1890:
1877:
1870:
1851:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1786:was recited during the
1782:
1776:A ritual text from the
1732:
1446:* Here Mummu is not an
1384:
1036:Library of Ashurbanipal
1015:
893:Library of Ashurbanipal
3971:I.2 Poem of Creation (
3823:Deimel, Anton (1936).
3648:The Babylonian Genesis
3549:. Vol. Part XIII.
3346:Frahm, Eckart (2010).
3168:"Sabbath (Babylonian)"
2727:, pp. cxiii–cxiv.
1703:
1643:
1574:
1437:
1354:, pp. 116–55 and
1253:
1155:
1145:
949:Second Dynasty of Isin
59:
3399:Seri, Andrea (2014).
3380:Lambert, W.G (1984).
2715:, pp. cxi–cxiii.
2411:Seri, Andrea (2017).
2317:, pp. xlix, liv.
2059:Mesopotamian pantheon
1730:Due to the nature of
1487:, and from Anu, came
179:Seven gods who decree
57:
47:Mesopotamian religion
2024:, Eisenbrauns, 2013.
1904:Babylonian captivity
1399:(E. A. Speiser), in
1374:; it is composed of
1068:Gilgamesh flood myth
988:Alexander Polyhistor
945:Mesopotamian deities
702:Seven-headed serpent
641:Spirits and monsters
4067:Akkadian literature
3878:Lambert, Wilfred G.
3771:Lambert, Wilfred G.
3670:Pritchard, James B.
3578:Supplementary Texts
3382:"Studies in Marduk"
3135:, pp. 129–139.
3111:, pp. 118–122.
2233:, pp. 101–112.
2135:Mayer Burstein 1978
2111:Mayer Burstein 1978
1826:myth. A version of
1780:period states that
1184:British Museum 1901
1169:Friedrich Delitzsch
1103:from 4 March 1875.
1092:The Daily Telegraph
1075:Sir Henry Rawlinson
1052:Tiglath-Pileser III
889:Austen Henry Layard
577:Demigods and heroes
241:Other major deities
4062:Mesopotamian myths
3992:Imagining Creation
3589:Budge, Wallis E.A.
3185:Yadin, Y. (1971).
3123:, pp. 128–29.
3099:, pp. 82–118.
2997:Smith, Jonathan Z.
2984:Ayali-Darshan 2015
2972:Ayali-Darshan 2015
2948:Ayali-Darshan 2015
2902:, p. 108–109.
2890:, p. 112–113.
2595:, p. 256–258.
2020:Lambert, Wilfred.
1995:'Ain Samiya goblet
1930:of the Hebrew God
1450:, same as the god
1358:, pp. 61–81.
864:Akkadian Cuneiform
60:
4001:978-90-47-42297-6
3784:978-1-57506-247-1
3762:978-3-86835-036-4
3643:Heidel, Alexander
3607:Luckenbill, D. D.
3597:. British Museum.
3512:Zimmern, Heinrich
3474:. Leiden: Brill.
2377:, pp. 12–13.
2161:, pp. 75–76.
2137:, pp. 7, 14.
2089:, pp. 25–29.
1801:Jonathan Z. Smith
1710:, pp. 63–64)
994:in Book 1 of his
851:
850:
789:Epic of Gilgamesh
134:Primordial beings
16:(Redirected from
4089:
4004:
3959:
3922:
3885:
3873:
3836:
3810:
3788:
3766:
3747:
3728:
3711:
3689:
3665:
3653:
3638:
3598:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3550:
3539:
3521:
3501:
3485:
3464:
3449:
3428:
3393:
3374:
3359:
3340:
3321:
3305:
3289:
3273:
3262:
3249:
3207:
3206:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3146:Conrad Hyers, M.
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2779:, p. 67–68.
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2742:, British Museum
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2703:, v. 2, preface.
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2641:Sommerfield 1982
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2617:Sommerfield 1987
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2533:Sommerfield 1987
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:, p. cxiii.
2348:
2342:
2341:, p. lxvii.
2336:
2330:
2329:, p. lxiii.
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:, v. 1, preface.
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2245:, p. 67, Note 2.
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2197:, pp. 3–18.
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2006:
1989:
1979:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1925:
1893:
1880:
1873:
1854:
1831:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1785:
1735:
1721:
1657:
1582:
1543:Anshar spoke to
1455:
1444:, pp. 60–61
1387:
1335:with the aid of
1304:Nebuchadnezzar I
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1203:
1158:
1148:
1018:
978:, primarily his
957:Nebuchadnezzar I
871:
859:
843:
836:
829:
682:Kuli-ana/Mermaid
71:
32:
21:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4017:
4016:
4002:
3989:
3967:
3962:
3940:10.2307/1359949
3925:
3903:10.2307/1359901
3897:(3/4): 196–98.
3888:
3876:
3839:
3822:
3818:
3816:Further reading
3813:
3807:
3791:
3785:
3769:
3763:
3750:
3744:
3731:
3714:
3708:
3692:
3686:
3668:
3662:
3651:
3641:
3605:
3587:
3575:
3565:
3553:
3542:
3528:
3506:
3490:
3482:
3469:
3454:
3446:
3433:
3398:
3379:
3364:
3345:
3337:
3324:
3310:
3294:
3278:
3267:
3254:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3164:Hastings, James
3162:
3161:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2960:Bachvarova 2017
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:, pp. 5–7.
2751:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:, pp. 5–6.
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:, pp. 3–4.
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:, pp. 2–3.
2397:
2393:
2389:, pp. 1–2.
2385:
2381:
2375:Luckenbill 1921
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:, pp. 2–4.
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:, pp. 1–2.
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:, pp. 2–3.
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2055:
2014:
1848:
1842:
1762:Song of Hedammu
1755:Enuma Anu Enlil
1728:
1723:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1682:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1629:
1606:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1541:
1528:
1491:(also known as
1457:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1364:
1317:
1293:
1156:Mythen und Epen
1101:Daily Telegraph
972:
847:
818:
817:
803:
795:
794:
750:
742:
741:
642:
634:
633:
578:
570:
569:
320:
312:
311:
242:
234:
233:
180:
172:
171:
135:
127:
74:
67:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4095:
4093:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Creation myths
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4000:
3987:
3978:
3966:
3965:External links
3963:
3961:
3960:
3923:
3886:
3874:
3854:10.1086/371634
3837:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:978-3161528729
3805:
3793:Gabriel, Gösta
3789:
3783:
3767:
3761:
3748:
3742:
3729:
3712:
3706:
3690:
3684:
3672:, ed. (1969).
3666:
3660:
3639:
3627:10.1086/369940
3603:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3581:. Vol. 2.
3573:
3571:. Vol. 1.
3551:
3540:
3526:
3508:Gunkel, Herman
3503:
3502:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3445:978-3766692733
3444:
3430:
3429:
3395:
3394:
3376:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3342:
3341:
3336:978-0199538362
3335:
3322:
3307:
3306:
3291:
3290:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3197:(2/3): 82–85.
3177:
3166:, ed. (1918).
3155:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3009:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2962:, p. 154.
2952:
2940:
2938:, p. 100.
2928:
2916:
2914:, p. 108.
2904:
2892:
2880:
2878:, p. 110.
2868:
2856:
2854:, p. 450.
2844:
2842:, p. 451.
2829:
2817:
2815:, p. 230.
2805:
2803:, p. 449.
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2679:, p. 229.
2669:
2657:
2645:
2643:, p. 175.
2633:
2631:, p. 161.
2621:
2619:, p. 364.
2609:
2607:, p. 565.
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2547:, p. 162.
2537:
2535:, p. 368.
2525:
2513:
2501:
2444:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2010:
1888:proposed that
1841:
1838:
1727:
1724:
1698:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1654:Pritchard 1969
1636:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1605:
1602:
1579:Pritchard 1969
1563:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1442:Pritchard 1969
1418:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1407:Pritchard 1969
1363:
1360:
1325:Neo-Babylonian
1316:
1313:
1292:
1289:
1109:Tower of Babel
1083:British Museum
1048:Shalmaneser II
1028:Hormuzd Rassam
971:
968:
849:
848:
846:
845:
838:
831:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
810:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
212:Three sky gods
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
155:
146:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
108:
103:
102:
101:
96:
86:
81:
75:
73:
72:
62:
61:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4094:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:(3): 154–79.
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3743:952-10-1328-1
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3707:0-89003-003-0
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3685:0-691-03503-2
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:0-226-32399-4
3657:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3530:Jensen, Peter
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:Jensen, Peter
3489:
3488:
3483:
3481:9789004412972
3477:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:(1): 89–106.
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:Smith, George
3309:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3087:, p. 82.
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:, p. 17.
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3010:0-226-76360-9
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2986:, p. 43.
2985:
2980:
2977:
2974:, p. 31.
2973:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2950:, p. 25.
2949:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2926:, p. 98.
2925:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2866:, p. 69.
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:, p. 99.
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2791:, p. 97.
2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2767:, p. 15.
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:Beaulieu 2018
2625:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2583:, p. 66.
2582:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:Beaulieu 2018
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2523:, p. 14.
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2423:(4): 833–38.
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:, p. 13.
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2125:, p. 57.
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:Eridu Genesis
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Genesis 2:2–3
1965:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Old Testament
1853:
1847:
1846:Panbabylonism
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1795:'s defeat by
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1572:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:, and has no
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:temple of Bel
999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
969:
967:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:Assyriologist
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:creation myth
875:
870:
865:
861:
860:
858:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
822:
821:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
799:
798:
791:
790:
786:
784:
783:
779:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
753:
752:
746:
745:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:Lamassu/Shedu
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
630:(seven sages)
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
574:
573:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:Minor deities
316:
315:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
238:
237:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Inanna/Ishtar
215:
214:
213:
210:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
137:
131:
130:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
107:
104:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
85:
84:Ancient Egypt
82:
80:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3991:
3981:
3972:
3931:
3927:
3894:
3890:
3881:
3845:
3841:
3824:
3796:
3774:
3752:
3733:
3724:
3720:
3697:
3673:
3647:
3621:(1): 12–35.
3618:
3614:
3609:(Oct 1921).
3593:
3577:
3567:
3558:
3545:
3534:
3516:
3496:
3471:
3460:
3435:
3408:
3404:
3389:
3385:
3370:
3355:
3351:
3326:
3316:
3300:
3284:
3269:
3257:
3232:(1): 20–51.
3229:
3225:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3171:
3158:
3152:. John Knox.
3149:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3000:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2852:Lambert 2013
2847:
2840:Lambert 2013
2820:
2808:
2801:Lambert 2013
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2738:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2667:, p. 3.
2665:Lambert 1984
2660:
2653:Lambert 1984
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2605:Johandi 2018
2600:
2593:Lambert 2013
2588:
2576:
2571:, p. 6.
2564:
2559:, p. 4.
2557:Lambert 1984
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2511:, p. 5.
2504:
2494:
2492:
2464:
2460:
2447:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2365:, p. 1.
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2281:, p. 2.
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2173:, p. 1.
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
1992:
1987:um nuh libbi
1936:
1910:Conrad Hyers
1908:
1883:
1865:watery chaos
1864:
1849:
1834:
1817:
1775:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1660:
1656:, p. 68
1644:
1637:
1630:
1618:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1581:, p. 66
1575:
1564:
1558:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1516:
1505:
1497:
1458:
1438:
1419:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1382:. The title
1365:
1349:
1330:
1318:
1297:
1294:
1285:Gabriel 2014
1270:
1267:Lambert 2013
1262:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1196:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1137:Jules Oppert
1129:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1072:
1032:George Smith
1024:A. H. Layard
1021:
996:
973:
961:
938:
926:clay tablets
917:
916:
912:George Smith
854:
853:
852:
787:
781:
780:
773:
766:
759:
535:Paniĝinĝarra
211:
185:Four primary
184:
29:
3982:Enuma Elish
3555:King, L. W.
3133:Heidel 1951
3121:Heidel 1951
3109:Heidel 1951
3097:Heidel 1951
3085:Heidel 1951
3073:Heidel 1951
3035:Sommer 2000
3023:Sommer 2000
2912:Wisnom 2020
2900:Wisnom 2020
2888:Wisnom 2020
2876:Wisnom 2020
2864:Wisnom 2020
2813:Dalley 2008
2777:Wisnom 2020
2765:Heidel 1951
2677:Dalley 2008
2581:Wisnom 2020
2521:Heidel 1951
2399:Heidel 1951
2387:Heidel 1951
2363:Heidel 1951
2279:Heidel 1951
2159:Heidel 1951
1937:The broken
1918:polemically
1861:Heidel 1951
1733:Enuma Elish
1356:Heidel 1951
1161:Jensen 1900
1151:Jensen 1890
1133:A. H. Sayce
1097:fall of man
1060:Sennacherib
980:Babyloniaca
677:Ušum/Dragon
420:Lugala'abba
355:Dumuzi-abzu
282:Geshtinanna
227:Utu/Shamash
89:Mesopotamia
18:Enûma Elish
4027:Enūma Eliš
4021:Categories
3973:Enūma eliš
3934:: 131–39.
3833:1100147532
3296:Cory, I.P.
3280:Cory, I.P.
2753:Budge 1921
2689:Frahm 2010
2569:Frahm 2010
2509:Frahm 2010
2495:Enuma Elis
2291:Budge 1921
2243:Budge 1921
2231:Smith 1876
2219:Smith 1876
2207:Budge 1921
2195:Smith 1876
2183:Smith 1876
2171:Budge 1921
2075:References
2004:Enūma Eliš
1940:Enūma Eliš
1923:Enūma Eliš
1891:Enūma Eliš
1886:A. T. Clay
1878:Enūma Eliš
1871:Enūma Eliš
1852:Enūma Eliš
1844:See also:
1829:Enūma Eliš
1823:Enūma Eliš
1818:vice versa
1813:Enūma Eliš
1807:Enūma Eliš
1783:Enūma Eliš
1766:Baal cycle
1708:Smith 1876
1385:Enūma Eliš
1273:enūma eliš
1249:Talon 2005
1243:Enūma Eliš
1201:Enūma Eliš
1176:L. W. King
1139:. In 1890
1064:Esarhaddon
1016:Enūma Eliš
918:Enūma Eliš
874:Babylonian
869:𒂊𒉡𒈠𒂊𒇺
857:Enūma Eliš
782:Enūma Eliš
768:Atra-Hasis
618:Atra-Hasis
603:Lugalbanda
545:Shul-utula
425:Mami/Nintu
380:Hendursaga
267:Ereshkigal
262:Enmesharra
4007:etana.org
3956:164063804
3919:163522227
3884:. Oxford.
3870:162666046
3645:(1951) .
3635:170772887
3425:0003-0279
3392:(1): 1–9.
3246:1569-2116
2936:Seri 2014
2924:Seri 2014
2825:Seri 2014
2789:Seri 2014
2725:King 1902
2713:King 1902
2701:King 1902
2489:164283912
2351:King 1902
2339:King 1902
2327:King 1902
2315:King 1902
2303:King 1902
2267:King 1902
2255:King 1902
2147:Cory 1828
2123:Cory 1876
2099:Cory 1876
2087:Cory 1828
2044:Talon P.
2016:English:
1957:full moon
1928:supremacy
1746:Atrahasis
1614:Euphrates
1380:quatrains
1352:King 1902
1345:Euphrates
1308:An = Anum
1300:Hammurabi
1218:colophons
1192:King 1902
1141:P. Jensen
1087:Gilgamesh
1079:Babylonia
1056:Sargon II
1011:Damascius
997:Chronicon
924:on seven
761:An = Anum
755:Mythology
697:Ušumgallu
598:Gilgamesh
515:Ninsikila
485:Ningirima
480:Ningirida
335:Asaruludu
222:Nanna/Sin
205:Ninhursag
94:Babylonia
3795:(2014).
3773:(2013).
3696:(1978).
3601:alt link
3591:(1921).
3557:(1902).
3532:(1900).
3524:alt link
3514:(1895).
3494:(1890).
3314:(1876).
3282:(1828).
3203:27925266
3148:(1984).
2999:(1982),
2053:See also
2040:French:
2028:German:
1999:Ramallah
1982:Akkadian
1973:Sumerian
1778:Seleucid
1720:his wife
1694:colophon
1688:Colophon
1680:Tablet 7
1648:Anunnaki
1627:Tablet 6
1604:Tablet 5
1555:Tablet 4
1539:Tablet 3
1526:Tablet 2
1489:Nudimmud
1413:Tablet 1
1376:couplets
1315:Variants
992:Eusebius
976:Berossus
922:Akkadian
722:Lamashtu
692:Mušmaḫḫū
623:Ziusudra
593:Enmerkar
540:Sarpanit
520:Ninšubur
495:Ninkilim
460:Ninmarki
435:Maštabba
400:Kajamanu
360:Enbilulu
330:Anunnaki
79:Anatolia
37:a series
35:Part of
3948:1359949
3911:1359901
3358:: 3–33.
3213:Sources
2048:, 2005.
1963:Shabbat
1955:as the
1952:Sabattu
1946:Sapattu
1912:of the
1770:Astarte
1718:Tasmetu
1664:Esagila
1591:Imhullu
1508:Damkina
1475:; next
1448:epithet
1390:incipit
1040:Nineveh
897:Nineveh
707:Humbaba
628:Apkallu
608:Shamhat
490:Ninkasi
455:Nindara
370:Erragal
325:Agasaya
302:Ninurta
257:Enkimdu
252:Dumuzid
111:Semitic
106:Iranian
45:Ancient
4072:Tiamat
3998:
3954:
3946:
3917:
3909:
3868:
3862:543187
3860:
3831:
3803:
3781:
3759:
3740:
3704:
3682:
3658:
3633:
3478:
3442:
3423:
3352:Orient
3333:
3244:
3201:
3007:
2487:
2479:
2437:
1977:sa-bat
1932:Yahweh
1896:Amurru
1797:Marduk
1793:Tiamat
1764:, the
1610:Tigris
1512:Marduk
1481:Kishar
1477:Anshar
1473:Lahamu
1465:Tiamat
1341:Tigris
1333:Marduk
1233:Marduk
1231:, not
1214:Tiamat
1135:, and
1117:Yahweh
1042:(near
1030:, and
1007:Oannes
984:Marduk
941:Marduk
934:lacuna
813:Sukkal
808:Dingir
737:Rabisu
732:Pazuzu
662:Edimmu
613:Siduri
588:Enkidu
560:Tišpak
555:Šulpae
550:Šubula
525:Ninsun
510:Ninšar
505:Ninmug
500:Ninlil
475:Ningal
470:Ninazu
465:Nisaba
450:Nanshe
445:Namtar
430:Mamitu
390:Isimud
340:Ashnan
307:Šulpae
297:Nergal
292:Marduk
162:Anshar
158:Kishar
149:Lahamu
140:Tiamat
121:Canaan
116:Arabia
3952:S2CID
3944:JSTOR
3915:S2CID
3907:JSTOR
3866:S2CID
3858:JSTOR
3652:(PDF)
3631:S2CID
3199:JSTOR
3062:: 42.
3052:(PDF)
2485:S2CID
2477:JSTOR
2457:(PDF)
2435:JSTOR
1967:(cf.
1900:Eridu
1788:Akitu
1668:Enlil
1549:Igigi
1520:Kingu
1500:Mummu
1469:Lahmu
1452:Mummu
1372:meter
1368:rhyme
1337:Aruru
1229:Kingu
1225:Ashur
1119:) to
1044:Mosul
964:Ashur
901:Mosul
802:Terms
749:Tales
712:Hanbi
687:Bašmu
667:Siris
583:Adapa
530:Nuska
415:Lisin
405:Lahar
385:Igigi
375:Gibil
345:Ashgi
287:Lahar
277:Kingu
195:Enlil
167:Mummu
153:Lahmu
99:Sumer
3996:ISBN
3829:OCLC
3801:ISBN
3779:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3680:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3476:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3421:ISSN
3331:ISBN
3242:ISSN
3005:ISBN
1993:The
1738:Anzu
1714:Nebo
1621:Apsu
1612:and
1545:Gaga
1479:and
1471:and
1463:and
1461:Apsu
1362:Text
1343:and
1291:Date
1210:Apsu
1208:and
1123:and
1121:Adam
953:Elam
905:Iraq
727:Lilu
672:Anzû
657:Asag
647:Udug
565:Uttu
440:Nabu
395:Išum
365:Erra
247:Adad
200:Enki
160:and
151:and
144:Abzu
142:and
3936:doi
3899:doi
3850:doi
3623:doi
3413:doi
3409:134
3234:doi
2469:doi
2425:doi
2421:137
1984:as
1949:or
1495:).
1485:Anu
1409:).
1269:);
1261:);
1251:);
1125:Eve
1113:God
955:by
895:at
717:Kur
410:Laṣ
350:Bel
190:Anu
4023::
3950:.
3942:.
3932:46
3930:.
3913:.
3905:.
3895:33
3893:.
3864:.
3856:.
3846:20
3844:.
3827:.
3799:.
3777:.
3725:27
3723:.
3719:.
3629:.
3619:38
3617:.
3613:.
3599:,
3522:,
3510:;
3459:.
3419:.
3407:.
3403:.
3390:47
3388:.
3384:.
3369:.
3356:45
3354:.
3350:.
3240:.
3230:15
3228:.
3224:.
3195:21
3193:.
3189:.
3170:.
3058:.
3054:.
2832:^
2491:.
2483:.
2475:.
2465:69
2463:.
2459:.
2433:.
2419:.
2415:.
1712:†
1670:.
1623:.
1493:Ea
1392:.
1276::
1212:,
1206:Ea
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1026:,
1019:.
966:.
903:,
866::
272:Ki
39:on
3975:)
3958:.
3938::
3921:.
3901::
3872:.
3852::
3835:.
3809:.
3787:.
3765:.
3746:.
3710:.
3688:.
3664:.
3637:.
3625::
3484:.
3463:.
3448:.
3427:.
3415::
3373:.
3339:.
3304:.
3288:.
3248:.
3236::
3205:.
3060:1
2471::
2441:.
2427::
1706:(
1650:)
1454:.
1405:(
1283:(
1265:(
1257:(
1247:(
1190:(
1182:(
1159:(
1149:(
1115:(
899:(
879:(
862:(
842:e
835:t
828:v
20:)
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