73:
2064:
22:
2584:
2470:
inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native
Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery.
2647:
program supports this view regarding abuses in
Hispaniola. The program cites the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to
2469:
When the news of the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the New Laws were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in
America, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their
2029:
relationship, in which military protection was traded for certain tributes or specific work. It was especially prevalent among military orders that were entrusted with the protection of frontier areas. The king usually intervened directly or indirectly in the bond, by guaranteeing the fairness of the
2652:
contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native
American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly, as the conditions that native peoples were subjected to under enslavement, from forced relocation to hours of hard labour, contributed to the spread of
3303:
Bartolomé de Las Casas, who arrived in the New World in 1502, averred that greed was the reason
Christians "murdered on such a vast scale", killing "anyone and everyone who has shown the slightest sign of resistance", and subjecting "all males to the harshest and most iniquitous and brutal slavery
2185:
was essential to the
Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and
2681:, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like
1876:, the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labour. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilising the assessed tribute and labour. In turn,
2548:
did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The
3304:
that man has ever devised for oppressing his fellow-men, treating them, in fact, worse than animals". Reséndez, Andrés. The Other
Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America (Kindle Locations 338–341). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Kindle Edition.
1571:
2768:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 138: «The encomienda in its early heyday granted a lifetime monopoly on the utilization of temporary Indian labor in a given area to one Spaniard, the encomendero. The succeeding repartimiento »
2231:
declared Native
Americans as subjects to the Crown, and so, as Castilians and legal equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. It also allowed the establishment of
2277:
families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations. When the Crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the Crown, killing the viceroy,
2623:
system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings". Economic historian
Timothy J. Yeager argued the
2012:
system traveled to
America with the implantation of Castilian law in Spanish territories. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land during the
2336:
under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.
2822:
las Leyes Nuevas dadas en Barcelona el 20 de noviembre de 1542 abolieron la fa-cultad de proveer nuevas encomiendas en las Indias, y mandaron incorporar en la Corona las existentes a la muerte de sus poseedores
1800:
2289:
decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The
2673:
and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas typically involve arguments like those of Noble David Cook, wherein scholars posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the
1692:
2578:
2554:
1556:
1087:
5462:
2628:
was deadlier than conventional slavery because of an individual labourer's life being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a labourer from the same plot of land.
3682:
1441:
813:
550:
1177:
818:
3099:
3326:
Suárez Romero. LA SITUACIÓN JURÍDICA DEL INDIO DURANTE LA CONQUISTA ESPAÑOLA EN AMÉRICA. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO DE MÉXICO TOMO LXVIII, Núm.270 (Enero-Abril 2018)
2045:; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the
5482:
2017:. This system originated in the Catholic south of Spain to extract labour and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after the Moorish defeat in the
6400:
3511:
3412:
510:
1813:
with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including military protection and education. The
5947:
5442:
865:
6529:
6514:
6499:
6405:
5492:
3282:
3192:
3153:
5097:
1411:
4455:
1561:
2344:
to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. According to the
6509:
892:
6332:
2699:
2724:
1638:
390:
6444:
840:
3523:
Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
2439:
system. The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the
6312:
5416:
4094:
2619:) considered Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide, including the abuses of the
1611:
1431:
604:
5396:
2190:
system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and
1769:
2935:
6494:
1965:
ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.
875:
293:
3773:
Austin, Shawn Michael (2015). "Guaraní kinship and the encomienda community in colonial Paraguay, sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries".
6170:
5132:
5001:
4628:
4624:
4281:
3882:
3816:
3740:
2969:
2871:
1453:
1130:
902:
5628:
4005:
Yeager, Timothy J. (1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labour Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America".
6265:
6260:
5034:
4677:
4130:
2121:
1935:
system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labour and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen
1822:
1645:
1606:
1249:
2427:
underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the
3590:
3032:
2988:
2877:
2089:, were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving
6327:
5447:
3660:
1687:
1324:
984:
835:
631:
540:
5563:
4219:
6459:
6094:
5411:
5347:
5069:
5049:
4524:
4256:
3988:
3965:
3713:
3654:
3584:
3512:
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/all-speakers-and-events/raphael-lemkin-history-of-genocide-and-colonialism
3482:
3276:
3225:
3186:
3147:
1943:
from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the
1707:
1401:
1155:
4564:
4194:
3690:
2640:
as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths".
6069:
5467:
5011:
3908:
3340:
3077:
2808:
1529:
1406:
830:
599:
466:
6160:
5736:
4306:
1957:
have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in
1376:
72:
3090:
2384:
named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The Taíno
6360:
5676:
5671:
5044:
4528:
1660:
870:
855:
801:
486:
476:
471:
300:
156:
5876:
6297:
6089:
5225:
5175:
5160:
5059:
4746:
4648:
2401:
1655:
1426:
232:
5731:
5472:
1939:
forbade slavery of the native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the
1566:
25:
6317:
6255:
6054:
5185:
5165:
5137:
5054:
5029:
4889:
4697:
4604:
4534:
4511:
3808:
2356:, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual
1125:
1113:
693:
505:
151:
40:
in 1553. These laws, passed in 1542, gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by
6280:
6109:
5866:
5553:
3746:
3422:
3231:
41:
6410:
6365:
6307:
6285:
6099:
5871:
5666:
5661:
5342:
5327:
4412:
4276:
4229:
2392:
2265:
system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the
1697:
1480:
341:
1841:
as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered a
6519:
6504:
6302:
6290:
6270:
5801:
5623:
5102:
4482:
4291:
4087:
2792:
1702:
1546:
1416:
1077:
845:
825:
385:
353:
6275:
6175:
5806:
5258:
5190:
4159:
1762:
1712:
1436:
1354:
481:
262:
82:
5726:
5633:
5573:
3266:
3176:
3137:
2395:, realizing the seriousness of the Taíno revolt, changed the laws governing the treatment of people labouring in the
2112:
expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter were incorporated into Cortes' contingent. Himmerich designated as
2174:
to her daughter by her second husband. Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and were granted
6210:
5593:
5548:
5220:
5107:
5019:
4991:
4618:
4588:
4224:
3941:
3858:
2513:
2050:
1621:
1473:
1458:
1349:
545:
215:
4209:
4179:
2473:
The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy,
2431:
system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an
6489:
6129:
6079:
5937:
5836:
5332:
5205:
5170:
5122:
5024:
4636:
4520:
4174:
3646:
2424:
1717:
1616:
1147:
1135:
725:
698:
203:
4301:
4286:
6074:
5957:
5856:
5851:
5791:
5210:
5200:
4986:
4689:
4600:
4066:
2678:
2520:
was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791.
1497:
1366:
919:
708:
193:
94:
5917:
5716:
5618:
5533:
3976:
2109:
373:
6124:
5982:
5826:
5766:
5317:
5215:
5180:
5127:
4632:
4596:
4326:
4199:
4184:
4080:
3576:
3474:
2788:
2474:
2447:, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the
2444:
2279:
2269:
and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major Crown reform in 1542, known as the
1806:
1682:
1421:
1371:
1299:
1072:
850:
794:
777:
208:
970:
6524:
6415:
5987:
5922:
5558:
5426:
5312:
5195:
5155:
4799:
4592:
4251:
4241:
3615:
1924:
1755:
1724:
1229:
882:
730:
454:
420:
415:
4758:
3361:
2041:
did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the
6484:
6215:
5861:
5271:
5092:
4981:
4920:
4848:
4459:
4139:
2228:
2097:(Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.
1936:
1591:
1446:
1359:
1344:
1026:
1014:
760:
745:
530:
305:
227:
6395:
5796:
5706:
5583:
5543:
5502:
4471:
3636:
2649:
2505:
2063:
2377:
system was the subject of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an
6370:
6039:
6002:
5992:
5932:
5896:
5831:
5811:
5686:
5608:
5518:
5337:
4214:
4204:
2931:
2719:
2674:
2629:
2144:
2104:
of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of
1928:
1916:
1729:
1633:
1596:
1524:
1468:
1337:
1294:
1108:
1038:
713:
493:
395:
279:
186:
2333:
2315:
of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the
2240:
bond was a right reserved to full subjects to the crown. In 1503, the crown began to formally grant
6439:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6064:
6044:
5997:
5977:
5886:
5781:
5776:
5721:
5691:
5457:
5082:
5039:
4996:
4925:
4894:
4665:
4644:
4610:
4516:
4486:
4417:
4261:
4234:
4134:
3036:
2709:
2440:
2170:
in perpetuity by Hernán Cortés. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the
1826:
1217:
1197:
1082:
1067:
936:
907:
897:
787:
735:
703:
500:
358:
326:
321:
274:
131:
33:
5651:
2105:
2067:
6200:
6190:
6165:
6119:
6084:
5942:
5528:
5401:
4899:
4879:
4539:
4427:
4316:
4154:
4030:
4022:
3847:
3790:
3548:
3540:
2589:
2405:
was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the
2309:
became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the
2286:
2135:, which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. The
1940:
1846:
1463:
1309:
1284:
1274:
1239:
1234:
1202:
1167:
1160:
1101:
1094:
951:
770:
765:
755:
525:
378:
336:
331:
284:
252:
242:
179:
5523:
5452:
2108:' original expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those who were members of the later
400:
346:
4057:
2557:
and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the
6454:
6380:
6322:
6155:
5927:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5816:
5771:
5701:
5681:
5656:
5603:
5578:
4843:
4397:
4393:
4370:
4311:
4266:
4125:
3984:
3961:
3904:
3888:
3878:
3812:
3736:
3709:
3650:
3580:
3570:
3478:
3462:
3272:
3221:
3182:
3143:
3073:
2985:
2965:
2867:
2861:
2804:
2744:
2574:
2432:
1551:
1269:
1264:
1207:
1192:
1172:
994:
989:
924:
887:
720:
686:
515:
368:
257:
136:
21:
3640:
3393:[The Indigenous Rebellion of 1712: The Tributaries of Chiloé Against the Encomienda]
6390:
6012:
6007:
5972:
5952:
5711:
5588:
5487:
5391:
4853:
4693:
4544:
4476:
4422:
4014:
3928:
3839:
3782:
3532:
3390:
2796:
2729:
2714:
2644:
2561:, or large landed estates in which labourers were directly employed by the hacienda owners (
2163:
1889:
1793:
1741:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1244:
1212:
1182:
1055:
1043:
1021:
999:
946:
782:
750:
52:
3436:
2294:
system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The
6205:
6145:
6059:
5967:
5841:
5821:
5786:
5568:
5538:
5477:
5087:
5077:
4858:
4750:
4707:
4467:
4375:
4246:
3065:
2992:
2695:
2565:), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labour.
1834:
1650:
1541:
1536:
1289:
1259:
1254:
977:
941:
740:
658:
363:
109:
6114:
3336:
2261:
had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the labourers in his community. The
6432:
6049:
5962:
5846:
5598:
5421:
5406:
5307:
5281:
5266:
5147:
4742:
4736:
4640:
4407:
4321:
4271:
4149:
4103:
3954:
3566:
2633:
2612:
2410:
2207:
1944:
1901:
1734:
1628:
520:
198:
161:
119:
3944:, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,"
6478:
5613:
4463:
4380:
4189:
4034:
3794:
3552:
3466:
3417:
2778:
2601:
2536:
2349:
1920:
1862:
1672:
1601:
1048:
1031:
806:
636:
626:
410:
60:
2477:, on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the
6385:
6375:
6104:
5643:
5497:
5322:
4838:
4614:
4296:
4144:
3917:"Encomienda, Hacienda, and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis"
2704:
2654:
1810:
1677:
1514:
1490:
1396:
1389:
1120:
648:
621:
584:
562:
449:
166:
146:
124:
114:
104:
99:
89:
5696:
4766:
3786:
3315:
Bartolome de las Casas in history: toward an understanding of the man and his work
2685:. He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried these diseases to the New World.
2399:. Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the
2244:
to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of
929:
6455:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
3730:
3215:
2021:. It was a method of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors. The
5286:
5276:
5112:
4681:
4043:
De Encomienda y Propiedad Territorial en Algunas Regiones de la América Española
3510:
Raphael Lemkin's History of Genocide and Colonialism, Holocaust Memorial Museum
2598:
2155:
2018:
1991:
1885:
1818:
1519:
1507:
860:
663:
653:
611:
425:
3268:
Columbus and Las Casas: the conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566
2248:
was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as
2198:
lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century.
6150:
4884:
4554:
4018:
3933:
3916:
3536:
3391:"La rebelión indígena de 1712: los tributarios de Chiloé contra la encomienda"
2734:
2388:
2378:
2311:
2250:
2191:
2140:
1997:
1868:
Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian form into a form of communal
1667:
668:
535:
5117:
4874:
4774:
4451:
4385:
3892:
3255:
Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, Mexico 1947, pp. 250–254
2329:
2094:
2075:
2046:
2026:
1958:
1897:
912:
577:
439:
594:
2800:
2583:
5291:
4401:
4169:
3874:
3869:
Guitar, Lynne (1997). "Encomienda System". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.).
3683:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history"
2682:
2616:
2558:
2553:
was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour". As the number of
2497:
phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the
2464:
2414:
2270:
2158:
and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's
1854:
1842:
1502:
1060:
1004:
956:
616:
461:
316:
222:
37:
2782:
2540:
system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Like the
2037:
system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The
6449:
6420:
4973:
4930:
4915:
4559:
4026:
3851:
3827:
3642:
The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America
3544:
2739:
2353:
2352:(indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in
2332:
laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the
2321:
2120:
in New Spain, men who had resided in the Caribbean region prior to the
2002:
1905:
1869:
1485:
567:
247:
64:
2435:, where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the
5386:
4940:
4935:
4712:
3828:"Simpson's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies"
2658:
2216:
1893:
1830:
1187:
1009:
589:
572:
434:
269:
237:
3843:
2215:
to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as
6427:
4754:
4701:
4549:
4365:
2062:
1909:
444:
430:
405:
4072:
2166:
and her younger sister, Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive
4770:
4762:
4685:
3706:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
2784:
El servicio personal de los indios en la Nueva España: 1521–1550
2493:
In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the
311:
141:
6349:
6244:
5368:
5246:
4961:
4820:
4788:
4725:
4662:
4577:
4500:
4440:
4354:
4343:
4114:
4076:
2661:
workers died every six months from forced labour in the mines.
2391:
rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538,
2481:
and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those
2205:
in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles (
2001:
were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other
3070:
Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570
2455:
were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him.
2254:, with the intent of establishing new towns and populations.
3999:
The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning of Spanish Mexico
3217:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3178:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3139:
De Orbe Novo, the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera
3098:. Quezon City: Journal of Asian Studies. pp. 27–32.
2837:, vol. 4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
2669:
Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the
2201:
Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the
3317:. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University, 1971), 364–365.
2579:
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
2030:
agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse.
1821:, and it was applied on a much larger scale during the
1817:
was first established in Spain following the Christian
3732:
Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650
4418:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
2962:
A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present
2934:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 September 2008.
2147:, the third governor of the Spanish colony, in 1502.
1857:
of 1542, the encomienda ended upon the death of the
1849:, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the
3501:(Sixth ed.). W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 280.
1927:. Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray
1442:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
6138:
6032:
6025:
5910:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5642:
5511:
5435:
5379:
5300:
5257:
5146:
5068:
5010:
4972:
4908:
4867:
4831:
4067:
Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System
3092:
The encomienda in early Philippine colonial history
2534:system was generally replaced by the crown-managed
3981:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
3953:
3616:"Hispaniola | Case Study: Colonial Genocides"
3401:(in Spanish) (1). Chillán: El Departamento: 73–86.
2835:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2653:disease. For example, according to anthropologist
3572:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
3497:Tindall, George Brown & David E. Shi (1984).
2116:(old settlers) a group of undetermined number of
3008:, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991 p. 178
2604:which was part of a lawsuit against the Spanish
2150:Some women and some indigenous elites were also
2005:in areas that they had conquered and resettled.
1912:, wheat, pork, and other agricultural products.
1557:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3124:Antonio de Mendoza, First Viceroy of New Spain,
3956:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700
2863:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
4607:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
4088:
3735:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14.
3469:; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
2219:) continue to be owned by affluent families.
1763:
8:
4282:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3871:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
3805:The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada
3609:
3607:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
1562:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3865:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964.
3618:. Genocide Studies Program. Yale University
3443:(in Spanish). Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
3271:. University Press of America. p. 44.
2866:. Vol. 1. Abc-Clio, LLC. p. 184.
6346:
6241:
6029:
5756:
5749:
5376:
5365:
5254:
5243:
4969:
4958:
4828:
4817:
4785:
4722:
4659:
4574:
4497:
4437:
4351:
4340:
4111:
4095:
4081:
4073:
3421:(in Spanish). 29 July 2007. Archived from
3362:"La encomienda en hispanoamérica colonial"
3337:"Blasco Núñez Vela – Cronología histórica"
3033:"A History of the Mexican-American People"
2833:Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in
2725:Historiography of Colonial Spanish America
1770:
1756:
47:
6401:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3932:
3384:
3382:
2964:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 388.
2677:. Writing about the Black Legend and the
2665:Skepticism toward accusations of genocide
1892:, to protect them from warring tribes or
6406:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3983:(2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 107–108.
3901:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
3006:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555
2582:
2139:system was established on the island of
1567:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1432:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1412:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
20:
5397:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
3873:. Vol. 1, A–K. Santa Barbara, CA:
3832:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3031:Samora, Julian; Patricia Vandel Simon.
2955:
2953:
2757:
2700:Spanish-controlled colonial Philippines
59:
2340:As noted, the change of requiring the
2325:involved and had most of them hanged.
2070:, conqueror of the Aztecs and premier
2049:belonged to this crown and not to the
1845:on the labour of particular groups of
3903:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3899:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1991).
3749:from the original on 29 November 2016
3729:Noble David Cook (13 February 1998).
3285:from the original on 25 November 2020
3195:from the original on 25 November 2020
3156:from the original on 25 November 2020
1792:
1454:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1131:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
16:Spanish labour system in its colonies
7:
6530:History of labour relations in Chile
6515:Captaincy General of the Philippines
6500:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4678:Captaincy General of the Philippines
4170:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2938:from the original on 21 January 2019
2899:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2848:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
2764:James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz,
2420:The priest of Hispaniola and former
2298:were then required to pay remaining
2127:In the New World, the Crown granted
2122:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1829:. Conquered peoples were considered
1823:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1646:Slave marriages in the United States
1250:Human trafficking in the Middle East
6381:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3946:Hispanic American Historical Review
3921:Hispanic American Historical Review
3126:Durham: Duke University Press 1972.
2698:, a similar forced labor system in
2512:had been abusive enough to unleash
2154:. Maria Jaramillo, the daughter of
985:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
6510:History of the Spanish West Indies
5348:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3214:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3175:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
3136:Pietro Martire D'Anghiera (2009).
2186:resulting turmoil. Initially, the
2025:established a system similar to a
1884:natives were given instruction in
1639:last survivors of American slavery
14:
4322:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
3960:. University of Minnesota Press.
3803:Avellaneda, Jose Ignacio (1995).
3234:from the original on 31 July 2020
600:Field slaves in the United States
467:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6433:Criollos in the colonial society
6361:Spanish missions in the Americas
5483:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2781:(1984). "1. Evolución general".
2501:institution lasted much longer.
2162:. Two of Moctezuma's daughters,
1900:against Spaniards, and maintain
477:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
472:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
301:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
71:
6460:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
4069:. ThoughtCo. September 10, 2018
4007:The Journal of Economic History
3826:Chamberlain, Robert S. (1954).
3663:from the original on 2020-11-25
3593:from the original on 2020-11-25
3525:The Journal of Economic History
3413:"La rebelión huilliche de 1712"
3343:from the original on 2020-11-25
3105:from the original on 2013-10-02
3056:Himmerich y Valencia (1991), 27
2880:from the original on 2016-09-19
1427:Committee of Experts on Slavery
978:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4512:Captaincy General of Guatemala
4220:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
3997:Simpson, Leslie Byrd Simpson,
3809:University of New Mexico Press
3775:Colonial Latin American Review
3708:. Windmill Books. p. 70.
2912:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule,
1126:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
6495:Slavery in the Spanish Empire
6411:General Archive of the Indies
5672:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
5343:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
5328:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
4277:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
4230:War of the Spanish Succession
4195:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3863:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
3787:10.1080/10609164.2016.1150039
3681:Trever, David (13 May 2016).
3220:. BiblioBazaar. p. 132.
3181:. BiblioBazaar. p. 143.
3142:. BiblioBazaar. p. 121.
3089:Anderson, Dr. Eric A (1976).
3017:Himmerich y Valencia (1991),
3004:Robert Himmerich y Valencia,
2860:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).
2569:Deaths, disease, and genocide
2508:in southern Chile, where the
2360:and those held by the Crown.
1931:, who established the formal
4483:Captaincy General of Yucatan
4413:Union with Holy Roman Empire
4392:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
4307:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3499:America: A Narrative History
2793:El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
1981:stems from the Spanish verb
1417:Temporary Slavery Commission
1078:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
4963:Administrative subdivisions
4160:War of the League of Cognac
4045:. Mexico City: Aurrúa 1940.
3952:McAlister, Lyle N. (1984).
3265:David M. Traboulay (1994).
2348:, one of many colonial-era
1437:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
482:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
42:Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
6546:
5677:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
5662:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5564:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
4462:), Western United States (
4225:Portuguese Restoration War
3975:Ramirez, Susan E. (2008).
2572:
2462:
2302:labourers for their work.
2081:The first grantees of the
1861:, and was replaced by the
1622:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1459:Anti-Slavery International
1224:North Africa and West Asia
6445:Slavery in Spanish Empire
6356:
6345:
6251:
6240:
5732:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
5473:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
5375:
5364:
5333:Barcelona Trading Company
5253:
5242:
5098:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4968:
4957:
4827:
4816:
4795:
4732:
4673:
4605:Venezuela, part of Guyana
4584:
4507:
4458:, Central United States (
4447:
4361:
4350:
4339:
4190:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
4175:Expulsion of the Moriscos
4121:
4110:
4019:10.1017/S0022050700042182
3934:10.1215/00182168-51.3.431
3647:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
3537:10.1017/S0022050700042182
2328:Later, a chieftain named
1718:Emancipation Proclamation
1390:Opposition and resistance
1148:Sex trafficking in Europe
1136:Blackbirding in Polynesia
699:Trans-Saharan slave trade
26:Francisco Hernández Girón
6386:Quito painting tradition
6376:Cusco painting tradition
5737:García López de Cárdenas
5727:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
5634:Felipe González de Ahedo
5554:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
4131:Conquest of the Americas
3915:Keith, Robert G (1971).
3389:Urbina, Rodolfo (1990).
3368:(in Spanish). 2020-08-26
2679:conquest of the Americas
1880:were to ensure that the
1498:Compensated emancipation
709:Indian Ocean slave trade
6171:Comuneros (New Granada)
5948:Balearic Islands (1558)
5667:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
5594:Ruy López de Villalobos
5549:Miguel López de Legazpi
5463:García de Toledo Osorio
4327:Western Sahara conflict
4317:Independence of Morocco
4257:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
4200:Piracy in the Caribbean
4185:French Wars of Religion
4062:Encyclopædia Britannica
3577:Oxford University Press
3475:Editorial Universitaria
1908:in the form of metals,
1904:. The natives provided
1837:. The Crown awarded an
1422:1926 Slavery Convention
1178:Germany in World War II
795:North and South America
317:Contract of manumission
6416:Colonial Spanish Horse
6090:Colonia del Sacramento
5313:Spanish treasure fleet
4890:Royal Decree of Graces
3704:Hickel, Jason (2018).
2609:
2425:Bartolomé de las Casas
2415:New Laws of the Indies
2078:
1925:Francisco de Bobadilla
1923:had him replaced with
1790:Spanish pronunciation:
903:British Virgin Islands
455:Circassian slave trade
421:Safavid imperial harem
416:Ottoman Imperial Harem
45:
5574:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
5534:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4849:Council of the Indies
4210:Spanish–Moro conflict
4180:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
4140:Treaty of Tordesillas
2986:The Encomienda System
2801:10.2307/j.ctv26d9fg.5
2586:
2369:Initial controversies
2229:Isabella I of Castile
2066:
1995:institution in which
1947:for relief under the
1937:Isabella I of Castile
1809:system that rewarded
1794:[eŋkoˈmjenda]
1142:Europe and North Asia
1102:Australia and Oceania
802:Pre-Columbian America
374:Slave raid of Suðuroy
306:Slavery in al-Andalus
228:Black Sea slave trade
157:21st-century jihadism
24:
6371:Mesoamerican Codices
6095:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5933:Siege of Castelnuovo
5519:Christopher Columbus
5338:Consulate of the Sea
5318:Casa de Contratación
4909:Titles and positions
4302:Spanish–American War
4292:Liberal constitution
4135:Asia and the Pacific
3877:. pp. 250–251.
2897:Ida Altman, et al.,
2850:Pearson, 2003, p. 47
2846:Ida Altman, et al.,
2789:El Colegio de México
2720:Gregorio de San Juan
2675:Spanish Black Legend
2648:over 96%. Historian
2630:University of Hawaii
2615:(coiner of the term
2602:pictorial manuscript
2597:, is a 16th-century
2593:: also known as the
2459:The New Laws of 1542
2409:system, through the
2364:Reform and abolition
2100:In his study of the
1985:, "to entrust". The
1917:Christopher Columbus
1915:With the ousting of
1853:; starting from the
1597:Indentured servitude
1525:Underground Railroad
1325:United Arab Emirates
714:Zanzibar slave trade
681:By country or region
494:Atlantic slave trade
396:Ma malakat aymanukum
280:Venetian slave trade
6520:Spanish Puerto Rico
6505:Spanish West Indies
6100:Cartagena de Indias
5722:Diego de Mazariegos
5692:Pere Fages i Beleta
5559:Sebastián de Ocampo
5040:Provincias Internas
5012:Captaincies General
4926:Municipal president
4895:School of Salamanca
4666:Spanish East Indies
4645:Misiones Orientales
4517:Spanish West Indies
4481:, Central America (
4428:Pyrénées-Orientales
4381:Union with Portugal
4272:Napoleonic invasion
4252:War of Jenkins' Ear
3614:Schimmer, Russell.
3425:on 3 December 2013.
3366:Revista de historia
2766:Early Latin America
2710:Encomiendas in Peru
2441:Viceroyalty of Peru
2285:In Mexico, viceroy
2114:pobladores antiguos
1827:Spanish East Indies
1683:Slave Route Project
814:Americas indigenous
704:Red Sea slave trade
694:Contemporary Africa
557:Topics and practice
327:Crimean slave trade
322:Bukhara slave trade
275:Genoese slave trade
152:Contemporary Africa
132:Forced prostitution
34:Viceroyalty of Peru
6396:Academia Antártica
6351:Other civil topics
5717:Pánfilo de Narváez
5619:Sebastián Vizcaíno
5584:Andrés de Urdaneta
5544:Juan Ponce de León
5529:Ferdinand Magellan
5503:Bernardo de Gálvez
5402:Indian auxiliaries
4900:Trial of residence
4880:Laws of the Indies
4664:Asia and Oceania (
4525:Dominican Republic
3567:Stannard, David E.
3463:Villalobos, Sergio
2991:2005-12-18 at the
2984:Scott, Meredith, "
2901:Pearson, 2003, 143
2643:Yale University's
2610:
2595:Codex Tepetlaoztoc
2590:Codex Kingsborough
2506:Chiloé Archipelago
2413:(1512–13) and the
2287:Antonio de Mendoza
2079:
1941:Laws of the Indies
1847:indigenous peoples
1464:Blockade of Africa
771:Somali slave trade
687:Sub-Saharan Africa
379:Turkish Abductions
337:Khivan slave trade
332:Khazar slave trade
285:Balkan slave trade
243:Prague slave trade
46:
36:who protested the
6472:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6341:
6340:
6246:Spanish conquests
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6021:
6020:
5702:Pedro de Alvarado
5687:Gaspar de Portolà
5682:Pedro de Valdivia
5657:Francisco Pizarro
5609:Nicolás de Ovando
5604:Alonso de Ercilla
5579:Alonso de Salazar
5412:Ships of the line
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4784:
4783:
4741:Northern Africa (
4737:Equatorial Guinea
4721:
4720:
4658:
4657:
4573:
4572:
4496:
4495:
4487:Spanish Caribbean
4460:Spanish Louisiana
4436:
4435:
4371:Crown of Castille
4335:
4334:
4312:Spanish Civil War
4287:Adams–Onís Treaty
4267:Nootka Convention
4215:Thirty Years' War
4205:Eighty Years' War
4126:Catholic Monarchs
4116:Timeline–immersed
3884:978-0-87436-885-7
3818:978-0-8263-1612-7
3742:978-0-521-62730-6
3687:Los Angeles Times
3471:Historia De Chile
3399:Tiempo y espacio
3122:Arthur S. Aiton,
2971:978-1-118-77248-5
2873:978-0-313-33272-2
2730:Jesuit reductions
2475:Blasco Núñez Vela
2445:Blasco Núñez Vela
2393:Emperor Charles V
2280:Blasco Núñez Vela
2211:). They used the
2145:Nicolás de Ovando
2051:Catholic monarchs
1989:was based on the
1929:Nicolás de Ovando
1780:
1779:
1730:Freedmen's Bureau
1552:Third Servile War
1547:International law
1114:Human trafficking
876:Human trafficking
551:Thirteen colonies
369:Sack of Baltimore
137:Human trafficking
6537:
6490:Slavery in Spain
6347:
6313:Chibchan Nations
6242:
6211:Santiago de Cuba
6070:Guadalupe Island
6030:
5757:
5750:
5712:Diego de Almagro
5589:Antonio de Ulloa
5493:Ambrosio Spinola
5488:Pedro de Zubiaur
5458:Alfonso d'Avalos
5448:Antonio de Leyva
5392:Army of Flanders
5377:
5366:
5255:
5244:
4970:
4959:
4829:
4818:
4786:
4759:Peñón of Algiers
4723:
4660:
4575:
4498:
4480:
4438:
4352:
4341:
4262:Seven Years' War
4235:Queen Anne's War
4112:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4041:Zavala, Silvio.
4038:
3994:
3971:
3959:
3948:49, no. 3 (1969)
3938:
3936:
3896:
3855:
3822:
3798:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3689:. Archived from
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3637:Reséndez, Andrés
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3066:Clendinnen, Inga
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:on April 2, 2009
3035:. Archived from
3028:
3022:
3019:The Encomenderos
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2915:
2910:Charles Gibson,
2908:
2902:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2715:History of Cusco
2645:genocide studies
2608:for mistreatment
2555:natives declined
2514:a revolt in 1712
2433:important debate
2164:Isabel Moctezuma
1890:Spanish language
1805:) was a Spanish
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1742:Emancipation Day
1575:
1542:Slave Trade Acts
233:Byzantine Empire
75:
48:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6464:
6440:Old inquisition
6352:
6337:
6247:
6220:
6176:Trinidad (1797)
6146:La Noche Triste
6134:
6130:San Juan (1797)
6080:San Juan (1595)
6017:
5906:
5746:Notable battles
5741:
5707:Martín de Ursúa
5638:
5569:Alonso de Ojeda
5539:Juan de la Cosa
5524:Pinzón brothers
5507:
5478:John of Austria
5453:Martín de Goiti
5431:
5371:
5352:
5296:
5249:
5230:
5142:
5138:Terra Australis
5133:Río de la Plata
5078:Castilla de Oro
5064:
5006:
5002:Río de la Plata
4964:
4945:
4904:
4863:
4859:Santa Hermandad
4823:
4804:
4800:Terra Australis
4791:
4780:
4747:Spanish Morocco
4728:
4717:
4708:Northern Taiwan
4669:
4654:
4625:Río de la Plata
4580:
4569:
4503:
4502:Central America
4492:
4474:
4443:
4432:
4376:Crown of Aragon
4357:
4346:
4331:
4247:Bourbon Reforms
4117:
4106:
4101:
4053:
4048:
4004:
3991:
3974:
3968:
3951:
3942:Lockhart, James
3914:
3885:
3868:
3859:Gibson, Charles
3844:10.2307/2509348
3825:
3819:
3807:. Albuquerque:
3802:
3772:
3768:
3766:Further reading
3763:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3743:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3587:
3579:. p. 139.
3565:
3564:
3560:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3477:. p. 237.
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3441:Memoria chilena
3437:"La encomienda"
3435:
3434:
3430:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3313:Benjamin Keen,
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3279:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2993:Wayback Machine
2983:
2979:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2914:Stanford, 1964.
2909:
2905:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2696:Polo y servicio
2691:
2667:
2650:Andrés Reséndez
2581:
2571:
2528:
2491:
2489:Final abolition
2467:
2461:
2371:
2366:
2225:
2085:system, called
2061:
1973:The meaning of
1971:
1945:Real Audiencias
1835:Spanish monarch
1799:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1776:
1747:
1746:
1651:Slave narrative
1607:Fugitive slaves
1587:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1537:Slave rebellion
1392:
1382:
1381:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1152:United Kingdom
1088:Yankee princess
682:
674:
673:
401:Avret Pazarları
347:Avret Pazarları
216:Medieval Europe
182:
172:
171:
110:Forced marriage
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6543:
6541:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6477:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6256:Canary Islands
6252:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6110:Túpac Amaru II
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6055:Bogotá savanna
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5963:Spanish Armada
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5857:White Mountain
5854:
5852:Cape Celidonia
5849:
5847:English Armada
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:Juan Fernández
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5599:Diego Columbus
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5427:Army of Africa
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:Spanish Armada
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5308:Manila galleon
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4825:
4824:
4822:Administration
4821:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4743:Western Sahara
4739:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4641:Banda Oriental
4622:
4608:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4456:Coastal Alaska
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4107:
4104:Spanish Empire
4102:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4052:
4051:External links
4049:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4013:(4): 842–859.
4002:
3995:
3990:978-0684314433
3989:
3972:
3967:978-0816612161
3966:
3949:
3939:
3927:(3): 431–446.
3912:
3897:
3883:
3866:
3856:
3838:(2): 238–250.
3823:
3817:
3799:
3781:(4): 545–571.
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3741:
3721:
3715:978-1786090034
3714:
3696:
3693:on 2019-06-20.
3673:
3656:978-0547640983
3655:
3649:. p. 17.
3628:
3603:
3586:978-0195085570
3585:
3558:
3531:(4): 842–859.
3515:
3503:
3490:
3484:978-9561111639
3483:
3467:Silva, Osvaldo
3454:
3428:
3404:
3378:
3353:
3328:
3319:
3306:
3296:
3278:978-0819196422
3277:
3257:
3245:
3227:978-1113147608
3226:
3206:
3188:978-1113147608
3187:
3167:
3149:978-1113147608
3148:
3128:
3115:
3081:
3058:
3049:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2977:
2970:
2960:Meade (2016).
2949:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2872:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2809:
2795:. p. 31.
2787:(in Spanish).
2770:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2745:Guaraní people
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2666:
2663:
2636:describes the
2634:David Stannard
2613:Raphael Lemkin
2575:Taíno genocide
2570:
2567:
2527:
2522:
2490:
2487:
2463:Main article:
2460:
2457:
2451:, many of the
2411:Laws of Burgos
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2334:Ciguana people
2224:
2221:
2129:conquistadores
2060:
2055:
1970:
1967:
1902:infrastructure
1896:; to suppress
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:List of slaves
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Dutch Republic
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
974:
973:
968:
961:
960:
959:
954:
944:
939:
934:
933:
932:
922:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
823:
822:
821:
811:
810:
809:
798:
797:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
774:
773:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
717:
716:
706:
701:
696:
690:
689:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
632:Child soldiers
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
559:
558:
554:
553:
548:
543:
541:Spanish Empire
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Middle Passage
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
351:
350:
349:
342:Ottoman Empire
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
297:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
190:
189:
183:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
162:Sexual slavery
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
128:
127:
122:
120:Child marriage
117:
107:
102:
97:
95:Child soldiers
92:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
57:
56:
28:was a Spanish
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6542:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6525:Unfree labour
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:Tapada limeña
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Montes Claros
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5923:Vienna (1529)
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5652:Hernán Cortés
5650:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5644:Conquistadors
5641:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:Juan de Ayala
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Duke of Savoy
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5363:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Dollar (Peso)
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5241:
5227:
5226:Santo Domingo
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:New Andalusia
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Santo Domingo
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4974:Viceroyalties
4971:
4967:
4960:
4956:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4787:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4724:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:South America
4576:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4464:Spanish Texas
4461:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4442:North America
4439:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Franche-Comté
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:0-292-72068-8
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:El Llanquihue
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:Codice Osuna,
3249:
3246:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:0-521-37981-4
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3021:, pp. 195–196
3020:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2810:968-12-0253-8
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:Silvio Zavala
2774:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:, a third of
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:repartimiento
2547:
2546:repartimiento
2543:
2539:
2538:
2537:repartimiento
2533:
2526:
2525:Repartimiento
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Aztec codices
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:captured the
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2223:Establishment
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Hernán Cortés
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:Hernán Cortés
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:Spanish Crown
1919:in 1500, the
1918:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1863:repartimiento
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Slave catcher
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Forced labour
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:Abolitionists
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:comfort women
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Chukri System
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
920:Latin America
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
872:
871:interregional
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:prison labour
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:United States
824:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
685:
684:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
638:
637:White slavery
635:
633:
630:
628:
627:Slave raiding
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
595:Corvée labour
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
491:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Abbasid harem
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:Barbary Coast
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
291:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:Forced labour
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
6485:Encomenderos
6366:Architecture
6261:The Americas
6125:Newfoundland
6115:Túpac Katari
6105:Cuerno Verde
6040:Tenochtitlan
5872:Valenciennes
5629:Luis Fajardo
5498:Blas de Lezo
5443:Duke of Alba
5323:Spanish Road
5161:Buenos Aires
5070:Governorates
4839:Ayuntamiento
4832:Organization
4297:Carlist Wars
4164:
4145:Italian Wars
4061:
4042:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3980:
3977:"Encomienda"
3955:
3945:
3924:
3920:
3900:
3870:
3862:
3835:
3831:
3804:
3778:
3774:
3751:. Retrieved
3731:
3724:
3705:
3699:
3691:the original
3686:
3676:
3665:. Retrieved
3641:
3631:
3620:. Retrieved
3595:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3470:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3440:
3431:
3423:the original
3416:
3407:
3398:
3370:. Retrieved
3365:
3356:
3345:. Retrieved
3331:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3216:
3209:
3197:. Retrieved
3177:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3138:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3107:. Retrieved
3091:
3084:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:the original
3026:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2980:
2961:
2940:. Retrieved
2932:"Encomienda"
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2862:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2814:. Retrieved
2783:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2705:Cargo system
2670:
2668:
2655:Jason Hickel
2642:
2637:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2606:encomenderos
2605:
2599:Mesoamerican
2594:
2588:
2562:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2483:encomenderos
2482:
2479:encomenderos
2478:
2472:
2468:
2453:encomenderos
2452:
2448:
2436:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2358:encomenderos
2357:
2346:Codice Osuna
2345:
2341:
2339:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2296:encomenderos
2295:
2291:
2284:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:, since the
2233:
2226:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2152:encomenderos
2151:
2149:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2118:encomenderos
2117:
2113:
2102:encomenderos
2101:
2099:
2090:
2087:encomenderos
2086:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2058:Encomenderos
2057:
2053:as a whole.
2042:
2039:encomenderos
2038:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1932:
1914:
1881:
1878:encomenderos
1877:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1814:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1678:Slave patrol
1515:Freedom suit
1491:Sierra Leone
1481:Colonization
1397:Abolitionism
1377:Baháʼí Faith
1350:Christianity
1300:Saudi Arabia
1156:Penal Labour
1121:Blackbirding
1027:Debt bondage
1015:penal system
964:
841:Contemporary
831:Field slaves
819:U.S. Natives
778:South Africa
649:Galley slave
622:Slave market
612:House slaves
585:Blackbirding
563:Conscription
487:21st century
450:Umm al-walad
294:Muslim world
263:Emancipation
167:Wage slavery
147:Penal labour
125:Wife selling
115:Bride buying
100:Conscription
90:Child Labour
83:Contemporary
29:
18:
6333:Philippines
6298:El Salvador
5918:Capo d'Orso
5802:St. Quentin
5777:Rome (1527)
5436:Strategists
5186:Guadalajara
5113:New Navarre
5108:New Castile
5093:La Luisiana
5045:Puerto Rico
5035:Philippines
4992:New Granada
4682:Philippines
4643:(Uruguay),
4639:(Bolivia),
4589:New Granada
4529:Puerto Rico
4475: [
4345:Territories
4165:Encomiendas
2422:encomendero
2397:encomiendas
2382:encomendero
2342:encomendado
2307:encomiendas
2275:encomendero
2267:encomendero
2251:reducciones
2246:encomiendas
2242:encomiendas
2234:encomiendas
2208:principalía
2176:encomiendas
2172:encomiendas
2168:encomiendas
2160:encomiendas
2133:encomendero
2091:encomiendas
2072:encomendero
2043:encomendero
2019:Granada War
2015:reconquista
1998:adelantados
1992:reconquista
1979:encomendero
1955:Encomiendas
1886:Catholicism
1859:encomendero
1851:encomendero
1819:Reconquista
1693:court cases
1570: [
1520:Slave Power
1508:Manumission
1355:Catholicism
1230:Afghanistan
971:Puerto Rico
883:The Bahamas
861:Slave codes
664:Shanghaiing
654:Impressment
546:Slave Coast
426:Qajar harem
386:Concubinage
359:slave trade
30:encomendero
6479:Categories
6003:Somosierra
5993:Manila Bay
5867:Nördlingen
5807:Gravelines
5287:Columnario
5259:Currencies
5176:Concepción
5148:Audiencias
5123:New Toledo
5088:La Florida
4921:Corregidor
4885:Papal bull
4790:Antarctica
4698:Micronesia
4155:Golden Age
4058:Encomienda
3667:2020-11-10
3622:2023-01-12
3597:2020-11-10
3447:7 February
3372:2021-01-06
3347:2020-09-30
3109:2013-10-29
3072:. (p. 83)
3043:2009-05-18
2942:21 January
2884:2016-03-27
2752:References
2735:Reductions
2671:encomienda
2638:encomienda
2632:historian
2626:encomienda
2621:encomienda
2573:See also:
2563:hacendados
2544:, the new
2542:encomienda
2532:encomienda
2518:encomienda
2510:encomienda
2499:encomienda
2495:encomienda
2485:involved.
2449:encomienda
2437:encomienda
2429:encomienda
2407:encomienda
2389:Enriquillo
2379:Hispaniola
2375:encomienda
2317:adelantado
2312:adelantado
2300:encomienda
2292:encomienda
2263:encomienda
2238:encomienda
2213:encomienda
2203:encomienda
2196:encomienda
2192:Upper Peru
2188:encomienda
2183:encomienda
2141:Hispaniola
2137:encomienda
2083:encomienda
2035:encomienda
2023:encomienda
2010:encomienda
1987:encomienda
1983:encomendar
1975:encomienda
1963:encomienda
1949:encomienda
1933:encomienda
1882:encomienda
1874:encomienda
1839:encomienda
1815:encomienda
1811:conquerors
1785:encomienda
1708:J.Q. Adams
1698:Washington
1668:Slave name
1617:convention
1592:Common law
965:Encomienda
761:Seychelles
746:Mauritania
669:Slave ship
536:Panyarring
531:New France
180:Historical
6308:Nicaragua
6286:Guatemala
6196:Pichincha
6181:Chacabuco
6120:Pensacola
6065:Mataquito
6045:Cajamarca
6026:New World
5998:Trafalgar
5902:Alhucemas
5782:Landriano
5767:Comuneros
5753:Old World
5697:Joan Orpí
5417:Royalists
5191:Guatemala
5118:New Spain
5055:Venezuela
5030:Guatemala
4987:New Spain
4982:Columbian
4875:Exequatur
4775:Cape Juby
4629:Argentina
4452:New Spain
4386:Gibraltar
4150:Habsburgs
4035:155030781
3795:163678212
3553:155030781
2816:13 August
2402:audiencia
2330:Guarionex
2259:reducción
2095:New Spain
2076:New Spain
2047:New World
1959:New Spain
1898:rebellion
1872:. In the
1703:Jefferson
1360:Mormonism
1295:Palestine
1109:Australia
1039:Indonesia
930:Lei Áurea
913:Code Noir
893:Caribbean
866:Treatment
605:Treatment
578:Devshirme
440:Odalisque
258:In Russia
199:Babylonia
187:Antiquity
6318:Colombia
6303:Honduras
6216:Asomante
6201:Ayacucho
6191:Carabobo
6166:Curalaba
5943:Ceresole
5837:Gembloux
5797:Mühlberg
5512:Mariners
5370:Military
5292:Doubloon
5277:Maravedí
5221:Santiago
5128:Paraguay
4854:Germania
4694:Caroline
4649:Malvinas
4633:Paraguay
4593:Colombia
4535:Trinidad
4402:Sardinia
4242:Bourbons
3893:37884790
3875:ABC-CLIO
3747:Archived
3661:Archived
3639:(2016).
3591:Archived
3569:(1993).
3341:Archived
3283:Archived
3232:Archived
3193:Archived
3154:Archived
3100:Archived
2989:Archived
2936:Archived
2878:Archived
2689:See also
2683:smallpox
2617:genocide
2559:hacienda
2465:New Laws
2417:(1542).
2322:caciques
2271:New Laws
2227:In 1501
2003:peasants
1951:system.
1906:tributes
1888:and the
1855:New Laws
1843:monopoly
1825:and the
1735:Iron bit
1725:40 acres
1688:breeding
1503:Freedman
1338:Religion
1198:Portugal
1083:Thailand
1073:Maldives
1068:Malaysia
1061:Kwalliso
1005:Booi Aha
957:Restavek
937:Colombia
908:Trinidad
898:Barbados
788:Zanzibar
736:Ethiopia
617:Saqaliba
511:Database
462:Saqaliba
223:Ancillae
53:a series
51:Part of
38:New Laws
6450:Asiento
6421:Mustang
6281:Yucatán
6276:Chiapas
6156:Tucapel
5988:Passaro
5938:Algiers
5928:Preveza
5897:Tetouan
5892:Vitoria
5882:Bitonto
5822:Antwerp
5817:Lepanto
5772:Bicocca
5248:Economy
5171:Charcas
5166:Caracas
5060:Yucatán
4931:Regidor
4916:Alcalde
4844:Cabildo
4751:Tripoli
4690:Mariana
4637:Charcas
4613:(Peru,
4597:Ecuador
4560:Bonaire
4555:Curazao
4540:Jamaica
4468:Florida
4027:2123819
3852:2509348
3753:18 June
3545:2123819
3289:10 July
3238:10 July
3199:10 July
3160:10 July
2740:Serfdom
2443:. When
2386:cacique
2354:Nahuatl
2110:Narváez
1969:History
1894:pirates
1870:slavery
1833:of the
1831:vassals
1713:Lincoln
1586:Related
1486:Liberia
1372:Judaism
1310:Tunisia
1285:Morocco
1275:Lebanon
1240:Bahrain
1235:Algeria
1203:Romania
1168:Denmark
1161:Slavery
1095:Vietnam
766:Somalia
756:Nigeria
731:Comoros
659:Pirates
568:Ghilman
501:Bristol
391:history
364:pirates
253:History
142:Peonage
65:slavery
32:in the
6428:Castas
6186:Boyacá
6161:Guiana
6151:Iguape
6075:Recife
6013:Mactan
6008:Annual
5973:Rocroi
5968:Leiden
5953:Djerba
5887:Bailén
5842:Ostend
5827:Azores
5422:Legión
5387:Tercio
5380:Armies
5282:Escudo
5211:Panamá
5206:Mexico
5201:Manila
5156:Bogotá
4941:Vecino
4936:Syndic
4767:Béjaïa
4727:Africa
4713:Tidore
4601:Panama
4565:Belize
4472:Mexico
4398:Sicily
4394:Naples
4356:Europe
4033:
4025:
4001:(1950)
3987:
3964:
3907:
3891:
3881:
3850:
3815:
3793:
3739:
3712:
3653:
3583:
3551:
3543:
3481:
3275:
3224:
3185:
3146:
3076:
2968:
2870:
2807:
2659:Arawak
2516:, the
2217:Makati
2194:. The
2156:Marina
2027:feudal
1961:, the
1807:labour
1634:owners
1270:Kuwait
1265:Jordan
1218:Sweden
1208:Russia
1193:Poland
1188:Norway
1010:Laogai
995:Brunei
990:Bhutan
952:revolt
925:Brazil
888:Canada
851:partus
836:female
721:Angola
590:Coolie
573:Mamluk
526:Nantes
506:Brazil
435:Cariye
270:Thrall
238:Kholop
204:Greece
6323:Chile
6291:Petén
6266:Aztec
6085:Bahia
6060:Penco
6050:Cusco
5978:Downs
5958:Tunis
5877:Ceuta
5862:Breda
5812:Malta
5792:Tunis
5787:Pavia
5301:Trade
5216:Quito
5181:Cusco
5020:Chile
4755:Tunis
4702:Palau
4619:Chile
4550:Aruba
4545:Haiti
4479:]
4408:Milan
4366:Spain
4031:S2CID
4023:JSTOR
3848:JSTOR
3791:S2CID
3549:S2CID
3541:JSTOR
3395:(PDF)
3103:(PDF)
3096:(PDF)
2257:Each
1910:maize
1661:songs
1656:films
1574:]
1530:songs
1367:Islam
1345:Bible
1320:Yemen
1315:Qatar
1305:Syria
1280:Libya
1245:Egypt
1213:Spain
1183:Malta
1056:Korea
1044:Japan
1022:India
1000:China
947:Haiti
807:Aztec
783:Sudan
751:Niger
643:Naval
516:Dutch
445:Qiyan
431:Jarya
406:Harem
248:Serfs
194:Egypt
6328:Inca
6271:Maya
6206:Guam
6139:Lost
5911:Lost
5832:Mons
5272:Real
5196:Lima
5083:Cuba
5025:Cuba
4997:Perú
4773:and
4771:Ifni
4763:Oran
4686:Guam
4615:Acre
4611:Peru
4521:Cuba
4400:and
3985:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3905:ISBN
3889:OCLC
3879:ISBN
3813:ISBN
3755:2019
3737:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3479:ISBN
3449:2020
3291:2010
3273:ISBN
3240:2010
3222:ISBN
3201:2010
3183:ISBN
3162:2010
3144:ISBN
3074:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2944:2019
2868:ISBN
2818:2022
2805:ISBN
2587:The
2577:and
2530:The
2373:The
2305:The
2181:The
2033:The
2008:The
1977:and
1782:The
1612:laws
1474:U.S.
1469:U.K.
1407:U.S.
1402:U.K.
1290:Oman
1260:Iraq
1255:Iran
942:Cuba
846:maps
741:Mali
726:Chad
312:Baqt
209:Rome
105:Debt
63:and
6033:Won
5760:Won
4868:Law
4765:,
4485:),
4466:),
4015:doi
3929:doi
3840:doi
3783:doi
3533:doi
2797:doi
2504:In
2143:by
2131:as
2093:in
2074:of
6481::
4769:,
4761:,
4757:,
4753:,
4749:,
4745:,
4700:,
4696:,
4692:,
4688:,
4684:,
4647:,
4635:,
4631:,
4617:,
4603:,
4599:,
4595:,
4527:,
4523:,
4477:es
4470:,
4396:,
4133:,
4060:"
4029:.
4021:.
4011:55
4009:.
3979:.
3925:52
3923:.
3919:.
3887:.
3861:,
3846:.
3836:34
3834:.
3830:.
3811:.
3801:*
3789:.
3779:24
3777:.
3745:.
3685:.
3659:.
3645:.
3606:^
3589:.
3575:.
3547:.
3539:.
3529:55
3527:.
3473:.
3465:;
3439:.
3415:.
3397:.
3381:^
3364:.
3339:.
3281:.
3230:.
3191:.
3152:.
3068:;
2995:".
2952:^
2919:^
2876:.
2820:.
2803:.
2791:–
2282:.
2273:,
2178:.
2124:.
1865:.
1572:fa
55:on
4777:)
4704:)
4680:(
4668:)
4651:)
4627:(
4621:)
4591:(
4531:)
4519:(
4489:)
4454:(
4404:)
4096:e
4089:t
4082:v
4056:"
4037:.
4017::
3993:.
3970:.
3937:.
3931::
3911:.
3895:.
3854:.
3842::
3821:.
3797:.
3785::
3757:.
3718:.
3670:.
3625:.
3600:.
3555:.
3535::
3487:.
3451:.
3375:.
3350:.
3293:.
3242:.
3203:.
3164:.
3112:.
3046:.
2974:.
2946:.
2887:.
2799::
1788:(
1771:e
1764:t
1757:v
967:)
963:(
433:/
308:
44:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
