102:
2406:
31:
2416:
105:
A bacterial capsule has a semi-rigid border that follows the contour of the cell. The capsule excludes India Ink when dyed. A slime layer is a non-rigid matrix that is easily deformed and is not able to exclude India Ink. Biofilms are composed of many cells and their outer barriers. The primary
372:
Serological methods: Capsular material is antigenic and can be demonstrated by mixing it with a specific anticapsular serum. When examined under the microscope, the capsule appears 'swollen' due to an increase in its refractivity. This phenomenon is the basis of
139:. Because most capsules are so tightly packed, they are difficult to stain because most standard stains cannot penetrate the capsule. To visualize encapsulated bacteria using a microscope, a sample is treated with a dark stain, such as
89:
and is found only in gram-negative bacteria. When the amorphous viscid secretion (that makes up the capsule) diffuses into the surrounding medium and remains as a loose undemarcated secretion, it is known as a
155:. Capsules allow adhesion to surfaces and help enable the bacteria to evade the host immune system. The water content in the capsule gives the protection against drying out. The capsule is considered a
614:
515:
Gao S, Lewis GD, Ashokkumar M, Hemar Y (January 2014). "Inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. Effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria".
1422:"Genotyping and phenotyping of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from fish by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and electron microscopy indicate geographical and capsular variations"
179:. Immunity to one capsule type does not result in immunity to the other types. Capsules also help cells adhere to surfaces. As a group where the capsule is present they are known as
361:
Maneval's capsule stain: the capsule appears as a clear halo between the pink-stained bacterium and the bluish-grey stained background. The background stain is the acidic stain
143:. The structure of the capsule prevents the stain from penetrating the cell. When viewed, bacterial capsules appear as a bright halo around the cell on a dark background.
66:, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell. It is a well-organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases.
1049:"Two variants among Haemophilus influenzae serotype b strains with distinct bcs4, hcsA and hcsB genes display differences in expression of the polysaccharide capsule"
632:
783:
1623:
163:). The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. A capsule-specific antibody may be required for
619:
2112:
1852:
1641:"Capsule gene analysis of invasive Haemophilus influenzae: accuracy of serotyping and prevalence of IS1016 among nontypeable isolates"
910:"Role of bacterial capsule in local and systemic inflammatory responses of mice during pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae"
2445:
464:
407:). However, polysaccharides are not highly antigenic, especially in children, so many capsular vaccines contain polysaccharides
2102:
2029:
294:
produces a polysaccharide capsule of nine antigenic types that all contain sialic acid (Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII).
2226:
1957:
2345:
640:
1420:
Rao, Shreesha; Chen, Mei-Yun; Sudpraseart, Chiranan; Lin, Peiry; Yoshida, Terutoyo; Wang, Pei-Chi; Chen, Shih-Chu (2022).
1100:"The algR gene, which regulates mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, belongs to a class of environmentally responsive genes"
1373:"The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement activity and neutrophil phagocytosis by multiple mechanisms"
2067:
298:
337:
34:
The outer red layer in this diagram is the capsule, which is distinct from the cell envelope. This bacterium is
2221:
2144:
2107:
1903:
705:
Daffé M, Etienne G (1999). "The capsule of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity".
428:
290:
278:
78:
329:
239:
2297:
2216:
2195:
1845:
342:
266:
225:
218:
204:
74:
70:
35:
1614:
Rudolph K (1996). "Chapter 3: Pseudomonas synringae pathovars". In Singh RP, Kohmoto K, Singh US (eds.).
2440:
2337:
1979:
1149:"Salmonella produces an O-antigen capsule regulated by AgfD and important for environmental persistence"
305:
211:
101:
787:
568:"Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule determines disease severity in experimental pneumococcal meningitis"
2419:
2177:
2052:
2035:
1873:
1433:
1209:
1047:
Schouls L, van der Heide H, Witteveen S, Zomer B, van der Ende A, Burger M, Schot C (February 2008).
749:
524:
312:
283:
2302:
2187:
2182:
2075:
2045:
1898:
1883:
251:
358:: the capsule appears as a clear halo around the bacterium as the ink can't penetrate the capsule.
2332:
2231:
2040:
1952:
1945:
1457:
808:
Ganesh K, Allam M, Wolter N, Bratcher HB, Harrison OB, Lucidarme J, et al. (February 2017).
548:
489:
416:
355:
259:
135:
82:
2409:
2238:
2205:
2062:
2057:
2015:
1962:
1838:
1817:
1768:
1719:
1670:
1619:
1596:
1547:
1506:
1449:
1402:
1353:
1304:
1286:
1245:
1227:
1178:
1129:
1080:
1029:
980:
931:
890:
841:
765:
722:
687:
597:
540:
470:
460:
433:
408:
374:
859:
Harrison OB, Claus H, Jiang Y, Bennett JS, Bratcher HB, Jolley KA, et al. (April 2013).
2124:
2000:
1935:
1807:
1799:
1758:
1750:
1709:
1701:
1660:
1652:
1586:
1578:
1537:
1496:
1488:
1441:
1392:
1384:
1343:
1335:
1294:
1276:
1235:
1217:
1198:"Variation in the Complex Carbohydrate Biosynthesis Loci of Acinetobacter baumannii Genomes"
1168:
1160:
1119:
1111:
1070:
1060:
1019:
1011:
970:
962:
921:
880:
872:
831:
821:
810:"Molecular characterization of invasive capsule null Neisseria meningitidis in South Africa"
757:
714:
677:
667:
587:
579:
532:
196:
156:
2350:
2249:
2134:
2010:
1940:
1893:
1565:
Casadevall A, Coelho C, Cordero RJ, Dragotakes Q, Jung E, Vij R, Wear MP (December 2019).
501:
412:
403:
317:
271:
1147:
Gibson DL, White AP, Snyder SD, Martin S, Heiss C, Azadi P, et al. (November 2006).
1437:
1421:
1213:
753:
528:
2005:
1969:
1812:
1787:
1763:
1738:
1714:
1689:
1665:
1640:
1591:
1566:
1501:
1476:
1397:
1372:
1348:
1323:
1299:
1264:
1240:
1197:
1173:
1148:
1075:
1048:
1024:
999:
975:
950:
885:
860:
836:
809:
682:
655:
592:
567:
122:
116:
59:
1124:
1099:
908:
Yoshida K, Matsumoto T, Tateda K, Uchida K, Tsujimoto S, Yamaguchi K (November 2000).
761:
17:
2434:
2359:
2244:
2200:
2172:
2163:
2153:
2129:
2025:
1803:
1542:
1525:
1461:
397:
391:
130:
63:
43:
39:
1115:
1015:
552:
282:
has at least 91 different capsular serotypes. These serotypes are the basis for the
2389:
2374:
2254:
1995:
1913:
1861:
536:
164:
160:
1754:
1582:
151:
The bacterial capsule serves as a shield, giving protection from toxins, and from
1222:
926:
909:
672:
2277:
1196:
Kenyon, Johanna J.; Hall, Ruth M. (2013-04-16). de Crécy-Lagard, Valerie (ed.).
386:
172:
152:
91:
86:
255:
for example, synthesizes a capsule composed of polypeptide and polysaccharides.
2384:
2369:
2287:
2020:
1265:"Diversity and Function of Capsular Polysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii"
826:
454:
232:
176:
95:
30:
1290:
1281:
1231:
2379:
2210:
2168:
2080:
1974:
362:
159:
because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents
140:
106:
functions of both capsules and slime layers are for protection and adhesion.
1821:
1772:
1723:
1674:
1600:
1551:
1510:
1453:
1406:
1357:
1308:
1249:
1182:
1098:
Deretic V, Dikshit R, Konyecsni WM, Chakrabarty AM, Misra TK (March 1989).
1084:
1065:
1033:
984:
935:
894:
876:
845:
769:
726:
718:
691:
601:
544:
474:
1133:
966:
949:
Dorman MJ, Feltwell T, Goulding DA, Parkhill J, Short FL (November 2018).
365:(which changes color to bluish-grey due to the pH), and the pink stain is
1888:
1865:
1830:
1705:
1656:
1492:
1388:
1339:
1324:"Capsule Prolongs Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Starvation"
566:
Hathaway LJ, Grandgirard D, Valente LG, TĂ€uber MG, Leib SL (March 2016).
366:
55:
27:
Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria
1618:. Vol. 1: Prokaryotes (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
1164:
583:
2318:
2282:
1918:
336:
Capsules too small to be seen with an ordinary microscope, such as the
168:
1445:
1263:
Singh, Jennifer K.; Adams, Felise G.; Brown, Melissa H. (2019-01-09).
861:"Description and nomenclature of Neisseria meningitidis capsule locus"
2364:
2119:
740:
Lindberg AA (November 1999). "Polyosides (encapsulated bacteria)".
389:
using capsular material is effective against some organisms (e.g.,
2292:
1690:"In Silico Serotyping of the Haemophilus influenzae Capsule Locus"
1371:
Hyams C, Camberlein E, Cohen JM, Bax K, Brown JS (February 2010).
325:
100:
94:. Capsule and slime layer are sometimes summarized under the term
29:
191:
The capsule is found most commonly among gram-negative bacteria:
1834:
1526:"Molecular architecture of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule"
654:
Santos-LĂłpez A, RodrĂguez-BeltrĂĄn J, San MillĂĄn Ă (July 2021).
316:
synthesizes capsular gene clusters and some time synthesizes a
246:
However, some gram-positive bacteria may also have a capsule:
1639:
Satola SW, Collins JT, Napier R, Farley MM (October 2007).
1477:"The Cryptococcus neoformans capsule: a sword and a shield"
1000:"Capsule and fimbria interaction in Klebsiella pneumoniae"
1322:
Hamaguchi S, Zafar MA, Cammer M, Weiser JN (March 2018).
998:
Schembri MA, Blom J, Krogfelt KA, Klemm P (August 2005).
117:
Polysaccharide § Bacterial capsular polysaccharides
656:"The bacterial capsule is a gatekeeper for mobile DNA"
419:. This stimulates a much more robust immune response.
1616:
125:, but some species use other materials, such as poly-
951:"Klebsiella pneumoniae Defined by density-TraDISort"
742:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des
Sciences, SĂ©rie III
2331:
2311:
2263:
2152:
2143:
2095:
1988:
1926:
1912:
1872:
459:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1737:Tzeng YL, Thomas J, Stephens DS (September 2016).
436:, a method to visualize capsule under a microscope
1739:"Regulation of capsule in Neisseria meningitidis"
333:, though not a bacterium, has a similar capsule.
1524:Gates MA, Thorkildson P, Kozel TR (April 2004).
77:âis different from the second lipid membrane â
1846:
8:
786:. Textbookofbacteriology.net. Archived from
2149:
1923:
1853:
1839:
1831:
38:, as its cell envelope comprises a single
1811:
1762:
1713:
1664:
1590:
1541:
1500:
1396:
1347:
1298:
1280:
1239:
1221:
1172:
1123:
1074:
1064:
1023:
974:
925:
884:
835:
825:
681:
671:
591:
121:Most bacterial capsules are composed of
445:
167:to occur. They also exclude bacterial
69:The capsuleâwhich can be found in both
497:
487:
1475:O'Meara TR, Alspaugh JA (July 2012).
633:"Basteria: Capsules and Slime Layers"
7:
2415:
1792:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
181:polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
54:is a large structure common to many
411:with protein carriers, such as the
25:
2414:
2405:
2404:
1804:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01109.x
1743:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1694:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1645:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1543:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03957.x
2103:Bacterial cellular morphologies
1688:Watts SC, Holt KE (June 2019).
1116:10.1128/jb.171.3.1278-1283.1989
1016:10.1128/IAI.73.8.4626-4633.2005
914:Journal of Medical Microbiology
46:-containing cell wall (purple).
537:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.06.006
1:
1755:10.3109/1040841X.2015.1022507
1583:10.1080/21505594.2018.1431087
1481:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
762:10.1016/s0764-4469(00)87188-7
1786:Goldblatt D (January 2000).
1223:10.1371/journal.pone.0062160
927:10.1099/0022-1317-49-11-1003
865:Emerging Infectious Diseases
673:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001308
620:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
346:, are called microcapsules.
62:layer that lies outside the
2462:
2346:Bacteria (classifications)
2068:Primary nutritional groups
784:"Meningococcal meningitis"
299:Staphylococcus epidermidis
183:or encapsulated bacteria.
114:
2400:
1567:"Cryptococcus neoformans"
1269:Frontiers in Microbiology
827:10.1186/s12866-017-0942-5
707:Tubercle and Lung Disease
517:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
2446:Prokaryotic cell anatomy
2222:Bacterial outer membrane
1426:Journal of Fish Diseases
1282:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03301
429:Bacterial cell structure
350:Demonstration of capsule
291:Streptococcus agalactiae
279:Streptococcus pneumoniae
175:toxic materials such as
79:bacterial outer membrane
1153:Journal of Bacteriology
1104:Journal of Bacteriology
637:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
330:Cryptococcus neoformans
240:Acinetobacter baumannii
2217:Gram-negative bacteria
2196:Gram-positive bacteria
1530:Molecular Microbiology
1377:Infection and Immunity
1328:Infection and Immunity
1066:10.1186/1471-2180-8-35
1004:Infection and Immunity
877:10.3201/eid1904.111799
719:10.1054/tuld.1998.0200
456:Bacterial Pathogenesis
343:Streptococcus pyogenes
267:Streptococcus pyogenes
226:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
219:Haemophilus influenzae
205:Neisseria meningitidis
107:
75:gram-positive bacteria
47:
18:Encapsulated organisms
2072:Substrate preference
967:10.1128/mBio.01863-18
306:Staphylococcus aureus
284:pneumococcal vaccines
212:Klebsiella pneumoniae
115:Further information:
104:
42:(orange) and a thick
33:
2053:Microbial metabolism
1788:"Conjugate vaccines"
1706:10.1128/JCM.00190-19
1657:10.1128/JCM.00794-07
1493:10.1128/CMR.00001-12
1389:10.1128/IAI.00881-09
1340:10.1128/IAI.00802-17
453:Peterson JW (1996).
313:Lactococcus garvieae
2303:Non-motile bacteria
1899:Pathogenic bacteria
1438:2022JFDis..45..771R
1214:2013PLoSO...862160K
1165:10.1128/JB.00809-06
754:1999CRASG.322..925L
615:"bacterial capsule"
584:10.1098/rsob.150269
529:2014UltS...21..446G
252:Bacillus megaterium
83:lipopolysaccharides
2232:Lipopolysaccharide
382:Use in vaccination
356:India ink staining
260:Bacillus anthracis
136:Bacillus anthracis
108:
48:
2428:
2427:
2327:
2326:
2273:Bacterial capsule
2239:Periplasmic space
2206:Lipoteichoic acid
2091:
2090:
2063:Microbial ecology
2058:Nitrogen fixation
1625:978-0-08-098473-5
1446:10.1111/jfd.13601
434:Quellung reaction
417:diphtheria toxoid
375:quellung reaction
200:(in some strains)
128:
81:, which contains
52:bacterial capsule
16:(Redirected from
2453:
2418:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2356:Former groupings
2150:
2001:Human microbiome
1924:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1284:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1225:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1053:BMC Microbiology
1044:
1038:
1037:
1027:
995:
989:
988:
978:
946:
940:
939:
929:
905:
899:
898:
888:
856:
850:
849:
839:
829:
814:BMC Microbiology
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
780:
774:
773:
737:
731:
730:
702:
696:
695:
685:
675:
651:
645:
644:
639:. Archived from
629:
623:
612:
606:
605:
595:
563:
557:
556:
512:
506:
505:
499:
495:
493:
485:
483:
481:
450:
197:Escherichia coli
157:virulence factor
126:
21:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2396:
2351:Bacterial phyla
2335:
2323:
2307:
2265:
2259:
2250:Arabinogalactan
2155:
2139:
2087:
1984:
1928:
1916:
1908:
1894:Lysogenic cycle
1875:
1868:
1859:
1829:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1159:(22): 7722â30.
1146:
1145:
1141:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1046:
1045:
1041:
997:
996:
992:
948:
947:
943:
920:(11): 1003â10.
907:
906:
902:
858:
857:
853:
807:
806:
802:
793:
791:
782:
781:
777:
739:
738:
734:
704:
703:
699:
666:(7): e3001308.
653:
652:
648:
631:
630:
626:
613:
609:
565:
564:
560:
514:
513:
509:
496:
486:
479:
477:
467:
452:
451:
447:
443:
425:
404:N. meningitidis
384:
352:
318:hyaluronic acid
272:hyaluronic acid
189:
149:
119:
113:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2108:cell structure
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2081:Saccharophilic
2078:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Microaerophile
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1778:
1729:
1680:
1651:(10): 3230â8.
1631:
1624:
1606:
1577:(1): 822â831.
1557:
1516:
1487:(3): 387â408.
1467:
1432:(6): 771â781.
1412:
1363:
1314:
1255:
1188:
1139:
1110:(3): 1278â83.
1090:
1039:
1010:(8): 4626â33.
990:
941:
900:
851:
800:
775:
748:(11): 925â32.
732:
697:
646:
643:on 2013-03-08.
624:
607:
558:
507:
498:|website=
465:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
431:
424:
421:
413:tetanus toxoid
383:
380:
379:
378:
370:
359:
351:
348:
322:
321:
309:
302:
295:
287:
275:
270:synthesizes a
263:
256:
244:
243:
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2173:Peptidoglycan
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790:on 2014-02-09
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466:9780963117212
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132:
131:glutamic acid
124:
118:
110:
103:
99:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:gram negative
67:
65:
64:cell envelope
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:peptidoglycan
41:
40:cell membrane
37:
36:gram-positive
32:
19:
2441:Bacteriology
2390:Mendosicutes
2375:Gracilicutes
2355:
2272:
2255:Mycolic acid
2245:Mycobacteria
2243:
2215:
2194:
2130:Coccobacilli
2030:in pregnancy
1996:Extremophile
1980:Aerotolerant
1914:Biochemistry
1876:microbiology
1862:Microbiology
1795:
1791:
1781:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1648:
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1634:
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1536:(1): 13â24.
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792:. Retrieved
788:the original
778:
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741:
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649:
641:the original
636:
627:
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572:Open Biology
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478:. Retrieved
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195:
190:
180:
165:phagocytosis
161:phagocytosis
150:
134:
120:
87:lipoproteins
68:
51:
49:
2278:Slime layer
1958:Facultative
1946:Facultative
387:Vaccination
173:hydrophobic
111:Composition
92:slime layer
2435:Categories
2385:Mollicutes
2380:Firmicutes
2370:Prokaryota
2288:Glycocalyx
2113:plasticity
2076:Lipophilic
1929:preference
1904:Resistance
1798:(1): 1â3.
794:2014-01-22
480:17 January
441:References
409:conjugated
233:Salmonella
177:detergents
153:drying out
96:glycocalyx
58:. It is a
2338:evolution
2312:Composite
2211:Endospore
2169:Cell wall
2145:Structure
2036:Placental
1975:Nanaerobe
1953:Anaerobic
1884:Infection
1571:Virulence
1462:247220475
1291:1664-302X
1232:1932-6203
1059:(1): 35.
820:(1): 40.
660:PLOS Biol
500:ignored (
490:cite book
363:Congo red
338:M protein
187:Diversity
171:and most
141:India ink
2410:Category
2333:Taxonomy
2266:envelope
2156:envelope
2046:Salivary
1963:Obligate
1941:Obligate
1889:Exotoxin
1866:Bacteria
1822:10671089
1773:26089023
1724:30944197
1675:17699642
1601:29436899
1552:15049807
1511:22763631
1454:35235703
1407:19948837
1358:29311231
1309:30687280
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1250:23614028
1202:PLOS ONE
1183:17079680
1085:18298818
1034:16040975
985:30459193
936:11073154
895:23628376
846:28222677
770:10646085
727:10656114
692:34228713
602:27009189
553:24149924
545:23835398
475:21413346
423:See also
395:type b,
367:fuchsine
320:capsule.
274:capsule.
147:Function
56:bacteria
2420:Commons
2319:Biofilm
2298:Fimbria
2283:S-layer
2264:Outside
2125:Bacilli
2041:Uterine
2026:Vaginal
1936:Aerobic
1919:ecology
1874:Medical
1813:1905528
1764:4893341
1715:6535587
1666:2045354
1592:6779390
1502:3416491
1434:Bibcode
1398:2812187
1349:5820961
1300:6333632
1241:3628348
1210:Bibcode
1174:1636306
1134:2493441
1076:2267795
1025:1201234
976:6247091
886:3647402
837:5320719
750:Bibcode
683:8260180
593:4821241
525:Bibcode
169:viruses
2365:Monera
2135:Spiral
1927:Oxygen
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2227:Porin
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2198:only:
2120:Cocci
2096:Shape
2016:Mouth
1989:Other
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1458:S2CID
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326:yeast
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2154:Cell
2021:Skin
2011:Lung
1917:and
1818:PMID
1769:PMID
1720:PMID
1671:PMID
1620:ISBN
1597:PMID
1548:PMID
1507:PMID
1450:PMID
1403:PMID
1354:PMID
1305:PMID
1287:ISSN
1246:PMID
1228:ISSN
1179:PMID
1130:PMID
1081:PMID
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955:mBio
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891:PMID
842:PMID
766:PMID
723:PMID
688:PMID
598:PMID
541:PMID
502:help
482:2018
471:PMID
461:ISBN
324:The
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2188:DAP
2183:NAG
2178:NAM
2006:Gut
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1800:doi
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