364: larvae are generally perceived to be the largest in size of all Engystomops larvae. Its larval structure is mainly composed of the body, snout, oral disc, vent tube, tail, dorsal fin, ventral fin, and other organs. The length of the larva usually is around 22.7 mm. Its body length comprises a little less than half of its total length. It has a broad snout that is wide and round with nostrils that are slightly discolored on the outer rim. Its oral disc is filled with small papillae arranged rows with various tip lengths and shapes. The jaw has a dark coloration and is marked by serrations that follow an arc-shaped pattern.
77:
33:
52:
404:. They are terrestrial frogs often found in leaf-litter. They are nocturnal, and prefer humid environments. While they are terrestrial, they breed near water bodies, specifically on the edges of lakes, ponds, and pools. The males sing and send mating calls while floating on their backs in the water. The genus
531:
tend to prefer local calls over foreign calls from male conspecifics. They don’t tend to recognize different frequency calls. They also prefer the complex calls that include a suffix at the end compared to the simpler calls with a prefix and whine only. The strong preference for local males serves as
384:
larva has only been reported after preservation. In preservative, its coloration is mainly dark to light brown. Aspotty mesh pattern with speckles around certain regions of the body is also visible. The tail is light brown with speckles all over and the fins are translucent with threadlike markings.
343:
are characterized by bulbous fingers in which the first finger is greater in length compared to the second finger. Their build varies from slender to stocky. They are also distinct from other similar frogs in that some females have concealed eardrums or tympani and males have prominent tympani.
507:
consists of two parts. The first part of the advertisement call is known as the prefix. The prefix consists of one or two short bursts of sound at a frequency of about 20-70 ms. The second part of the advertisement call consists of the whine. The whine is a lower-frequency sweeping call that occurs
408:
is a lineage of frogs located in the Andean foothills of
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, extending to the Amazon basin in Brazil. Speciation events of the genus are well studied and typically defined using the study of mitochondrial DNA, mating calls, and cytogenetic variation among different frogs in
334:
are relatively small frogs. Males measure 21–31 mm (0.83–1.22 in) in snout–vent length and females 25–39 mm (0.98–1.54 in). Dorsal colouration is variable. Skin on the dorsum is warty, bearing small tubercles with scattered larger tubercles. This species lacks maxillary and
547:
are known to be in behavioral isolation. Females prefer conspecific chorus calls to calls from other species, a factor leading to their evolution of reproductive isolation. Despite this, a few instances have been found involving reproduction between heterospecifics. This has led to hybrid
581:
tadpoles, increasing their mortality and iltuimately contributing to the decrease of anuran populations in the area. With the increasing number of rainbow trout farms in the area, rainbow trout are a growing potential threat to nearby anuran species.
560:
lead to reduced fertilization rates and overall decrease in fertility. This has been attributed to high variation in chromosome structure, banding pattern, and length between the different species creating unstable karyotypes in future progeny.
572:
have been used in conservation studies for the anuran population in the Andes. They are potentially threatened by the invasive species of rainbow trout that has infested the water of the
Ecuadorian Andes. Rainbow trout serve as a vector for
977:
445:
discriminate against certain mating calls from foreign populations and will recognize calls from specific locations. Such behavioral isolation of the species likely led to speciation. The genetic variation between different
589:. The Ecuadorian forests have lost almost 60% of their habitats due to deforestation. There have also been many legal and illegal mining and logging activities that further habitat loss. This is a threat not only to
476:
were observed feeding on termites in a semicircular formation. This is one of the few examples of group feeding seen in herpetofauna in the region, which tend to feed on leaf litters on the rainforest floor.
532:
evidence of behavioral isolation in this species. This is important for understanding genetic drift, sexual selection, and speciations in the Amazon where genetic drift is so high. The rapid speciation of
368:
tadpoles also have a vent tube that is attached to the ventral fin of the body. Their tails are approximately 60% of their entire body length with a narrowly rounded tip. A distinguishing characteristic
275:. Taxonomy and classification of this species is constantly changing due to the continual evolution of behavioral isolation and rapid speciation in the region. There are also records from the
516:
populations there has also been divergence in mating call patterns in geographically isolated regions. In three geographically isolated regions in
Ecuador, mating calls of
695:
Funk, W. C.; Cannatella, D. C.; Ryan, M. J. (2009). "Genetic divergence is more tightly related to call variation than landscape features in the
Amazonian frogs
1432:
665:
1496:
552:
has general karyotype differences among different species making fertilization and development less likely to succeed. In fact, fertilization crosses with
323:
were considered to be distinct species, however morphological analyses of these frogs revealed that they were conspecifics and synonymous species.
492:. The male call consists of a prefix and a "whine" component, and, in some populations only, a third "squawk" component. Eggs are laid in foam nests.
1380:
1359:
1406:
1268:
1206:
MartĂn-Torrijos, Laura; Sandoval-Sierra, Jose
Vladimir; Muñoz, Jesús; Diéguez-Uribeondo, Javier; Bosch, Jaime; Guayasamin, Juan M. (2016-01-01).
339:
also has terminal phalanges that are T-shaped and two salivary glands known as parotoid glands that are generally visible. The hands and feet of
917:"Cytogenetic contributions for the study of the Amazonian Engystomops (Anura; Leiuperidae) assessed in the light of phylogenetic relationships"
799:
Funk, W. C.; Angulo, A.; Caldwell, J. P.; Ryan, M. J.; Cannatella, D. C. (2008). "Comparison of morphology and calls of two cryptic species of
1526:
421:
frogs and has been used for comparative karyotypic analysis with other frog species in the area. Its karyotype is unique compared to other
1027:
Powell, Randy L.; Eversole, Cord B.; Lizarro, Dennis; Crocker, Ashton V.; CalderĂłn Vaca, Gonzalo; Surovic, Elizabeth A. (2020-09-11).
512:
populations also add a suffix to the end of the whine that occurs at a higher frequency compared to the rest of the call. Within
1511:
1516:
1354:
1029:"Bothrops taeniatus Wagler, 1824 (Serpentes, Viperidae): additional country record and list of voucher specimens for Bolivia"
1411:
450:
species is also characterized by variations within karyotypes with different banding patterns as well as clade divergence.
1506:
76:
315:
These names are routinely exchanged making it hard to characterize differences among different species. Previously,
597:
is localized to a comparatively small region, such habitat loss could be especially devastating for this species.
1437:
852:"Larval morphology of Amazonia foam-nesting frogs of the genus Engystomops (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)"
284:
1138:"Mating patterns and post-mating isolation in three cryptic species of the Engystomops petersi species complex"
472:
This species has been observed to feed in groups in some circumstances. In a herpetological study in
Bolivia,
1332:
503:
females display preferential mate selection towards males with conspecific calls. The characteristic call of
1521:
1294:
548:
specification with minimal phenotypic differences between frogs in close geographic proximity. However,
263:
171:
1028:
1501:
1367:
1219:
1149:
928:
750:"Systematic Status of the American Leptodactylid Frog Genera Engystomops, Eupemphix, and Physalaemus"
417:
and was found to be its own species located in northern Peru and
Ecuador. Puyo, Ecuador is a hub for
288:
642:
41:
1247:
1061:
1006:
888:
820:
778:
280:
268:
193:
71:
915:
Targueta, C. P.; Rivera, M.; Souza, M. B.; Recco-Pimentel, S. M.; Lourenço, L. B. (2010-03-01).
1458:
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1167:
1111:
1053:
998:
954:
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880:
872:
770:
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243:
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vary in frequency in different regions, serving as likely evidence for further speciation of
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1237:
1227:
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1101:
1043:
990:
936:
864:
812:
762:
712:
637:
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1090:"Mate choice and courtship signal differentiation promotes speciation in an Amazonian frog"
1445:
258:
239:
138:
851:
463:
1223:
1153:
932:
1180:
1137:
978:"Feeding Habits of Engystomops pustulatus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Western Ecuador"
849:
do
Nascimento, Filipe A. C.; de Sá, Rafael O.; Garcia, Paulo C. de A. (October 2022).
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makes it a good subject for analysis of evolutionary patterns in these environments.
32:
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1419:
1065:
892:
716:
628:
619:
401:
61:
56:
1251:
1010:
824:
1136:
Trillo, Paula A.; Narvaez, Andrea E.; Ron, Santiago R.; Hoke, Kim L. (2017-04-07).
425:
species in the area and specifically diverges from the southwestern clade known as
283:
of these two species seems to have been driven by behavioural isolation related to
1232:
1207:
1162:
1393:
1341:
1326:
941:
916:
148:
1317:
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Sexual selection has been thought to play a role in evolutionary speciation of
1269:"New report reveals northern Ecuadorian region has lost 61 percent of forests"
994:
489:
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876:
774:
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88:
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which has a larger diet breadth compared to the specialized diet of the
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1048:
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species is the presence of prominent elliptical paravertebral glands.
276:
250:
1398:
816:
461: diet consists exclusively of termites. This is in contrast to
397:
98:
1288:
766:
1263:
1261:
356:
has been thoroughly studied and compared to other members of the
1208:"Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) threaten Andean amphibians"
674:
Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
254:
235:
128:
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1292:
613:
611:
609:
303:
396:
is a common species that inhabits primary and secondary
1201:
1199:
975:
Narváez, Andrea E.; Ron, Santiago R. (December 2013).
267:, and for a period the latter was considered to be a
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
279:
that have not yet been allocated to either species.
1301:
976:
850:
748:
593:but all other biodiversity in the region. Since
307:was grouped in with other Amazonian genera like
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
577:which can effectively transmit this disease to
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1129:
1127:
1125:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
970:
968:
794:
792:
643:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T57270A85893490.en
1022:
1020:
413:makes up the northwestern clade of the genus
8:
1088:Guerra, MĂłnica A.; Ron, Santiago R. (2008).
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
618:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018).
1289:
50:
31:
20:
1241:
1231:
1179:
1161:
1105:
1047:
940:
641:
585:Habitat loss is also a major concern for
605:
317:Eupemphix paraensis, Eupemphix schereri
257:. It is morphologically similar to its
983:South American Journal of Herpetology
921:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
429:located in southern Peru and Brazil.
7:
676:. American Museum of Natural History
1497:IUCN Red List least concern species
629:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
508:after the prefix. In certain areas
488:breeding period coincides with the
389:Habitat and Distribution Speciation
14:
717:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01795.x
75:
705:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
496:Mating Calls and Female Choice
1:
1233:10.1080/23766808.2016.1151133
1527:Amphibians described in 1872
1163:10.1371/journal.pone.0174743
433:Genetic Population Structure
204:(Jiménez de la Espada, 1872)
1273:Mongabay Environmental News
942:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.018
670:Jiménez de la Espada, 1872"
1543:
287:characteristics more than
187:Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
995:10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00012.1
664:Frost, Darrel R. (2014).
373:larvae compared to other
352:The larval morphology of
199:
192:
177:
170:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1212:Neotropical Biodiversity
565:Conservation and Threats
803:(Anura: Leiuperidae)".
747:Lynch, John D. (1970).
1512:Amphibians of Colombia
464:Engystompos pustulosus
1517:Amphibians of Ecuador
1107:10.1093/beheco/arn098
857:Journal of Morphology
636:: e.T57270A85893490.
264:Engystomops freibergi
575:Saprolegnia diclina,
335:premaxillary teeth.
289:geographic isolation
16:Species of amphibian
1507:Fauna of the Amazon
1360:Engystomops-petersi
1333:Engystomops petersi
1303:Engystomops petersi
1224:2016NeBio...2...26M
1154:2017PLoSO..1274743T
933:2010MolPE..54..709T
697:Physalaemus petersi
668:Engystomops petersi
622:Engystomops petersi
419:Engystomops petersi
411:Engystomops petersi
394:Engystomops petersi
332:Engystomops petersi
321:Engystomops petersi
273:Engystomops petersi
227:Engystomops petersi
207:Eupemphix paraensis
202:Physalaemus petersi
181:Engystomops petersi
42:Conservation status
25:Engystomops petersi
1094:Behavioral Ecology
1049:10.15560/16.5.1143
869:10.1002/jmor.21503
380:The coloration of
234:) is a species of
232:Peters' dwarf frog
214:Eupemphix schereri
1484:
1483:
1459:Open Tree of Life
1295:Taxon identifiers
863:(10): 1299–1317.
540:Genetic Diversity
348:Larval Morphology
242:. It is found in
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1100:(6): 1128–1135.
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1042:(5): 1143–1147.
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817:10.1655/08-019.1
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711:(9): 1839–1853.
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454:Feeding Behavior
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1148:(4): e0174743.
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259:sibling species
240:Leptodactylidae
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163:E. petersi
139:Leptodactylidae
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1016:
989:(3): 161–167.
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927:(3): 709–725.
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811:(3): 290–304.
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761:(3): 488–496.
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269:junior synonym
238:in the family
230:(common name:
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1522:Frogs of Peru
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57:Least Concern
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1277:. Retrieved
1275:. 2019-09-04
1272:
1243:10261/158670
1218:(1): 26–36.
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701:P. freibergi
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678:. Retrieved
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647:. Retrieved
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524:over time.
521:
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490:rainy season
486:E. petersi's
485:
484:
481:Reproduction
473:
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458:
457:
447:
442:
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436:
427:E. freibergi
426:
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402:forest edges
393:
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210:MĂĽller, 1923
206:
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24:
18:
1502:Engystomops
1394:iNaturalist
1342:AmphibiaWeb
1327:Wikispecies
801:Physalaemus
649:17 November
470:E. petersi.
448:Engystomops
439:Engystomops
423:Engystomops
415:Engystomops
406:Engystomops
375:Engystomops
358:Engystomops
327:Description
305:Engystomops
301:Engystomops
217:Myers, 1942
150:Engystomops
1491:Categories
1279:2022-11-09
1036:Check List
601:References
595:E. petersi
591:E. petersi
587:E. petersi
579:E. petersi
570:E. petersi
550:E. petersi
545:E. petersi
534:E. petersi
529:E. petersi
522:E. petersi
518:E. petersi
514:E. petersi
510:E. petersi
505:E. petersi
501:E. petersi
474:E. petersi
459:E. petersi
443:E. petersi
409:the area.
382:E. petersi
371:E. petersi
366:E. petersi
362:E. petersi
354:E. petersi
341:E. petersi
337:E. petersi
299:The genus
281:Divergence
1172:1932-6203
1116:1465-7279
1066:225242938
1058:1809-127X
1003:1808-9798
951:1055-7903
893:251592075
877:0362-2525
775:0045-8511
554:E. magnus
441:. Female
309:Eupemphix
285:male call
244:Amazonian
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1318:Q4668325
1312:Wikidata
1252:49732292
1190:28388628
1142:PLOS ONE
1011:86350285
959:19861165
885:35971644
825:40767898
725:19583696
558:E. selva
369:of
295:Taxonomy
247:Colombia
194:Synonyms
135:Family:
119:Amphibia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1474:5957125
1386:2423489
1220:Bibcode
1181:5384746
1150:Bibcode
929:Bibcode
783:1442276
680:1 March
527:Female
398:forests
360:genus.
277:Guianas
251:Ecuador
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1471:uBio:
1464:262680
1451:954704
1412:774695
1399:135077
1373:130086
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755:Copeia
723:
319:, and
253:, and
1438:76064
1425:57270
1248:S2CID
1062:S2CID
1032:(PDF)
1007:S2CID
889:S2CID
821:S2CID
779:JSTOR
129:Anura
1433:NCBI
1420:IUCN
1407:ITIS
1381:GBIF
1347:3412
1186:PMID
1168:ISSN
1112:ISSN
1054:ISSN
999:ISSN
955:PMID
947:ISSN
881:PMID
873:ISSN
771:ISSN
759:1970
721:PMID
699:and
682:2014
651:2021
634:2018
556:and
400:and
311:and
255:Peru
236:frog
1368:EoL
1355:ASW
1238:hdl
1228:doi
1176:PMC
1158:doi
1102:doi
1044:doi
991:doi
937:doi
865:doi
861:283
813:doi
763:doi
713:doi
703:".
638:doi
271:of
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