530:
33:
1583:
1597:
504:
While the judicial system has noted that state
English-only laws are largely symbolic and non-prohibitive, supervisors and managers often interpret them to mean English is the mandatory language of daily life. In one instance, an elementary school bus driver prohibited students from speaking Spanish
249:
became the first proposed legislation regarding the United States' national language that would have made "American" the national language in order to differentiate the United States's language from that of
England. This bill did not pass in Congress despite significant supportâespecially from Irish
520:
One study both of laws requiring
English as the language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws during the Americanization period (1910â1930) found that the policies moderately increased the literacy of some foreign-born children but had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes
384:
In what was essentially a replay of the 2006 actions, on June 6, 2007 the US Senate again voted on two separate amendments to a subsequent immigration reform bill that closely resembled the amendments to the 2006 Senate bill. Ultimately, neither the 2006 nor 2007 immigration reform bill has become
450:, which passed a resolution in 1986â87 opposing "'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance."
517:, a student was suspended for speaking Spanish in the school hallways. The written discipline referral explaining the decision of the school to suspend the student for one and a half days, noted: "This is not the first time we have and others to not speak Spanish at school."
380:
The U.S. Senate voted on two separate changes to an immigration bill in May 2006. The amended bill recognized
English as a "common and unifying language" and gave contradictory instructions to government agencies on their obligations for non-English publications.
109:
Disputes between citizens and immigrants over
English have been waged since the 1750s, when street signs were changed in Pennsylvania to include both English and German languages to accommodate the many German immigrants. The German-English debate continued until
400:
under a referendum election to make "Nashville the largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than
English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety." The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%.
461:
with "hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants" and points out that
English is far from under threat in the United States, saying "making English the official language of the United States of America is about as urgently called for as making
1453:
The
Language Access Act of 2004 guarantees equal access and participation in public services, programs, and activities for residents of the District of Columbia who cannot (or have limited capacity to) speak, read, or write English. Speakers of
3352:
1931:
497:, "Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency." The Executive Order requires Federal agencies to examine the services they provide, identify any need for services to those with
521:
or measures of social integration. The authors concluded that the "very moderate impacts" of the laws were probably because foreign languages were declining naturally, without the help of
English-only laws.
1571:
The United States federal government does not specify an official language; however, all official documents in the U.S. are written in
English, though some are also published in other languages.
533:
Map of US official language status by state before 2016. Blue: English declared the official language; light-blue: English declared a co-official language; gray: no official language specified.
434:
named it the English Language Unity Act of 2019. Within this bill, there is a framework for implementation. They strive to enforce English as the only language by testing it during the
1635:
72:. The United States has never had an official national language. However, at some times and places, there have been various moves to promote or require the use of English, such as in
291:
voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance". However, this was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after "racially orientated redistricting" led to a change in government.
3277:
Lynch, William. "A Nation Established by Immigrants Sanctions Employers for Requiring English to be Spoken at Work: English-Only Work Rules and National Origin Discrimination," 16
223:
wrote, "We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American
114:
when international hostility resulted in the rejection of all things German, including the prohibition of the German language and German-language materials, particularly books.
2015:
2080:
The racially orientated redistricting of the Dade County commission may accomplish what a long campaign by Hispanics has failed to do â repeal the local "English only" law.
2029:
1620:
892:
175:, and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language."
2043:
3397:
676:. Proposition 63 is unenforceable due to the lack of appropriate legislation, and the Bilingual Services Act provides for the use of other languages in public outreach.
482:
94:
416:
when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as a condition of statehood.
3387:
133:, Louisiana included in its constitution a provision, which was later repealed, that required all official documents be published in the language "in which the
489:
and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services. On August 11, 2000, President
2236:
2213:
2169:
2146:
276:
In 2018, a Rasmussen poll found that 81% of American adults thought that English should be the official language of the United States, while 12% did not.
3392:
377:'s English-only law. ProEnglish rejects the term "English-only movement" and asks its supporters to refer to the movement instead as "Official English".
329:
1786:
3343:
1203:
1675:
86:, and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections.
2390:
1625:
431:
1854:
513:, a teacher claimed to be enforcing English immersion policies when she allegedly slapped students for speaking Spanish in class. In 2005 in
458:
2278:
413:
409:
397:
168:
149:
1988:
2539:"Did the Americanization Movement Succeed? An Evaluation of the Effect of English-Only and Compulsory Schooling Laws on Immigrants â "
2755:
2427:
1615:
3317:
73:
279:
In 2021, a Rasmussen poll found that 73% of Americans thought that English should be the official language, only 18% disagreed.
2947:
2054:
101:
and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services.
3372:
3347:
1630:
673:
478:
90:
2784:
3329:
2358:
2119:
3382:
447:
3353:
English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress
2478:
2899:. Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. April 2009
2521:
1640:
1555:
427:
501:(LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them.
242:
as well with the Nomenclature Act of 1917. The legislation renamed 69 towns, suburbs, or areas that had German names.)
210:
1993:
1768:
498:
471:
317:
258:
2730:
1340:
English only from 2000â2021; since 2021, the Utah code has been amended to be English official but not English only.
2304:
474:, argues that English-only's rhetoric suggests that the "real motivation is discrimination and disenfranchisement."
3187:
3170:
2734:
1685:
288:
134:
2497:
Gibson, Kari. English only court cases involving the U.S workplace. University of Hawai'i. Retrieved on 2008-12-11
3377:
295:
2889:
198:
141:
3307:
1814:
1645:
1517:
238:
in the US; this included removing books in the German language from libraries. (A related action took place in
61:
261:
is an organization that advocates for Official English, founded in the 1980s by former United States Senator
89:
The English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The
581:
246:
164:
156:
130:
32:
529:
3003:
2918:
2707:
3298:
3038:"U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language"
1714:
693:
514:
494:
486:
373:
In 1994, John Tanton and other former U.S. English associates founded ProEnglish specifically to defend
333:
325:
98:
3357:
2534:
1905:
1884:
1703:
Explorations and Collaborations on Two Under-Recognized Native American Food Crops: Southwest Peach (
1588:
1546:
747:
389:
137:
is written". Today, Louisiana has no law stating that English is the official language of the State.
2078:"'English only' law may be repealed in Florida county". Observer-Reporter. May 3, 1993. p. A8.
2332:
1936:
1610:
1529:
1471:
510:
430:
introduced a bill in House establishing English as the official language of the United States. The
2496:
1680:
2407:
1726:
1376:
220:
190:
160:
118:
83:
53:
2863:
2444:"Speak English or Go Home: The Anti-Immigrant Discourse of the American 'English Only' Movement"
1959:
171:. In 1878â79, the California constitution was rewritten to state that "ll laws of the State of
3108:
2443:
2423:
1850:
1525:
1508:
1195:
771:
65:
2192:
1846:
155:
An 1847 law authorized Anglo-French instruction in public schools in Louisiana. In 1849, the
3321:
3090:
2550:
2464:
2399:
2258:
1718:
1602:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1442:
1187:
1113:
1097:
543:
342:
145:
57:
3333:
3144:
2482:
2385:
1750:
Rich, Alex; Vance, Noelle (March 1, 2016). "English As A National Language: An Overview".
1491:
1475:
1459:
888:
454:
367:
354:; Tanton would also sever his ties to the organization as a result. That same year, 1986,
347:
239:
235:
122:
3007:
2689:
2263:
1483:
1288:
1264:
1191:
1128:
435:
313:
262:
3327:
English-Only Movement: Its Consequences on the Education of Language Minority Children
3303:
3226:
3366:
3338:
3023:
2662:
2420:
The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language
2411:
1730:
1395:
1055:
930:
405:
69:
17:
3201:
3182:
3165:
3059:
2812:
159:
recognized Spanish language rights. French language rights were abolished after the
1650:
1387:
1280:
1256:
1245:
1230:
1222:
1144:
1105:
490:
420:
359:
351:
310:
217:
80:
3284:
Olson, Wendy. "The Shame of Spanish: Cultural Bias in English First Legislation,"
2465:
The Rights of Immigrants -ACLU Position Paper (9/8/2000). Retrieved on 2008-12-11
2333:"Text - H.R.997 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): English Language Unity Act of 2019"
1932:"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85"
1840:
3326:
2364:
2125:
2106:
1538:
976:
701:
355:
321:
306:
266:
231:
224:
206:
202:
111:
2475:
1873:(Memorial ed., 1926), vol. XXIV, p. 554 (New York: Charles Scribner's 11 Sons).
1596:
3078:
2838:
1578:
1101:
1086:
1071:
661:
270:
172:
2955:
University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition
2053:, University of Miami Law School, p. 2, February 9, 2007, archived from
1676:"How a Navajo Scientist Is Helping to Restore Traditional Peach Horticulture"
3079:"The Effects of Official English Laws on LimitedâEnglishâProficient Workers"
1411:
1298:
961:
877:
393:
337:
186:
passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools.
179:
126:
1100:
has had special recognition since 1912 passage of state constitution. See
2555:
2538:
2309:
1964:
1360:
1199:
1175:
1024:
992:
946:
915:
861:
797:
716:
681:
645:
506:
467:
299:
183:
37:
2279:"For Santorum, Trying to Tamp Down a Firestorm Over Puerto Rico Remarks"
481:(ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the
93:(ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the
2919:"UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language (PDF)"
2403:
1722:
1426:
1345:
1008:
813:
731:
629:
557:
463:
374:
3037:
346:
newspaper, leading to the resignations from U.S. English board member
193:
government, English became the primary medium of public schooling for
3060:"(Un)Constitutionality of English as the Official Language of the US"
1211:
1040:
845:
763:
573:
205:. In the same way, English was declared the official language in the
201:, English was declared "the official language of the school room" in
194:
2977:
2171:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 4073 As Modified)
457:, in an essay entitled "Here come the linguistic fascists", charges
273:
is another group founded by Tanton that advocates Official English.
3094:
3252:
1314:
900:
781:
528:
363:
3145:"Samoa now an official language of instruction in American Samoa"
3126:
2756:"Language Access Laws and Legal Issues: A Local Official's Guide"
485:
right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as
446:
The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from the
370:, a Chilean immigrant, was later named Chairman and CEO in 1993.
97:
right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as
1842:
At War With Diversity: U.S. Language Policy in an Age of Anxiety
1500:
1329:
1160:
829:
419:
In 2015 during a debate, then Republican presidential candidate
3312:
423:
said, "This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish."
64:
communication through the establishment of English as the only
696:
required laws to be published in English, Spanish, and German
336:
group.) In 1986, Tanton wrote a memo containing remarks about
2978:"Oklahoma elections: Republican-backed measures win approval"
2448:
Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines
2277:
Seelye, Katherine Q.; Parker, Jr., Ashley (March 15, 2012).
1809:
1807:
808:
since 1969; "American" was the official language 1923â1969.
3358:
Linguistic Society of American Statement on Language Rights
1003:
since 1998; state constitution amended accordingly in 2008
340:
claimed by critics to be derogatory, which appeared in the
294:
In 1981, English was declared the official language in the
79:
Support for the English-only movement began in 1907, under
358:
founded English First, while Lou Zaeske, an engineer from
2422:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 111â19,
1989:"Anti-immigrant hate group ProEnglish visits White House"
1773:
An American Adventure in Bookburning in the Style of 1918
234:, there was a widespread campaign against the use of the
2890:"Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB"
2259:"English-only fails; lopsided vote ends heated campaign"
2238:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 1384)
2215:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 1151)
2148:
Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 4064)
2016:"Americans Strongly Favor English as Official Language"
1636:
List of countries where English is an official language
2030:"Americans Still Support English as Official Language"
1815:"Codes: Codes Tree - * California Constitution - CONS"
1674:
Dolan, Susan; Wytsalucy, Reagan; Lyons, Keith (2022).
3344:
Statements and legal actions against English-only law
227:, and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house."
144:(1846â1848), the United States acquired about 75,000
3127:""I Speak" Cards for Language Assistance | ohr"
2107:
Official English Laws: Code of Virginia, Chapter 829
250:
immigrants who were resentful of British influence.
2837:IT, Missouri Secretary of State - (March 3, 2020).
1787:"Current Document for Louisiana, Constitution-1812"
3147:. Radio New Zealand International. October 3, 2008
2267:, January 23, 2009. Retrieved on January 23, 2009.
1621:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
2109:, languagepolicy.net, accessed February 22, 2015/
1906:"Milestones: 1866â1898 - Office of the Historian"
404:In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate
3089:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 427â452.
2864:"Section I-27, English language to be official"
2363:, Linguistic Society of America, archived from
1960:"English-only triumphs, but the costs are high"
3318:Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism
3109:"Know Your Rights: Language Access | ohr"
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2492:
2490:
2476:Executive Order 13166. Retrieved on 2008-12-11
2388:(1987), "Here come the linguistic fascists.",
891:has had special status since 1968 founding of
3299:U.S. English (advocates for Official English)
2731:"English-only law likely would go unenforced"
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
366:, established the American Ethnic Coalition.
8:
3279:Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review
1752:Points of View: English As National Language
1745:
1743:
941:since 2002; 1975 law ruled unconstitutional
640:since 2006, 1988 law ruled unconstitutional
56:that advocates for the exclusive use of the
3313:Institute for Language and Education Policy
2928:. United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
1791:Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
316:founded a political lobbying organization,
167:recommended English-only schooling for the
2543:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
2522:Spanish At School Translates to Suspension
536:
330:Federation for American Immigration Reform
3026:(Bill). Utah Legislature. March 22, 2021.
2554:
2511:, The Arizona Republic, January 17, 2004.
2044:"The Language Battle: Speaking the Truth"
1684:. Vol. 36, no. 1, Summer 2022.
438:process. This bill has yet to be passed.
3398:Right-wing politics in the United States
2948:"The Cherokee Nation & its Language"
2684:
2682:
2524:, The Washington Post, December 9, 2005.
2303:Goldmacher, Shane (September 23, 2016).
31:
2509:Hispanics upset by teacher's discipline
2193:"Snopes on the English-only amendments"
1885:"German Place Names in South Australia"
1662:
245:In 1923, a bill drafted by Congressman
3388:Politics of the United States by issue
3253:"Spanish language website for the FDA"
2391:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
2121:Official English Is Not "English Only"
1626:English language learning and teaching
2786:Constitution of the State of Colorado
1987:Piggott, Stephen (January 26, 2018).
414:Republican delegates from Puerto Rico
7:
3304:Anatomy of the English-Only Movement
2710:. Washington Times. November 8, 2006
2663:"Language Legislation in the U.S.A."
2357:Nunberg, Geoff (December 28, 1986),
1763:
1761:
1478:receive additional accommodations.
509:passed its legislation. In 2004 in
320:. (Tanton was a former head of the
3339:Language Legislation in the U.S.A.
3202:"Puerto Rico and Official English"
2976:Slipke, Darla (November 3, 2010).
40:demanding immigrants speak English
25:
3393:Conservatism in the United States
3255:. US Food and Drug Administration
2817:Language Legislation in the U.S.A
2661:Crawford, James (June 24, 2008).
1958:Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002).
1616:Conservatism in the United States
470:games." Rachele Lawton, applying
135:Constitution of the United States
2765:. Institute for Local Government
2708:"Arizona makes English official"
2124:, proenglish.org, archived from
1845:. Multilingual Matters. p.
1595:
1581:
148:speakers in addition to several
74:Native American boarding schools
3077:Zavodny, Madeline (July 2000).
2729:Dillow, Gordon (May 21, 2006).
2305:"Trump's English-only campaign"
1930:Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019).
692:since 1988; from 1876â1990 the
388:On January 22, 2009, voters in
324:'s population committee and of
3348:American Civil Liberties Union
3233:. United States Virgin Islands
2813:"Language Policy -- Louisiana"
2763:Institute for Local Government
2507:Anne Ryman and Ofelia Madrid,
2331:King, Steve (March 22, 2019).
1631:Languages in the United States
479:American Civil Liberties Union
91:American Civil Liberties Union
27:Political movement in the U.S.
1:
3040:. U.S. English. March 5, 2016
1701:Wytsalucy, Reagan C. (2019).
505:on their way to school after
448:Linguistic Society of America
121:, the United States acquired
3227:"Frequently Asked Questions"
3024:Official Language Amendments
3004:"Amendment For Printed Bill"
2537:; Shertzer, Allison (2015).
2418:Geoffrey K. Pullum. (1991),
1641:Spanish in the United States
1198:has been official among the
117:In 1803, as a result of the
2843:Missouri Secretary of State
2096:. May 23, 1993. p. 1D.
1994:Southern Poverty Law Center
499:limited English proficiency
472:critical discourse analysis
3414:
3332:November 27, 2020, at the
3083:Journal of Labor Economics
2926:www.keetoowahcherokee.org/
2735:The Orange County Register
2690:"Alaska State Legislature"
1819:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1686:U.S. National Park Service
549:Other official language(s)
289:Miami-Dade County, Florida
3286:Chicano-Latino Law Review
2241:, US Senate, June 6, 2007
2218:, US Senate, June 6, 2007
2174:, US Senate, May 18, 2006
2151:, US Senate, May 18, 2006
2092:"The power of language".
2051:Inter-American Law Review
426:On February 6, 2019, the
125:-speaking populations in
50:Official English movement
3183:Northern Mariana Islands
3009:South Dakota Legislature
2481:January 5, 2009, at the
2442:Lawton, Rachele (2013),
2360:Resolution: English Only
1839:Crawford, James (2000).
1646:English-medium education
1518:Northern Mariana Islands
432:House of Representatives
334:immigration reductionist
62:United States government
3188:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
3171:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1883:Leadbeater, Maureen M.
1775:, Ralph Myles Publisher
1293:since 1995, since 2019
1190:is official within the
586:Central Alaskan Yup'ik,
350:and executive director
247:Washington J. McCormick
211:PhilippineâAmerican War
165:Indian Peace Commission
157:California constitution
152:-speaking populations.
131:admittance to the Union
2897:keetoowahcherokee.org/
2839:"2008 Ballot Measures"
1707:) and Navajo Spinach (
534:
326:Zero Population Growth
41:
3373:English-only movement
2535:Lleras-Muney, Adriana
2060:on September 27, 2011
1869:Roosevelt, Theodore,
1715:Utah State University
694:Colorado Constitution
532:
495:Executive Order 13166
466:the official food at
328:, and founder of the
46:English-only movement
35:
18:English only movement
3383:Language legislation
2556:10.1257/pol.20120219
2094:St. Petersburg Times
1717:. pp. xii+183.
1589:United States portal
1443:District of Columbia
199:SpanishâAmerican War
197:children. After the
142:MexicanâAmerican War
129:. As a condition to
48:, also known as the
2386:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
2128:on January 21, 2008
1937:The Washington Post
1699: •
1672: •
1611:Bilingual education
1556:U.S. Virgin Islands
189:In 1896, under the
178:In the late 1880s,
150:indigenous language
3206:languagepolicy.net
2870:. January 24, 2022
2666:languagepolicy.net
2404:10.1007/BF00138990
1723:10.26076/593D-61C2
535:
221:Theodore Roosevelt
191:Republic of Hawaii
161:American Civil War
119:Louisiana Purchase
84:Theodore Roosevelt
54:political movement
42:
3200:Crawford, James.
2811:Crawford, James.
2367:on April 21, 2008
1910:history.state.gov
1856:978-1-85359-505-9
1569:
1568:
1196:Cherokee language
66:official language
16:(Redirected from
3405:
3378:English language
3322:Geoffrey Nunberg
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3243:
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3141:
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3117:
3116:
3105:
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2801:
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623:
621:
606:Upper Tanana,
580:
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406:Rick Santorum
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105:Early efforts
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96:
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77:
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71:
70:United States
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
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39:
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3285:
3278:
3257:. Retrieved
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3230:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
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3186:
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3161:
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3139:
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3032:
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2981:
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2954:
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2930:. Retrieved
2925:
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2901:. Retrieved
2896:
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2872:. Retrieved
2867:
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2842:
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2816:
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2779:
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2762:
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2738:. Retrieved
2724:
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2702:
2693:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:
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2529:
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2471:
2460:
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2369:, retrieved
2365:the original
2359:
2352:
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2326:
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2308:
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2282:
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2187:
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2147:
2141:
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2130:, retrieved
2126:the original
2120:
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2087:
2079:
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2064:February 17,
2062:, retrieved
2055:the original
2050:
2038:
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2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1935:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1890:December 29,
1888:. Retrieved
1878:
1870:
1865:
1841:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1772:
1751:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1689:. Retrieved
1681:Park Science
1679:
1678:. Features.
1665:
1651:English Plus
1570:
1388:English Plus
1281:South Dakota
1257:English Plus
1246:Rhode Island
1231:Pennsylvania
1223:English Plus
1206:since 1991.
1145:North Dakota
1106:English Plus
519:
503:
491:Bill Clinton
476:
452:
445:
425:
421:Donald Trump
418:
403:
387:
383:
379:
372:
368:Mauro Mujica
352:Linda Chavez
341:
318:U.S. English
311:U.S. Senator
304:
296:commonwealth
293:
286:
278:
275:
259:U.S. English
257:
244:
229:
218:US President
215:
209:, after the
188:
177:
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81:US President
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60:in official
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2822:October 10,
2796:February 2,
2520:T.R. Reid,
2316:January 27,
2288:October 10,
2000:February 3,
1972:February 3,
1943:February 3,
1539:Puerto Rico
1437:since 1996
1406:since 2016
1390:since 1989
1371:since 1996
1309:since 1984
1275:since 1987
1259:since 1992
1225:since 1989
1155:since 1987
1139:since 1987
1108:since 1989
1066:since 1995
1035:since 1920
1019:since 1995
987:since 1987
977:Mississippi
872:since 1984
856:since 2007
840:since 2002
824:since 1984
792:since 2007
776:since 1978
758:since 1996
742:since 1988
702:Connecticut
656:since 1987
624:since 2015
596:Holikachuk,
568:since 1990
525:Current law
515:Kansas City
487:free speech
356:Larry Pratt
332:(FAIR), an
322:Sierra Club
307:John Tanton
267:John Tanton
232:World War I
225:nationality
207:Philippines
203:Puerto Rico
112:World War I
99:free speech
3367:Categories
3288:11 (1991).
3281:65 (2006).
3131:ohr.dc.gov
3113:ohr.dc.gov
2868:Justia Law
2198:August 25,
1713:(master).
1657:References
1530:Carolinian
1472:Vietnamese
1377:Washington
1087:New Mexico
1072:New Jersey
662:California
608:Tanacross,
594:Deg Xinag,
511:Scottsdale
410:criticized
398:a proposal
271:ProEnglish
173:California
140:After the
3237:April 27,
3211:April 27,
3151:April 28,
3064:Daily Kos
3044:March 22,
2988:April 28,
2874:March 10,
2848:March 10,
2714:April 28,
2671:April 27,
2412:171070339
2342:April 13,
1915:March 21,
1824:March 21,
1731:202844899
1412:Wisconsin
1299:Tennessee
962:Minnesota
878:Louisiana
620:Tsimshian
602:Gwich'in,
592:Dena'ina,
453:Linguist
442:Criticism
396:rejected
394:Tennessee
390:Nashville
338:Hispanics
305:In 1983,
287:In 1980,
216:In 1907,
180:Wisconsin
127:Louisiana
3330:Archived
2479:Archived
2310:Politico
2245:April 9,
2222:April 9,
2178:April 9,
2155:April 9,
1965:Contexts
1796:June 30,
1771:(1988),
1575:See also
1526:Chamorro
1509:Chamorro
1361:Virginia
1202:and the
1200:Cherokee
1176:Oklahoma
1114:New York
1025:Nebraska
993:Missouri
947:Michigan
916:Maryland
862:Kentucky
798:Illinois
772:Hawaiian
717:Delaware
682:Colorado
646:Arkansas
616:Tlingit,
598:Koyukon,
590:Unangax,
588:Alutiiq,
582:Inupiaq,
546:official
507:Colorado
468:baseball
412:by some
300:Virginia
195:Hawaiian
184:Illinois
38:Colorado
3346:by the
3259:July 5,
3185:at the
3168:at the
2961:May 22,
2932:June 2,
2903:June 1,
1968:: 10â15
1691:July 7,
1547:Spanish
1468:Spanish
1464:Chinese
1456:Amharic
1427:Wyoming
1346:Vermont
1102:article
1098:Spanish
1009:Montana
893:CODOFIL
814:Indiana
748:Georgia
732:Florida
630:Arizona
604:Tanana,
558:Alabama
544:English
493:signed
464:hotdogs
375:Arizona
254:Support
230:During
146:Spanish
68:in the
52:, is a
2982:NewsOK
2957:. 2008
2426:
2410:
1853:
1729:
1492:Samoan
1476:Korean
1460:French
1212:Oregon
1194:; the
1041:Nevada
889:French
846:Kansas
764:Hawaii
618:Haida,
612:Ahtna,
574:Alaska
283:Modern
123:French
3320:, by
3306:, by
2951:(PDF)
2922:(PDF)
2893:(PDF)
2790:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
2408:S2CID
2058:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
1871:Works
1727:S2CID
1315:Texas
1289:Sioux
901:Maine
782:Idaho
614:Eyak,
552:Note
540:Place
385:law.
364:Texas
360:Bryan
3261:2008
3239:2011
3213:2011
3166:Guam
3153:2011
3046:2016
2990:2011
2963:2014
2934:2014
2905:2014
2876:2022
2850:2022
2824:2016
2798:2024
2771:2023
2742:2023
2716:2011
2673:2011
2424:ISBN
2373:2008
2344:2022
2318:2020
2290:2012
2247:2009
2224:2009
2200:2008
2180:2009
2157:2009
2134:2008
2066:2008
2002:2023
1974:2023
1945:2023
1917:2022
1892:2007
1851:ISBN
1826:2022
1798:2024
1693:2022
1563:None
1501:Guam
1474:and
1450:None
1434:None
1419:None
1403:None
1384:None
1368:None
1353:None
1337:None
1330:Utah
1322:None
1306:None
1272:None
1253:None
1238:None
1219:None
1183:None
1168:None
1161:Ohio
1152:None
1136:None
1121:None
1094:None
1079:None
1063:None
1048:None
1032:None
1016:None
1000:None
984:None
969:None
954:None
938:None
923:None
908:None
885:None
869:None
853:None
837:None
830:Iowa
821:None
805:None
789:None
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739:None
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669:None
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637:None
610:Hän,
565:None
477:The
408:was
309:and
265:and
182:and
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3091:doi
2551:doi
2400:doi
1719:doi
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1522:Yes
1505:Yes
1488:Yes
1431:Yes
1400:Yes
1365:Yes
1334:Yes
1303:Yes
1285:Yes
1269:Yes
1204:UKB
1180:Yes
1149:Yes
1133:Yes
1060:Yes
1029:Yes
1013:Yes
997:Yes
981:Yes
935:Yes
866:Yes
850:Yes
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562:Yes
298:of
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1165:No
1118:No
1104:.
1091:No
1076:No
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721:No
706:No
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