438:
355:(RAF), which supplied the planes and pilots for SOE, had suspended SOE flights to the Netherlands after May 1943 because of the high casualties to aircraft and airmen. The RAF had noticed that its flights to the Netherlands always arrived without opposition and that landing areas were "too bloody perfect", but planes were fired upon during their return trip to England and suffered unusually-high losses. In less than a year, 12 RAF aircraft were shot down during their return flight from SOE missions in the Netherlands.
1291:
1268:
1245:
298:
suspicions that all or nearly all SOE agents in the
Netherlands were in German hands, but it was months before any action was taken. Neither the Dutch section, overseeing operations in the Netherlands nor other services were notified of his suspicions. The failure of SOE leadership to respond to signs that the Dutch program was controlled by the Germans was probably motivated by both denial of warning signs and interdepartmental competition between SOE and the rival
20:
383:
368:
420:, the unsuccessful offensive by allied military forces in the Netherlands in September 1944. The spearhead of the British forces, the First British Airborne Division, was ordered not to cooperate with the resistance. Had it not been ignored, the resistance would have been helpful in providing badly needed intelligence and communications to the division which had to be withdrawn from the battlefield after heavy losses.
294:
agent in the
Netherlands a deliberately garbled message. Marks reasoned that no ordinary SOE agent could decrypt the message, but the German cryptographers would. The Dutch agent responded to the garbled message, which indicated to Marks that he was transmitting under the control of the Germans. Marks reported the findings to his superior, who told him to not discuss the matter with anybody else; no action was taken.
464:
236:
could not provide the agents in training with names and addresses of contacts and safe houses that they would need in the
Netherlands. In response, the British confined the disaffected trainees and released them only in December 1941 after a complaint by the Dutch government-in-exile in England, and the agents signed an agreement to remain silent about their complaints.
197:
the resistance were hard to find; the coast was flat and the beaches guarded and often mined by the
Germans, offering little opportunity to bring in agents and supplies by boat or submarine. Moreover, the Netherlands did not border any neutral, unoccupied country which could be used as a staging ground for resistance activities.
416:, and a fresh start was made in mid-to-late 1944 under new leadership at SOE. Twenty-five well equipped and trained sabotage teams of two Dutch agents each were parachuted into the Netherlands. However, engendered by Englandspiel the British distrusted the Dutch resistance which prevented it from having an impact in
243:
and saboteur Thys
Taconis, parachuted into the Netherlands on the night of 6/7 November 1941. Lauwers was captured on 6 March 1942. He was persuaded to send messages to SOE in London, but he omitted from the messages the two security checks (deliberate errors) that were required to be introduced into
284:
later claimed to have realised that unlike all other coded messages from agents in other countries, the Dutch messages contained no errors. He reasoned that was because they were coded not in the field by harried and harassed wireless operators but by expert German cryptographers. The Dutch messages
235:
Meanwhile, SOE was training Dutch agents to infiltrate into the
Netherlands to help a fledgling resistance movement. The agents complained about the deficiencies of their training program. They were given clothing easily identifiable as British to be worn in the Netherlands, security was lax and SOE
196:
intelligence agencies wishing to infiltrate agents and supply arms and supplies to the resistance groups. The country was densely populated and lacked forests and mountains where resistance forces could hide; isolated areas suitable for landing aeroplanes or parachute drops of arms and supplies for
358:
The end of
Englandspiel came on 1 April 1944, with Giskes sending a taunting message to SOE complaining about the lack of recent business from England given that he had been servicing them for so long. Giskes' message also promised a warm welcome to any further agents SOE wished to insert into the
316:
Messrs Blunt, Bingham and Succs Ltd., London. In the last time you are trying to make business in
Netherlands without our assistance stop we think this rather unfair in view of our long and successful co-operation as your sole agents stop but never mind whenever you will come to pay a visit to the
293:
and was the usual closing for German communications. The other party instantly replied "HH", which indicated that the transmitter was a German who was used to adding "HH" to messages automatically and not a
British agent, who would have been confused by the two letters. Finally, Marks sent a Dutch
252:
into working for the Nazis. Repeatedly ignoring the significance of the absent security checks was a serious violation of the SOE's own transmission protocol. However, SOE London ignored the absence of the security checks and accepted the messages as genuine. Lauwers continued to transmit messages
256:
The messages that
Lauwers transmitted as a prisoner of the Germans included requests that additional agents and supplies be sent to the Netherlands. SOE responded positively. Agents and supplies, including weapons, were usually flown out of Britain at night and dropped by parachute from converted
297:
German wireless operators reported mock resistance groups and sabotage successes to SOE London. When SOE London requested for an agent return to England, he would suddenly meet with a calamity of some sort and so he could not return. In January 1943, Marks wrote a report to SOE leaders about his
231:
was arrested by the Germans in the Netherlands. He had with him a large number of coded messages, and a German cryptographer, Sergeant E. G. May, learned the MI6 cipher system. In February 1942, two MI6 agents were captured in the Netherlands, which added to the German knowledge of the British
244:
messages by the sending agent, the scheme for which was known only to the agent and SOE. The presence of security checks in messages indicated that the sender was the legitimate agent and was acting under free will. The absence of security checks represented a vitally-important
161:
groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. Section N was created within SOE to deal with the Netherlands. Section N had four chiefs during the war: RV Laming, Charles Blizard (known as Blunt), Seymour Bingham, and RI Dobson. In the words of
758:, by Craig Simpson, follows dozens of teenaged Dutch agents being captured after parachuting into Holland due to the betrayal of a traitor in London, with a trio of Norwegian SOE operatives being sent to rescue the surviving Dutch agents after the ruse is discovered.
423:
Conspiracy theories in the Netherlands alleged that a traitor in SOE caused the Englandspiel and that Dutch agents were sacrificed to conceal allied plans for an invasion of the Netherlands. "For many, it was simply impossible to fathom how the devastation caused by
133:. The Dutch resistance was substantial in numbers but lacked weapons. If armed, as had been the objective of SOE, it might have played an important role helping the allied military forces in their failed attempt to expel the Germans from the Netherlands in 1944.
211:... an extraordinary two-year Abwehr operation that netted more than fifty London-sent Dutch agents... not to mention hundreds of tons of arms and explosives. The worst disaster in SOE history, it would virtually decapitate the Dutch resistance movement.
400:
in September 1944 as allied military forces were advancing into the Netherlands, and eventually executed. Giskes, the Abwehr mastermind of Englandspiel, was arrested by the British, but after the war was employed by the United States during the
52:
SOE needed professional intelligence officers at its head, as we had in the Abwehr, and in particular it needed men adept at subversive warfare. Instead they sent us infants, keen and willing, but quite unfitted for that kind of warfare.
428:
could have been the result of stupidity and ineptness." The contrary and more accepted view of M.R.D Foot is that “the agents were victims of sound police work on the German side, assisted by Anglo-Dutch incompetence in London."
660:
is the basis for the 1956 Italian film 'London chiama Polo Nordo/The House of Intrigue', directed by Duilio Coletti with Curt Jurgens, and based upon the novel by Hermann J. Giskes, head of the German wartime counterespionage
695:. British spy and old hand Fred Leiser, who is to infiltrate East-Germany with an obsolete radioset in the Cold War, was one of the very few agents sent by the British who survived in The Netherlands during World War II.
129:, "a textbook illustration, the world over, in how not to conduct clandestine work." Fifty-four SOE agents sent from England were captured by the Germans and only four survived. The other fifty were executed or died in
1434:
280:
Several captured Dutch radio operators continued broadcasting encrypted messages but without security checks, which should have alerted SOE that they had been compromised. SOE's head of codes
1400:
122:(SOE), into continuing to infiltrate agents, weapons, and supplies into the Netherlands. The Germans captured nearly all the agents and weapons sent by the United Kingdom (Britain).
340:
and hence to London. The Abwehr's Giskes, however, anticipated their arrival by sending a fake message, ostensibly from another SOE agent, that Dourlein and Ubbink were
1444:
332:, and reported Englandspiel to the Dutch legation there, which passed the information along to the British government. The two agents then used one of the
1459:
253:
without the security checks and even inserted the letters CAU and GHT ("Caught") at the beginning and end of messages. SOE London paid no attention.
333:
1489:
1184:
1464:
413:
1484:
412:
in London refused to cooperate with SOE when the details of Englandspiel became known to them. They were ordered to do so by the Dutch
317:
Continent you may be assured that you will be received with the same care and result as all those who you sent us before stop so long.
1413:
1377:
1336:
1070:
832:
569:
29 May 1942: Herman Parleviet and Toon van Steen, dropped near Kallenkote, east of Steenwijk in Overijssel and arrested immediately.
552:
29 March 1942: Gosse Ras and Han Jordaan, dropped near Holten in Overijssel, Ras was arrested on 1 May 1942, Jordaan two days later.
575:
26 June 1942: George Jambroes and Jozef Bukkens, dropped near Kallenkote, east of Steenwijk in Overijssel and arrested immediately.
1474:
887:
141:
The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was created by the United Kingdom on July 22, 1940, in accordance with Prime Minister
344:
who became German agents. Both were imprisoned on their arrival in London and remained in a British prison until after the
397:
390:
371:
328:
In the fall of 1943, two Dutch SOE agents, Pieter Dourlein and John Ubbink, escaped from Haaren prison, made their way to
119:
299:
248:, which should have warned SOE that the sender was either an impostor or a legitimate agent who had been captured and
467:
Trix Terwindt, the only woman agent captured by the Germans in Englandspiel and one of the few who survived the war.
1469:
158:
1479:
743:
601:
23 October 1942: Jan Hofstede and Christiaan Pouwels, dropped near Holten in Overijssel and immediately arrested.
409:
437:
1328:
1026:
van der Mandele, Hugh (2012). "The Dutch Affair Revisited or the Destructive Power of Organizational Warfare".
711:
572:
22 June 1942: Jan van Rietschoten and Jo Buizer, dropped near Holten in Overijssel and arrested immediately.
417:
289:, Marks recounts how a wireless operator ended a telegraphic radio communication with "HH", which stood for
1089:
627:
18 February 1943: Wim van der Wilden and his cousin Piet van der Wilden, dropped and immediately arrested.
107:
692:
402:
582:
488:
258:
520:
130:
79:
28:
1043:
763:
673:
1176:
578:
23 July 1942: Gerard Jan van Hemert, dropped near Holten in Overijssel and arrested immediately.
19:
879:
873:
598:
21 October 1942: Meindert Koolstra, dropped near Ermelo in Gelderland and arrested immediately.
1409:
1383:
1373:
1332:
1285:
1262:
1239:
1215:
Murphy, Christopher (Summer 2012). "Setting Europe Ablaze: The Special Operations Executive".
1180:
1066:
883:
828:
699:
633:
21 April 1943: Klaas Wegner, Freek Rouwers and Ivo Uytvanck, dropped and immediately arrested.
630:
19 February 1943: Pieter Dourlein, dropped near Ermelo in Gelderland and immediately arrested.
345:
262:
178:
146:
142:
103:
1035:
733:
688:
617:
16 February 1943: Van de Nor, Kees Hulsteijn and Braggaar, dropped and immediately arrested.
556:
374:, memorial plaques behind the Prison Block marking the spot where the ashes of the executed
189:
126:
1439:
793:'Blunt' refers to a pseudonym used by Major Charles Blizard, Head of N (Dutch) Section SOE.
1290:
1267:
714:
and dramatises the wartime history of the Englandspiel. A successful long-running musical
639:
7 October 1944: (After the end of Englandspiel) Harmen Koopmans and G. Ensink, dropped at
636:
21 May 1943: Oscar de Brey, Anton Mink and Laurens Punt, dropped and immediately arrested.
513:
382:
367:
352:
71:
1244:
771:
with an illustration showing agents parachuting into the arms of waiting German soldiers.
1347:
1169:
748:
707:
193:
170:
169:
The opposite numbers of the SOE leaders in the German-occupied Netherlands were Majors
115:
95:
581:
24 September 1942: Karel Beukema toe Water and Cees Droogleever Fortuyn, dropped near
323:
Hermann Giskes, Abwehr, Netherlands wireless message to SOE headquarters, 1 April 1944
1453:
1405:
1307:
1047:
611:
477:
396:
The fifty Dutch SOE agents that had been captured by the Germans were transported to
269:
163:
546:
506:
484:
150:
91:
607:
29 November 1942: John Ubbink and Herman Overes, dropped and immediately arrested.
604:
28 November 1942: de Kruijff and Charle Ruseler, dropped and immediately arrested.
463:
166:, official historian of the SOE, Section N was "not always noted for efficiency."
1039:
240:
33:
621:
329:
245:
232:
codes. At the time, SOE depended upon MI6 for its communications and ciphers.
216:
154:
145:'s directive to "set Europe ablaze." The objective of the SOE was to undertake "
111:
718:
was performed in the Netherlands since 2010 and treats the same subject matter.
677:
966:
524:
499:
473:
46:. The inscription says, in part "They jumped to their death for our freedom."
1387:
1395:
644:
563:
535:
450:
446:
281:
39:
724:
is the subject of the "Confusion Was Their Business" episode (1998) of the
272:. The agents and supplies were met on arrival and captured by the Germans.
1445:
Obituary of Gaston Vandermeerssche, The Daily Telegraph, 19 November 2010
1127:"Secrets of World War II: Confusion Was Their Business (TV episode 1998)"
528:
341:
1279:
1256:
1233:
1217:
British Politics Review: Journal of the British Politics Society, Norway
1126:
746:(2015), the last episode in Season 8 of the historical television drama
559:
in Gelderland, Sebes was arrested on 8 May 1942, Kloos on 29 April 1942.
42:
memorializes the 54 agents who were dropped into the Netherlands during
728:
documentary series, and of the "Dead on Arrival" episode (2012) of the
592:
24 September 1942: Mooy and Jongelie, dropped and immediately arrested.
586:
562:
18 April 1942: Jan de Haas (as a replacement for Molenaar), brought to
460:
the following agents (amongst others) were dropped in the Netherlands:
249:
227:
In late summer 1941, a Dutch agent of the British intelligence agency
640:
542:
174:
99:
85:
672:
is also featured in the Dutch World War II adventure novel trilogy
643:
and immediately arrested. Koopmans killed at De Woeste Hoeve near
595:
1 October 1942: Aart van Giessen, dropped and immediately arrested.
351:
Englandspiel was already on its last legs in the fall of 1943. The
555:
5 April 1942: Henk Sebes and Barend Kloos, dropped near Harskamp,
495:
462:
436:
381:
366:
337:
18:
502:. Lauwers was arrested on 6 March 1942, Taconis on 9 March 1942.
348:
in June 1944. They were later honoured by the Dutch government.
265:
1370:
Errors of judgement: SOE's disaster in the Netherlands, 1941-44
516:, Radema was arrested on 29 May 1942, De Jonge on 22 May 1942.
494:
6 November 1941: Huub Lauwers and Thijs Taconis, dropped near
228:
1429:
534:
27 March 1942: Nol Baatsen, dropped near Kallenkote, east of
1009:
1007:
620:
18 February 1943: Gerrit van Os and Jan Kist, dropped near
545:
in Overijssel; Molenaar was injured and committed suicide (
541:
29 March 1942: Jan Molenaar and Leo Andringa, dropped near
182:
802:
Major Seymour Bingham, his successor as Head of N Section.
512:
23 February 1942: Evert Radema and E.W. de Jonge, sent to
157:. SOE agents in occupied countries allied themselves with
188:
The Netherlands presented geographical challenges to the
1171:
Ghost Front: The Ardennes Before The Battle Of The Bulge
149:" with sabotage and subversion in countries occupied by
90:(German military intelligence) from 1942 to 1944 during
1401:
Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's Story 1941-1945
1150:
1148:
913:
911:
94:. German counter-intelligence operatives, headed by
1168:
114:and used the agents' radios and codes to dupe the
875:The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton 1940-45
125:Englandspiel was a "catastrophe" for SOE and the
1065:. New York: Simon & Schuster`. p. 499.
389:memorial plaques behind the Prison Block of the
285:were too good to be genuine. In the documentary
239:SOE's first two Dutch agents, wireless operator
519:28 February 1942: Gerrit Dessing, dropped near
310:
205:
50:
16:German World War II counter espionage operation
505:9 December 1941: Wim van der Reijden, sent to
8:
732:documentary series, which both aired on the
83:
1440:Message posting regarding Operation Nordpol
268:aircraft. SOE air operations were based at
1289:
1266:
1243:
710:was based on an autobiographical novel by
549:), Andringa was arrested on 28 April 1942.
769:Encyclopedia Brown's Book of Wacky Spies,
472:28 August 1940: Lodo van Hamel, sent to
827:. New York: Random House. p. 178.
815:
786:
624:in Gelderland and immediately arrested.
483:5 July 1941: Aart Alblas, dropped near
302:("C") from which SOE had been created.
538:in Overijssel and immediately arrested
181:(SD), the intelligence service of the
1154:
1113:
1013:
998:
953:
941:
929:
859:
7:
1202:
1101:
986:
917:
902:
847:
614:, dropped and immediately arrested.
110:resistance agents operating in the
58:Hermann Giskes, Abwehr, Netherlands
1167:Whiting, Charles (18 April 2002).
1028:Intelligence and National Security
742:is the historical inspiration for
14:
1460:World War II occupied territories
1319:Ganier-Raymond, Philippe (1968).
756:Special Operations: Wolf Squadron
118:'s clandestine organization, the
531:to England on 2 September 1943.
509:, arrested on 13 February 1942.
261:bombers or landed in fields by
905:, p. 21-22, 127, 149-150.
761:The story is recounted in the
1:
1343:(translated by Arthur Barker)
1312:Holland at War Against Hitler
1086:The Secret War - Englandspiel
408:Some of the officials of the
398:Mauthausen concentration camp
391:Mauthausen concentration camp
372:Mauthausen concentration camp
177:and Joseph Schreieder of the
1490:Special Operations Executive
1040:10.1080/02684527.2012.735077
691:'s 1965 satirical spy novel
566:, arrested on 28 April 1942.
120:Special Operations Executive
102:and Joseph Schreider of the
1465:Netherlands in World War II
687:is mentioned implicitly in
676:(1963) by the Dutch author
300:Secret Intelligence Service
23:"Englandspiel Monument" or
1506:
1485:Reich Security Main Office
1430:Website about Englandspiel
1363:. William Kimber & Co.
1354:. William Kimber & Co.
1175:. Da Capo Press. pp.
967:"Tempsford Memorial Trust"
878:. Jonathan Cape. pp.
1359:Dourlein, Pieter (1953).
1352:London Calling North Pole
589:and arrested immediately.
410:Dutch government-in-exile
1368:Kelso, Nicholas (1988).
1063:Between Silk and Cyanide
712:Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema
491:, arrested 16 July 1942.
334:escape and evasion lines
1116:, p. 258-259, 316.
441:A plaque regarding the
418:Operation Market Garden
287:Churchill's Secret Army
1475:World War II espionage
468:
453:
393:
379:
320:
319:
213:
84:
75:
55:
47:
1435:Guide to Englandspiel
1235:The House of Intrigue
872:Dalton, Hugh (1986).
823:Olson, Lynne (2017).
736:in the United States.
698:The 1977 Dutch movie
693:The Looking Glass War
466:
440:
403:occupation of Germany
385:
378:SOE agents are buried
370:
311:
66:('England Game'), or
22:
674:Vliegers in het Vuur
259:Handley Page Halifax
78:), was a successful
68:Operation North Pole
1325:Le Réseau Éntranglé
1104:, pp. 182–183.
1061:Marks, Leo (1998).
1016:, pp. 259–261.
989:, pp. 179–181.
862:, pp. 262–263.
665:in the Netherlands.
131:concentration camps
80:counterintelligence
76:Unternehmen Nordpol
1205:, p. 185-186.
764:Encyclopedia Brown
716:Soldaat van Oranje
704:Soldaat van Oranje
652:In popular culture
610:13 February 1943:
469:
454:
394:
380:
48:
25:The Fall of Icarus
1470:Abwehr operations
1361:Inside North Pole
1186:978-0-306-82035-9
700:Soldier of Orange
346:Normandy invasion
263:Westland Lysander
179:Sicherheitsdienst
147:irregular warfare
143:Winston Churchill
104:Sicherheitsdienst
82:operation of the
1497:
1480:Dutch resistance
1419:
1391:
1372:. London: Hale.
1364:
1355:
1342:
1329:Warner Paperback
1315:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
906:
900:
894:
893:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
838:
825:Last Hope Island
820:
803:
800:
794:
791:
734:Military Channel
426:das Englandspiel
324:
223:
209:das Englandspiel
190:Dutch resistance
127:Dutch resistance
89:
59:
44:Das Englandspiel
37:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1450:
1449:
1426:
1416:
1394:
1380:
1367:
1358:
1346:
1339:
1321:The Tangled Web
1318:
1306:
1303:
1301:Further reading
1298:
1297:
1278:
1274:
1258:Secrets of WWII
1255:
1251:
1232:
1228:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1191:Hermann Giskes.
1187:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:, 21 June 2011.
1088:, broadcast on
1084:
1080:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
971:
969:
965:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
909:
901:
897:
890:
871:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
835:
822:
821:
817:
812:
807:
806:
801:
797:
792:
788:
783:
778:
726:Secrets of WWII
654:
527:, returned via
514:Katwijk aan Zee
435:
414:Prince Bernhard
365:
353:Royal Air Force
326:
322:
308:
278:
276:Playing England
225:
215:
203:
139:
106:(SD), captured
61:
57:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1424:External links
1422:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1392:
1378:
1365:
1356:
1344:
1337:
1316:
1310:, ed. (1990).
1308:Foot, M. R. D.
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1272:
1249:
1226:
1207:
1195:
1185:
1159:
1157:, p. 262.
1144:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1034:(6): 910–912.
1018:
1003:
1001:, p. 254.
991:
979:
958:
956:, p. 250.
946:
944:, p. 253.
934:
932:, p. 249.
922:
920:, p. 178.
907:
895:
888:
864:
852:
850:, p. 183.
840:
833:
814:
813:
811:
808:
805:
804:
795:
785:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
759:
753:
737:
719:
708:Paul Verhoeven
702:(Dutch title:
696:
681:
666:
653:
650:
649:
648:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
618:
615:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
560:
553:
550:
539:
532:
517:
510:
503:
492:
481:
434:
431:
364:
361:
309:
307:
304:
277:
274:
221:The Last Hope.
204:
202:
199:
171:Hermann Giskes
138:
135:
116:United Kingdom
96:Hermann Giskes
49:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1502:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:0-684-86780-X
1411:
1407:
1406:HarperCollins
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:9780709033455
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:0-446-65934-7
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:9780684867809
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
968:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
896:
891:
885:
881:
877:
876:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
849:
844:
841:
836:
834:9780812997354
830:
826:
819:
816:
809:
799:
796:
790:
787:
780:
775:
770:
766:
765:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
745:
741:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
690:
689:John le Carré
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
659:
656:
655:
651:
646:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
616:
613:
612:Trix Terwindt
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
561:
558:
554:
551:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
479:
478:South Holland
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
459:
452:
448:
444:
439:
432:
430:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
399:
392:
388:
384:
377:
373:
369:
362:
360:
359:Netherlands.
356:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
318:
315:
305:
303:
301:
295:
292:
288:
283:
275:
273:
271:
270:RAF Tempsford
267:
264:
260:
254:
251:
247:
242:
237:
233:
230:
224:
222:
218:
212:
210:
201:Bad beginning
200:
198:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
87:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
54:
45:
41:
35:
30:
26:
21:
1399:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1348:Giskes, H.J.
1324:
1320:
1311:
1280:
1275:
1257:
1252:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1198:
1190:
1170:
1162:
1135:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1062:
1056:
1031:
1027:
1021:
994:
982:
970:. Retrieved
961:
949:
937:
925:
898:
874:
867:
855:
843:
824:
818:
798:
789:
768:
762:
755:
747:
740:Englandspiel
739:
729:
725:
722:Englandspiel
721:
715:
703:
685:Englandspiel
684:
670:Englandspiel
669:
662:
658:Englandspiel
657:
507:Scheveningen
485:Nieuweschans
458:Englandspiel
457:
455:
443:Englandspiel
442:
425:
422:
407:
395:
387:Englandspiel
386:
376:Englandspiel
375:
357:
350:
327:
321:
314:
312:
296:
290:
286:
279:
255:
241:Huub Lauwers
238:
234:
226:
220:
214:
208:
206:
187:
168:
151:Nazi Germany
140:
124:
92:World War II
67:
64:Englandspiel
63:
62:
56:
51:
43:
29:Titus Leeser
24:
749:Foyle's War
678:Klaas Norel
622:Voorthuizen
456:During the
330:Switzerland
291:Heil Hitler
246:duress code
217:Lynne Olson
207:Thus began
155:Axis powers
112:Netherlands
32: [
1454:Categories
1396:Marks, Leo
1281:Secret War
1155:Olson 2017
1137:2 December
1114:Olson 2017
1014:Olson 2017
999:Olson 2017
954:Olson 2017
942:Olson 2017
930:Olson 2017
889:022402065X
860:Olson 2017
776:References
730:Secret War
525:Gelderland
500:Overijssel
474:Oegstgeest
336:to get to
159:resistance
153:and other
137:Background
1388:580939104
1203:Foot 1990
1102:Foot 1990
1090:Yesterday
1048:214655538
987:Foot 1990
918:Foot 1990
903:Foot 1990
848:Foot 1990
810:Footnotes
645:Apeldoorn
564:Castricum
536:Steenwijk
489:Groningen
451:The Hague
447:Binnenhof
363:Aftermath
342:turncoats
282:Leo Marks
219:, author
40:The Hague
1398:(1998).
1350:(1953).
1223:(3): 12.
972:12 April
529:Brussels
192:and the
164:MRD Foot
1327:].
744:"Elise"
587:Drenthe
547:by pill
445:on the
250:coerced
194:British
173:of the
98:of the
1412:
1386:
1376:
1335:
1288:
1265:
1242:
1183:
1179:-204.
1133:. 2011
1069:
1046:
886:
831:
767:book,
663:Abwehr
641:Dokkum
583:Balloo
543:Holten
521:Ermelo
433:Agents
175:Abwehr
108:Allied
100:Abwehr
86:Abwehr
72:German
1323:[
1044:S2CID
781:Notes
706:) by
496:Ommen
338:Spain
38:) in
36:]
1410:ISBN
1384:OCLC
1374:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1286:IMDb
1263:IMDb
1240:IMDb
1181:ISBN
1139:2011
1131:IMDb
1067:ISBN
974:2020
884:ISBN
829:ISBN
683:The
668:The
266:STOL
27:(by
1284:at
1261:at
1238:at
1177:203
1036:doi
585:in
557:Ede
523:in
498:in
487:in
476:in
449:in
313:To
306:End
229:MI6
1456::
1408:.
1404:.
1382:.
1331:.
1219:.
1189:.
1147:^
1129:.
1042:.
1032:28
1030:.
1006:^
910:^
882:.
880:62
405:.
185:.
183:SS
74::
34:nl
1418:.
1390:.
1341:.
1314:.
1221:7
1141:.
1075:.
1050:.
1038::
976:.
892:.
837:.
752:.
680:.
647:.
480:.
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
