664:
When referring to a finding, encephalopathy refers to permanent (or degenerative) brain injury, or a reversible one. It can be due to direct injury to the brain, or illness remote from the brain. The individual findings that cause a clinician to refer to a person as having encephalopathy include
850:
Carapancea, Evelina; Cornet, Marie-Coralie; Milh, Mathieu; De Cosmo, Lucrezia; Huang, Eric J.; Granata, Tiziana; Striano, Pasquale; Ceulemans, Berten; Stein, Anja; Morris-Rosendahl, Deborah; Conti, Greta; Mitra, Nipa; Raymond, F. Lucy; Rowitch, David H.; Solazzi, Roberta (2023-03-21).
648:
Treating the underlying cause of the disorder may improve or reverse symptoms. However, in some cases, the encephalopathy may cause permanent structural changes and irreversible damage to the brain. These permanent deficits can be considered a form of stable
1203:
1188:
665:
intellectual disability, irritability, agitation, delirium, confusion, somnolence, stupor, coma and psychosis. As such, describing a person as having a clinical picture of encephalopathy is not a very specific description.
466:
Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are loss of cognitive function, subtle personality changes, and an inability to concentrate. Other neurological signs may include
1705:
586:
Diagnosis is frequently clinical. That is, no set of tests give the diagnosis, but the entire presentation of the illness with nonspecific test results informs the experienced clinician of the diagnosis.
1104:
2091:
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291:: A collection of diseases all caused by prions, and characterized by "spongy" brain tissue (riddled with holes), impaired locomotion or coordination, and a 100% mortality rate. Includes
1254:
1127:
315:
encephalopathy: A form of encephalopathy caused by food poisoning (especially out of peanuts and rotten meat) often resulting in permanent brain damage and nervous system disorders.
380:
encephalopathy: Focal abnormalities of the white matter (generally area of low perfusion) are appreciated through magnetic resonance. Migraine is the most common symptom reported.
412:
1450:
747:"Long-term tracking of neurological complications of encephalopathy and myopathy in a patient with nephropathic cystinosis: a case report and review of the literature"
356:-associated encephalopathy (this type can occur in the setting of apparent sepsis, trauma, severe burns, or trauma, even without clear identification of an infection).
1445:
668:
When referring to a disease, encephalopathy refers to a wide variety of brain disorders with very different etiologies, prognoses and implications. For example,
309:(hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy): An obstetric form, often occurring due to lack of oxygen in bloodflow to brain-tissue of the fetus during labour or delivery.
1247:
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676:, are invariably fatal, but other encephalopathies are reversible and can have a number of causes including nutritional deficiencies and toxins.
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145:: Metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of mitochondrial DNA. Can affect many body systems, particularly the brain and nervous system.
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Encephalopathy is a difficult term because it can be used to denote either a disease or finding (i.e., an observable sign in a person).
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may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some people. In severe cases,
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583:(EEG), neuropsychological testing and similar diagnostic studies may be used to differentiate the various causes of encephalopathy.
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350:(encephalopathy associated with HIV infection and AIDS, characterized by atrophy and ill-defined white matter hyperintensity).
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encephalopathy: Arising from high levels of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys—rare where dialysis is readily available.
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can cause a severe encephalopathy (but it can be reversible with stopping use of the drug and starting the use of
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2016:
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279:: A form of encephalopathy caused by chemicals and prescription drugs, often resulting in permanent brain damage.
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American
Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Compendium 2006
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169:: Permanent or transitory encephalopathy arising from severely reduced oxygen delivery to the brain.
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443:. An altered state of consciousness may range from failure of selective attention to drowsiness.
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Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (acquired or congenital abnormal cortical development).
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conditions. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease, but rather to a
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of overall brain dysfunction; this syndrome has many possible organic and inorganic causes.
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257:: A progressive degenerative disease associated with repeated head trauma, often linked to
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801:"Extra-intestinal manifestations of non-celiac gluten sensitivity: An expanding paradigm"
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431:. Characteristic of the altered mental state is impairment of the cognition, attention,
285:: A catch-all for brain dysfunction caused by infection, organ failure, or intoxication.
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Losurdo G, Principi M, Iannone A, Amoruso A, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, et al. (2018).
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483:. Other neurological signs may include involuntary grasping and sucking motions,
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853:"Clinical and Neurophysiologic Phenotypes in Neonates With BRAT1 Encephalopathy"
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1029:"Autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric institutions: current perspectives"
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617:, motor performance and alertness in persons with encephalopathy caused by
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Treatment varies according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy.
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Encephalopathy: An ultra-rare autosomal recessive neonatal encephalopathy.
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is the most common autoimmune encephalitis. It can cause paranoid and
157:: A genetic metabolic disorder involving excess production of glycine.
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Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
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stops the progression of brain damage and improves the headaches.
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There are many types of encephalopathy. Some examples include:
1081:
Kaplan & Sadock's
Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry
941:
Manfred
Oehmichen; Roland N. Auer; Hans Günter König (2006).
175:: Unchanging, or permanent, brain damage, usually caused by
95:
459:(involuntary twitching of a muscle or group of muscles) or
98:
92:
77:
71:
59:
542:(visual and auditory), bizarre behavior, fear, short-term
86:
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225:, which is due to inborn errors of metabolism (including
745:
Müller M, Baumeier A, Ringelstein E, Husstedt I (2008).
475:, problems with movements (they can be clumsy or slow),
463:("flapping tremor" of the hand when wrist is extended).
415:
can cause posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
1128:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
917:(3rd ed.). McGraw Hill Professional. p. 438.
318:
Encephalomyopathy: A combination of encephalopathy and
151:, rare disease that occurs following a viral infection.
947:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 611.
794:
792:
528:(invented memories), poor recall and disorientation.
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may be present; with or without: cognitive deficits,
372:
encephalopathy (possibly due to metabolic disorders).
74:
68:
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516:, characterized by amnestic-confabulatory syndrome:
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can cause a permanent severe global encephalopathy.
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913:Ed. Stephen L. Hauser, S. Andrew Josephson (2013).
114:"brain" + πάθος "suffering") means any disorder or
80:
36:
31:
413:anti–vascular endothelial growth factor medication
1084:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 78.
944:Forensic Neuropathology and Associated Neurology
628:When the encephalopathy is caused by untreated
267:: Arising from Lyme disease bacteria, including
251:: Arising from acutely increased blood pressure.
1078:Benjamin J. Sadock; Virginia A. Sadock (2008).
506:. Focal neurological deficits are less common.
344:(CJD; transmissible spongiform encephalopathy).
163:: Arising from advanced cirrhosis of the liver.
720:The British Medical Association (BMA) (2002).
2178:
1248:
237:, deficiencies of specific nutrients such as
8:
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603:or organ replacement surgery may be needed.
495:(cyclic waxing and waning of tidal volume),
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1973:
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724:. A Dorling Kindersley Book. p. 199.
514:co-occur with Korsakoff alcoholic syndrome
28:
1054:
1044:
1006:. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 210.
1000:American Psychiatric Association (2006).
915:Harrison's Neurology in Clinical Medicine
884:
826:
816:
772:
762:
674:transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
1124:"NINDS Encephalopathy Information Page"
712:
289:Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
221:: A condition caused by high levels of
209:: Arising from an auto-immune disorder.
2044:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1717:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1027:Bost C, Pascual O, Honnorat J (2016).
653:. Some encephalopathies can be fatal.
395:Chemotherapy medication, for example,
423:The hallmark of encephalopathy is an
7:
1895:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2268:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
487:(rapid, involuntary eye movement),
233:), a diet with excessive levels of
2126:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
976:A Dictionary of Neurological Signs
14:
1829:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1632:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1849:For more detailed coverage, see
1827:For more detailed coverage, see
1798:For more detailed coverage, see
1764:For more detailed coverage, see
1715:For more detailed coverage, see
1157:The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma
293:bovine spongiform encephalopathy
255:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
149:Acute necrotizing encephalopathy
55:
16:Disorder or disease of the brain
621:, chronic infections, strokes,
532:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
231:multiple carboxylase deficiency
213:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
167:Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
722:Illustrated Medical Dictionary
283:Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy
215:: An auto-immune encephalitis.
1:
2142:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2027:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1885:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1132:National Institutes of Health
672:diseases, all of which cause
634:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
2111:Progressive muscular atrophy
1110:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
869:10.1212/WNL.0000000000206755
575:(also known as spinal tap),
199:, usually in the setting of
177:prenatal exposure to ethanol
143:Mitochondrial encephalopathy
1621:Primary progressive aphasia
249:Hypertensive encephalopathy
2307:
1943:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1649:Posterior cortical atrophy
1470:Striatonigral degeneration
1321:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
391:Toxicity from chemotherapy
207:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
111:
18:
2049:Spinal muscular atrophies
2017:Primary lateral sclerosis
1875:Intracranial hypertension
1655:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
979:. Springer. p. 112.
493:Cheyne-Stokes respiration
342:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
189:Wernicke's encephalopathy
2116:Progressive bulbar palsy
1907:Intracranial hypotension
1890:Choroid plexus papilloma
1304:Herpesviral encephalitis
1033:Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
818:10.3748/wjg.v24.i14.1521
19:Not to be confused with
1628:Frontotemporal dementia
1314:Encephalitis lethargica
764:10.1186/1752-1947-2-235
510:Wernicke encephalopathy
307:Neonatal encephalopathy
1933:Hepatic encephalopathy
701:Psychoorganic syndrome
581:electroencephalography
497:apneustic respirations
161:Hepatic encephalopathy
155:Glycine encephalopathy
1991:Ataxia–telangiectasia
1948:Static encephalopathy
1671:Mitochondrial disease
1509:Spasmodic torticollis
1419:Basal ganglia disease
805:World J Gastroenterol
696:Neurological disorder
607:Sympathomimetic drugs
324:mitochondrial disease
322:. Causes may include
173:Static encephalopathy
122:, especially chronic
1938:Toxic encephalopathy
1644:Lewy bodies dementia
1159:by Plum and Posner,
973:A.J. Larner (2016).
425:altered mental state
277:Toxic encephalopathy
270:Borrelia burgdorferi
2213:Respiratory failure
1986:Friedreich's ataxia
1369:Meningoencephalitis
1309:Limbic encephalitis
863:(12): e1234–e1247.
569:cerebrospinal fluid
536:grandiose delusions
522:anterograde amnesia
370:myoclonic epileptic
295:(mad cow disease),
265:Lyme encephalopathy
245:, or organ failure.
227:urea cycle disorder
2022:Pseudobulbar palsy
1760:Status epilepticus
1711:Multiple sclerosis
1548:Myoclonic epilepsy
1411:movement disorders
1357:Acute disseminated
1299:Viral encephalitis
1046:10.2147/NDT.S82380
550:HIV encephalopathy
518:retrograde amnesia
453:epileptic seizures
419:Signs and symptoms
362:encephalopathies:
348:HIV encephalopathy
334:, as may occur in
2276:
2275:
2160:
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2151:
1956:
1955:
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1860:
1800:Template:Headache
1766:Template:Epilepsy
1687:
1686:
1661:Vascular dementia
1504:Status dystonicus
1377:
1376:
1352:Encephalomyelitis
1230:
1229:
1091:978-0-7817-8746-8
1013:978-0-89042-385-1
986:978-3-319-29821-4
954:978-3-540-28995-1
924:978-0-07-181501-7
811:(14): 1521–1530.
731:978-0-75-133383-1
546:, and confusion.
48:
47:
26:Medical condition
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2187:
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1974:
1965:
1923:Brain herniation
1734:
1574:Intention tremor
1569:Essential tremor
1434:Postencephalitic
1402:
1393:
1282:
1263:Diseases of the
1257:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1172:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1134:. Archived from
1113:
1105:"encephalopathy"
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501:post-hypercapnic
437:sleep–wake cycle
332:hypophosphatemia
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2074:Congenital DSMA
1995:
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1845:Sleep disorders
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1810:Cerebrovascular
1804:
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1536:Choreoathetosis
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1151:Further reading
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597:Anticonvulsants
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571:examination by
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191:: Arising from
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1679:Leigh syndrome
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1406:Extrapyramidal
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1265:nervous system
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1175:Classification
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1120:Adapted from:
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751:J Med Case Rep
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630:celiac disease
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540:hallucinations
526:confabulations
445:Hypervigilance
420:
417:
405:methylene blue
392:
389:
388:
387:
381:
375:
374:
373:
366:
357:
351:
345:
339:
326:(particularly
316:
310:
304:
286:
280:
274:
262:
259:contact sports
252:
246:
219:Hyperammonemia
216:
210:
204:
194:
186:
180:
170:
164:
158:
152:
146:
135:
132:
51:Encephalopathy
46:
45:
40:
34:
33:
32:Encephalopathy
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:Renal failure
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:Liver failure
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Heart failure
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:Organ failure
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Reye syndrome
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Hydrocephalus
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1693:Demyelinating
1690:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
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1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Restless legs
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:Blepharospasm
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Hemiballismus
1473:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
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1427:
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1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
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1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:Brain abscess
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
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1289:
1287:
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1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1253:
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1246:
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1235:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1165:0-19-513898-8
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1138:on 2009-03-23
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
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1093:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1039:: 2775–2787.
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
993:
988:
982:
978:
977:
969:
967:
965:
961:
956:
950:
946:
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935:
931:
926:
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916:
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905:
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892:
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882:
878:
874:
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866:
862:
858:
854:
846:
843:
838:
834:
829:
824:
819:
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810:
806:
802:
795:
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
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752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
727:
723:
716:
713:
706:
702:
699:
697:
694:
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689:
687:
684:
683:
679:
677:
675:
671:
666:
662:
656:
654:
652:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:can increase
608:
604:
602:
598:
590:
588:
584:
582:
578:
577:brain imaging
574:
570:
566:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
538:, agitation,
537:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:consciousness
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
385:
382:
379:
376:
371:
367:
364:
363:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:) or chronic
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
303:among others.
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
198:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
139:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
109:
108:Ancient Greek
103:
52:
44:
41:
39:
35:
30:
22:
2251:
2136:
2035:
2008:
1969:Degenerative
1706:Inflammatory
1653:
1586:Stiff-person
1424:Parkinsonism
1397:Degenerative
1387:
1294:Encephalitis
1277:Inflammation
1267:, primarily
1214:
1202:
1187:
1156:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1108:
1100:
1080:
1073:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1002:
995:
975:
943:
914:
860:
856:
845:
808:
804:
754:
750:
740:
721:
715:
691:Neuroscience
686:Brain damage
667:
663:
660:
647:
627:
623:brain tumors
619:brain injury
605:
594:
585:
563:
552:can lead to
548:
530:
508:
465:
422:
394:
383:
268:
197:) deficiency
137:
124:degenerative
50:
49:
2121:Fazio–Londe
1961:Both/either
1755:Generalised
1614:Early-onset
1609:Alzheimer's
1344:spinal cord
657:Terminology
565:Blood tests
544:memory loss
489:jactitation
433:orientation
409:Bevacizumab
397:fludarabine
193:thiamine (B
21:Anencephaly
1729:paroxysmal
1701:Autoimmune
1494:Dyskinesia
1364:Meningitis
1342:Brain and
1142:2005-09-01
807:(Review).
707:References
611:motivation
469:dysarthria
411:and other
401:Ifosfamide
336:cystinosis
313:Salmonella
201:alcoholism
1726:Episodic/
1604:Tauopathy
1555:Akathisia
1543:Myoclonus
1526:Athetosis
1458:Tauopathy
877:1526-632X
857:Neurology
644:Prognosis
615:cognition
591:Treatment
579:studies,
560:Diagnosis
485:nystagmus
473:hypomimia
461:asterixis
457:myoclonus
360:Epileptic
112:ἐνκέφαλος
43:Neurology
38:Specialty
2283:Category
2261:Multiple
2092:SMALED2B
2087:SMALED2A
1784:Migraine
1776:Headache
1742:epilepsy
1738:Seizures
1596:Dementia
1499:Dystonia
1211:: 348.30
1065:27822050
895:36599696
886:10033164
837:29662290
783:18644104
680:See also
651:dementia
601:dialysis
554:dementia
449:headache
429:delirium
320:myopathy
239:arginine
128:syndrome
2245:Chronic
2228:Chronic
2201:General
2104:SMA-PME
2099:SMA-PCH
2082:SMALED1
1794:Tension
1789:Cluster
1514:Meige's
1331:Amoebic
1221:D001927
1056:5089825
828:5897856
774:2491650
757:: 235.
297:scrapie
235:protein
223:ammonia
118:of the
116:disease
106:; from
1823:Stroke
1637:Pick's
1564:Tremor
1531:Chorea
1163:
1088:
1063:
1053:
1010:
983:
951:
921:
893:
883:
875:
835:
825:
781:
771:
728:
636:, the
481:tremor
477:ataxia
378:Gluten
368:Early
354:Sepsis
299:, and
243:biotin
183:Uremic
2240:Acute
2223:Acute
2137:both:
2069:DSMA1
2064:SMAX2
2059:SMAX1
2039:only:
2012:only:
1916:Other
1838:Other
1750:Focal
1383:Brain
1286:Brain
1198:G93.4
670:prion
504:apnea
384:BRAT1
328:MELAS
134:Types
120:brain
1740:and
1451:PKAN
1446:NBIA
1216:MeSH
1208:9-CM
1161:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1061:PMID
1008:ISBN
981:ISBN
949:ISBN
919:ISBN
891:PMID
873:ISSN
833:PMID
779:PMID
726:ISBN
512:can
499:and
439:and
301:kuru
2054:SMA
2037:LMN
2010:UMN
2001:MND
1867:CSF
1818:TIA
1463:PSP
1439:NMS
1408:and
1269:CNS
1204:ICD
1189:ICD
1107:at
1051:PMC
1041:doi
881:PMC
865:doi
861:100
823:PMC
813:doi
769:PMC
759:doi
632:or
427:or
407:).
241:or
229:or
2285::
1978:SA
1485:OA
1480:HD
1429:PD
1219::
1196::
1193:10
1130:,
1126:.
1059:.
1049:.
1037:12
1035:.
1031:.
963:^
933:^
903:^
889:.
879:.
871:.
859:.
855:.
831:.
821:.
809:24
803:.
791:^
777:.
767:.
753:.
749:.
625:.
613:,
567:,
556:.
524:,
520:,
479:,
471:,
455:,
451:,
435:,
110::
2186:e
2179:t
2172:v
1630:/
1385:/
1256:e
1249:t
1242:v
1206:-
1191:-
1181:D
1145:.
1094:.
1067:.
1043::
1016:.
989:.
957:.
927:.
897:.
867::
839:.
815::
785:.
761::
755:2
734:.
338:.
273:.
261:.
203:.
195:1
179:.
102:/
99:i
96:θ
93:ə
90:p
87:ɒ
84:l
81:ˈ
78:ə
75:f
72:ɛ
69:s
66:ˌ
63:n
60:ɛ
57:/
53:(
23:.
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