512:
242:
523:: the uvular pronunciation of /r/ as was prevalent in traditional dialects throughout most of Northumberland (exceptions being the extreme west of the county and Tynemouth) and northern parts County Durham within the Tyne valley. The Northumbrian burr was generally absent from Wearside/Durham and South Shields dialects; however, it could be found sporadically in areas of the Wear valley as far south as Kelloe. Nowadays, the feature is mostly restricted to elderly rural residents of Northumberland.
498:, resulting in hybrid dialects that incorporate elements of both traditional dialects and more standardised forms of English. On the other hand, the southern urban dialects have been subject to more significant dialect restructuring, resulting in a dialect which, while still North Eastern in character, lacks more marked Northumbrian forms such as 'gan' (to go) and 'divvent' or 'dinnet' (don't) that survive in Tyneside, Wearside and Durham.
461:
centuries, which brought about significant social and demographic changes. In comparison to traditional dialects, urban North East
English dialects have undergone a greater degree of dialect levelling. A tripartite division is recognised among modern urban dialects in the North East of England, which distinguishes between the northern, central, and southern urban dialects:
444:, but overall still considered a form of Northern English. However, a small portion of northwestern Northumberland around the Cheviot hills was deemed to be Scots-speaking and therefore categorised as a variety of the Scots language. The southern part of County Durham was considered part of the 'West Northern' dialect group, which was deemed to be more closely related to
452:. Like Cumbrian, the dialect of south Durham was subject to greater Scandinavian influence than the rest of Durham and Northumberland. Scandinavian influence is evident in the naming of streams in south Durham, which are typically named ‘becks’ (from the Old Norse ‘bekkr’). In contrast, 'burns' (from the Old English ‘burna’) are found in north Durham and Northumberland.
436:, a 19th century linguist and philologist, divided Northumberland and Durham into three main dialect groups based on their linguistic features. Ellis considered the bulk of Northumberland and northern County Durham as belonging to the 'North Northern' dialect group. This group was deemed to be a transitional variety between other Northern dialects (those north of the
1276:
translations of the Old
Testament passage, The Song of Solomon, which he commissioned from local dialectologists from throughout England and southern Scotland. According to a register of his known works, six Biblical translations were commissioned in the Northumbrian dialects, four of which appear in The Song of Solomon.
802:
Occurring throughout much of north & west
Northumberland, the GOAT vowel in words like "phone" and "tone" moves closer to , so "phone" would be pronounced the same as the word "fern". Amongst those with stronger accents, a similar vowel can be found in the LOT vowel, so "cod" would be pronounced
460:
Urban North East
English dialects are a group of English dialects spoken in urban areas of the North East of England, including major cities such as Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, and Middlesbrough. These dialects have emerged as a result of the region's rapid urbanization during the 19th and 20th
1275:
In 1883 Prince Louis-Lucien
Bonaparte was granted a civil list pension for his work on English dialects. His dialect studies draw upon both written texts and the results of field work, which consisted of the direct interrogation of native speakers. In 1862 he published a compilation of 24 dialectal
1159:
but close relatives; however, mainstream scholarly sources regard them as essentially the same language, albeit with minor differences. The similarities are not commonly or formally recognised possibly due to sensitivities on both sides of the border. The status of Scots and
Northumbrian as either
1134:
A sociological study of the Anglo-Scottish border region conducted in the year 2000 found that locals of
Alnwick, 30 miles (48 km) south of Berwick, associated the Berwick accent with Scottish influence. Conversely, those from Eyemouth, Scotland, 9 miles (14 km) north of Berwick, firmly
1193:(shoe/shoes) that survived from Old English into Northumbrian but have become strong plurals in Standard Modern English – ox/oxen and child/children being exceptions. Regular Northumbrian plurals which correspond to irregular in Standard English include
540:, traditional dialects north of the Tees are largely H-retaining. Northumberland and north Durham dialects are fully H-retaining while south Durham dialects occupy a transitional zone and exhibit variable H-retention.
1130:
is unique within
Northumberland. The local speech has characteristics of the North Northumbrian dialect and due to its geographical location, has characteristics of the East Central Scots dialect as well.
1143:
The
Northumbrian Language Society (NLS), founded in 1983 to research, preserve and promote the Northumbrian language variety, considers it divergent enough to be not a dialect of
1843:
Kerswill, Paul (23 July 2018). "Dialect formation and dialect change in the
Industrial Revolution: British vernacular English in the nineteenth century". In Wright, Laura (ed.).
3258:
319:
but can also refer specifically to the county of Northumberland. This article focuses on the former definition and thus includes varieties from throughout the wider region.
785:
870:
1801:
1532:
muckle - similar to "canny", in the sense of meaning "quite". It can also mean "big", for instance "Yon hoose hez a muckle windae" means "that house has a big window"
3353:
2326:
837:
are "doon" and "toon" in Northumbrian. It also retains the old English pronunciation of when followed by , so "pound" and "found" are "pund" and "fund".
3464:
1585:
stot - to bounce. A well-known local bread bun called a 'stottie cake' receives its name from the fact the dough is 'stotted' about when being made.
2294:
3403:
3188:
3454:
3423:
2496:
2381:
1151:
of its own, since it is largely not comprehensible by standard English speakers. Northumbrian has perhaps an even closer relationship with
537:
148:
1727:
341:
The traditional dialect has spawned multiple modern varieties, and Northumbrian dialect can also be used to broadly include all of them:
2904:
1237:(thou is) are the first and second person present forms of the verb "to be" in Durham and south Northumberland. In north Northumberland
396:
3009:
1760:
1927:
1852:
2299:
2808:
1659:
1251:
In south Durham the definite article is traditionally reduced to or , usually written as t'. An isogloss running just north of
3056:
2852:
1317:
Who is this that cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrrh and with all powders of the merchant?
265:
3373:
2813:
2319:
2174:
1827:
3413:
3106:
3068:
1757:
On Early English Pronunciation, Part V. The existing phonology of English dialects compared with that of West Saxon speech
860:
515:
A 19th century dialect map of Northumberland and north Durham. The limit of the Northumbrian burr is shown by the outline.
3408:
3061:
2881:
2698:
2519:
796:(first) throughout Northumberland and north Durham. This is a result of the Northumbrian burr modifying adjacent vowels.
3459:
2784:
2774:
2372:
2339:
2335:
1604:
wa - "our". used in a more general sense unlike "wor" below as in "Divvint touch wa bags" means "Don't touch our bags"
241:
1301:
Whe's this that cums oot o the wildorness like pillors o reek, sçainted wi myrrh an wiv aa pouthers o the maerchant?
494:
Central and northern urban dialects retain a decidedly Northumbrian base, but have been shaped by a standard English
511:
415:
or variably rhotic dialect left in the region (Northumberland and northwest Durham), nearly extinct, which uses the
3368:
3083:
2941:
2352:
300:
1309:
Wha's yon cumin oot o the wilderness like til lunts o reek, smellin o myrrh an wi aa the pouthers o the mairchan?
3348:
2874:
2832:
2803:
2735:
2703:
2312:
2289:
66:
3073:
3027:
2926:
2899:
2864:
2759:
2630:
475:
335:
275:
143:
28:
1285:
Whe's yon it cums ower the moor like pillors o reek, saented wi marrh an wiv aa the poothurs o the maerchint?
1903:
Northumberland words. A glossary of words used in the County of Northumberland and on the Tyneside. Volume II
1870:
Northumberland words. A glossary of words used in the County of Northumberland and on the Tyneside. Volume II
1388:
clart or clarts - "mud" as in "there's clarts on yor beuts", or to act foolishly as in "divvent clart aboot".
3285:
3118:
2936:
2911:
1293:
Whe's this at cums out ud wilderness leyke pillers uv reek, sented wih myrrh an wih ōh powders ud merchant?
128:
118:
108:
3200:
3178:
2982:
2679:
2648:
2526:
1338:
alreet or aareet / awreet - a variation on "alright" or "hello" (often used in the phrase "aalreet mate").
565:
561:
557:
544:
526:
3398:
3318:
3183:
3078:
2791:
2725:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2087:
2027:
1915:
876:
Diphthongisation of Northern Middle English to i+e in south Northumberland and north Durham, producing
495:
3391:
2304:
2820:
2713:
2653:
2531:
2504:
2190:
1640:
433:
412:
316:
195:
70:
2252:
Northumberland Words. A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Northumberland & on the Tyneside
1990:
1941:"Visit Berwick | Holidays in Berwick-upon-Tweed UK | Official Tourist Information Website"
1208:
3418:
3248:
3240:
3138:
3101:
2987:
2972:
2847:
2837:
2764:
2603:
935:
meaning “head” & “dead” (compare Scots “heid” & “deid” and Yorkshire “heead” & “deead”)
353:
3308:
3275:
3210:
3193:
3048:
2869:
2416:
2406:
1795:
1127:
405:
123:
113:
1244:
In Northumberland and north Durham the definite article is unreduced as in Standard English and
3313:
3298:
3270:
3230:
3022:
3004:
2959:
2708:
2484:
2448:
2170:
1923:
1848:
1823:
1731:
520:
416:
323:
2140:
3433:
3386:
3338:
3265:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3148:
2994:
2967:
2825:
2745:
2690:
2588:
2570:
2557:
2394:
2389:
1508:
man - often used as a generic term of address, as in "Giv uz it heor noo man" or "haway man"
1156:
1148:
533:; on Tyneside and throughout the rest of Durham, it is typically /w/ as in Standard English.
437:
331:
133:
3303:
3205:
3143:
3113:
3096:
2921:
2796:
2617:
2593:
2565:
2536:
2509:
2474:
2361:
2100:
1252:
100:
1568:
sel - "self" as in mesel = myself, yersel = yourself, hesel = himself, horsel = herself,
1258:
The English verb "to be able" is in Northumbrian in the older form 'te can', for example
1594:
tiv or te - to. The former is usually used when the following word begins with a vowel.
3378:
3293:
3253:
3153:
2977:
2730:
2635:
2625:
2541:
2343:
1379:
1245:
1144:
599:
441:
304:
247:
190:
81:
62:
232:
17:
3448:
3428:
3343:
2999:
2916:
2857:
2769:
2720:
2598:
2580:
1354:
445:
387:
308:
251:
1620:
yark - verb meaning to hit or move abrasively. Believed to be a corruption of "jerk"
595:
Unlike most Northern English dialects /l/ is clear in all cases and never velarised.
2931:
2779:
2658:
1152:
449:
327:
27:
This article is about the modern English dialect. For the Old English dialect, see
2284:
2066:
The phonology of a south Durham dialect: Descriptive, Historical, and Comparative
814:). This creates some minimal pairs based upon phonemic vowel length, for example
185:
138:
2269:
2209:
1698:
2842:
488:
484:
370:
2014:
Geordie and Northumbria Dialect: Resource Book for North East English Dialect
1965:
1714:
Geordie and Northumbria Dialect: Resource Book for North East English Dialect
1678:
Geordie and Northumbria Dialect: Resource book for North East English dialect
2399:
2295:
A glossary of words used in the County of Northumberland and on the Tyneside
2279:
383:
357:
225:
213:
2113:
1940:
1496:
like - used as a filler in many sentences; usually every other word, e.g.
2426:
530:
392:
379:
366:
349:
283:
271:
1610:
wor - our, Used primarily to denote a family member, such as "wor bairn"
3363:
3358:
3168:
2514:
2441:
2436:
2127:
Hetton-Le-Hole Pitmatic Talk 100 Years Ago A Dialect Dictionary of 1896
1788:
Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English)
1773:
Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English)
1617:
means "What are you doing to us?". "us" is used in Durham and Wearside.
375:
345:
326:
older form of the dialect spoken in the area. It is closely related to
279:
255:
52:
382:; an area at the southern tip of region which straddles the border of
2431:
2411:
924:, which are shared with Scots, survive in some Northumbrian dialects.
362:
1248:. This is considered a peculiarity among Northern English dialects.
1135:
classed Berwick speech as English, identifying it as Northumbrian.
2274:
1786:
Beal, Joan, C.; Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes; Llamas, Carmen (2012).
1576:
shuttin for "shooting" thus simply shortening the "oo" vowel sound
1369:
bray - to overpower or defeat someone, usually in a physical sense
863:. The pronunciation of this vowel varies depending on the dialect.
510:
348:, the most famous dialect spoken in the region, largely spoken in
2125:
Palgrave, Francis Milnes Temple; English Dialect Society (1997).
1382:"quite" (therefore something could be described as "canny canny")
1223:
in Durham and south Northumberland. In north Northumberland only
2264:
1559:
pet - a term of address or endearment towards a woman or a child
825:
Preservation of Old English /uː/ (the sound of Southern English
2308:
556:
In common with most dialects of England, Northumbrian has lost
1562:
plodge - to stomp about or wade through something ungracefully
419:, mostly spoken today only by the oldest rural, male speakers.
36:
Any of several English dialects spoken in Northumbria, England
529:
is traditionally realised as in Northumberland and upper
395:
or 'Yakka', a group of dialects spoken in mining towns of
282:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1728:"North East dialect origins and the meaning of 'Geordie'"
1881:
1879:
1160:
languages or dialects therefore remains open to debate.
799:
in words such as ‘’blinnd’’ (blind) and “finnd” (find).
2053:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 136.
1888:
Survey of English dialects: The dictionary and grammar
1397:
deeks - "look" as in "Gie’s a deeks" - "Gimme a look"
617:
607:
587:
581:
548:
3331:
3284:
3239:
3219:
3131:
3047:
3040:
2958:
2890:
2744:
2689:
2678:
2671:
2616:
2579:
2556:
2495:
2457:
2380:
2371:
2360:
2351:
598:The most conservative forms of the dialect undergo
223:
211:
206:
178:
97:
87:
77:
58:
48:
43:
1886:Upton, C.; Parry, D.; Widdowson, J. D. A. (1994).
2068:. London: Keagan Paul Trench Trubner. p. 18.
2167:Song Of Solomon, In Twenty-Four English Dialects
1529:mollycoddle - overprotect, "wrap in cotton wool"
1403:divvie - an insult, referring to a stupid person
1241:(I am) is used as in Scots and Standard English.
1169:Northumbrian includes some weak plurals such as
1730:. Northeastengland.talktalk.net. Archived from
1613:wu - "us" in Northumberland and Tyneside as in
1139:Classification in relation to English and Scots
2285:Northumbrian wiki in Miraheze (Incubator plus)
1759:, A.J. Ellis, Truebner & Co, London, 1889
1498:like, is he on aboot me or like, summat, like?
1450:hairn (or hen) - similar to "hinny", see below
543:As with most Northern English dialects, final
448:and Cumbrian dialects, especially that of the
2320:
1569:
1481:
1359:bess - "please ya bess" for "please yourself"
1211:: Use of the singular second-person pronouns
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
8:
2114:http://www.NorthumbrianLanguageSociety.co.uk
1800:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1502:mair for "more" (compare with German "mehr")
2030:. Badlinguistics.posterous.com. 7 June 2010
1822:. Centre for Northern Studies. p. 48.
1813:
1811:
1415:te gan - to go ("gannin" or "gaan" = going)
575:
569:
3354:Comparison of American and British English
3223:
3044:
2752:
2686:
2675:
2377:
2368:
2357:
2327:
2313:
2305:
322:The traditional Northumbrian dialect is a
240:
40:
1353:belter - "really good", used in the film
873:, as in other Northern English varieties.
2245:A Northumberland & Durham Word book,
2080:Transactions of the Philological Society
2028:"Can Scots be English? - BadLinguistics"
1820:North East Dialect: Survey and Word List
1790:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1434:means "keep ahold" or "look after", and
1278:
1066:
940:Monophthongs of Northumbrian (Tyneside)
938:
625:
568:in Northumbrian cognates, compare Scots
334:and shares with them a common origin in
1845:Southern English Varieties Then and Now
1751:
1749:
1671:
1669:
1651:
1601:toon - town (or specifically Newcastle)
894:for "both", "stone" and "home"; and to
401:
276:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2096:
2085:
1922:, 2004, Northumbria University Press,
1793:
1412:feyther, fatther, or fadder - "father"
1155:, and both the NLS regard as distinct
1068:Diphthongs of Northumbrian (Tyneside)
2214:www.NorthumbrianLanguageSociety.co.uk
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1459:ho'wair, ho'way or ha'way - "come on"
1072:
952:
912:in south Durham. Older forms such as
481:Southern Urban North-Eastern English:
466:Northern Urban North-Eastern English:
246:Location of the historic counties of
7:
3424:Non-native pronunciations of English
1518:me or ma - my (compare: myself >
1453:hinny a term of endearment - "Honey"
472:Central Urban North-Eastern English:
2051:Agreement, Gender, Relative Clauses
1699:"The Northumbrian Language Society"
1511:marra - Friend. Used like "mate" -
1344:bairn/grandbairn - child/grandchild
397:Northumberland and Durham Coalfield
303:spoken in the historic counties of
2238:A Dictionary of North East Dialect
2191:"Northumbrian Language Dictionary"
1920:A Dictionary of North East Dialect
1489:te lend - often used for borrow, (
1400:dinnet, divvent or dinna - "don't"
1157:languages derived from Old English
408:, the northernmost town in England
299:is any one of several traditional
25:
1427:gie's- "Give me", compare "Gimme"
1328:Some Northumbrian words include:
866:The FACE vowel is typically or .
859:, partially corresponds to Scots
536:In contrast to most varieties of
468:Tyneside and urban Northumberland
2290:Northumbrian Language Dictionary
1409:ee - oh, an exclamation of shock
964:
956:
3465:Languages of the United Kingdom
2210:"Northumbrian Language Society"
2208:Northumbrian Language Society.
1391:cuddy - a small horse or a pony
1378:canny - "pleasant", or like in
3374:English-based creole languages
1660:"Germanic and Other Languages"
1493:meaning "Can I borrow a pen?")
411:Northumbrian proper, the only
1:
3414:List of English-based pidgins
2270:Northumbrian Language Society
1991:"Newcastle English (Geordie)"
1970:Northumbrian Language Society
1847:. De Gruyter. pp. 8–38.
1775:. Edinburgh University Press.
1627:meaning "What are you doing?"
1588:summat or summick - something
1430:had / haud - "hold" example:
3409:Linguistic purism in English
2231:The Mid-Northumbrian Dialect
2195:geordiedictionary.tripod.com
2129:. Johnstone-Carr. p. 9.
1901:Heslop, Oliver (1893–1894).
1868:Heslop, Oliver (1893–1894).
1505:mam/ma a variation of Mother
1362:te boule - to roll, however
1255:separates the two varieties.
806:Phonemic long /aː/ (written
588:
582:
3455:English language in England
2510:London & Thames Estuary
1472:meaning "Pass me the knife"
1147:but, rather, a related but
315:can refer to the region of
3481:
3369:English as a lingua franca
2275:Northumbrian Words Project
2145:Northumbrian Words Project
2016:. CreateSpace. p. 10.
1905:. Oxford University Press.
1872:. Oxford University Press.
1570:
1538:neb - nose (nebby = nosey)
1486:- electricity, or electric
1482:
576:
570:
547:sound is reduced to e.g.
26:
3349:Broad and general accents
3259:regional and occupational
3226:
3092:
3018:
2755:
2644:
1716:. CreateSpace. p. 9.
1607:willent, winnit - "won't"
1598:- "there's nothing to it"
1347:bari - "good" or "lovely"
1264:I used to be able to sing
1090:
1074:
1011:
960:
957:
949:
946:
944:
725:
618:
608:
564:typically corresponds to
549:
262:
239:
1993:. Hawaii.edu. 6 May 2000
1818:Griffiths, Bill (2002).
1623:ye or 'ee for you as in
1478:te knaw / te knaa - know
1375:cannet or canna - cannot
1149:separate Anglic language
553:for “ganging” (“going”).
476:Durham unitary authority
144:Northumbrian Old English
93:At max ~307k (2001)
29:Northumbrian Old English
2265:Northumbrian dictionary
2250:Richard Oliver Heslop,
2049:Pietsch, Lukas (2008).
1676:Riley, Brendan (2016).
1565:radge or radgie - crazy
1515:meaning "hello friend")
1145:Modern Standard English
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
474:Sunderland and much of
2527:Received Pronunciation
2300:Poetry in Northumbrian
2064:Orton, Harold (1933).
1771:Beal, Joan C. (2012).
1366:means to "mess around"
810:or more traditionally
516:
378:, a dialect spoken in
365:, a dialect spoken in
264:This article contains
18:English of Northumbria
2721:Multicultural Toronto
1447:haddaway - "get away"
1421:git awesh - "go away"
803:with a short œ sound.
514:
2882:Western Pennsylvania
2082:. 1870–72: 86. 1872.
1890:. London: Routledge.
1641:Northumbria (modern)
1615:What ye deein te wu?
1468:us- me, for example
1438:means "keep quiet".]
1350:banter - chat/gossip
788:: in words such as
434:Alexander John Ellis
297:Northumbrian English
293:Northumbrian dialect
196:Early Modern English
154:Northumbrian dialect
44:Northumbrian dialect
3419:Mid-Atlantic accent
3010:Trinidad and Tobago
1734:on 24 February 2008
1596:There's nowt tiv it
1571:waselves, thaselves
1535:ner, na or nar - no
1260:aw used te cud sing
1069:
941:
3460:North East England
2942:Pennsylvania Dutch
1625:What are 'ee deein
1582:spelk - a splinter
1424:geet, varry - very
1385:chud - chewing gum
1372:byer - cattle shed
1128:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1123:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1067:
939:
786:Nurse–north merger
602:as in Scots, thus
580:with Northumbrian
517:
406:Berwick-upon-Tweed
124:North Sea Germanic
3442:
3441:
3327:
3326:
3127:
3126:
3036:
3035:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2875:Pacific Northwest
2736:Standard Canadian
2667:
2666:
2612:
2611:
2552:
2551:
2141:"Mapping English"
2095:Missing or empty
1470:Pass us the gully
1462:te hoy - to throw
1441:hev or hae - have
1321:
1320:
1120:
1119:
1060:
1059:
927:in words such as
777:
776:
521:Northumbrian burr
424:Dialect divisions
417:Northumbrian burr
290:
289:
272:rendering support
268:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
3472:
3339:English language
3224:
3045:
3028:Falkland Islands
2927:General American
2900:African-American
2753:
2687:
2676:
2378:
2369:
2358:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2236:Bill Griffiths,
2218:
2217:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
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2111:
2105:
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2098:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1945:visitberwick.com
1937:
1931:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1630:yor, thee - your
1573:
1572:
1485:
1484:
1279:
1070:
942:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
871:foot–strut split
626:
621:
611:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
563:
559:
552:
546:
538:Northern English
528:
438:Humber-Lune Line
336:Old Northumbrian
301:English dialects
244:
235:
216:
149:Northern English
103:
41:
21:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3323:
3280:
3235:
3215:
3123:
3119:Solomon Islands
3088:
3032:
3014:
2946:
2937:New York Latino
2912:American Indian
2892:
2886:
2747:
2740:
2681:
2663:
2649:Channel Islands
2640:
2608:
2575:
2548:
2491:
2453:
2363:
2347:
2333:
2261:
2226:
2224:Further reading
2221:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2147:. 11 March 2019
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2026:
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2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
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1984:
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1697:
1696:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1637:
1591:tab - cigarette
1544:nettie - toilet
1444:hacky - "dirty"
1326:
1282:Northumberland
1273:
1253:Bishop Auckland
1227:is encountered.
1209:T–V distinction
1185:(cow/cows) and
1166:
1141:
1125:
1065:
782:
509:
504:
458:
431:
426:
402:Berwick dialect
270:Without proper
258:
231:
212:
202:
181:
174:
104:
101:Language family
99:
90:
89:Native speakers
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
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3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3379:Englishisation
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3286:Southeast Asia
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
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3227:
3221:
3217:
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3208:
3203:
3201:South Atlantic
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
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3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2983:Cayman Islands
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2894:
2893:ethno-cultural
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
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2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
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2800:
2799:
2789:
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2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
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2662:
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2656:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
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2614:
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2596:
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2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
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2544:
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2529:
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2523:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
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2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:Stoke-on-Trent
2482:
2477:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2455:
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2451:
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2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2344:Modern English
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2259:External links
2257:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2243:Cecil Geeson,
2241:
2234:
2229:Thomas Moody,
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2200:
2182:
2175:
2158:
2132:
2117:
2106:
2071:
2056:
2041:
2019:
2004:
1982:
1957:
1932:
1916:Bill Griffiths
1908:
1893:
1875:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1807:
1778:
1763:
1745:
1719:
1704:
1683:
1665:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:owt - anything
1554:
1553:nowt - nothing
1551:
1548:
1547:nivvor - never
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1494:
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1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:te boule aboot
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1319:
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1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
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1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
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1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
989:
987:
984:
981:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
959:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
937:
936:
925:
874:
867:
864:
847:in words like
838:
823:
804:
800:
797:
781:
778:
775:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
761:
759:
757:
753:
752:
750:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
722:
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714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
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673:
670:
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663:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
624:
623:
600:L-vocalization
596:
593:
554:
541:
534:
524:
508:
505:
503:
500:
492:
491:
478:
469:
457:
454:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
409:
399:
390:
373:
360:
305:Northumberland
288:
287:
274:, you may see
260:
259:
248:Northumberland
245:
237:
236:
229:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
207:Language codes
204:
203:
201:
200:
199:
198:
191:Middle English
184:
182:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
107:
105:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
63:Northumberland
60:
56:
55:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:International
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Torres Strait
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
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2963:
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2957:
2943:
2940:
2938:
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2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
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2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:North-Central
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:New York City
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Ottawa Valley
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:Multicultural
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Black Country
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:West Midlands
2468:
2466:
2465:East Midlands
2463:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
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2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
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2388:
2387:
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2379:
2376:
2374:
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2356:
2354:
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2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Northumbriana
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:1-904794-16-5
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1854:9783110577549
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1789:
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1779:
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1764:
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1746:
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1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:. p. 81.
1679:
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1634:
1629:
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1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
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1581:
1578:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1465:hyem - "home"
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:hoose - house
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Purely Belter
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:aboot - about
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
990:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
943:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
915:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
875:
872:
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
832:
829:), therefore
828:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
784:
783:
779:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
762:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
723:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
640:Postalveolar
639:
636:
633:
630:
628:
627:
620:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
594:
577:cleuch/cleugh
555:
551:
542:
539:
535:
532:
525:
522:
519:
518:
513:
506:
501:
499:
497:
490:
486:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
462:
455:
453:
451:
447:
446:Richmondshire
443:
439:
435:
428:
423:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
400:
398:
394:
391:
389:
388:County Durham
385:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:, centred on
368:
364:
361:
359:
355:
352:, centred in
351:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:County Durham
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
238:
234:
230:
228:
227:
222:
218:
215:
210:
205:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
188:
187:
183:
177:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:Anglo-Frisian
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:West Germanic
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:Indo-European
106:
102:
96:
92:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
42:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3184:South Africa
3179:Sierra Leone
2932:Miami Latino
2821:Philadelphia
2809:Inland North
2714:Newfoundland
2532:West Country
2421:
2346:by continent
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2213:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2166:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2109:
2097:|title=
2088:cite journal
2079:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1985:
1975:15 September
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1930:, p. 79
1919:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1869:
1863:
1844:
1838:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1722:
1713:
1707:
1677:
1654:
1624:
1614:
1595:
1541:neet - night
1523:
1519:
1513:aareet marra
1512:
1497:
1491:lend us a bi
1490:
1475:ket - sweets
1469:
1436:haud yor gob
1435:
1431:
1418:gadgie - man
1363:
1327:
1274:
1263:
1259:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1201:(wives) and
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:(eye/eyes),
1174:
1170:
1153:Modern Scots
1142:
1133:
1126:
1091:Start point
932:
928:
921:
917:
913:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
834:
830:
826:
819:
815:
811:
807:
793:
789:
734:Approximant
613:
603:
493:
480:
471:
465:
459:
456:21st century
450:Vale of Eden
432:
429:19th century
404:, spoken in
340:
321:
313:Northumbrian
312:
296:
292:
291:
263:
224:
153:
38:
33:
3309:Philippines
3102:New Zealand
2988:Bay Islands
2968:The Bahamas
2891:Social and
2848:New Orleans
2765:New England
2659:Isle of Man
2604:Port Talbot
2505:East Anglia
2422:Northumbria
1950:11 December
1755:page 39 of
1579:snek - nose
1406:doon - down
1394:te dee - do
1332:aw / aa - I
1233:(I is) and
496:superstrate
317:Northumbria
311:. The term
278:instead of
186:Old English
180:Early forms
71:Northumbria
3449:Categories
3249:Bangladesh
3241:South Asia
3194:Cape Flats
3144:The Gambia
3069:Aboriginal
2905:vernacular
2870:California
2843:High Tider
2838:Appalachia
2699:Aboriginal
2631:South-West
2475:Birmingham
2432:Sunderland
2417:Manchester
2407:Lancashire
2176:1166258874
1829:0951147285
1647:References
1550:noo - now,
1324:Vocabulary
1298:Newcastle
1197:(loaves),
1063:Diphthongs
1001:Close-mid
958:Unrounded
707:Fricative
507:Consonants
489:Darlington
485:Hartlepool
483:Teesside,
371:Sunderland
3314:Singapore
3276:Sri Lanka
3231:Hong Kong
3057:variation
3049:Australia
2960:Caribbean
2826:Baltimore
2709:Lunenburg
2654:Gibraltar
2571:Highlands
2449:Yorkshire
2412:Liverpool
1796:cite book
1432:keep ahad
1341:aye - yes
1290:Weardale
1205:(shelves)
1075:Endpoint
1022:Open-mid
818:"go" vs.
637:Alveolar
502:Phonology
384:Yorkshire
358:Gateshead
354:Newcastle
226:Glottolog
214:ISO 639-3
78:Ethnicity
3434:Standard
3404:Learning
3392:Nerrière
3383:Globish
3299:Malaysia
3271:Pakistan
3211:Zimbabwe
3139:Cameroon
2973:Barbados
2704:Atlantic
2672:Americas
2589:Abercraf
2558:Scotland
2537:Cornwall
2458:Midlands
2442:Teesside
2437:Tyneside
2427:Pitmatic
2390:Cheshire
2336:Dialects
2169:. 1862.
2034:15 March
1997:15 March
1738:15 March
1635:See also
1314:English
1271:Examples
1262:meaning
1083:Central
961:Rounded
950:Central
869:Lack of
822:"going".
756:Lateral
692:t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
652:Glottal
643:Palatal
560:. Scots
531:Weardale
393:Pitmatic
380:Teesside
367:Wearside
350:Tyneside
332:Cumbrian
324:moribund
284:Help:IPA
233:nort3300
114:Germanic
3364:Engrish
3359:E-Prime
3332:Related
3319:Vietnam
3304:Myanmar
3174:Nigeria
3169:Namibia
3159:Liberia
3041:Oceania
3023:Bermuda
2995:Jamaica
2922:Chicano
2760:Midland
2746:United
2682:America
2618:Ireland
2594:Cardiff
2566:Glasgow
2515:Cockney
2395:Cumbria
2373:England
2364:Britain
2340:accents
2012:Riley.
1712:Riley.
1164:Grammar
861:Vowel 7
792:(bird)
649:Uvular
634:Dental
631:Labial
614:needful
376:Smoggie
346:Geordie
280:Unicode
256:England
139:Anglian
82:English
53:England
3387:Gogate
3294:Brunei
3206:Uganda
3189:accent
3164:Malawi
3132:Africa
3107:accent
3062:accent
3005:Samaná
2978:Bequia
2797:accent
2770:Boston
2748:States
2731:Quebec
2691:Canada
2680:North
2636:Ulster
2626:Dublin
2542:Dorset
2400:Barrow
2362:Great
2353:Europe
2254:. 1893
2240:, 2005
2233:, 2007
2173:
2151:5 June
1966:"Home"
1926:
1851:
1826:
1520:meself
1306:Scots
1235:thoo's
1203:shelfs
1187:shough
1094:Front
1080:Front
980:Close
972:Short
966:Short
947:Front
909:(h)yam
891:(h)yem
849:eneugh
780:Vowels
657:Nasal
646:Velar
619:needfu
589:cleugh
550:gannin
440:) and
413:rhotic
363:Mackem
252:Durham
134:Anglic
67:Durham
59:Region
3429:Plain
3344:Basic
3266:Nepal
3254:India
3154:Kenya
3149:Ghana
3114:Palau
3074:South
2917:Cajun
2858:Texas
2853:Older
2833:South
2804:North
2780:Maine
2599:Gower
2581:Wales
2497:South
2382:North
1524:mesel
1483:lekky
1380:Scots
1246:Scots
1199:wifes
1195:loafs
1191:shoon
1108:Back
1086:Back
1040:Open
975:Long
969:Long
953:Back
918:stane
914:baith
903:styan
897:byath
885:styen
879:byeth
794:forst
681:Stop
583:lough
442:Scots
328:Scots
3220:Asia
3097:Fiji
3084:West
3000:Saba
2865:West
2785:West
2775:East
2338:and
2247:1969
2171:ISBN
2153:2023
2101:help
2036:2013
1999:2013
1977:2021
1952:2020
1924:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1802:link
1740:2013
1239:aw'm
1231:aw’s
1221:thee
1219:and
1213:thoo
933:deed
931:and
929:heed
922:hame
920:and
906:and
888:and
857:buit
855:and
853:muin
835:town
833:and
831:down
820:gawn
790:bord
749:ʍ w
741:(ɹ)
719:ʃ ʒ
716:s z
713:θ ð
710:f v
697:k ɡ
689:t d
684:p b
612:and
604:wall
586:and
574:and
571:loch
527:/hw/
487:and
386:and
356:and
330:and
307:and
250:and
65:and
2342:of
1522:or
1217:tha
1215:or
1183:kye
1179:coo
1175:een
1103:æu
1056:ɒː
1046:aː
1035:ɔː
1028:ɛː
1017:oː
1009:øː
1006:eː
996:uː
986:iː
843:or
816:gan
616:is
609:waa
606:is
566:/f/
562:/x/
558:/x/
545:/ŋ/
295:or
266:IPA
254:in
3451::
2212:.
2193:.
2143:.
2092::
2090:}}
2086:{{
1968:.
1943:.
1918::
1878:^
1810:^
1798:}}
1794:{{
1748:^
1686:^
1668:^
1225:ye
1171:ee
1114:uɐ
1111:oe
1100:iɐ
1097:ai
1053:ɒ
1043:a
1025:ɛ
1012:ə
993:ʊ
983:ɪ
916:,
900:,
882:,
851:,
845:ui
841:eu
827:oo
812:aw
808:aa
763:l
746:j
729:h
726:ʁ
702:ʔ
672:ŋ
665:n
660:m
338:.
2328:e
2321:t
2314:v
2216:.
2197:.
2179:.
2155:.
2103:)
2099:(
2038:.
2001:.
1979:.
1954:.
1857:.
1832:.
1804:)
1742:.
1701:.
1662:.
1526:)
1266:.
1189:/
1181:/
1173:/
622:.
592:.
286:.
219:–
73:)
69:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
