998:
434:
289:
646:
38:
986:
865:, a member of the Government. (In origin the Secretary at War had been secretary to the captain general; but at times when no captain general or Commander-in-Chief was appointed the Secretary took on greater importance, gaining access to the sovereign and counter-signing orders; until, even when a new captain general was appointed, the Secretary at War retained distinct responsibilities and functioned independently.) An earlier official, the Treasurer at War, did not outlast the
534:
955:
278:
1933:
749:
65:
1964:
1162:
The order of seniority for the most senior line regiments in the
British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. Scottish and Irish regiments were only allowed to take a rank in the English army from the date of their arrival in England or the date when they were first placed on
808:
when the near perpetual wars with other
European states made a modest standing army a necessity to defend England and to maintain its prestige in the world. But public opinion, always anxious of the bad old days, was resolved to allow itself no rest until it had defined the prerogatives of the Crown
768:
It will thus be seen that the military system prevailed in
England almost at the same time as in France; the two people, however, hailed in a very different manner an innovation, which changed, especially in time of peace, the character of the armed force. In France, under the absolute rule of Louis
1167:
was designated as the 4th
Dragoons because there were three English regiments raised prior to 1688, when the Scot Greys were first placed on the English establishment. In 1713, when a new board of general officers was convened to decide upon the rank of several regiments, the seniority of the Scots
594:
Many authorities quote the
Restoration of 1660 as the birth date of our modern British Army. While this may be true as far as continuity of unit identity is concerned, it is untrue in a far more fundamental sense. The evidence of history shows that the creation of an efficient military machine and
268:
provided that small landholders should be armed and trained with a bow, and those of more wealth would be required to possess and be trained with sword, dagger and longbow. That Assize referred to a class of Forty shilling freeholders, who became identified with 'yeomanry', and states "Those with
669:
on the fidelity of his soldiers; he moreover endeavoured to fix the hitherto unstable basis of a military government. As no system is improvised, a precedent for the innovation was to be found in the history of
England. Two regiments created in the reign of Henry VIII, still subsist, the
464:
The Story of the Second
English Civil War is short and simple. King, Lords and Commons, landlords, merchants, the City and the countryside, bishops and presbyters, the Scottish army, the Welsh people, and the English Fleet, all now turned against the New Model Army. The Army beat the lot!
685:
This latter state of things was however so contrary to the constitutional customs of
England that Charles II introduced it by degrees, gradually filling up the cadres of his battalions and, although contemporary writers considered it a formidable army, it did not exceed 5,000 men.
821:
Supreme command of the
English Army was vested in the sovereign, though monarchs (with the notable exception of King William III) seldom led their forces in battle after 1660. Instead, executive command was generally delegated, in time of war, to a soldier. In 1660, erstwhile
553:
During the
Interregnum (1649–1660) the power of all the republican experiments in governance relied on the military might of the New Model Army, which, whenever it was called upon, was easily able to meet the challenges of its enemies, both foreign and domestic.
872:
The captain general was assisted by a number of 'general officers' in the wake of the Restoration (called 'general' officers to distinguish them from those with 'particular' responsibility, e.g. to a regiment, rather than to the army as a whole): the
842:
with regard to particular actions or particular geographical areas, and the Duke of Monmouth served briefly as captain general from 1678 to 1679. A captain general was not appointed either by James II or William III; but in 1702 Queen Anne appointed
1094:(the last battle of the war). During the battle, a Scottish regiment under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Dougles attacked the French camp and the Anglo-Dutch Brigade fought in the vanguard of the Dutch Spanish army suffering many casualties.
769:
XIV, it does not appear that the establishment of standing armies met with the shadow of opposition. This was not the case in free England. Pamphleteers wrote tracts voicing the fear of a people who within living memory had experienced the
1168:
Greys was reassessed and was based on their entry into England in June 1685. At that time, there was only one English regiment of dragoons, so after some delay the Scots Greys obtained the rank of 2nd Dragoons in the British Army.
705:. The whole force consisted of two corps of horse and five or six of infantry. It is, however, on this narrow and solid basis that the structure of the English army was gradually erected. The horse consisted of two regiments the
813:, laid down the restrictions which, whilst respecting the rights of the sovereign, were likewise to shield the liberty of the people. It did this by making the standing army conditional on an annually renewed act of parliament.
1163:
the English establishment. For example, in 1694 a board of general officers was convened to decide upon the rank of English, Irish, and Scots regiments serving in the Netherlands, when the regiment that became known as the
2993:
557:
Two particularly notable events of the interregnum were to have long-lasting effects. The first was political; the army's complete seizure of power when Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653 is the closest to a
445:(by which members of both Houses of Parliament were deprived of military office, a measure originally introduced to replace some high-ranking officers who were suspected of disloyalty or defeatism), and created the
574:
astonished both their French allies and Spanish enemies by the stubborn fierceness of their assault up a sand-hill 150 feet (46 m) high and strongly defended by Spanish veterans who were forced to retreat.
582:
and the loss of his influence that the other members of the army could not agree on an alternative to the restoration of Charles II. Even so, it was under the firm guidance and with the agreement of General
665:; he had witnessed the changes introduced in France into the organisation of the troops maintained in time of peace as well as of war. On his return to England in 1660, Charles took measures to support his
1492:; they are now a ceremonial of body guard who attend at great public ceremonies. The "Yeomen of the Guard" (officers of the King's household) do duty at the Palaces in a uniform of the time of Henry VIII (
3510:
3505:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2610:
2605:
2600:
331:(before it was recaptured by France in 1558). Troops for foreign expeditions were raised on an ad hoc basis in either country by its King, when required. This was a development of the
517:
defeating their armies and occupying their territory. The New Model Army with the aid of English militias easily defeated a predominantly Scottish Royalist army under the command of
838:
and was given wide-ranging powers. Following his death in 1670 command was vested in a committee of colonels for a time; subsequently, individuals were from time to time appointed
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
378:
over a certain amount in value, was required to keep arms at home and periodically train or report to musters. The musters were usually chaotic affairs, used mainly by the
236:
kept a small standing army, formed from elements of the Royalist army in exile and elements of the New Model Army, from which the most senior regular regiments of today's
469:
From its foundation, the New Model Army adopted social and religious policies which were increasingly at odds with those of Parliament. The Army's senior officers (the "
3525:
3515:
997:
2193:
2138:
Anglia rediviva: England's recovery: being the history of the motions, actions, and successes of the army under the immediate conduct of Sir Thomas Fairfax
1954:
1777:
3530:
3500:
1945:
1837:
Historical record of the Royal regiment of Scots dragoons: now the Second, or Royal North British dragoons, commonly called the Scots greys, to 1839
913:
3520:
3216:
1040:
890:
848:
165:
861:. By the early the eighteenth century, the power to raise an army, to issue marching orders and to administer army pay and finances lay with the
742:
248:
can trace their origins back to the formation of the English Army's "Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of Foot" at the grounds of the
2267:
2030:
2010:
1915:
1860:
1826:
1808:
1757:
1732:
1692:
1671:
316:
433:
3495:
3211:
1710:
781:" of Charles I and feared that a standing army under royal command would allow monarchs in the future to ignore the wishes of Parliament.
722:
809:
on this delicate point. Parliament finally succeeded in acquiring a control over the army, and under a general bill, commonly called the
1895:
898:
858:
791:...the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law.
161:
3442:
1029:
3182:
2563:
2163:
2123:
1882:
498:, troops used force to prevent members of the House of Commons opposed to the Army Council from attending Parliament. The resulting
404:) raised men when and where they could, and both claimed legal justification. Parliament claimed to be justified by its own recent "
193:
185:
181:
3462:
2186:
882:
854:
839:
156:
2521:
2262:
878:
635:
621:
510:
189:
713:(or The Oxford Blues), formed by Lord Oxford, out of some of the best New Model Army horse regiments. The foot regiments were
2568:
2223:
894:
319:
or "gentlemen pensioners" (created by Henry VIII), and a few locally raised companies to garrison important places such as
3377:
1238:
1182:
1136:
480:
288:
141:
382:
and other officers to draw their pay and allowances, and by the troops as an excuse for a drink after perfunctory drill.
3236:
2553:
2370:
1091:
718:
426:
371:
249:
3490:
3432:
3392:
3357:
3279:
2509:
2392:
2218:
2179:
3437:
3256:
3241:
2615:
2548:
1079:
1048:
770:
706:
701:
of the Protectorate and their French allies. For political expediency he also included some of the elements of the
694:
604:
567:
563:
177:
626:
On 26 January 1661, Charles II issued the Royal Warrant that created the first regiments of what would become the
3246:
2504:
1430:
This first battle in which uniformed regiments from the British Isles on the European mainland wore this colour (
1115:
1025:
121:
3367:
3352:
3251:
2543:
2526:
2425:
1021:
844:
471:
457:
80:
778:
3427:
3415:
3344:
3271:
2331:
2002:
1891:
693:
who had attached themselves to him during his exile on the European continent and had fought for him at the
600:
571:
538:
514:
3289:
2573:
2455:
1075:
1044:
1009:
805:
761:
503:
442:
261:
101:
299:(1788). English armies campaigned intermittently in France from the 14th century to the mid-16th century.
3485:
3404:
3382:
3372:
2558:
2499:
2326:
2083:
1036:
866:
835:
753:
682:
formed in those days a sort of transition between the system of accidental armies and permanent armies.
666:
658:
518:
502:
passed the necessary legislation to have King Charles I tried and executed by beheading, and to declare
233:
213:
106:
43:
2415:
1187:
1127:
486:
In the aftermath of the Second English Civil War, Parliament was made subservient to the wishes of the
131:
2142:
37:
3228:
2430:
2385:
2245:
2051:
990:
672:
650:
430:. In effect, both sides assembled local forces wherever they could do so by valid written authority.
409:
359:
265:
1216:
533:
3309:
3187:
3174:
2516:
2468:
2358:
2304:
2294:
2282:
1197:
1192:
1109:
1102:
1071:
1013:
797:
678:
522:
487:
367:
312:
229:
136:
985:
3362:
3301:
2538:
2435:
2380:
2363:
2343:
2235:
2210:
2202:
1177:
1148:
1098:
1067:
1017:
916:). Later, in 1685, King James II created three lieutenants-general 'over all our Forces, as well
909:
874:
804:
Many of the English were not fully reconciled to the need for a standing army until the reign of
639:
631:
450:
269:
land worth annual 40s–100s will be armed/trained with bow and arrow, sword, buckler and dagger".
209:
116:
70:
645:
126:
3314:
2420:
2319:
2272:
2159:
2119:
2074:
2026:
2006:
1978:
1911:
1878:
1874:
1856:
1822:
1804:
1791:
1753:
1749:
1728:
1724:
1706:
1688:
1667:
1489:
1232:
937:
726:
595:
its proving on the battlefield, predates the Restoration by 15 years. It was on the fields of
405:
304:
221:
1994:
1907:
1900:
1840:
3410:
3324:
2494:
2353:
2336:
2115:
2020:
1741:
1663:
1087:
1083:
886:
862:
777:
in being when the country was not at war with itself or others. People also remembered the "
757:
714:
710:
596:
495:
320:
111:
1973:
Colburn, H. (December 1860), "French view of our military institutions: The English Army",
1771:
3420:
3400:
3319:
3261:
2450:
2410:
2287:
2240:
1848:
1060:
1052:
902:
831:
579:
542:
499:
491:
449:, the first professional standing army in Modern English history. An experienced soldier,
379:
942:). The first appointment of a full general (apart from the captain general) was in 1689.
475:") formed another faction, opposed both to Parliament and to the more extreme radicals (
3284:
3199:
2531:
2445:
2309:
2257:
2069:
1121:
774:
730:
702:
546:
446:
391:
217:
1518:
954:
630:, although Scotland and England maintained separate military establishments until the
441:
After two years of ruinous but indecisive military campaigning, Parliament passed the
3479:
3334:
2440:
2299:
2136:
2132:
2055:
2040:
1968:
1949:
1939:
1766:
1680:
925:
827:
296:
245:
225:
2092:
1484:
The core of Gentlemen Pensioners consisted exclusively of noblemen. In the reign of
773:
and had liked neither the imposition of military rule, nor the costs of keeping the
212:
was an independent state and was at war with other states, but it was not until the
3457:
3329:
2580:
2375:
2314:
2277:
1156:
1002:
734:
584:
417:
237:
20:
1786:
Churchill, Sir Winston (12 November 1956), "English-Speaking Peoples, Continued",
1310:
1308:
277:
241:
2151:
2489:
2473:
2348:
2250:
1164:
738:
344:
1090:. The English force saw little action but some British units saw action at the
587:
of the New Model Army that the restoration of the monarchy took place in 1660.
3447:
3206:
2065:
1485:
1152:
810:
617:
421:
324:
1039:(1672–1674) was a maritime war, but English soldiers and officers (including
437:
Thomas Fairfax (commander of the New Model Army) by Robert Walker and studio.
2228:
1958:, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 403–421
1012:
was predominately a maritime war but English army soldiers were involved in
823:
698:
662:
476:
401:
363:
308:
260:
Primitive steps towards standing armed forces began in the Middle Ages: the
748:
16:
Land warfare branch of the Kingdom of England's military from 1660 to 1707
2585:
921:
690:
413:
397:
375:
355:
348:
1080:
expeditionary force (with its own services and supply chain) to Flanders
1059:
in 1673, but this had to be abandoned following the naval defeat at the
2402:
1781:, vol. 11 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 248
1056:
1055:
of freshly-raised regiments was intended to take part an expedition to
917:
424:
of the county for disturbing the peace, and expelled them by using the
340:
370:
would be used to raise troops for a foreign expedition, while various
2171:
332:
328:
307:
in 1642 the English Tudor and Stuart monarchs maintained a personal
456:
The New Model Army proved supreme in field, no more so than in the
396:
In 1642, at the start of the English Civil War both the Royalists (
2484:
1938:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1770:
996:
984:
747:
644:
532:
432:
287:
276:
1967:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1629:
On the experience of the Scottish soldiers see Victoria Henshaw,
607:
that the foundations of the British professional army were laid.
2590:
1561:
The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964
935:
929:
336:
2175:
374:
directed that (in theory) the entire male population who owned
3452:
949:
1631:
Scotland and the British Army, 1700–1750: Defending the Union
2097:
The Spanish Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession
1871:
Empire of the Deep: The Rise and Fall of the British Navy
1468:
1466:
1464:
1325:
1323:
928:
were also appointed at the same time along with several '
570:, where soldiers of the New Model Army fighting in their
460:
which was succinctly described by Sir Winston Churchill:
362:
by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas by
339:(in which a lord was obliged to raise a certain quota of
2052:"Royalist and Cromwellian Armies in Flanders, 1657–1662"
1402:
1400:
1398:
1047:) saw service under French command (for example at the
966:
2042:
English army lists and commission registers, 1661–1714
525:
on 3 September 1651 bringing the Civil War to an end.
220:(raised by Parliament to defeat the Royalists in the
3511:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1707
1082:
in 1678 to join the Dutch against the French in the
3391:
3343:
3300:
3270:
3227:
3173:
2464:
2401:
2209:
2152:"Part one: Royal Guard and Standing Army 1660–1685"
2114:(illustrated ed.), Osprey Publishing, p.
171:
155:
150:
94:
86:
76:
58:
50:
30:
2070:"The army or the Commonwealth and Protectorate-II"
1899:
1748:, History of the Art of War, vol. 3, p.
741:(formed from the Scotch guard in France), and the
3506:Military units and formations established in 1660
1853:Pride's Purge: Politics in the Puritan Revolution
1642:
1581:History of the British Standing Army AD 1660–1700
509:The next two years saw the New Model Army invade
224:) that England acquired a peacetime professional
2045:, vol. 1, London: Eyre & Sporttiswoode
1219:. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016
1086:. The expeditionary force was commanded by the
934:' (also referred to as colonels of brigade and
789:
592:
462:
1873:(illustrated ed.), UK: Hachette, p.
2187:
1574:
1572:
1570:
908:In 1679, the captain general being absent, a
408:", while the king claimed the old-fashioned "
8:
2057:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
689:King Charles put into these regiments those
1685:Agincourt: the King the Campaign the Battle
1299:
351:, in return for his right to occupy land).
2194:
2180:
2172:
284:by Hans Liefrinck (between 1561 and 1599.)
1801:History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649
1455:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1275:
1001:A portrait of an English Army officer by
562:that England has had, and the subsequent
1662:(illustrated ed.), Osprey, p.
1443:
1431:
1389:
1329:
1314:
1263:
1251:
3526:1707 disestablishments in Great Britain
3516:Government agencies established in 1660
2158:(illustrated ed.), Pan Macmillan,
1593:
1539:
1505:
1493:
1472:
1406:
1208:
893:(1666); these were later joined by the
358:and professional regular soldiers were
1999:The Oxford History of the British Army
1617:
1605:
1488:(17 March 1834) they took the name of
1418:
1287:
1230:
634:. A third military establishment, the
27:
1744:(1990), Renfroe, Walter J. Jr (ed.),
760:has stood in the Figure Court of the
317:Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
7:
2141:, Oxford University Press, pp.
1563:. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office.
989:English Army troops (in red) at the
709:(formed from exiled Cavaliers); and
1944:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911), "
1633:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014), ch 3
912:was appointed to act in his stead (
490:whose leading political figure was
1143:Amalgamation into the British Army
1030:Recapture of Fort Zeelandia (1667)
453:, was appointed its Lord General.
282:Henry VIII of England on Horseback
14:
3531:1707 disestablishments in England
3501:Military history of Great Britain
2091:Folkers, Maarten (6 March 2015),
1703:The English Longbowman, 1330-1515
1579:Walton, Colonel Clifford (1894).
723:John Russell's Regiment of Guards
1995:"The Restoration Army 1660–1702"
1962:
1931:
953:
725:which amalgamated in 1665), the
63:
36:
2263:England in the late Middle Ages
2025:, Routledge, pp. 181–182,
1906:, Wordsworth Editions, p.
1317:, 1. First Civil War (1642–46).
785:Army of the King or Parliament?
657:For some of his enforced exile
622:Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)
578:It was only after the death of
483:sects) within the lower ranks.
315:(created by Henry VII) and the
3521:1660 establishments in England
2150:White-Spunner, Barney (2006),
1819:The Making of the British Army
1583:. London: Harrison & Sons.
420:indicted the enemy before the
1:
1519:"English Bill of Rights 1689"
1183:Wars of Scottish Independence
1155:were amalgamated to form the
1137:War of the Spanish Succession
855:Strategic control of the army
649:Charles II (c. 1680–1685) by
366:from a variety of sources. A
293:Edward III Crossing the Somme
273:Tudor and Stuart organisation
142:War of the Spanish Succession
1521:. Yale Law. 31 December 2008
889:general (1664–1689) and the
250:Honourable Artillery Company
3496:Military history of England
1993:Chandler, David G. (2003),
1975:The United Service Magazine
1803:, vol. 2, Nabu Press,
877:of the Musters (1660), the
230:Restoration of the monarchy
3547:
2268:Economy in the Middle Ages
1835:Royal Scots Greys (1840),
1217:"Origins of Royal Marines"
1049:Siege of Maastricht (1673)
936:
930:
834:by King Charles II on his
771:Rule of the Major-Generals
756:in ancient Roman dress by
661:had lived at the court of
615:
568:Battle of the Dunes (1658)
564:Rule of the Major-Generals
389:
18:
2060:, London, pp. 69–119
1817:Mallinson, Allan (2009),
1799:Gardiner, Samuel (2010),
1237:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1116:Williamite War in Ireland
1026:Capture of Cayenne (1667)
1016:(19–20 August 1666), the
719:Lord Wentworth's Regiment
717:(initially two regiments
494:. In an episode known as
122:Williamite War in Ireland
35:
2039:Dalton, Charles (1904),
1855:, G. Allen & Unwin,
1701:Bartlett, Clive (1995),
1687:, London: Little Brown,
1658:Asquith, Stuart (1981),
1151:in 1707 the English and
1022:Battle of Landguard Fort
857:was in the hands of the
667:recently restored throne
458:Second English Civil War
416:the Royalist leader Sir
19:Not to be confused with
2332:Commonwealth of England
2110:Konstam, Angus (2011),
2003:Oxford University Press
1955:Encyclopædia Britannica
1778:Encyclopædia Britannica
1559:Roper, Michael (1998).
1300:Young & Holmes 2000
590:Stuart Asquith argues:
2019:Childs, John (2013) ,
1723:, Routledge, pp.
1660:New Model Army 1645–60
1643:Royal Scots Greys 1840
1078:, the English sent an
1070:, the daughter of the
1066:After the marriage of
1010:Second Anglo-Dutch War
1005:
994:
914:Lord Gerard of Brandon
891:judge advocate general
847:generalissimo and the
793:
765:
762:Royal Hospital Chelsea
654:
609:
550:
504:England a Commonwealth
467:
443:Self-denying Ordinance
438:
300:
285:
262:Assize of Arms of 1252
102:Second Anglo-Dutch War
2068:(January–June 1894),
2050:Firth, C. H. (1898),
1902:The English Civil War
1719:Childs, John (2013),
1705:, Osprey Publishing,
1092:Battle of Saint-Denis
1037:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1000:
988:
899:quartermaster-general
779:Eleven Years' Tyranny
751:
743:Second Queen's Royals
648:
536:
436:
291:
280:
107:Third Anglo-Dutch War
44:royal arms of England
3183:Anglo-Saxon military
2371:Overseas possessions
1869:Wilson, Ben (2013),
1043:(the future Duke of
991:Battle of Malplaquet
905:general and others.
733:regiment of General
673:Gentlemen Pensioners
638:also existed in the
566:. The other was the
410:Commissions of Array
252:on 28 October 1664.
2597:Acts of Parliament:
2364:Union with Scotland
2359:Glorious Revolution
2305:Union of the Crowns
2295:English Renaissance
2283:English Reformation
2224:Anglo-Saxon England
1772:"Fronde, The"
1620:, pp. 185–190.
1608:, pp. 181–182.
1508:, pp. 566–567.
1392:, pp. 418–421.
1198:Military of England
1193:Anglo-Scottish Wars
1110:Glorious Revolution
1103:Battle of Sedgemoor
1072:James, Duke of York
1024:(2 July 1667), the
849:Duke of Marlborough
817:Command and control
798:Bill of Rights 1689
695:Battle of the Dunes
679:Yeomen of the Guard
523:Battle of Worcester
412:". For example, in
368:Commission of Array
313:Yeomen of the Guard
3491:Kingdom of England
2554:Secretary of State
2236:Kingdom of England
2203:Kingdom of England
2093:"The English Army"
2022:Army of Charles II
2005:, pp. 46–66,
1721:Army of Charles II
1188:Hundred Years' War
1178:Battle of Ethandun
1147:Shortly after the
1128:King William's War
1099:Monmouth Rebellion
1018:Raid on the Medway
1006:
995:
965:. You can help by
938:brigadeers-general
910:lieutenant-general
879:pay master general
875:Commissary General
840:commander-in-chief
766:
655:
640:Kingdom of Ireland
632:Acts of Union 1707
551:
451:Sir Thomas Fairfax
439:
400:) and Parliament (
301:
286:
132:King William's War
117:Monmouth Rebellion
71:Kingdom of England
3473:
3472:
3315:Church of England
2273:Wars of the Roses
2078:, eighth series,
2075:Notes and Queries
2032:978-1-134-52866-0
2012:978-0-19-280311-5
1917:978-1-84022-222-7
1862:978-0-04-822045-5
1828:978-0-593-05108-5
1810:978-1-147-19694-8
1759:978-0-8032-6585-1
1734:978-1-134-52859-2
1694:978-0-316-72648-1
1673:978-0-85045-385-0
1645:, pp. 56–57.
1490:Gentlemen at Arms
1076:William of Orange
1020:(June 1667), the
983:
982:
897:(from 1680), the
881:(from 1661), the
851:captain general.
752:A 1676 statue of
727:Coldstream Guards
406:Militia Ordinance
386:English Civil War
305:English Civil War
222:English Civil War
199:
198:
3538:
3433:Royal supporters
3280:English language
2527:Council of State
2517:King's Secretary
2510:House of Commons
2495:Magnum Concilium
2393:Maritime history
2354:Exclusion Crisis
2337:The Protectorate
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2146:
2128:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2087:
2061:
2046:
2035:
2015:
1982:
1977:, Part 3 (385):
1966:
1965:
1959:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1920:
1905:
1887:
1865:
1849:Underdown, David
1844:
1831:
1821:, Bantam Press,
1813:
1795:
1782:
1774:
1762:
1746:Medieval Warfare
1737:
1715:
1712:978-1-85532-4916
1697:
1676:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1565:
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1556:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1213:
1088:Duke of Monmouth
1084:Franco-Dutch War
1014:Holmes's Bonfire
978:
975:
957:
950:
941:
940:
933:
932:
895:adjutant-general
863:Secretary at War
800:
758:Grinling Gibbons
715:Grenadier Guards
380:Lord Lieutenants
321:Berwick on Tweed
240:can trace their
137:Queen Anne's War
112:Franco-Dutch War
81:English monarchy
69:
67:
66:
40:
28:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3463:St George's Day
3438:Royal standards
3421:College of Arms
3387:
3339:
3296:
3266:
3223:
3169:
2478:
2460:
2397:
2344:The Restoration
2288:Elizabethan era
2241:Norman Conquest
2205:
2200:
2166:
2149:
2131:
2126:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2064:
2049:
2038:
2033:
2018:
2013:
1992:
1989:
1987:Further reading
1972:
1963:
1946:Great Rebellion
1943:
1932:
1930:
1918:
1896:Holmes, Richard
1890:
1885:
1868:
1863:
1847:
1834:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1798:
1790:, pp. 195–
1785:
1765:
1760:
1740:
1735:
1718:
1713:
1700:
1695:
1679:
1674:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:, p. 566).
1483:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:, p. 248).
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1174:
1153:Scottish armies
1145:
1105:(6 July 1685).
1063:(August 1673).
1061:Battle of Texel
1053:Blackheath Army
979:
973:
970:
963:needs expansion
948:
903:Provost marshal
883:surgeon general
832:captain general
824:parliamentarian
819:
802:
795:
787:
659:King Charles II
624:
614:
580:Oliver Cromwell
531:
500:Rump Parliament
492:Oliver Cromwell
479:and dissenting
427:posse comitatus
394:
388:
275:
258:
202:
190:Henri de Massue
173:
157:Captain-General
146:
127:Nine Years' War
64:
62:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3478:
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3471:
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3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:English Gothic
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:English people
3282:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3200:New Model Army
3192:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
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2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
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2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:Lord Protector
2529:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2505:House of Lords
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Gunpowder Plot
2307:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Angevin Empire
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2147:
2133:Sprigg, Joshua
2129:
2124:
2107:
2088:
2062:
2047:
2036:
2031:
2016:
2011:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1960:
1950:Chisholm, Hugh
1922:
1921:
1916:
1888:
1883:
1866:
1861:
1845:
1832:
1827:
1814:
1809:
1796:
1783:
1769:, ed. (1911),
1767:Chisholm, Hugh
1763:
1758:
1742:Delbrück, Hans
1738:
1733:
1716:
1711:
1698:
1693:
1681:Barker, Juliet
1677:
1672:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1566:
1544:
1542:, p. 567.
1532:
1510:
1498:
1477:
1475:, p. 566.
1460:
1456:Mallinson 2009
1448:
1446:, p. 248.
1436:
1423:
1421:, p. 204.
1411:
1394:
1382:
1378:Mallinson 2009
1370:
1366:Underdown 1985
1358:
1356:, p. 200.
1354:Churchill 1956
1346:
1342:Mallinson 2009
1334:
1332:, p. 188.
1319:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1276:Mallinson 2009
1268:
1256:
1254:, p. 177.
1244:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1122:Nine Years War
1119:
1113:
1041:John Churchill
981:
980:
960:
958:
947:
944:
926:majors-general
830:was appointed
818:
815:
788:
786:
783:
775:New Model Army
731:New Model Army
703:New Model Army
613:
610:
547:Lord Protector
530:
527:
447:New Model Army
392:New Model Army
390:Main article:
387:
384:
274:
271:
266:King Henry III
257:
254:
218:New Model Army
208:existed while
200:
197:
196:
194:James Stanhope
175:
169:
168:
166:John Churchill
159:
153:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
134:
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119:
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109:
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60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
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41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3543:
3532:
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3527:
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3507:
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3429:
3426:
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3419:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:National flag
3399:
3398:
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3384:
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3379:
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3350:
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3342:
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3335:Country dance
3333:
3331:
3328:
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3321:
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3258:
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3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
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3118:
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3108:
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3098:
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3078:
3076:
3073:
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3058:
3056:
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3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
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2974:
2971:
2969:
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2961:
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2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
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2859:
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2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
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2821:
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2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:Temp. incert.
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
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2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Privy Council
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
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2498:
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2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:Orange-Nassau
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
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2422:
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2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
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2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
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2300:Stuart period
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2246:Anglo-Normans
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2165:9781405055741
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2125:9781780962320
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2059:
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2053:
2048:
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2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1969:public domain
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1940:public domain
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:9780297864097
1880:
1876:
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1867:
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1846:
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1499:
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1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1458:, p. 30.
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:Chisholm 1911
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:Chisholm 1911
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Atkinson 1911
1386:
1383:
1380:, p. 23.
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:, p. 17.
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:Gardiner 2010
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Atkinson 1911
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:, p. 30.
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:Bartlett 1995
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:Delbrück 1990
1248:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1218:
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1209:
1203:
1199:
1196:
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1038:
1033:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
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1004:
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987:
977:
968:
964:
961:This section
959:
956:
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951:
945:
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915:
911:
906:
904:
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870:
868:
864:
860:
859:Privy Council
856:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:General Monck
825:
816:
814:
812:
807:
801:
799:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
763:
759:
755:
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746:
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736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
681:
680:
675:
674:
668:
664:
660:
652:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
619:
611:
608:
606:
602:
598:
591:
588:
586:
581:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
548:
544:
540:
539:Samuel Cooper
535:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:then Scotland
512:
511:first Ireland
507:
505:
501:
497:
496:Pride's Purge
493:
489:
484:
482:
481:Nonconformist
478:
474:
473:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
435:
431:
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:In practice,
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:Prior to the
298:
297:Benjamin West
294:
290:
283:
279:
272:
270:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
246:Royal Marines
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:standing army
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
201:Military unit
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Prince Rupert
176:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
149:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
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128:
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85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3486:English Army
3443:Crown Jewels
3428:Royal badges
3416:Coat of arms
3345:Architecture
3330:Morris dance
3272:Demographics
3195:English Army
3194:
2992:
2616:
2581:Star Chamber
2403:Royal Houses
2386:Protectorate
2315:Jacobean era
2278:Tudor period
2156:Horse Guards
2155:
2137:
2111:
2100:, retrieved
2096:
2079:
2073:
2056:
2041:
2021:
1998:
1974:
1953:
1924:
1923:
1901:
1892:Young, Peter
1870:
1852:
1836:
1818:
1800:
1787:
1776:
1745:
1720:
1702:
1684:
1659:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1596:, p. 7.
1594:Konstam 2011
1589:
1580:
1560:
1540:Colburn 1860
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1506:Colburn 1860
1501:
1494:Colburn 1860
1480:
1473:Colburn 1860
1451:
1439:
1426:
1414:
1409:, p. 3.
1407:Asquith 1981
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1295:
1283:
1278:, p. 8.
1271:
1266:, p. 3.
1259:
1247:
1221:. Retrieved
1211:
1161:
1157:British Army
1149:Act of Union
1146:
1139:(1701–1714)
1135:
1130:(1688–1697).
1124:(1688–1697)
1096:
1065:
1034:
1007:
1003:Michael Dahl
971:
967:adding to it
962:
907:
901:(1686), the
871:
853:
820:
803:
794:
790:
767:
697:against the
688:
684:
677:
671:
656:
628:British Army
627:
625:
593:
589:
585:George Monck
577:
559:
556:
552:
541:portrait of
508:
488:Army Council
485:
470:
468:
463:
455:
440:
425:
418:Ralph Hopton
395:
372:Militia Acts
360:commissioned
353:
302:
292:
281:
259:
256:Introduction
244:. Likewise,
238:British Army
206:English Army
205:
203:
186:James Butler
162:George Monck
31:English Army
25:
21:British Army
3368:Elizabethan
3353:Anglo-Saxon
2574:Elizabethan
2564:Anglo-Saxon
2490:Curia regis
2431:Plantagenet
2381:Proprietary
2349:Popish Plot
2327:Interregnum
2251:The Anarchy
2112:Marlborough
2066:Firth, C.H.
1925:Attribution
1618:Childs 2013
1606:Childs 2013
1419:Wilson 2013
1290:, p. .
1288:Barker 2005
1165:Scots Greys
1118:(1688–1691)
1045:Marlborough
887:scoutmaster
867:Interregnum
845:her husband
836:restoration
806:William III
764:since 1692.
739:Royal Scots
707:Life Guards
612:Restoration
560:coup d'état
529:Interregnum
345:men-at-arms
335:concept of
242:antecedence
214:Interregnum
182:James Scott
95:Engagements
3480:Categories
3448:Tudor rose
3378:Queen Anne
3207:Royal Navy
2559:Governance
2549:Ministries
2500:Parliament
1839:, p.
1652:References
1486:William IV
946:Operations
931:brigadeers
826:commander
811:Mutiny Act
754:Charles II
699:Roundheads
651:John Riley
636:Irish Army
618:Scots Army
616:See also:
519:Charles II
422:grand jury
402:Roundheads
325:Portsmouth
264:issued by
234:Charles II
228:. At the
174:commanders
151:Commanders
77:Allegiance
3458:St George
3229:Geography
2994:1642–1660
2643:1422–1460
2638:1413–1421
2633:1399–1411
2628:1377–1397
2623:1327–1376
2611:1308–1325
2606:1275–1307
2601:1225–1267
2436:Lancaster
2416:Knýtlinga
2320:Civil War
2229:Heptarchy
2135:(1854) ,
1525:22 August
1223:2 October
974:June 2015
924:'; three
711:The Blues
691:Cavaliers
663:Louis XIV
572:red-coats
477:Levellers
398:Cavaliers
364:indenture
309:bodyguard
54:1660–1707
3453:Oak tree
3411:Heraldry
3383:Georgian
3373:Jacobean
3325:Folklore
3310:Religion
3237:Counties
3175:Military
2569:Medieval
2522:Monarchy
2469:Politics
2421:Normandy
2219:Timeline
1898:(2000),
1851:(1985),
1683:(2005),
1233:cite web
1172:See also
1101:and the
885:(1664),
676:and the
472:Grandees
414:Cornwall
376:property
356:noblemen
349:yeomanry
216:and the
3393:Symbols
3320:Cuisine
3302:Culture
3262:Palaces
3257:Castles
3242:Islands
3217:History
3188:Warfare
2539:Peerage
2426:Angevin
2211:History
2102:13 June
1952:(ed.),
1942::
1112:(1689),
1057:Zeeland
1051:). The
737:), the
537:A 1656
521:at the
341:knights
210:England
172:Notable
59:Country
3247:Places
2591:Tories
2451:Stuart
2411:Wessex
2162:
2122:
2029:
2009:
1971::
1948:", in
1936:
1914:
1881:
1859:
1825:
1807:
1756:
1731:
1727:–190,
1709:
1691:
1670:
1028:, and
601:Dunbar
543:Oliver
333:feudal
329:Calais
327:, and
68:
51:Active
3363:Tudor
3252:Towns
3212:Ships
2586:Whigs
2485:Witan
2446:Tudor
2376:Crown
1204:Notes
1074:, to
918:Horse
735:Monck
729:(the
605:Dunes
597:Nasby
3405:list
3290:list
3165:1706
3160:1705
3155:1704
3150:1703
3145:1702
3140:1701
3135:1700
3130:1698
3125:1697
3120:1696
3115:1695
3110:1694
3105:1693
3100:1692
3095:1691
3090:1690
3085:1689
3080:1688
3075:1685
3070:1680
3065:1679
3060:1678
3055:1677
3050:1675
3045:1672
3040:1670
3035:1667
3030:1666
3025:1665
3020:1664
3015:1663
3010:1662
3005:1661
3000:1660
2988:1640
2983:1627
2978:1625
2973:1623
2968:1620
2963:1609
2958:1606
2953:1605
2948:1603
2943:1601
2938:1597
2933:1592
2928:1588
2923:1586
2918:1584
2913:1580
2908:1575
2903:1572
2898:1571
2893:1566
2888:1562
2883:1558
2878:1557
2873:1555
2868:1554
2863:1553
2858:1551
2853:1549
2848:1548
2843:1547
2838:1546
2833:1545
2828:1543
2823:1542
2818:1541
2813:1540
2808:1539
2803:1536
2798:1535
2793:1534
2788:1533
2783:1532
2778:1531
2773:1530
2768:1529
2763:1523
2758:1515
2753:1514
2748:1513
2743:1512
2738:1511
2733:1509
2728:1503
2723:1496
2718:1495
2713:1491
2708:1488
2703:1487
2698:1485
2693:1483
2688:1482
2683:1477
2678:1474
2673:1472
2668:1468
2663:1467
2658:1464
2653:1463
2648:1461
2441:York
2160:ISBN
2145:–332
2120:ISBN
2104:2015
2086:–162
2027:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1981:–567
1912:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1794:–204
1788:Life
1754:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1527:2013
1239:link
1225:2015
1097:The
1068:Mary
1035:The
1008:The
922:Foot
721:and
620:and
603:and
513:and
347:and
337:fief
204:The
90:Army
87:Type
42:The
2474:Law
2143:329
2084:161
1979:566
1875:204
1843:-57
1792:200
1750:177
1725:185
969:.
920:as
311:of
295:by
3482::
2154:,
2118:,
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2072:,
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2001:,
1997:,
1910:,
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1894:;
1877:,
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1569:^
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1235:}}
1231:{{
1159:.
1032:.
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642:.
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
