108:
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31:
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88:, stone, or any material that will withstand the fusing temperature. In technical terms fired enamelware is an integrated layered composite of glass and another material (or more glass). The term "enamel" is most often restricted to work on metal, which is the subject of this article. Essentially the same technique used with other bases is known by different terms: on glass as
415:, France, the most famous centre of vitreous enamel production in Western Europe, though Spain also made a good deal. Limoges became famous for champlevé enamels from the 12th century onwards, producing on a large scale, and then (after a period of reduced production) from the 15th century retained its lead by switching to painted enamel on flat metal plaques. The
929:. Frit for enamelling steel is typically an alkali borosilicate glass with a thermal expansion and glass temperature suitable for coating steel. Raw materials are smelted together between 2,100 and 2,650 °F (1,150 and 1,450 °C) into a liquid glass that is directed out of the furnace and thermal shocked with either water or steel rollers into frit.
669:
386:
1138:, not strictly a technique, but a necessary step in many techniques, especially painted enamel on thin plaques; introduced in 15th-century Europe. Enamel is applied to the back of a piece as well – sandwiching the metal – to equalize the rates of expansion under heat, and so create less tension on the glass so it does not crack.
1042:
is the best known type of painted enamel, using this from the 16th century onwards. Most traditional painting on glass, and some on ceramics, uses what is technically enamel, but is often described by terms such as "painted in enamels", reserving "painted enamel" and "enamel" as a term for the whole
951:
There are various types of frit, which may be applied in sequence. A ground coat is applied first; it usually contains smelted-in transition metal oxides such as cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, and iron that facilitate adhesion to the metal. Next, clear and semi-opaque frits that contain material
271:
of c. 1325 BC, are frequently described as using "enamel", many scholars doubt the glass paste was sufficiently melted to be properly so described, and use terms such as "glass-paste". It seems possible that in
Egyptian conditions the melting point of the glass and gold were too close to make enamel
1243:
659:
which he co-founded is one of the few makers from this era still active. Distinctively
Japanese designs, in which flowers, birds and insects were used as themes, became popular. Designs also increasingly used areas of blank space. With the greater subtlety these techniques allowed, Japanese enamels
921:
One of the most widespread modern uses of enamel is in the production of quality chalk-boards and marker-boards (typically called 'blackboards' or 'whiteboards') where the resistance of enamel to wear and chemicals ensures that 'ghosting', or unerasable marks, do not occur, as happens with polymer
473:
From either
Byzantium or the Islamic world, the cloisonné technique reached China in the 13–14th centuries. The first written reference to cloisonné is in a book from 1388, where it is called "Dashi ('Muslim') ware". No Chinese pieces that are clearly from the 14th century are known; the earliest
922:
boards. Since standard enamelling steel is magnetically attractive, it may also be used for magnet boards. Some new developments in the last ten years include enamel/non-stick hybrid coatings, sol-gel functional top-coats for enamels, enamels with a metallic appearance, and easy-to-clean enamels.
1178:
The frit in the ground coat contains smelted-in cobalt and/or nickel oxide as well as other transition metal oxides to catalyse the enamel-steel bonding reactions. During firing of the enamel at between 760 and 895 °C (1,400 and 1,643 °F), iron oxide scale first forms on the steel. The
1174:
On sheet steel, a ground coat layer is applied to create adhesion. The only surface preparation required for modern ground coats is degreasing of the steel with a mildly alkaline solution. White and coloured second "cover" coats of enamel are applied over the fired ground coat. For electrostatic
1084:, version of painted enamel, French term meaning "in grey", where a dark, often blue or black background is applied, then a palescent (translucent) enamel is painted on top, building up designs in a monochrome gradient, paler as the thickness of the layer of light colour increases.
1183:. The iron acts as the anode in an electrogalvanic reaction in which the iron is again oxidised, dissolved by the glass, and oxidised again with the available cobalt and nickel limiting the reaction. Finally, the surface becomes roughened with the glass anchored into the holes.
802:
Enamel was first applied commercially to sheet iron and steel in
Austria and Germany in about 1850. Industrialization increased as the purity of raw materials increased and costs decreased. The wet application process started with the discovery of the use of clay to suspend
1191:
Enamel coatings applied to steel panels offer protection to the core material whether cladding road tunnels, underground stations, building superstructures or other applications. It can also be specified as a curtain walling. Qualities of this structural material include:
728:
began to be used for handicraft products after the Gold
Control Act, was enforced in India which compelled the Meenakars to look for an alternative material. Initially, the work of Meenakari often went unnoticed as this art was traditionally used on the back of pieces of
720:, which comprised a pattern of birds and animals on a floral background in light blue, green, yellow and red. Gold has been used traditionally for Meenakari jewellery as it holds the enamel better, lasts longer and its lustre brings out the colours of the enamels.
107:
840:
Vitreous enamel can be applied to most metals. Most modern industrial enamel is applied to steel in which the carbon content is controlled to prevent unwanted reactions at the firing temperatures. Enamel can also be applied to gold, silver, copper,
948:. The latter creates delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm grey. Enamel can be transparent, opaque or opalescent (translucent). Different enamel colours can be mixed to make a new colour, in the manner of paint.
251:
The earliest enamel all used the cloisonné technique, placing the enamel within small cells with gold walls. This had been used as a technique to hold pieces of stone and gems tightly in place since the 3rd millennium BC, for example in
1263:
531:
eras (late 19th/early 20th century). Enamel had been used as decoration for metalwork since about 1600, and
Japanese cloisonné was already exported to Europe before the start of the Meiji era in 1868. Cloisonné is known in Japan as
330:
piece. This occurs in several different regions, from ancient Egypt to Anglo-Saxon
England. Once enamel becomes more common, as in medieval Europe after about 1000, the assumption that enamel was originally used becomes safer.
1064:, French for "open to daylight" where the enamel is applied in cells, similar to cloisonné, but with no backing, so light can shine through the transparent or translucent enamel. It has a stained-glass like appearance; the
871:
with wealth earned by his development of improved enamelling processes, c. 1887, for sheet steel and cast iron. Such enameled ferrous material had, and still has, many applications: early 20th century and some modern
1307:
860:. A disadvantage of enamel is a tendency to crack or shatter when the substrate is stressed or bent, but modern enamels are relatively chip- and impact-resistant because of good thickness control and coefficients of
688:
in the mid-17th century. Transparent enamels were popular during this time. Both cloissoné and champlevé were produced in Mughal, with champlevé used for the finest pieces. Modern industrial production began in
538:, literally "seven treasures". This refers to richly coloured substances mentioned in Buddhist texts. The term was initially used for colourful objects imported from China. According to legend, in the 1830s
807:
in water. Developments that followed during the 20th century include enamelling-grade steel, cleaned-only surface preparation, automation, and ongoing improvements in efficiency, performance, and quality.
522:
Japanese artists did not make three-dimensional enamelled objects until the 1830s but, once the technique took hold based on analysis of
Chinese objects, it developed very rapidly, reaching a peak in the
326:
A problem that adds to the uncertainty over early enamel is artefacts (typically excavated) that appear to have been prepared for enamel, but have now lost whatever filled the cloisons or backing to a
1291:
1025:, French for "cell", where thin wires are applied to form raised barriers, which contain different areas of (subsequently applied) enamel. Widely practiced in Europe, the Middle East and East Asia.
1175:
enamels, the coloured enamel powder can be applied directly over a thin unfired ground coat "base coat" layer that is co-fired with the cover coat in a very efficient two-coat/one-fire process.
1074:, French for "in the round", also known as "encrusted enamel". A 3D type of enamelling where a sculptural form or wire framework is completely or partly enamelled, as in the 15th century
1054:, from the French word meaning "low-cut". The surface of the metal is decorated with a low relief design which can be seen through translucent and transparent enamels. The 14th century
1223:
315:, made for the Roman military market, which has swirling enamel decoration in a Celtic style. In Britain, probably through preserved Celtic craft skills, enamel survived until the
1987:
Gavlenski, Jim and
Baldwin, Charles, "Advanced Porcelain Enamel Coatings with Novel Properties," Proceedings of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 53-58, (2007).
1096:, French for 'enamel in a network on glass') where enamelled metal is suspended in glass. The technique was briefly popular in seventeenth-century France and was re-discovered by
2904:
1117:, where a stencil is placed over the work and the powdered enamel is sifted over the top. The stencil is removed before firing, the enamel staying in a pattern, slightly raised.
2122:
Feldman, Sid and
Baldwin, Charles, "Surface Tension and Fusion Properties of Porcelain Enamels," Proceedings of the 69th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 1-10 (2008)
1819:
We doubt if any form of the enameller's art can equal the work executed in Japan, which is distinguished by great freedom of design, and the most exquisite gradations of color.
557:
company to sponsor the creation of a wide range of decorative arts at international exhibitions. This was part of a programme to promote Japan as a modern, industrial nation.
1978:
Fedak, David and Baldwin, Charles, "A Comparison of Enameled and Stainless Steel Surfaces," Proceedings of the 67th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 45-54 (2005).
3274:
1960:
Sullivan, J.D. and Nelson, F.W., "Stainless Steel Requires Special Enameling Procedures", Proceedings of the Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum," 150–155 (1970).
481:
Cloisonné remained very popular in China until the 19th century and is still produced today. The most elaborate and most highly valued Chinese pieces are from the early
453:
A Russian school developed, which used the technique on other objects, as in the Renaissance, and for relatively cheap religious pieces such as crosses and small icons.
1123:, where an unfired layer of enamel is applied over a previously fired layer of enamel of a contrasting colour, and then partly removed with a tool to create the design.
2084:
2791:
1489:Актуальнi питання гуманiтарних наук: Мiжвузiвський збiрник наукових праць молодих вчених Дрогобицького державного педагогiчного унiверситету iменi Iвана Франка
3547:
567:
he developed a transparent black enamel which was used for backgrounds. Translucent enamels in various other colours followed during this period. Along with
2032:
1428:
40:; 1185–1200; champlevé enamel over copper gilded; height: 17.7 cm (7.0 in), width: 17.4 cm (6.9 in), depth: 10.1 cm (4.0 in)
59:
to a substrate by firing, usually between 750 and 850 °C (1,380 and 1,560 °F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, durable
1343:
1031:, French for "raised field", where the surface is carved out to form pits in which enamel is fired, leaving the original metal exposed; the Romanesque
2897:
545:
Early Japanese enamels were cloudy and opaque, with relatively clumsy shapes. This changed rapidly from 1870 onwards. The Nagoya cloisonné company (
219:. Used as a noun, "an enamel" is usually a small decorative object coated with enamel. "Enamelled" and "enamelling" are the preferred spellings in
2343:
1323:
680:
by around 1600 for decorating gold and silver objects, and became a distinctive feature of Mughal jewellery. The Mughal court was known to employ
1767:
3191:
571:, Wagener transformed the firing processes used by Japanese workshops, improving the quality of finishes and extending the variety of colours.
3670:
3267:
2140:
1862:
1715:
1565:
1521:
1951:
Judd, Donald, “Porcelain Enameling Aluminum: An Overview,” Proceedings of the 59th Porcelain Enamel Institute Technical Forum, 45-51 (1997).
551:
existed from 1871 to 1884, to sell the output of many small workshops and help them improve their work. In 1874, the government created the
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2890:
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for colouring and ornamenting the surface of metals by fusing over it brilliant colours that are decorated in an intricate design called
4002:
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2163:
3123:
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273:
374:
northern Europe. The Byzantines then began to use cloisonné more freely to create images; this was also copied in Western Europe. In
2261:
2175:
1513:
998:
970:
1969:
Pew, Steve, "The Who, What, Why, Where, and When of Cast Iron Enameling," Advances in Porcelain Enamel Technology, 177–186, (2010).
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3260:
2816:
2612:
856:), has long-lasting colour fastness, is easy to clean, and cannot burn. Enamel is glass, not paint, so it does not fade under
461:
5013:
2224:
2206:
2192:
1597:
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852:
Vitreous enamel has many useful properties: it is smooth, hard, chemically resistant, durable, scratch resistant (5–6 on the
563:
was a German scientist brought in by the government to advise Japanese industry and improve production processes. Along with
816:
3457:
2728:
2705:
30:
2092:
958:
2561:
438:
Painted enamel remained in fashion for over a century, and in France developed into a sophisticated Renaissance and the
542:
broke open a Chinese enamel object to examine it, then trained many artists, starting off Japan's own enamel industry.
5028:
5023:
3572:
3236:
2336:
1485:"Traditions of painted hot enamel of Europe and the East of the XVIIIth century in contemporary enamel art of Ukraine"
1169:
308:
2133:
Vitreous and porcelain enamels — Characteristics of enamel coatings applied to steel panels intended for architecture
1681:"Kawade Shibatarō | Imperial Presentation Vase with Maple Branches and Imperial Chrysanthemum Crest (one of a pair)"
478:(1425–1435), which, since they show a full use of Chinese styles, suggest considerable experience in the technique.
339:
3801:
3068:
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1708:
Japonisme and the rise of the modern art movement : the arts of the Meiji period : the Khalili collection
784:
5018:
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are minimised or burned away completely with acid. This contrasts with the Chinese style which used thick metal
497:
5003:
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4117:
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More recently, the bright, jewel-like colours have made enamel popular with jewellery designers, including the
235:
165:
The term "enamel" has also sometimes been applied to industrial materials other than vitreous enamel, such as
651:) technique which burns away the metal substrate to leave translucent enamel, producing an effect resembling
5043:
4926:
4300:
4019:
3995:
3701:
3686:
2856:
2723:
2597:
605:("piling up") technique which places layers of enamel upon each other to create a three-dimensional effect.
588:
256:, and then Egypt. Enamel seems likely to have developed as a cheaper method of achieving similar results.
3756:
3567:
2329:
1832:
Namikawa Yasuyuki and Japanese Cloisonné The Allure of Meiji Cloisonné: The Aesthetic of Translucent Black
1250:
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were regarded as unequalled in the world and won many awards at national and international exhibitions.
1622:
765:
596:
568:
560:
272:
a viable technique. Nonetheless, there appear to be a few actual examples of enamel, perhaps from the
435:
techniques, but cheaper champlevé works continued to be produced in large numbers for a wider market.
134:. Since the 18th century, enamels have also been applied to many metal consumer objects, such as some
5038:
4663:
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3317:
3138:
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2821:
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2433:
1590:
Splendors of Meiji : treasures of imperial Japan : masterpieces from the Khalili Collection
1075:
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832:
mortar and pestle is used to finely grind vitreous enamel powder, mixed with a volatile oil, such as
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96:
85:
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2488:
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2035:
collection database, "Scope note" for the term "enamelled"; other sources use different categories.
1743:
991:
694:
572:
268:
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4067:
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3427:
3372:
3322:
3206:
2995:
2748:
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2418:
2408:
2180:
1810:
1132:
Surrey enamel, a 17th-century type for brass objects such as candlesticks; effectively champlevé.
868:
773:
749:
447:
307:
mentions the Celts' use of the technique on metal, which the Romans in his day hardly knew. The
215:
135:
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606:
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3113:
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2753:
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2587:
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2286:
2257:
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2220:
2210:
2202:
2188:
2171:
2136:
1858:
1802:
1721:
1711:
1655:
1603:
1593:
1561:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1314:
1032:
885:
861:
857:
564:
312:
174:
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4253:
4207:
4127:
3711:
3696:
3447:
3432:
3028:
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2617:
2607:
2602:
2372:
1835:
1330:
1061:
903:
646:
371:
367:
359:
292:
224:
126:
Enamelling is an old and widely adopted technology, for most of its history mainly used in
4519:
4454:
4238:
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3919:
3854:
3796:
3781:
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2508:
2503:
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2458:
2428:
2239:
Dimand, M. S. "An Enameled-Glass Bottle of the Mamluk Period". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1383:
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37:
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2236:"Collection Highlights: Art in the Islamic World". Beaker. Smithsonian Institution: 2013.
1468:Наумов, Олег (2019-01-01), "ХУДОЖНЯ ЕМАЛЬ У ХРОНОТОПІ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО МИСТЕЦТВА. Альманах",
724:, a later introduction, is used for artifacts like boxes, bowls, spoons, and art pieces.
450:, spreading to England and other countries. This continued until the early 19th century.
267:, dated to the 13th century BC. Although Egyptian pieces, including jewellery from the
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2743:
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Moura Carvalho, Pedro (2009). "Enamel in the Islamic Lands". In Williams, Haydn (ed.).
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131:
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Papadopoulous, Kiko. "Venetian Eastern Trade: 11th to 14th Centuries" 20 January 2012.
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Impey, Oliver; Fairley, Malcolm (2009). "Enamel in Japan". In Williams, Haydn (ed.).
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Colour in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often metal oxides
915:
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652:
379:
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60:
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A resurgence in enamel-based art took place near the end of the 20th century in the
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4962:
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4270:
4162:
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3736:
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2423:
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and the enameled copper boxes of the Battersea enamellers, and for artists such as
709:
482:
428:
404:
316:
166:
155:
115:
1028:
1022:
986:
466:
416:
363:
327:
119:
1996:
Andrews, A.I. Porcelain Enamels, The Garrard Press: Champaign, IL, 1961 p. 321-2.
1916:"Bernard Hesling :: biography at :: at Design and Art Australia Online"
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1768:"Ashmolean − Eastern Art Online, Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art"
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and in small portraits. After it fell from fashion it continued as a medium for
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159:
111:
69:
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685:
634:
502:
424:
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288:
199:
147:
104:", the artists "enamellers" and the objects produced can be called "enamels".
34:
1806:
1725:
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1607:
1380:(1945–1985) – American enamellist who created the largest known enamel mural
1126:
1120:
1081:
1038:
Painted enamel, a design in enamel is painted onto a smooth metal surface.
945:
889:
846:
842:
792:
705:
591:) technique, in which the metal foundation is hammered outwards to create a
439:
396:
139:
127:
528:
3252:
2296:
1940:
Porcelain enamels: the preparation, application, and properties of enamels
761:
621:(wireless cloisonné): techniques developed with Wagener in which the wire
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4857:
4784:
4723:
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799:
brought the style into prominence with his variously sized steel plates.
690:
489:(1450–1457), although 19th century or modern pieces are far more common.
284:
276:(beginning 1070 BC) on. But it remained rare in both Egypt and Greece.
195:
17:
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1814:
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1592:. St. Petersburg, Fla.: Broughton International Inc. pp. 252–254.
1114:
1111:, in which a glass surface is enamelled, and fired to fuse the glasses.
892:
717:
713:
443:
412:
260:
52:
2292:
CIDAE Center of Information and Difusion of the Art of Enamelling (ES)
2201:, eds. Paul T. Nicholson, Ian Shaw, 2000, Cambridge University Press,
385:
4852:
4758:
4718:
4693:
4628:
4613:
4509:
4494:
4489:
4405:
4356:
4346:
4062:
4027:
3597:
3492:
3133:
2647:
2453:
1830:
Toyoro Hida, Gregory Irvine, Kana Ooki, Tomoko Hana and Yukari Muro.
1180:
1007:
933:
918:
had walls, ceilings and structural elements made of enamelled steel.
725:
721:
609:
developed a pictorial style that imitated paintings. He is known for
592:
264:
2306:
925:
The key ingredient of vitreous enamel is finely ground glass called
189:
2301:
1179:
molten enamel dissolves the iron oxide and precipitates cobalt and
684:(enamelers). These craftsmen reached a peak of during the reign of
419:
technique was considerably easier and very widely practiced in the
259:
The earliest undisputed objects known to use enamel are a group of
4831:
4821:
4811:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4738:
4568:
4548:
4484:
4416:
4157:
4132:
4077:
3954:
3914:
3889:
3537:
3412:
3342:
2566:
2533:
2483:
2367:
2352:
1159:
997:
985:
829:
820:
Glass vials with ground vitreous enamel powder in different colors
740:
667:
496:
460:
384:
338:
296:
234:
106:
77:
56:
29:
1317:
in painted Limoges enamel on a copper plaque, by Jacques I Laudin
354:
In European art history, enamel was at its most important in the
295:(c.350–50 BC), probably as an imitation of the red Mediterranean
4703:
4678:
4673:
4623:
4385:
3196:
941:
926:
896:
877:
804:
701:
366:
enamel in imitation of cloisonné inlays of precious stones. The
3984:
3256:
2886:
2325:
1018:
The three main historical techniques for enamelling metal are:
202:
27:
Material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing
1508:, 4th edn, p. 239, University of California Press, 1999,
291:
to the ancient Celts. Red enamel is used in 26 places on the
1914:
database and e-research tool for art and design researchers.
1421:
888:, housing and drums of clothes washers and dryers, sinks and
100:, "overglaze enamels" or "enamelling". The craft is called "
3980:
2311:
2187:, 2003 (2nd edn), Thames & Hudson, World of Art series,
1623:"Japanese Art & Artists of To-day VI. Cloisonné Enamels"
733:
or gem-studded jewellery, allowing pieces to be reversible.
442:
style, seen on objects such as large display dishes, ewers,
2316:
1100:
in 1953. Craver spent 13 years re-creating the technique.
581:(drip-glaze) which produces a rainbow-coloured glaze and
2291:
2287:
Enameling Articles and Tutorials at The Ganoksin Project
1855:
Enamels of the world, 1700-2000: the Khalili collections
1558:
Enamels of the world, 1700-2000: the Khalili collections
399:
often included enamel plaques of the highest quality in
1391:
in Russia, with Moscow a centre of the Russian industry
1129:, where a silkscreen is used with 60–70in grade mesh.
906:
and pharmaceutical process tanks. Structures such as
1199:
Withstands extreme temperatures and is non-flammable
223:, while "enameled" and "enameling" are preferred in
4902:
4845:
4767:
4538:
4475:
4414:
4376:
4369:
4329:
4231:
4185:
4178:
4018:
3810:
3679:
3661:
3288:
3229:
3182:
3004:
2921:
2782:
2714:
2646:
2580:
2542:
2386:
2360:
2070:
2068:
1857:. London: Khalili Family Trust. pp. 187–196.
1560:. London: Khalili Family Trust. pp. 149–156.
485:, especially the reigns of the Xuande Emperor and
94:, or "painted glass", and on pottery it is called
2135:. Standards Policy and Strategy Committee. 2008.
2091:. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from
1202:Long lasting UV, climate and corrosion resistance
1848:
1846:
1844:
2185:The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1249:Silver, silver gilt and painted enamel beaker,
1710:. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 181.
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
994:, with basse-taille enamel, partly fallen away
716:period, made a reference to an enamel work of
638:
616:
610:
600:
582:
576:
575:introduced a variety of techniques, including
552:
546:
533:
510:
358:, beginning with the Late Romans and then the
3996:
3268:
2898:
2792:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
2337:
836:, to produce enamel paints for artistic work.
748:, typical enamel cooking gear from the Dutch
8:
1432:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1091:
976:Turb-mixer in a glass-lined chemical reactor
867:The Buick automobile company was founded by
644:
628:
622:
2217:The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts
1642:
1640:
507:chrysanthemum crests of the Imperial family
389:Examples of art made of finift enamel from
370:style was widely adopted by the peoples of
208:
4373:
4182:
4003:
3989:
3981:
3275:
3261:
3253:
2905:
2891:
2883:
2344:
2330:
2322:
1934:
1932:
1500:
1498:
1047:Variants, and less common techniques are:
3548:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano
2199:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
474:datable pieces are from the reign of the
239:Staffordshire Moorlands Pan, 2nd-century
142:bathtubs. It has also been used on some
122:enamel; height: 2.5 cm, diameter: 15.2 cm
1774:. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford
964:View into a glass-lined chemical reactor
823:
815:
2089:Luce Foundation Center for American Art
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1400:
1219:
954:
173:; these actually are very different in
1737:
1735:
1144:, where jewels are set in white enamel
884:, housing and interior walls of major
347:dish, mid-16th century, attributed to
3671:List of defunct glassmaking companies
1483:Мостовщикова, Дар'я Олегівна (2020),
1472:, vol. 2019(2), pp. 192–197
7:
469:enamel bronze wine pot, 18th century
283:culture of the northern and central
2160:An Introduction to Medieval Enamels
1744:"How It's Made: Japanese Cloisonné"
1633:: 271 – via Internet Archive.
1491:, vol. 1(30), pp. 173–180
1285:appears to her friends in a vision.
1208:Resistant to abrasion and chemicals
1043:object for works with a metal base.
952:for producing colours are applied.
902:, and processing equipment such as
2946:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)
2312:International Enamellers Institute
1301:, Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Avranches
1233:used to hold holy oils; most were
1068:is the surviving medieval example.
1014:enamel, about 1400. British Museum
517:Khalili Collection of Japanese Art
274:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
114:dish with scalloped rim, from the
25:
2941:Blowing and pressing (containers)
2256:(5th ed.). New York: Dover.
1205:Dirt-repellent and graffiti-proof
287:, and was perhaps carried by the
2317:Vitreous Enamel Association (UK)
2297:Society of Dutch Enamellers (NL)
1359:
1342:
1329:A freehand enameled painting by
1322:
1306:
1290:
1262:
1242:
1222:
982:Techniques of artistic enameling
969:
957:
311:is a 2nd-century AD souvenir of
2862:Radioactive waste vitrification
2817:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1836:The Mainichi Newspapers Co, Ltd
1277:enamels; weight 1.935 kg,
335:Medieval and Renaissance Europe
213:, first found in a 9th-century
676:Enamel was established in the
515:to slightly raise the design;
1:
3608:Sterlite Optical Technologies
3458:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works
2729:Chemically strengthened glass
1748:Dallas Museum of Art Uncrated
1742:Leonard, Loryn (2012-06-26).
1211:Easy cleaning and maintenance
1164:Old German enamel street sign
1156:Industrial enamel application
1150:Japanese shipōyaki techniques
712:, who toured Iran during the
279:The technique appears in the
3124:Machine drawn cylinder sheet
2562:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
1687:. Metropolitan Museum of Art
760:jewellers, for designers of
3237:Glossary of glass art terms
1795:The Decorator and Furnisher
1297:Limoges? grisaille painted
1229:Early 13th century Limoges
1170:Industrial porcelain enamel
864:well-matched to the metal.
639:
617:
611:
601:
583:
577:
553:
547:
534:
511:
309:Staffordshire Moorlands Pan
158:, and on marker boards and
5060:
2302:The Enamelist Society (US)
1897:"What is Vitreous Enamel?"
1772:jameelcentre.ashmolean.org
1167:
1093:Émail en résille sur verre
1058:is an outstanding example.
4940:
2593:Chemical vapor deposition
2514:Ultra low expansion glass
2404:Borophosphosilicate glass
2197:Ogden, Jack, "Metal", in
403:and other large works of
382:technique was developed.
169:and the polymers coating
3398:Firozabad glass industry
3393:Fenton Art Glass Company
3154:Satsuma Kiriko cut glass
2966:Overflow downdraw method
2961:Precision glass moulding
2956:Drawing (optical fibers)
2832:Glass-reinforced plastic
2494:Sodium hexametaphosphate
2253:Metalwork and Enamelling
2085:"Craft: Jewelry: Brooch"
1938:Andrews, Andrew Irving,
1793:"Japanese Art Enamels".
1706:Irvine, Gregory (2013).
1648:"Polished to Perfection"
672:Meenakaari art from Iran
51:, is a material made by
4505:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3702:Irving Wightman Colburn
3283:Glass makers and brands
3207:Shock metamorphic glass
2724:Anti-reflective coating
2598:Glass batch calculation
2479:Photochromic lens glass
2307:Guild of Enamellers, UK
1429:Encyclopædia Britannica
845:, stainless steel, and
708:. The French traveller
664:India and Islamic world
299:, which is used on the
207:, or from a Latin word
203:
190:
2215:Osborne, Harold (ed),
1251:Burgundian Netherlands
1165:
1092:
1015:
995:
837:
821:
783:, led by artists like
772:and other painters of
753:
752:, popular in the 1950s
673:
657:Ando Cloisonné Company
645:
629:
623:
615:(minimised wires) and
595:effect. Together with
519:
470:
427:the finest work is in
393:
351:
345:painted Limoges enamel
243:
209:
123:
118:; early 15th century;
76:Enamel can be used on
68:
41:
5014:Visual arts materials
4846:Other natural objects
3767:Henry William Stiegel
3498:Mats Jonasson Målerås
3438:Holmegaard Glassworks
2857:Prince Rupert's drops
2706:Transparent materials
2666:Gradient-index optics
2474:Phosphosilicate glass
1942:, Garrard Press, 1961
1879:"The Art of Minakari"
1621:Harada, Jiro (1911).
1470:Культура і Сучасність
1299:Stations of the Cross
1163:
1001:
989:
827:
819:
744:
671:
500:
464:
388:
342:
238:
110:
67:comes from the Latin
33:
4321:Wire wrapped jewelry
4301:Repoussé and chasing
3742:Michael Joseph Owens
3318:Aurora Glass Foundry
3069:Cylinder blown sheet
2822:Glass ionomer cement
2696:Photosensitive glass
2623:Liquidus temperature
2444:Fluorosilicate glass
1076:Holy Thorn Reliquary
1004:Dunstable Swan Jewel
764:such as the eggs of
548:Nagoya shippo kaisha
97:overglaze decoration
73:, meaning "glassy".
4863:Ebonite (vulcanite)
3830:Bomex/Duran/Endural
3747:Alastair Pilkington
3423:Guardian Industries
3328:Barovier & Toso
3192:Radiative processes
3007:historic techniques
2931:Float glass process
2842:Glass-to-metal seal
2764:Self-cleaning glass
2686:Optical lens design
2181:Lucie-Smith, Edward
1654:. 5 November 2017.
1652:Asian Art Newspaper
1588:Earle, Joe (1999).
1504:Sullivan, Michael,
992:Death of the Virgin
774:portrait miniatures
700:Enamel was used in
695:Bengal Enamel Works
448:portrait miniatures
362:, who began to use
269:Tomb of Tutankhamun
138:, steel sinks, and
5029:Glass compositions
5024:Glass applications
4208:Jewellery designer
3692:Richard M. Atwater
3513:Nippon Sheet Glass
3453:Kingdom of Crystal
3373:Dartington Crystal
2986:Chemical polishing
2827:Glass microspheres
2749:Hydrogen darkening
2671:Hydrogen darkening
2419:Chalcogenide glass
2409:Borosilicate glass
2281:Enamels on jewelry
2158:Campbell, Marian.
2044:Campbell, 7, 33-41
2014:Campbell, 7, 17-32
2005:Campbell, 6, 10-17
1166:
1136:Counter-enamelling
1016:
996:
886:kitchen appliances
869:David Dunbar Buick
838:
822:
795:, abstract artist
766:Peter Carl Fabergé
754:
693:in 1921, with the
674:
597:Hattori Tadasaburō
554:Kiriu kosho kaisha
520:
501:Imperial vases by
471:
394:
352:
244:
124:
63:coating. The word
42:
4981:
4980:
4898:
4897:
4768:Organic gemstones
4365:
4364:
3978:
3977:
3787:Tomasz Urbanowicz
3777:Lino Tagliapietra
3772:S. Donald Stookey
3623:Val Saint Lambert
3518:Nižbor glassworks
3433:Hardman & Co.
3250:
3249:
3184:Natural processes
3099:Fourcault process
2880:
2879:
2797:Glass-coated wire
2769:sol–gel technique
2754:Insulated glazing
2691:Photochromic lens
2676:Optical amplifier
2628:sol–gel technique
2209:, 9780521452571,
2142:978-0-580-72284-4
1864:978-1-874780-17-5
1717:978-0-500-23913-1
1685:www.metmuseum.org
1567:978-1-874780-17-5
1522:978-0-520-21877-2
1506:The arts of China
1354:enamel watch dial
1315:Gregory the Great
1187:Building cladding
1033:Stavelot Triptych
990:Medallion of the
904:chemical reactors
862:thermal expansion
858:ultraviolet light
599:he developed the
569:Tsukamoto Kaisuke
565:Namikawa Yasuyuki
561:Gottfried Wagener
175:materials science
16:(Redirected from
5051:
5019:Jewellery making
4425:Britannia silver
4374:
4183:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3982:
3727:Edward D. Libbey
3697:Frederick Carder
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
2914:Glass production
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2618:Ion implantation
2373:Glass transition
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2267:
2147:
2146:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1801:(5): 170. 1893.
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1528:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1363:
1346:
1331:Einar Hakonarson
1326:
1310:
1294:
1266:
1253:, c. 1425–1450,
1246:
1226:
1095:
973:
961:
908:filling stations
876:signs, interior
650:
642:
632:
626:
620:
614:
604:
586:
580:
573:Kawade Shibatarō
556:
550:
537:
514:
372:Migration Period
368:Byzantine enamel
293:Battersea Shield
225:American English
212:
206:
193:
152:laundry machines
49:porcelain enamel
21:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5004:Decorative arts
4994:Vitreous enamel
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4936:
4894:
4883:Spondylus shell
4841:
4763:
4534:
4520:Stainless steel
4471:
4455:Sterling silver
4415:Precious metal
4410:
4378:Precious metals
4361:
4325:
4227:
4174:
4014:
4009:
3979:
3974:
3812:
3806:
3797:John M. Whitall
3782:W. E. S. Turner
3675:
3663:
3657:
3638:Watts & Co.
3358:Caithness Glass
3290:
3284:
3281:
3251:
3246:
3242:Glass recycling
3225:
3178:
3084:Enamelled glass
3006:
3000:
2991:Diamond turning
2981:Flame polishing
2923:
2917:
2911:
2881:
2876:
2812:Glass electrode
2807:Glass databases
2784:
2778:
2716:
2710:
2642:
2576:
2552:Bioactive glass
2538:
2524:Vitreous enamel
2509:Thoriated glass
2504:Tellurite glass
2489:Soda–lime glass
2459:Gold ruby glass
2429:Cranberry glass
2382:
2356:
2350:
2277:
2264:
2244:Maryon, Herbert
2242:
2233:
2231:Further reading
2155:
2150:
2143:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:Lucie-Smith, 84
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2095:on 13 July 2009
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:Lucie-Smith, 83
2073:
2066:
2062:Campbell, 7, 42
2061:
2057:
2053:Campbell, 38-42
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1679:
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1674:
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1638:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1531:
1503:
1496:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1437:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1384:Oskar Schindler
1374:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1338:
1327:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1267:
1258:
1247:
1238:
1227:
1218:
1189:
1172:
1158:
1109:Enamelled glass
984:
977:
974:
965:
962:
814:
797:Bernard Hesling
739:
666:
637:introduced the
607:Namikawa Sōsuke
540:Kaji Tsunekichi
495:
487:Jingtai Emperor
459:
397:Mosan metalwork
337:
321:Anglo-Saxon art
305:Pliny the Elder
303:(400–300 BC).
249:
233:
221:British English
186:Old High German
184:comes from the
136:cooking vessels
91:enamelled glass
45:Vitreous enamel
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5057:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5044:Ceramic glazes
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4944:Related topics
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
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3930:Satsuma Kiriko
3927:
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3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
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3583:Royal Brierley
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:PPG Industries
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
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3488:Johns Manville
3485:
3480:
3475:
3473:Liuli Gongfang
3470:
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3348:Bormioli Rocco
3345:
3340:
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3333:Berengo Studio
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Anchor Hocking
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3282:
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3272:
3265:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3245:
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3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3221:Volcanic glass
3218:
3216:Vitrified sand
3213:
3204:
3199:
3197:Opal formation
3194:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3174:Tempered glass
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Polished plate
3136:
3131:
3126:
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2788:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2774:Tempered glass
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:DNA microarray
2741:
2739:Dealkalization
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
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2708:
2703:
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2613:Glass modeling
2610:
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2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
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2569:
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2544:Glass-ceramics
2540:
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2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
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2501:
2496:
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2484:Silicate glass
2481:
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2436:
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2355:science topics
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2326:
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2309:
2304:
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2294:
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2276:
2275:External links
2273:
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2262:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2213:
2195:
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2168:V&A Museum
2154:
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2149:
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2141:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2076:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2033:British Museum
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1928:
1906:
1888:
1883:iranreview.org
1870:
1863:
1840:
1834:, pp.182-188,
1823:
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1636:
1613:
1598:
1573:
1566:
1529:
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1460:
1451:
1435:
1423:"Enamel"
1420:, ed. (1911).
1418:Chisholm, Hugh
1409:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:Iranian enamel
1365:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1335:In the forest,
1328:
1321:
1319:
1312:
1305:
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1279:British Museum
1271:Royal Gold Cup
1268:
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1168:Main article:
1157:
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1124:
1118:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1098:Margret Craver
1085:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1056:Royal Gold Cup
1045:
1044:
1040:Limoges enamel
1036:
1035:is an example.
1026:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
968:
966:
963:
956:
916:Lustron Houses
813:
810:
785:Alexei Maximov
738:
735:
665:
662:
494:
491:
476:Xuande Emperor
458:
455:
409:Limoges enamel
336:
333:
313:Hadrian's Wall
248:
245:
232:
229:
216:Life of Leo IV
132:decorative art
47:, also called
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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4948:Body piercing
4946:
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4193:Bench jeweler
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3802:Caspar Wistar
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3730:
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3722:Deming Jarves
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3707:Henry Crimmel
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3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Stained glass
3162:
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3157:
3155:
3152:
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3149:Rippled glass
3147:
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3142:
3140:
3137:
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3115:
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3089:Flashed glass
3087:
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2937:
2936:Fritted glass
2934:
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2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Optical fiber
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2638:Vitrification
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Glass melting
2606:
2604:
2603:Glass forming
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
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2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Uranium glass
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Soluble glass
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
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2457:
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2440:
2437:
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2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Ceramic glaze
2412:
2410:
2407:
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2402:
2400:
2397:
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2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2263:0-486-22702-2
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:, 1975, OUP,
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:0-11-290385-1
2173:
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2144:
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2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1918:. Daao.org.au
1917:
1910:
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1514:0-520-21877-9
1511:
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1378:Fred Uhl Ball
1376:
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1256:
1255:The Cloisters
1252:
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1232:
1225:
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1142:Safed chalwan
1140:
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1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:Other types:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:Plique-à-jour
1060:
1057:
1053:
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1049:
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1037:
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1027:
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943:
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928:
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905:
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900:storage silos
898:
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887:
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865:
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786:
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777:
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771:
770:George Stubbs
767:
763:
759:
751:
747:
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736:
734:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
678:Mughal Empire
670:
663:
661:
658:
654:
653:stained glass
649:
648:
647:plique-à-jour
641:
636:
631:
625:
619:
613:
608:
603:
598:
594:
590:
585:
579:
578:nagare-gusuri
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
549:
543:
541:
536:
530:
526:
518:
513:
508:
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484:
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434:
430:
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418:
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406:
402:
398:
392:
387:
383:
381:
380:finift enamel
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
349:Jean de Court
346:
341:
334:
332:
329:
324:
322:
318:
317:hanging bowls
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Witham Shield
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
246:
242:
241:Roman Britain
237:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:
211:
205:
201:
197:
192:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
171:enameled wire
168:
163:
161:
157:
156:refrigerators
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
98:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
36:
32:
19:
4973:Wearable art
4968:Phaleristics
4963:Metalworking
4868:Gutta-percha
4644:Lapis lazuli
4430:Colored gold
4311:Stonesetting
4265:
3840:Chevron bead
3792:Paolo Venini
3737:Antonio Neri
3717:A. H. Heisey
3628:Vallérysthal
3588:Saint-Gobain
3508:Mosser Glass
3338:Blenko Glass
3308:Ardagh Group
3303:Arc Holdings
3169:Studio glass
3144:Porous glass
3109:Glass mosaic
3094:Forest glass
3005:Artistic and
2847:Porous glass
2802:Safety glass
2759:Porous glass
2717:modification
2529:Wood's glass
2523:
2449:Fused quartz
2424:Cobalt glass
2378:Supercooling
2283:– historical
2252:
2248:"Enamelling"
2216:
2211:google books
2198:
2184:
2159:
2132:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2088:
2079:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1920:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1854:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1707:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1651:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1589:
1557:
1526:Google books
1505:
1488:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1449:Osborne, 331
1427:
1412:
1403:
1351:Louis George
1349:
1334:
1275:basse-taille
1274:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1147:
1135:
1103:
1052:Basse-taille
1046:
1017:
950:
938:praseodymium
931:
924:
920:
912:bus stations
882:cooking pots
866:
851:
839:
834:lavender oil
801:
789:Leonid Efros
781:Soviet Union
778:
755:
745:
730:
710:Jean Chardin
699:
681:
675:
640:shōtai-jippō
559:
544:
521:
483:Ming dynasty
480:
472:
452:
437:
429:basse-taille
411:was made in
405:goldsmithing
395:
353:
325:
278:
258:
250:
214:
181:
179:
167:enamel paint
164:
125:
116:Ming dynasty
101:
95:
89:
75:
64:
48:
44:
43:
5039:Ceramic art
4910:Art jewelry
4734:Tiger's eye
4639:Labradorite
4589:Chrysocolla
4584:Chrysoberyl
4500:Mokume-gane
4477:Base metals
4249:centrifugal
4218:Silversmith
4093:Ferronnière
4043:Belt buckle
4038:Belly chain
3865:Dragontrail
3850:CorningWare
3762:Otto Schott
3752:Flavio Poli
3680:Glassmakers
3648:Xinyi Glass
3593:Saint-Louis
3503:Moser Glass
3403:Franz Mayer
3119:Lampworking
3059:Crown glass
3054:Cased glass
3049:Caneworking
3044:Broad sheet
3039:Blown plate
2872:Glass fiber
2837:Glass cloth
2581:Preparation
2557:CorningWare
2439:Flint glass
2434:Crown glass
2387:Formulation
2023:Campbell, 7
1407:Campbell, 6
1283:Saint Agnes
1235:reliquaries
1072:Ronde bosse
1012:ronde bosse
874:advertising
758:Art Nouveau
750:DRU factory
746:Grey clouds
505:, with the
433:ronde-bosse
423:period. In
401:reliquaries
356:Middle Ages
263:rings from
254:Mesopotamia
148:dishwashers
4988:Categories
4744:Tourmaline
4689:Prasiolite
4564:Aventurine
4435:Crown gold
4337:Draw plate
4286:Metal clay
4223:Watchmaker
4213:Lapidarist
4198:Clockmaker
4073:Collar pin
4068:Chatelaine
3895:Millefiori
3813:and brands
3811:Trademarks
3687:John Adams
3558:Pilkington
3463:Kosta Boda
3129:Millefiori
3029:Beadmaking
2951:Glass wool
2924:techniques
2922:Commercial
2916:techniques
2867:Windshield
2701:Refraction
2661:Dispersion
2469:Milk glass
2464:Lead glass
2225:0198661134
2207:0521452570
2193:0500203652
2153:References
1922:2013-12-25
1901:vea.org.uk
1753:2020-10-16
1627:The Studio
1599:1874780137
1458:Ogden, 166
1115:Stenciling
1088:En résille
1066:Mérode Cup
854:Mohs scale
812:Properties
686:Shah Jahan
635:Ando Jubei
503:Ando Jubei
425:Gothic art
421:Romanesque
391:Kievan Rus
376:Kievan Rus
343:Detail of
289:Sarmatians
200:Old French
198:) via the
146:, such as
144:appliances
102:enamelling
5034:Glass art
4890:Toadstone
4827:Operculum
4754:Variscite
4749:Turquoise
4729:Tanzanite
4664:Moonstone
4659:Marcasite
4654:Malachite
4579:Carnelian
4554:Amazonite
4541:gemstones
4515:Pinchbeck
4460:Argentium
4450:Shibuichi
4391:Palladium
4370:Materials
4306:Soldering
4296:Polishing
4271:Engraving
4266:Enameling
4232:Processes
4203:Goldsmith
4138:Tie chain
4113:Neck ring
4103:Lapel pin
4012:Jewellery
3960:Waterford
3950:Vitrolite
3925:Ravenhead
3875:Fire-King
3860:Cristallo
3855:Cranberry
3712:Friedrich
3664:companies
3633:Waterford
3618:Swarovski
3553:Phu Phong
3523:O-I Glass
3443:Holophane
3418:Glaverbel
3368:Crystalex
3291:companies
3211:Impactite
3202:Sea glass
3114:Glassware
3074:Engraving
3064:Cut glass
3024:Glass art
3019:Art glass
3014:Āina-kāri
2734:Corrosion
2633:Viscosity
2588:Annealing
1807:2150-6256
1726:853452453
1660:1475-1372
1148:See also
1127:Serigraph
1121:Sgraffito
1082:Grisaille
1029:Champlevé
1023:Cloisonné
1010:badge in
946:neodymium
890:cast iron
847:cast iron
843:aluminium
793:Australia
706:Meenakari
697:Limited.
584:uchidashi
467:cloisonné
440:Mannerist
417:champlevé
364:cloisonné
360:Byzantine
328:champlevé
319:of early
261:Mycenaean
180:The word
140:cast-iron
128:jewellery
120:cloisonné
55:powdered
18:Enamelist
5009:Coatings
4958:Gemology
4932:Fineness
4923:(purity)
4858:Bog-wood
4805:Precious
4785:Ammolite
4724:Sunstone
4714:Sodalite
4709:Sapphire
4669:Obsidian
4609:Fluorite
4599:Diopside
4559:Amethyst
4539:Mineral
4530:Tungsten
4525:Titanium
4440:Electrum
4396:Platinum
4281:Kazaziye
4276:Filigree
4254:lost-wax
4153:Toe ring
4143:Tie clip
4118:Pectoral
4108:Necklace
4083:Cufflink
4058:Bracelet
4053:Bolo tie
4033:Barrette
3825:Bohemian
3757:Salviati
3568:Preciosa
3533:Orrefors
3428:Hadeland
3323:Baccarat
3159:Slumping
2971:Pressing
2852:Pre-preg
2656:Achromat
2399:Bioglass
2394:AgInSbTe
2246:(1971).
2162:, 1983,
2099:29 March
1815:25582341
1608:42476594
1372:See also
893:bathtubs
762:bibelots
691:Calcutta
630:cloisons
624:cloisons
589:repoussé
509:, using
465:Chinese
444:inkwells
285:Caucasus
86:ceramics
65:vitreous
61:vitreous
4999:Pottery
4953:Fashion
4927:Finding
4775:Abalone
4684:Peridot
4649:Larimar
4634:Kyanite
4619:Howlite
4604:Emerald
4594:Diamond
4467:Tumbaga
4445:Shakudō
4401:Rhodium
4352:Mandrel
4291:Plating
4244:Casting
4239:Carving
4148:Tie pin
4123:Pendant
4098:Genital
4088:Earring
3970:Zerodur
3945:Vitrite
3940:Visions
3935:Tiffany
3905:Opaline
3885:Gorilla
3870:Favrile
3845:Corelle
3835:Burmese
3662:Defunct
3653:Zwiesel
3613:Steuben
3483:Luoyang
3478:Iittala
3388:Fanavid
3383:Duralex
3363:Corning
3353:Borosil
3289:Current
3230:Related
3079:Etching
3034:Blowing
2996:Rolling
2976:Casting
2783:Diverse
2715:Surface
2572:Zerodur
1778:16 July
1691:16 July
1665:16 July
1216:Gallery
1196:Durable
880:walls,
718:Isfahan
714:Safavid
682:mīnākār
602:moriage
512:moriage
413:Limoges
247:Ancient
231:History
210:smaltum
191:smelzan
177:terms.
160:signage
112:Chinese
70:vitreus
4917:(mass)
4853:Bezoar
4759:Zircon
4719:Spinel
4694:Quartz
4629:Jasper
4614:Garnet
4510:Pewter
4495:Copper
4490:Bronze
4417:alloys
4406:Silver
4357:Pliers
4347:Hammer
4259:vacuum
4186:People
4179:Making
4163:pocket
4063:Brooch
4028:Anklet
3965:Wood's
3910:Peking
3900:Murano
3880:Forest
3603:Schott
3598:Seguso
3573:Riedel
3493:Mannok
3468:Libbey
3134:Mirror
3104:Fusing
2785:topics
2648:Optics
2454:GeSbTe
2361:Basics
2260:
2223:
2205:
2191:
2174:
2139:
1861:
1838:, 2017
1813:
1805:
1724:
1714:
1658:
1606:
1596:
1564:
1520:
1512:
1389:Rostov
1231:chasse
1181:nickel
1008:livery
934:cobalt
737:Modern
731:kundan
726:Copper
722:Silver
655:. The
612:shosen
593:relief
535:shippo
529:Taishō
265:Cyprus
204:esmail
182:enamel
154:, and
53:fusing
38:châsse
35:Gothic
4921:Carat
4915:Carat
4903:Terms
4878:Shell
4832:Pearl
4822:Nacre
4812:Ivory
4800:Black
4795:Coral
4790:Copal
4780:Amber
4739:Topaz
4698:smoky
4569:Beryl
4549:Agate
4485:Brass
4330:Tools
4168:strap
4158:Watch
4133:Tiara
4078:Crown
4048:Bindi
4020:Forms
3955:Vycor
3915:Pyrex
3890:Macor
3820:Activ
3538:Osram
3528:Ohara
3413:Glava
3408:Fuyao
3343:Bodum
3313:Asahi
2567:Macor
2534:ZBLAN
2368:Glass
2353:Glass
1811:JSTOR
1396:Notes
1273:with
1257:, nyc
944:, or
830:agate
791:. In
618:musen
525:Meiji
493:Japan
457:China
297:coral
281:Koban
196:smelt
188:word
82:glass
78:metal
57:glass
4873:Hair
4704:Ruby
4679:Opal
4674:Onyx
4624:Jade
4386:Gold
4342:File
4128:Ring
3920:Rona
3578:Rona
3448:Hoya
3378:Daum
2258:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2166:for
2164:HMSO
2137:ISBN
2101:2013
1859:ISBN
1803:ISSN
1780:2020
1722:OCLC
1712:ISBN
1693:2020
1667:2020
1656:ISSN
1604:OCLC
1594:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1337:1989
1313:St.
1269:The
1006:, a
1002:The
942:iron
927:frit
914:and
897:farm
878:oven
805:frit
787:and
702:Iran
527:and
431:and
407:.
194:(to
130:and
4817:Jet
4573:red
828:An
4990::
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