102:
2390:
31:
2400:
105:
A bacterial capsule has a semi-rigid border that follows the contour of the cell. The capsule excludes India Ink when dyed. A slime layer is a non-rigid matrix that is easily deformed and is not able to exclude India Ink. Biofilms are composed of many cells and their outer barriers. The primary
372:
Serological methods: Capsular material is antigenic and can be demonstrated by mixing it with a specific anticapsular serum. When examined under the microscope, the capsule appears 'swollen' due to an increase in its refractivity. This phenomenon is the basis of
139:. Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain because most standard stains cannot penetrate the capsule. To visualize encapsulated bacteria using a microscope, a sample is treated with a dark stain, such as
89:
and is found only in gram-negative bacteria. When the amorphous viscid secretion (that makes up the capsule) diffuses into the surrounding medium and remains as a loose undemarcated secretion, it is known as a
155:. Capsules allow adhesion to surfaces and help enable the bacteria to evade the host immune system. The water content in the capsule gives the protection against drying out. The capsule is considered a
606:
515:
Gao S, Lewis GD, Ashokkumar M, Hemar Y (January 2014). "Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. Effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria".
1414:"Genotyping and phenotyping of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from fish by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and electron microscopy indicate geographical and capsular variations"
179:. Immunity to one capsule type does not result in immunity to the other types. Capsules also help cells adhere to surfaces. As a group where the capsule is present they are known as
361:
Maneval's capsule stain: the capsule appears as a clear halo between the pink-stained bacterium and the bluish-grey stained background. The background stain is the acidic stain
143:. The structure of the capsule prevents the stain from penetrating the cell. When viewed, bacterial capsules appear as a bright halo around the cell on a dark background.
66:, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell. It is a well-organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases.
1041:"Two variants among Haemophilus influenzae serotype b strains with distinct bcs4, hcsA and hcsB genes display differences in expression of the polysaccharide capsule"
624:
775:
1607:
163:). The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. A capsule-specific antibody may be required for
611:
2096:
1836:
1625:"Capsule gene analysis of invasive Haemophilus influenzae: accuracy of serotyping and prevalence of IS1016 among nontypeable isolates"
902:"Role of bacterial capsule in local and systemic inflammatory responses of mice during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae"
2429:
464:
407:). However, polysaccharides are not highly antigenic, especially in children, so many capsular vaccines contain polysaccharides
2086:
2013:
294:
produces a polysaccharide capsule of nine antigenic types that all contain sialic acid (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII).
2210:
1941:
2329:
632:
1412:
Rao, Shreesha; Chen, Mei-Yun; Sudpraseart, Chiranan; Lin, Peiry; Yoshida, Terutoyo; Wang, Pei-Chi; Chen, Shih-Chu (2022).
1092:"The algR gene, which regulates mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, belongs to a class of environmentally responsive genes"
1365:"The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms"
2051:
298:
337:
34:
The outer red layer in this diagram is the capsule, which is distinct from the cell envelope. This bacterium is
2205:
2128:
2091:
1887:
697:
Daffé M, Etienne G (1999). "The capsule of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity".
428:
290:
278:
78:
329:
239:
2281:
2200:
2179:
1829:
342:
266:
225:
218:
204:
74:
70:
35:
1598:
Rudolph K (1996). "Chapter 3: Pseudomonas synringae pathovars". In Singh RP, Kohmoto K, Singh US (eds.).
2424:
2321:
1963:
1141:"Salmonella produces an O-antigen capsule regulated by AgfD and important for environmental persistence"
305:
211:
101:
779:
560:"Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule determines disease severity in experimental pneumococcal meningitis"
2403:
2161:
2036:
2019:
1857:
1201:
1039:
Schouls L, van der Heide H, Witteveen S, Zomer B, van der Ende A, Burger M, Schot C (February 2008).
741:
312:
283:
2286:
2171:
2166:
2059:
2029:
1882:
1867:
251:
358:: the capsule appears as a clear halo around the bacterium as the ink can't penetrate the capsule.
2316:
2215:
2024:
1936:
1929:
1441:
800:
Ganesh K, Allam M, Wolter N, Bratcher HB, Harrison OB, Lucidarme J, et al. (February 2017).
540:
489:
416:
355:
259:
135:
82:
2393:
2222:
2189:
2046:
2041:
1999:
1946:
1822:
1801:
1752:
1703:
1654:
1603:
1580:
1531:
1490:
1433:
1394:
1345:
1296:
1278:
1237:
1219:
1170:
1121:
1072:
1021:
972:
923:
882:
833:
757:
714:
679:
589:
532:
470:
460:
433:
408:
374:
851:
Harrison OB, Claus H, Jiang Y, Bennett JS, Bratcher HB, Jolley KA, et al. (April 2013).
2108:
1984:
1919:
1791:
1783:
1742:
1734:
1693:
1685:
1644:
1636:
1570:
1562:
1521:
1480:
1472:
1425:
1384:
1376:
1335:
1327:
1286:
1268:
1227:
1209:
1190:"Variation in the Complex Carbohydrate Biosynthesis Loci of Acinetobacter baumannii Genomes"
1160:
1152:
1111:
1103:
1062:
1052:
1011:
1003:
962:
954:
913:
872:
864:
823:
813:
802:"Molecular characterization of invasive capsule null Neisseria meningitidis in South Africa"
749:
706:
669:
659:
579:
571:
524:
196:
156:
2334:
2233:
2118:
1994:
1924:
1877:
1549:
Casadevall A, Coelho C, Cordero RJ, Dragotakes Q, Jung E, Vij R, Wear MP (December 2019).
501:
412:
403:
317:
271:
1139:
Gibson DL, White AP, Snyder SD, Martin S, Heiss C, Azadi P, et al. (November 2006).
1413:
1205:
745:
1989:
1953:
1796:
1771:
1747:
1722:
1698:
1673:
1649:
1624:
1575:
1550:
1485:
1460:
1389:
1364:
1340:
1315:
1291:
1256:
1232:
1189:
1165:
1140:
1067:
1040:
1016:
991:
967:
942:
877:
852:
828:
801:
674:
647:
584:
559:
122:
116:
59:
1116:
1091:
900:
Yoshida K, Matsumoto T, Tateda K, Uchida K, Tsujimoto S, Yamaguchi K (November 2000).
753:
2418:
2343:
2228:
2184:
2156:
2147:
2137:
2113:
2009:
1787:
1526:
1509:
1445:
397:
391:
130:
63:
43:
39:
17:
1107:
1007:
544:
282:
has at least 91 different capsular serotypes. These serotypes are the basis for the
2373:
2358:
2238:
1979:
1897:
1845:
528:
164:
160:
1738:
1566:
151:
The bacterial capsule serves as a shield, giving protection from toxins, and from
1214:
918:
901:
664:
2261:
1188:
Kenyon, Johanna J.; Hall, Ruth M. (2013-04-16). de Crécy-Lagard, Valerie (ed.).
386:
172:
152:
91:
86:
255:
for example, synthesizes a capsule composed of polypeptide and polysaccharides.
2368:
2353:
2271:
2004:
1257:"Diversity and Function of Capsular Polysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii"
818:
454:
232:
176:
95:
30:
1282:
1273:
1223:
2363:
2194:
2152:
2064:
1958:
362:
159:
because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents
140:
106:
functions of both capsules and slime layers are for protection and adhesion.
1805:
1756:
1707:
1658:
1584:
1535:
1494:
1437:
1398:
1349:
1300:
1241:
1174:
1090:
Deretic V, Dikshit R, Konyecsni WM, Chakrabarty AM, Misra TK (March 1989).
1076:
1057:
1025:
976:
927:
886:
868:
837:
761:
718:
710:
683:
593:
536:
474:
1125:
958:
941:
Dorman MJ, Feltwell T, Goulding DA, Parkhill J, Short FL (November 2018).
365:(which changes color to bluish-grey due to the pH), and the pink stain is
1872:
1849:
1814:
1689:
1640:
1476:
1380:
1331:
1316:"Capsule Prolongs Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Starvation"
558:
Hathaway LJ, Grandgirard D, Valente LG, TĂ€uber MG, Leib SL (March 2016).
366:
55:
27:
Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria
1602:. Vol. 1: Prokaryotes (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
1156:
575:
2302:
2266:
1902:
336:
Capsules too small to be seen with an ordinary microscope, such as the
168:
1429:
1255:
Singh, Jennifer K.; Adams, Felise G.; Brown, Melissa H. (2019-01-09).
853:"Description and nomenclature of Neisseria meningitidis capsule locus"
2348:
2103:
732:
Lindberg AA (November 1999). "Polyosides (encapsulated bacteria)".
389:
using capsular material is effective against some organisms (e.g.,
2276:
1674:"In Silico Serotyping of the Haemophilus influenzae Capsule Locus"
1363:
Hyams C, Camberlein E, Cohen JM, Bax K, Brown JS (February 2010).
325:
100:
94:. Capsule and slime layer are sometimes summarized under the term
29:
191:
The capsule is found most commonly among gram-negative bacteria:
1818:
1510:"Molecular architecture of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule"
646:
Santos-LĂłpez A, RodrĂguez-BeltrĂĄn J, San MillĂĄn Ă (July 2021).
316:
synthesizes capsular gene clusters and some time synthesizes a
246:
However, some gram-positive bacteria may also have a capsule:
1623:
Satola SW, Collins JT, Napier R, Farley MM (October 2007).
1461:"The Cryptococcus neoformans capsule: a sword and a shield"
992:"Capsule and fimbria interaction in Klebsiella pneumoniae"
1314:
Hamaguchi S, Zafar MA, Cammer M, Weiser JN (March 2018).
990:
Schembri MA, Blom J, Krogfelt KA, Klemm P (August 2005).
117:
Polysaccharide § Bacterial capsular polysaccharides
648:"The bacterial capsule is a gatekeeper for mobile DNA"
419:. This stimulates a much more robust immune response.
1600:
125:, but some species use other materials, such as poly-
943:"Klebsiella pneumoniae Defined by density-TraDISort"
734:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des
Sciences, SĂ©rie III
2315:
2295:
2247:
2136:
2127:
2079:
1972:
1910:
1896:
1856:
459:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1721:Tzeng YL, Thomas J, Stephens DS (September 2016).
436:, a method to visualize capsule under a microscope
1723:"Regulation of capsule in Neisseria meningitidis"
333:, though not a bacterium, has a similar capsule.
1508:Gates MA, Thorkildson P, Kozel TR (April 2004).
77:âis different from the second lipid membrane â
1830:
8:
778:. Textbookofbacteriology.net. Archived from
2133:
1907:
1837:
1823:
1815:
38:, as its cell envelope comprises a single
1795:
1746:
1697:
1648:
1574:
1525:
1484:
1388:
1339:
1290:
1272:
1231:
1213:
1164:
1115:
1066:
1056:
1015:
966:
917:
876:
827:
817:
673:
663:
583:
121:Most bacterial capsules are composed of
445:
167:to occur. They also exclude bacterial
69:The capsuleâwhich can be found in both
497:
487:
1459:O'Meara TR, Alspaugh JA (July 2012).
625:"Basteria: Capsules and Slime Layers"
7:
2399:
1776:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
181:polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
54:is a large structure common to many
411:with protein carriers, such as the
25:
2398:
2389:
2388:
1788:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01109.x
1727:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1678:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1629:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1527:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03957.x
2087:Bacterial cellular morphologies
1672:Watts SC, Holt KE (June 2019).
1108:10.1128/jb.171.3.1278-1283.1989
1008:10.1128/IAI.73.8.4626-4633.2005
906:Journal of Medical Microbiology
46:-containing cell wall (purple).
529:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.006
1:
1739:10.3109/1040841X.2015.1022507
1567:10.1080/21505594.2018.1431087
1465:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
754:10.1016/s0764-4469(00)87188-7
1770:Goldblatt D (January 2000).
1215:10.1371/journal.pone.0062160
919:10.1099/0022-1317-49-11-1003
857:Emerging Infectious Diseases
665:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001308
612:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
346:, are called microcapsules.
62:layer that lies outside the
2446:
2330:Bacteria (classifications)
2052:Primary nutritional groups
776:"Meningococcal meningitis"
299:Staphylococcus epidermidis
183:or encapsulated bacteria.
114:
2384:
1551:"Cryptococcus neoformans"
1261:Frontiers in Microbiology
819:10.1186/s12866-017-0942-5
699:Tubercle and Lung Disease
517:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
2430:Prokaryotic cell anatomy
2206:Bacterial outer membrane
1418:Journal of Fish Diseases
1274:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03301
429:Bacterial cell structure
350:Demonstration of capsule
291:Streptococcus agalactiae
279:Streptococcus pneumoniae
175:toxic materials such as
79:bacterial outer membrane
1145:Journal of Bacteriology
1096:Journal of Bacteriology
629:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
330:Cryptococcus neoformans
240:Acinetobacter baumannii
2201:Gram-negative bacteria
2180:Gram-positive bacteria
1514:Molecular Microbiology
1369:Infection and Immunity
1320:Infection and Immunity
1058:10.1186/1471-2180-8-35
996:Infection and Immunity
869:10.3201/eid1904.111799
711:10.1054/tuld.1998.0200
456:Bacterial Pathogenesis
343:Streptococcus pyogenes
267:Streptococcus pyogenes
226:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
219:Haemophilus influenzae
205:Neisseria meningitidis
107:
75:gram-positive bacteria
47:
2056:Substrate preference
959:10.1128/mBio.01863-18
306:Staphylococcus aureus
284:pneumococcal vaccines
212:Klebsiella pneumoniae
115:Further information:
104:
42:(orange) and a thick
33:
18:Encapsulated bacteria
2037:Microbial metabolism
1772:"Conjugate vaccines"
1690:10.1128/JCM.00190-19
1641:10.1128/JCM.00794-07
1477:10.1128/CMR.00001-12
1381:10.1128/IAI.00881-09
1332:10.1128/IAI.00802-17
453:Peterson JW (1996).
313:Lactococcus garvieae
2287:Non-motile bacteria
1883:Pathogenic bacteria
1206:2013PLoSO...862160K
1157:10.1128/JB.00809-06
746:1999CRASG.322..925L
607:"bacterial capsule"
576:10.1098/rsob.150269
252:Bacillus megaterium
83:lipopolysaccharides
2216:Lipopolysaccharide
382:Use in vaccination
356:India ink staining
260:Bacillus anthracis
136:Bacillus anthracis
108:
48:
2412:
2411:
2311:
2310:
2257:Bacterial capsule
2223:Periplasmic space
2190:Lipoteichoic acid
2075:
2074:
2047:Microbial ecology
2042:Nitrogen fixation
1609:978-0-08-098473-5
1430:10.1111/jfd.13601
434:Quellung reaction
417:diphtheria toxoid
375:quellung reaction
200:(in some strains)
128:
81:, which contains
52:bacterial capsule
16:(Redirected from
2437:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2340:Former groupings
2134:
1985:Human microbiome
1908:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1276:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1217:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1045:BMC Microbiology
1036:
1030:
1029:
1019:
987:
981:
980:
970:
938:
932:
931:
921:
897:
891:
890:
880:
848:
842:
841:
831:
821:
806:BMC Microbiology
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
772:
766:
765:
729:
723:
722:
694:
688:
687:
677:
667:
643:
637:
636:
631:. Archived from
621:
615:
604:
598:
597:
587:
555:
549:
548:
512:
506:
505:
499:
495:
493:
485:
483:
481:
450:
197:Escherichia coli
157:virulence factor
126:
21:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2380:
2335:Bacterial phyla
2319:
2307:
2291:
2249:
2243:
2234:Arabinogalactan
2139:
2123:
2071:
1968:
1912:
1900:
1892:
1878:Lysogenic cycle
1859:
1852:
1843:
1813:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1151:(22): 7722â30.
1138:
1137:
1133:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1038:
1037:
1033:
989:
988:
984:
940:
939:
935:
912:(11): 1003â10.
899:
898:
894:
850:
849:
845:
799:
798:
794:
785:
783:
774:
773:
769:
731:
730:
726:
696:
695:
691:
658:(7): e3001308.
645:
644:
640:
623:
622:
618:
605:
601:
557:
556:
552:
514:
513:
509:
496:
486:
479:
477:
467:
452:
451:
447:
443:
425:
404:N. meningitidis
384:
352:
318:hyaluronic acid
272:hyaluronic acid
189:
149:
119:
113:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2385:
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2379:
2378:
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2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2346:
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2326:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:cell structure
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2065:Saccharophilic
2062:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Microaerophile
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1762:
1713:
1664:
1635:(10): 3230â8.
1615:
1608:
1590:
1561:(1): 822â831.
1541:
1500:
1471:(3): 387â408.
1451:
1424:(6): 771â781.
1404:
1355:
1306:
1247:
1180:
1131:
1102:(3): 1278â83.
1082:
1031:
1002:(8): 4626â33.
982:
933:
892:
843:
792:
767:
740:(11): 925â32.
724:
689:
638:
635:on 2013-03-08.
616:
599:
550:
507:
498:|website=
465:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
431:
424:
421:
413:tetanus toxoid
383:
380:
379:
378:
370:
359:
351:
348:
322:
321:
309:
302:
295:
287:
275:
270:synthesizes a
263:
256:
244:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
188:
185:
148:
145:
123:polysaccharide
112:
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2157:Peptidoglycan
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131:glutamic acid
124:
118:
110:
103:
99:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:gram negative
67:
65:
64:cell envelope
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:peptidoglycan
41:
40:cell membrane
37:
36:gram-positive
32:
19:
2425:Bacteriology
2374:Mendosicutes
2359:Gracilicutes
2339:
2256:
2239:Mycolic acid
2229:Mycobacteria
2227:
2199:
2178:
2114:Coccobacilli
2014:in pregnancy
1980:Extremophile
1964:Aerotolerant
1898:Biochemistry
1860:microbiology
1846:Microbiology
1779:
1775:
1765:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1681:
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1520:(1): 13â24.
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860:
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846:
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784:. Retrieved
780:the original
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727:
702:
698:
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655:
651:
641:
633:the original
628:
619:
610:
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564:Open Biology
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478:. Retrieved
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195:
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180:
165:phagocytosis
161:phagocytosis
150:
134:
120:
87:lipoproteins
68:
51:
49:
2262:Slime layer
1942:Facultative
1930:Facultative
387:Vaccination
173:hydrophobic
111:Composition
92:slime layer
2419:Categories
2369:Mollicutes
2364:Firmicutes
2354:Prokaryota
2272:Glycocalyx
2097:plasticity
2060:Lipophilic
1913:preference
1888:Resistance
1782:(1): 1â3.
786:2014-01-22
480:17 January
441:References
409:conjugated
233:Salmonella
177:detergents
153:drying out
96:glycocalyx
58:. It is a
2322:evolution
2296:Composite
2195:Endospore
2153:Cell wall
2129:Structure
2020:Placental
1959:Nanaerobe
1937:Anaerobic
1868:Infection
1555:Virulence
1446:247220475
1283:1664-302X
1224:1932-6203
1051:(1): 35.
812:(1): 40.
652:PLOS Biol
500:ignored (
490:cite book
363:Congo red
338:M protein
187:Diversity
171:and most
141:India ink
2394:Category
2317:Taxonomy
2250:envelope
2140:envelope
2030:Salivary
1947:Obligate
1925:Obligate
1873:Exotoxin
1850:Bacteria
1806:10671089
1757:26089023
1708:30944197
1659:17699642
1585:29436899
1536:15049807
1495:22763631
1438:35235703
1399:19948837
1350:29311231
1301:30687280
1267:: 3301.
1242:23614028
1194:PLOS ONE
1175:17079680
1077:18298818
1026:16040975
977:30459193
928:11073154
887:23628376
838:28222677
762:10646085
719:10656114
684:34228713
594:27009189
545:24149924
537:23835398
475:21413346
423:See also
395:type b,
367:fuchsine
320:capsule.
274:capsule.
147:Function
56:bacteria
2404:Commons
2303:Biofilm
2282:Fimbria
2267:S-layer
2248:Outside
2109:Bacilli
2025:Uterine
2010:Vaginal
1920:Aerobic
1903:ecology
1858:Medical
1797:1905528
1748:4893341
1699:6535587
1650:2045354
1576:6779390
1486:3416491
1390:2812187
1341:5820961
1292:6333632
1233:3628348
1202:Bibcode
1166:1636306
1126:2493441
1068:2267795
1017:1201234
968:6247091
878:3647402
829:5320719
742:Bibcode
675:8260180
585:4821241
169:viruses
2349:Monera
2119:Spiral
1911:Oxygen
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2211:Porin
2203:only:
2182:only:
2104:Cocci
2080:Shape
2000:Mouth
1973:Other
1684:(6).
1442:S2CID
1326:(3).
953:(6).
541:S2CID
326:yeast
2320:and
2138:Cell
2005:Skin
1995:Lung
1901:and
1802:PMID
1753:PMID
1704:PMID
1655:PMID
1604:ISBN
1581:PMID
1532:PMID
1491:PMID
1434:PMID
1395:PMID
1346:PMID
1297:PMID
1279:ISSN
1238:PMID
1220:ISSN
1171:PMID
1122:PMID
1073:PMID
1022:PMID
973:PMID
947:mBio
924:PMID
883:PMID
834:PMID
758:PMID
715:PMID
680:PMID
590:PMID
533:PMID
502:help
482:2018
471:PMID
461:ISBN
324:The
85:and
73:and
50:The
2172:DAP
2167:NAG
2162:NAM
1990:Gut
1792:PMC
1784:doi
1780:119
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1694:PMC
1686:doi
1645:PMC
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1563:doi
1522:doi
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1473:doi
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1385:PMC
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1328:doi
1287:PMC
1269:doi
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1161:PMC
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1004:doi
963:PMC
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865:doi
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814:doi
750:doi
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670:PMC
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