714:
635:
247:
702:
1060:
97:
72:
44:
932:
239:
944:
1124:
The glue-like substance is a nano composite adhesive that consists of uniform spherical nanoparticles 50–80 nm in diameter in a liquid polymer matrix. Chemical analyses of the nanoparticles detected only trace amounts of metals, once thought to be responsible for their high strength, indicating
731:
In Europe, it is frequently planted to cover walls and the
Bavarian government recommends growing it on buildings for its ability to cool the interior in summer, while providing insulation in winter, as well as protecting the covered building from soil moisture, temperature fluctuations and direct
1050:
Ivy can climb into the canopy of young or small trees in such density that the trees fall over from the weight, a problem that does not normally occur in its native range. In its mature form, dense ivy can destroy habitat for native wildlife and creates large sections of solid ivy where no other
881:
and β-hederin, falcarinol, didehydrofalcarinol, rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, emetine, nicotiflorin, hederasaponin B and hederacoside C. However, only three extracted components were detectable more than 1.5% in the
European ivy leaves (hederacoside C 15.69%, chlorogenic acid 2.07%, and
728:. Within its native range, the species is greatly valued for attracting wildlife. The flowers are visited by over 70 species of nectar-feeding insects, and the berries eaten by at least 16 species of birds. The foliage provides dense evergreen shelter, and is also browsed by deer.
735:
However, ivy can be problematic. It is a fast-growing, self-clinging climber that is capable of causing damage to brickwork, guttering, etc., and hiding potentially serious structural faults, as well as harbouring unwelcome pests. Careful planning and placement are essential.
1092:
grows vigorously and clings by means of fibrous roots, which develop along the entire length of the stems. These are difficult to remove, leaving an unsightly "footprint" on walls, and possibly resulting in expensive resurfacing work. Additionally, ivy can quickly invade
1051:
plants can develop. It is also thought to be a reservoir for leaf scorch bacteria. However, the UK Woodland Trust considers that it does not damage trees and hence does not require removal. The ivy also blocks the sun from the trees that need it for photosynthesis.
955:
It is considered a noxious weed across southern, especially south-eastern, Australia and local councils provide free information and limited services for removal. In some councils it is illegal to sell the plant. It is a weed in the
Australian state of Victoria.
900:
In a hunting session for resources, birds would restrict the number of ivy berries ingested because of the moderate toxicity. However, berries are taken in larger quantities in the spring once they have ripened and lost some of their toxicity.
1631:
2761:
Xia, Lijin; Lenaghan, Scott C.; Zhang, Mingjun; Wu, Yu; Zhao, Xiaopeng; Burris, Jason N.; Stewart, C. Neal (2011-03-01). "Characterization of
English ivy (Hedera helix) adhesion force and imaging using atomic force microscopy".
294:
that grows on tree trunks, walls, and fences in gardens, waste spaces, and wild habitats. Ivy is popular as an ornamental plant, but escaped plants have become naturalised outside its native range. Ivy has considerable
1108:
is able to climb relatively smooth vertical surfaces, creating a strong, long lasting adhesion with a force of around 300 nN. This is accomplished through a complex method of attachment starting as
507:
five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces.
1638:
1097:
and roof spaces, lifting tiles and causing blockages. It also harbors mice and other creatures. The plants have to be cut off at the base, and the stumps dug out or killed to prevent regrowth.
713:
1113:
growing along the stem make contact with the surface and extend root hairs that range from 20 to 400 μm in length. These tiny hairs grow into any small crevices available, secrete glue-like
1039:
Once ivy is established it is very difficult to control or eradicate. If left untreated it will crowd out other ground cover plants and can choke out and kill shrubs and overstory trees.
1498:
2135:
Barnes, Larisa AJ; Leach, Matthew; Anheyer, Dennis; Brown, Danielle; Carè, Jenny; Lauche, Romy; Medina, Daen N; Pinder, Tobey-Ann; Bugarcic, Andrea; Steel, Amie (December 2020).
839:
preparations has been proven for coughing, as an expectorant and to reduce the frequency and intensity of cough. Only weak evidence was found for all other researched symptoms."
2342:
Alkattan, A., Alameer, R., Alsalameen, E. et al. Safety of
English ivy (Hedera helix) leaf extract during pregnancy: retrospective cohort study. DARU J Pharm Sci (2021).
732:
exposure to heavy weather. Further uses include weed suppression in plantings, beautifying unsightly facades and providing additional green by growing on tree trunks.
2679:
685:
The northern and eastern limits are at about the −2 °C (28 °F) winter isotherm, while to the west and southwest, it is replaced by other species of ivy.
3339:
1594:
2605:
1411:
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1023:
can grow to choke out other plants and create "ivy deserts". State- and county-sponsored efforts are encouraging the destruction of ivy in forests of the
2518:
2122:
3189:
578:
Walsh) (Italian ivy, poet's ivy) - southeast Europe and southwest Asia (Italy, Balkans, Turkey), plants without rhizomes, orange-yellow ripe fruit,
3277:
3215:
835:
preparations "may be a therapeutic option for treating early symptoms of respiratory tract infections", saying that "the best effectiveness for
634:
3437:
3362:
718:
2531:
2213:
1536:
1314:
1212:
394:, 'spiral', first used around 1600. The binomial in its entirety thus has the meaning "the clinging plant that coils in spirals (helices)".
3603:
480:
with matted pads which cling strongly to the substrate. The ability to climb on surfaces varies with the plants variety and other factors:
3593:
492:
with 6.5 being ideal, prefers moist, shady locations and avoids exposure to direct sunlight, the latter promoting drying out in winter.
3130:
3096:
3091:
2735:
3598:
3588:
2588:
2192:
1559:
626:, usually smaller and slightly more deeply lobed leaves and somewhat less vigorous growth, though identification is often not easy.
2495:
2467:
1031:. Ivy can easily escape from cultivated gardens and invade nearby parks, forests and other natural areas via squirrels and birds.
3535:
3202:
1429:
1086:
as well as weather protection benefits, dries the soil and prevents wet walls, but can be problematic if not managed correctly.
3251:
1191:
3499:
3305:
1637:(in German). Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie. September 2014. Archived from
1571:
3282:
2574:
3326:
3463:
3264:
3012:
760:
2721:
534:
6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter, ripening in late winter, and are an important food source for many birds.
515:
are produced from late summer until late autumn, individually small, in 3-to-5 cm-diameter (1.2-to-2.0 in)
1591:
3504:
3450:
2613:
1016:
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that they are largely organic. Recent work has shown that the nanoparticles are likely composed in large part of
1920:
1720:
882:
rutin 1.62%). Other components were detectable in very few amounts (< 1%) or not detectable in some studies.
3578:
3367:
2823:
Melzer, Bjorn; Steinbrecher, Tina; Seidel, Robin; Kraft, Oliver; Schwaiger, Ruth; Speck, Thomas (12 May 2010).
2462:
859:
96:
2638:
246:
3455:
2537:
2096:
1795:
639:
3171:
2021:
1996:
1971:
854:
recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes. The leaves can cause severe
3583:
3573:
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3047:
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2779:
2071:
1028:
441:
1895:
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1770:
764:
213:
3027:
2299:
Medeiros, Jorge R.; Medeiros, Helena; Mascarenhas, Carla; Davin, Laurence B.; Lewis, Norman G. (2002).
1870:
1450:
752:(e.g. 'Glacier'), and deeply lobed (e.g. 'Sagittifolia'), and other traits like purple stems and slow,
701:
1945:
3540:
3354:
3104:
2771:
3145:
2784:
1845:
1820:
1512:
3411:
2825:"The attachment strategy of English Ivy: a complex mechanism acting on several hierarchical levels"
1695:
1121:. As they dry out, the hairs shrink and curl, effectively pulling the root closer to the surface.
1083:
351:
61:
3318:
2924:
1610:
1451:"Dermatitis from common ivy ( Hedera helix L. subsp. helix ) in Europe: past, present, and future"
3522:
3083:
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1363:
1008:
855:
596:
91:
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1662:
1427:
A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications.
3057:
2973:
2401:
Strelau, M.; Clements, D.R.; Benner, J.; Prasad, R. (2018-10-01). Willenborg, Christian (ed.).
1059:
827:
Ivy berries are somewhat poisonous to humans, but extracts from ivy leaves are part of current
3388:
3065:
2903:
2854:
2797:
2527:
2422:
2304:
2273:
2238:
2229:
Jøhnke, H; Bjarnason, B (1994). "Contact dermatitis allergy to common ivy (Hedera helix L.)".
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2414:
2403:"The Biology of Canadian Weeds: 157. Hedera helix L. and Hedera hibernica (G. Kirchn.) Bean"
2265:
2156:
2148:
1462:
1355:
969:
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itself is much more winter-hardy and survives temperatures of −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) (
615:
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280:
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1042:
Tested and successful methods of control are mechanical removal and chemical applications.
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3514:
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1433:
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679:
335:
276:
134:
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2355:
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has been listed as an "environmental weed" by the
Department of Conservation since 1990.
499:
are alternate, 50–100 mm (2–4 in) long, with a 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in)
3158:
2984:
2775:
1286:
3608:
3424:
2898:
2873:
2849:
2824:
2707:
2269:
2256:
Boyle, J.; Harman, R. M. H. (2006). "Contact dermatitis to Hedera helix (Common Ivy)".
2161:
2137:"The effects of Hedera helix on viral respiratory infections in humans: A rapid review"
2136:
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706:
690:
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363:
121:
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climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m (66–98 ft) high where suitable surfaces (
3557:
1466:
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1359:
1152:
1147:
1118:
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992:
421:
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81:
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Arlington County, Virginia
Department of Parks, Recreation and Community Resources.
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43:
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is considered weedy or invasive in a number of regions and is on the official
915:
Like other exotic species, ivy has predominantly been spread by human action.
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green, some care is required to make best use of the positive effects: Ivy
1075:
238:
17:
3481:
3403:
2377:
2277:
2242:
2121:
European
Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (2017).
1683:
3476:
3037:
2952:
2463:"Ring in the holiday season and reduce the spread of invasive species! -"
863:
753:
745:
659:
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563:
160:
147:
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886:
663:
651:
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of an old green wall is a familiar and often attractive sight. It has
3233:
1449:
Paulsen, Evy; Christensen, Lars P.; Andersen, Klaus E. (April 2010).
1012:
1004:
910:
894:
671:
520:
516:
512:
329:
296:
190:
2929:
674:. In Britain, it is very common and widespread, but absent from the
484:
prefers non-reflective, darker and rough surfaces with near-neutral
2874:"Isolation and chemical analysis of nanoparticles from English ivy"
943:
541:
are in each berry, which are dispersed after being eaten by birds.
523:, an important late autumn food source for bees and other insects.
3122:
1058:
1015:, its sale or import is banned. Like other invasive vines such as
942:
930:
712:
700:
633:
527:
465:
385:
245:
237:
108:
52:
3256:
893:, it is mildly poisonous to animals like rabbits and can lead to
420:. The meaning is uncertain, but the word may be cognate with the
3109:
2356:"Ivy leaf extract,Hedera helix,Hederagenin,Hederacoside C,cough"
667:
643:
538:
496:
469:
461:
408:
402:
291:
2933:
2673:
2671:
1129:
proteins (AGPs), which exist in other plant adhesives as well.
862:) are also likely to react to carrots and other members of the
287:
to most of Europe and parts of western Asia. Ivy is a clinging
1341:"Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L"
622:
can be best distinguished by the shape and colour of its leaf
430:
424:
379:
373:
345:
339:
842:
In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an
485:
1309:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
1250:
748:
have been selected for leaf traits such as yellow, white,
250:
Stems with rootlets used to cling to walls and tree trunks
2925:
USDA information about Hedra helix including fire effects
2680:"Invasive Weeds in Forest Land: English Ivy Hedera helix"
858:
in some people. People who have this allergy (strictly a
476:
where no vertical surfaces occur. It climbs by means of
2520:
Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New
Zealand
562:- central, northern and western Europe, plants without
2595:. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides.
1701:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45
414:
356:
2942:
2526:. DRDS292. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
1231:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018
2575:Oregon bans sale of English ivy, butterfly bushes
1572:"Beliebte immergrüne winterharte Kletterpflanzen"
1287:"Plants & Flowers—Hedera helix Jubilee"
1268:
1207:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224.
964:Although popular as a winter holiday decoration,
350:) 'to get, grasp', both deriving ultimately from
1632:"Bauwerksbegrünung - Hinweise zum Energiesparen"
968:is invasive and is a pathogen alternate host in
2708:"English ivy, Hedera helix Apiales: Araliaceae"
318:Other common names are bindwood and lovestone.
2738:. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from
2204:Gerard, John (1985). Woodward, Marcus (ed.).
1592:Plant for Wildlife: Common Ivy (Hedera helix)
1421:
1419:
1381:
1379:
1377:
8:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2496:Invasive Species Council of British Columbia
2468:Invasive Species Council of British Columbia
2123:Assessment report on Hedera helix L., folium
1531:. John Poland, Southampton, Second Edition.
338:word for 'ivy', which is cognate with Greek
1386:McAllister, H (1982). "New work on ivies".
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1180:Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles
759:The following 16 cultivars have gained the
389:
327:
2930:
2878:The Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2829:The Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2722:"Ivy (Hedera helix) - British Wildflowers"
2678:Oregon State University (September 2008).
2344:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-021-00415-7
488:. It generally thrives in a wide range of
70:
42:
31:
2897:
2848:
2783:
2378:"20 Plants that are Poisonous to Rabbits"
2160:
1494:
1492:
439:, but the unrelated English lavender, or
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
606:are also often treated as subspecies of
1529:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
1515:Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter
1138:
413:, deriving in turn from Proto-Germanic
2606:"Ivy chasers in a league of their own"
2325:
2314:
2301:"Bioactive components of Hedera helix"
2206:Gerard's Herbal: The History of Plants
719:Enchanted Floral Gardens of Kula, Maui
2185:Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses
1425:Ackerfield, J. & Wen, J. (2002).
1307:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
717:Variegated ivy leaves growing at the
586:McAllister - southeast Spain, plants
472:) are available, and also growing as
7:
3505:c4a3febc-0516-4d68-83ff-3712dd984839
3355:73c3d861-8693-42e7-9c16-03aa22586dd5
1684:NCCPG Plant Heritage: The common ivy
831:. A 2020 evidence review found that
519:, greenish-yellow, and very rich in
3564:IUCN Red List least concern species
1153:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
866:as they contain the same allergen,
297:cultural significance and symbolism
2270:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01067.x
911:Hedera § Problems and dangers
650:The range of European ivy is from
530:are purple-black to orange-yellow
25:
2407:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
873:Previous studies showed that the
850:. In 1597, the British herbalist
2872:Lenaghan, Scott (October 2013).
2764:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
2652:"Invasive to Avoid: English Ivy"
2141:Advances in Integrative Medicine
1467:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01677.x
1360:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01021.x
95:
3456:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90723-1
1611:"Efeu Hedera - ein Alleskönner"
1192:International Plant Names Index
724:Ivy is widely cultivated as an
2187:. Dorling Kindersley, London.
1552:New Flora of the British Isles
503:; they are of two types, with
1:
1665:. Royal Horticultural Society
1554:. Cambridge University Press
885:Owing to the large number of
362:'to seize, grasp, take'. The
2517:Howell, Clayson (May 2008).
2470:| ISCBC Plants & Animals
2441:"English Ivy (Hedera helix)"
2208:. New York: Crescent Books.
1527:Poland J, Clement EJ. 2020.
1055:Use as building facade green
889:in the leaves and fruits of
594:The closely related species
431:
401:derives from Middle English
380:
346:
3604:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2153:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.012
1550:& Thompson, H. (1997).
1388:Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook
1203:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
761:Royal Horticultural Society
3625:
3594:Medicinal plants of Europe
1074:As with any self-climbing
908:
590:, purple-black ripe fruit.
566:, purple-black ripe fruit,
425:
374:
357:
340:
27:Species of flowering plant
2794:10.1007/s11051-010-0091-3
2376:Pratt, Amy (2020-03-20).
1696:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1063:English Ivy covering the
823:Toxicity and medical uses
638:Common ivy clinging on a
219:
212:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
50:
41:
34:
3599:Plants described in 1753
3589:Medicinal plants of Asia
1439:sér. 3, 24 (2): 197-212.
1339:Metcalfe, D. J. (2005).
860:type IV hypersensitivity
705:Ivy-covered entrance to
610:, though they differ in
2639:Controlling English Ivy
2586:Controlling English Ivy
2443:. The State of Victoria
1574:(in German). 2013-10-10
1513:The Holly and the Ivy.
1205:RHS Latin for gardeners
1101:Mechanism of attachment
1035:Control and eradication
923:in parts of the world.
416:
409:
403:
2890:10.1098/rsif.2013.0392
2841:10.1098/rsif.2010.0140
2419:10.1139/cjps-2018-0009
2324:Cite journal requires
2072:"RHS Plant Selector -
2022:"RHS Plant Selector -
1997:"RHS Plant Selector -
1972:"RHS Plant Selector -
1896:"RHS Plant Selector -
1871:"RHS Plant Selector -
1846:"RHS Plant Selector -
1821:"RHS Plant Selector -
1771:"RHS Plant Selector -
1721:"RHS Plant Selector -
1071:
1029:Southern United States
952:
940:
721:
710:
654:northeast to southern
647:
442:Lavandula angustifolia
390:
388:', and from the Latin
328:
251:
243:
2561:USDA Plants Profile:
1062:
946:
934:
765:Award of Garden Merit
716:
704:
637:
614:number and so do not
249:
241:
1517:Autumn 2000: page 14
435:), referring to not
2776:2011JNR....13.1029X
2742:on 27 February 2014
2610:Pamplin Media Group
2047:"RHS Plantfinder -
1921:"RHS Plantfinder -
1796:"RHS Plantfinder -
1746:"RHS Plantfinder -
1178:Bean, W. J. (1978)
1160:: e.T202964A2758285
1011:. In the state of
846:to treat cough and
583:H. h. rhizomatifera
407:, from Old English
397:The modern English
352:Proto-Indo-European
316:Hedera grandifolia.
62:Conservation status
2736:"Ivy on buildings"
2591:2008-12-10 at the
2258:Contact Dermatitis
2026:'Parsley Crested'"
1976:'Manda's Crested'"
1725:'Angularis aurea'"
1663:"Ivy on buildings"
1597:2011-10-06 at the
1455:Contact Dermatitis
1432:2011-08-08 at the
1412:Flora of NW Europe
1348:Journal of Ecology
1275:. 22 October 2021.
1273:English Wiktionary
1257:. 24 October 2021.
1255:English Wiktionary
1146:Khela, S. (2012).
1111:adventitious roots
1080:covering the walls
1072:
953:
941:
935:Decorative ivy in
856:contact dermatitis
722:
711:
648:
597:Hedera canariensis
576:Hedera chrysocarpa
283:Araliaceae. It is
252:
244:
3551:
3550:
3389:Open Tree of Life
2936:Taxon identifiers
2835:(50): 1383–1389.
2533:978-0-478-14413-0
2358:. 6 November 2014
2237:(25): 3778–3779.
2215:978-0-517-46470-0
2183:Bown. D. (1995).
1537:978-0-9560144-2-9
1316:978-1-4053-3296-5
1229:"Helical (Helix)"
1214:978-1-84533-731-5
1025:Pacific Northwest
947:Ivy on a wall in
937:Hyde Park, Sydney
919:is labeled as an
877:extract contains
808:'Parsley Crested'
802:'Manda's Crested'
772:'Angularis Aurea'
302:Synonyms include
236:
235:
85:
16:(Redirected from
3616:
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3543:
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3517:
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3332:NBNSYS0000003630
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3174:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2931:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2787:
2770:(3): 1029–1037.
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2612:. Archived from
2602:
2596:
2583:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2536:. Archived from
2525:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2413:(5): 1005–1022.
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2201:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1723:Hedera hibernica
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1499:Flora Europaea:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1446:
1440:
1423:
1414:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1345:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1143:
970:British Columbia
921:invasive species
905:Invasive species
726:ornamental plant
603:Hedera hibernica
434:
428:
427:
419:
412:
406:
393:
383:
377:
376:
364:specific epithet
360:
359:
349:
343:
342:
333:
312:Hedera baccifera
225:
100:
99:
79:
74:
73:
51:Creeping ivy in
46:
32:
21:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3579:Flora of Europe
3554:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3376:Observation.org
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3290:MichiganFlora:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2938:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2785:10.1.1.495.3698
2760:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2656:wildlife.ca.gov
2650:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2593:Wayback Machine
2584:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2323:
2313:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2101:'White Knight'"
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1925:'Golden Ingot'"
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1599:Wayback Machine
1590:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1490:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1434:Wayback Machine
1424:
1417:
1410:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1127:arabinogalactan
1103:
1057:
1048:
1046:Damage to trees
1037:
989:
978:
962:
929:
913:
907:
829:cough medicines
825:
820:
817:'White Knight'
742:
699:
693:6a) and above.
680:Channel Islands
632:
547:
478:aerial rootlets
451:
336:Classical Latin
326:The genus name
324:
277:flowering plant
232:
227:
221:
208:
94:
86:
75:
71:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3532:
3528:wfo-0000979730
3519:
3509:
3496:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3359:
3349:
3336:
3323:
3310:
3297:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3248:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3022:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2964:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2919:External links
2917:
2914:
2913:
2864:
2815:
2753:
2727:
2713:
2699:
2667:
2643:
2626:
2597:
2578:
2567:
2553:
2532:
2509:
2482:
2454:
2432:
2393:
2382:The Bunny Lady
2368:
2347:
2335:
2326:|journal=
2291:
2264:(2): 111–112.
2248:
2231:Ugeskr. Laeger
2221:
2214:
2196:
2176:
2147:(4): 222–226.
2127:
2114:
2088:
2063:
2038:
2013:
2001:'Midas Touch'"
1988:
1963:
1937:
1912:
1887:
1862:
1837:
1812:
1787:
1762:
1737:
1712:
1687:
1676:
1654:
1623:
1602:
1584:
1563:
1540:
1520:
1505:
1488:
1461:(4): 201–209.
1441:
1415:
1397:
1373:
1354:(3): 632–648.
1322:
1315:
1298:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1184:
1171:
1148:"Hedera helix"
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1102:
1099:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1036:
1033:
988:
985:
977:
974:
961:
958:
928:
925:
906:
903:
824:
821:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:'Golden Ingot'
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
741:
738:
707:Malbork Castle
698:
695:
662:, and east to
631:
628:
592:
591:
579:
571:H. h. poetarum
567:
546:
543:
450:
447:
323:
320:
310:('tree ivy'),
308:Hedera arborea
234:
233:
228:
217:
216:
210:
209:
202:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
151:
150:
145:
138:
137:
132:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
88:
87:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3621:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Garden plants
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Flora of Asia
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2616:on 2011-06-08
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2543:on 2009-05-30
2539:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:"English Ivy"
2486:
2483:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:0-7513-0203-1
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1950:'Maple Leaf'"
1949:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1863:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1644:on 2015-08-20
1640:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:0-521-58935-5
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:nanoparticles
1112:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1065:Damascus Gate
1061:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1040:
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993:United States
987:United States
986:
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950:
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857:
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840:
838:
834:
830:
822:
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813:
810:
807:
805:'Midas Touch'
804:
801:
799:'Maple Leaf'
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:
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766:
762:
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708:
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670:and northern
669:
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438:
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423:
422:Ancient Greek
418:
411:
405:
400:
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387:
382:
372:
371:Ancient Greek
369:derives from
368:
365:
361:
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226:
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215:
214:Binomial name
211:
207:
206:
205:H. helix
201:
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122:Tracheophytes
120:
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107:
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103:
98:
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89:
83:
78:
77:Least Concern
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3417:Hedera helix
3404:Hedera_helix
3097:Hedera_helix
3058:hedera-helix
2974:Hedera helix
2944:Hedera helix
2943:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2744:. Retrieved
2740:the original
2730:
2716:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:
2646:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2609:
2600:
2581:
2570:
2563:Hedera helix
2562:
2556:
2545:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2519:
2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2499:. 2023-06-07
2494:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2472:. 2020-02-10
2466:
2457:
2447:17 September
2445:. Retrieved
2435:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2385:. Retrieved
2381:
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2350:
2338:
2317:cite journal
2294:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2184:
2179:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2099:Hedera helix
2098:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2076:'Spetchley'"
2074:Hedera helix
2073:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2049:Hedera helix
2048:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:Hedera helix
2023:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:Hedera helix
1998:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:Hedera helix
1973:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1948:Hedera helix
1947:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1923:Hedera helix
1922:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1900:'Goldchild'"
1898:Hedera helix
1897:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:Hedera helix
1872:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1848:Hedera helix
1847:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:Hedera helix
1822:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:Hedera helix
1797:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:Hedera helix
1772:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1750:'Buttercup'"
1748:Hedera helix
1747:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1722:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1690:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1626:
1615:. Retrieved
1605:
1587:
1576:. Retrieved
1566:
1551:
1548:Stace, C. A.
1543:
1528:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1501:Hedera helix
1500:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1436:
1391:
1387:
1351:
1347:
1306:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1223:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1151:
1141:
1123:
1106:Hedera helix
1105:
1104:
1090:Hedera helix
1089:
1088:
1073:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1020:
1001:noxious weed
996:
990:
980:
979:
965:
963:
954:
916:
914:
899:
890:
884:
875:Hedera helix
874:
872:
841:
836:
833:Hedera helix
832:
826:
758:
743:
734:
730:
723:
687:Hedera helix
686:
684:
649:
640:London plane
619:
607:
601:
595:
593:
582:
581:
575:
574:Nyman (syn.
570:
569:
558:
557:
548:
537:One to five
536:
525:
510:
494:
482:Hedera helix
481:
454:Hedera helix
453:
452:
440:
437:Hedera helix
436:
398:
396:
366:
355:
325:
315:
311:
307:
304:Hedera acuta
303:
301:
268:
265:European ivy
264:
260:
256:Hedera helix
255:
254:
253:
223:Hedera helix
222:
220:
204:
203:
191:
154:
141:
128:
115:
36:Hedera helix
35:
29:
3314:NatureServe
3229:iNaturalist
2968:Wikispecies
2051:'Shamrock'"
1850:'Duckfoot'"
1825:'Congesta'"
1800:'Ceridwen'"
1775:'Caecilia'"
1613:(in German)
1235:15 November
976:New Zealand
852:John Gerard
844:expectorant
814:'Spetchley'
793:'Goldchild'
775:'Buttercup'
697:Cultivation
676:Isle of Man
658:, south to
656:Scandinavia
588:rhizomatous
559:H. h. helix
474:groundcover
449:Description
135:Angiosperms
18:English Ivy
3558:Categories
3425:Plant List
3045:Calflora:
2692:29 January
2687:Oregon.gov
2661:2022-12-06
2620:2008-11-27
2547:2009-05-06
2503:2024-06-03
2476:2020-12-27
2387:2021-03-31
2362:2021-03-31
2125:, pp. 5-16
1875:'Glacier'"
1648:2015-08-20
1617:2015-08-20
1578:2015-08-20
1394:: 106–109.
1292:2015-08-20
1133:References
1084:insulating
1009:Washington
909:See also:
868:falcarinol
848:bronchitis
811:'Shamrock'
787:'Duckfoot'
784:'Congesta'
781:'Ceridwen'
778:'Caecilia'
750:variegated
612:chromosome
551:subspecies
549:The three
545:Subspecies
267:, or just
261:common ivy
181:Araliaceae
3430:kew-96659
3172:220006122
3154:FloraBase
3055:Cal-IPC:
2802:1388-0764
2780:CiteSeerX
2427:0008-4220
2309:0873-4704
1475:0105-1873
1437:Adansonia
1182:Volume 2.
1069:Jerusalem
1003:lists in
927:Australia
879:α-hederin
790:'Glacier'
746:cultivars
740:Cultivars
709:in Poland
691:USDA Zone
624:trichomes
618:readily.
616:hybridise
505:palmately
458:evergreen
322:Etymology
289:evergreen
199:Species:
105:Kingdom:
3500:VicFlora
3489:VASCAN:
3477:Tropicos
3401:PalDat:
3319:2.147683
3092:eFloraSA
3035:BioLib:
3028:231-6-1a
2953:Wikidata
2908:23883948
2859:20462880
2810:18080100
2589:Archived
2286:29719245
2171:32837900
1595:Archived
1483:20236156
1430:Archived
1368:84317400
1251:"Hedera"
1027:and the
1021:H. helix
997:H. helix
981:H. helix
966:H. helix
949:Ecublens
917:H. helix
891:H. helix
887:saponins
864:Apiaceae
837:H. helix
756:growth.
744:Over 30
660:Portugal
646:, France
620:H. helix
608:H. helix
564:rhizomes
347:khandánō
177:Family:
161:Asterids
148:Eudicots
82:IUCN 3.1
3482:2200015
3301:MoBotPF
3257:90723-1
3195:3036074
3110:1143004
3079:Ecocrop
2899:3757999
2850:2894893
2772:Bibcode
2746:21 June
2278:3987251
2243:8059459
2162:7424313
2107:30 July
2081:30 July
2056:2 March
2031:30 July
2006:30 July
1981:30 July
1956:30 July
1930:2 March
1905:30 July
1855:30 July
1830:30 July
1805:2 March
1755:2 March
1705:3 March
1669:5 March
1164:18 June
1119:lignify
1095:gutters
991:In the
754:dwarfed
664:Ukraine
652:Ireland
532:berries
513:flowers
501:petiole
490:soil pH
391:helicem
341:χανδάνω
334:is the
279:in the
273:species
271:, is a
242:Berries
187:Genus:
171:Apiales
167:Order:
109:Plantae
80: (
3569:Hedera
3541:594778
3438:PLANTS
3394:524074
3352:NZOR:
3306:276595
3221:300252
3182:HEDHEL
3179:FoIO:
3146:hedhel
3143:FEIS:
3136:152449
3025:APSA:
3002:APDB:
2982:AoFP:
2959:Q26354
2906:
2896:
2884:(87).
2857:
2847:
2808:
2800:
2782:
2530:
2425:
2307:
2284:
2276:
2241:
2212:
2191:
2169:
2159:
1880:5 July
1780:5 July
1730:5 July
1558:
1535:
1481:
1473:
1366:
1313:
1211:
1117:, and
1076:façade
1013:Oregon
1005:Oregon
960:Canada
895:anemia
672:Turkey
521:nectar
517:umbels
497:leaves
466:cliffs
456:is an
432:íphuon
330:Hedera
314:, and
285:native
281:family
259:, the
192:Hedera
3609:Vines
3536:WoRMS
3512:WoI:
3469:43091
3363:NZPCN
3283:29393
3270:26694
3241:IPA:
3234:55882
3159:18297
3131:EUNIS
3123:HEEHE
3071:6LH6Y
3038:40210
3018:64883
2992:APA:
2806:S2CID
2683:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2282:S2CID
2103:. RHS
1952:. RHS
1699:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1635:(PDF)
1364:S2CID
1344:(PDF)
1269:"Ivy"
1017:kudzu
630:Range
553:are:
539:seeds
528:fruit
470:walls
462:trees
426:ἴφυον
417:ibahs
415:*
386:helix
381:helix
367:helix
358:gʰed-
155:Clade
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
55:, UK
53:Dover
3515:1105
3492:2688
3451:POWO
3443:HEHE
3412:PfaF
3381:6847
3368:4061
3345:4052
3340:NCBI
3293:2903
3278:ITIS
3252:IPNI
3244:3027
3216:GRIN
3203:GISD
3190:GBIF
3118:EPPO
3084:6625
3048:4023
3013:APNI
3005:5420
2985:1748
2904:PMID
2855:PMID
2798:ISSN
2748:2013
2694:2023
2528:ISBN
2449:2010
2423:ISSN
2330:help
2305:ISSN
2274:PMID
2239:PMID
2210:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2167:PMID
2109:2020
2083:2020
2058:2018
2033:2020
2008:2020
1983:2020
1958:2020
1932:2018
1907:2020
1882:2020
1857:2020
1832:2020
1807:2018
1782:2020
1757:2018
1732:2020
1707:2018
1671:2018
1556:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1479:PMID
1471:ISSN
1392:1981
1311:ISBN
1237:2018
1209:ISBN
1166:2021
1158:2012
1007:and
678:and
668:Iran
666:and
644:Agde
600:and
526:The
511:The
495:The
410:īfiġ
384:), '
375:ἕλιξ
292:vine
3523:WFO
3464:RHS
3327:NBN
3265:ISC
3208:469
3167:FNA
3105:EoL
3066:CoL
2995:437
2894:PMC
2886:doi
2845:PMC
2837:doi
2790:doi
2415:doi
2266:doi
2235:156
2157:PMC
2149:doi
1463:doi
1356:doi
1067:in
767::
763:'s
642:in
404:ivi
399:ivy
275:of
269:ivy
3560::
3538::
3525::
3502::
3479::
3466::
3453::
3440::
3427::
3414::
3391::
3378::
3365::
3342::
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2970::
2955::
2902:.
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486:pH
468:,
464:,
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306:,
299:.
263:,
230:L.
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131::
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344:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
