31:
226:
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130:, are closed, and the liquid rubber is slushed around in the empty cranial vault and then left to set. The resulting hollow sphere can then be drained of air like a balloon and pulled out through the
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in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through
134:. Rubber endocasts like these were the standard practice until the end of the 20th century and are still used in some fields. However, scientists are increasingly utilizing
213:
brain vault, showing the animal had limited intelligence and a well-developed sense of smell. The oldest known natural cranial endocast is a fossil fish brain from a
105:. While an endocast can not directly reveal brain structure, it can allow scientists to gauge the size of areas of the brain situated close to the surface, notably
595:
Glørstad, Håkon; Nakrem, Hans Arne; Ørhaug, Vanja (November 2004). "Nature in society: reflections over a
Mesolithic sculpture of a fossilised shell".
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in place. Such "fossil brains" are known from several hundred different mammal species. More than a hundred natural casts of the cranial vault of
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241:
Endocast fossils from animals with shells that easily disintegrate or dissolve can often be encountered free from their mold fossil, like the
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474:
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283:, while some bivalve endocasts are traditionally known as heart-of-stone or bull hearts in Britain. The "Venus of Svinesund", an early
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641:
305:
Artificial endocasts are sometimes made from blood vessels for medical or anatomical reasons. The blood vessel of an organ (e.g.
511:
Wilson, J.A. (1971). "Early
Tertiary vertebrate faunas, Vieja Group: Trans- Pecos Texas: Agriochoeridae and Merycoidodontidae".
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found, consists of a natural endocast connected to the facial portion of the skull. It was the shape of the brain that allowed
298:
bivalve endocast. Endocasts are also known to develop from snail shells and sea urchins, and even from the stomach hollow of
440:(Compl. rev. and updated version of "The successful dragons" ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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317:. When it is set, the organ itself is dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional image of the blood supply to the organ.
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scanning technology to create digital endocasts in order to avoid risking damage to valuable specimens.
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383:"The Emergence of Language in the Hominin Lineage: Perspectives from Fossil Endocasts"
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Mammal endocasts are particularly useful, as they resemble the fresh brain with the
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to conclude that the fossil was that of a human relative rather than an extinct
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469:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 191–208.
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495:
A Century of Nature: Twenty-One
Discoveries that Changed Science and the World
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or rubber-like material. The openings to the brain cavity, except for the
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199:) alone are known, some having identifiable features down to the major
341:"Paleoneurology: The study of brain endocasts of extinct vertebrates"
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to study brain structures and hemispheric specialization in extinct
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Jerison, H.J. (2009). "Dinosaur Brains". In Squire, L.R. (ed.).
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is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the
179:
465:. In Brett-Surman, M. K.; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr (eds.).
253:. A frequently occurring form is the internal mold of
164:
Natural cranial endocasts are also known. The famous
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Traditionally, the casting material is some form of
433:
44:, with the facial portion of the skull attached
113:, responsible for interpreting and producing
8:
556:Oldest Fossil Brain Find Is 'Really Bizarre'
302:, a group that rarely leaves fossil traces.
261:. In the quite symmetrical genus brachiopod
408:
398:
334:
332:
330:
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34:A natural endocast of the brain of the
357:National Museum of Health and Medicine
345:Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection
237:, showing the internal shell structure
570:"Schamstein-Therapie nach Krötenbiss"
436:Dinosaurs, spitfires, and sea dragons
279:("shame stone" or "mother stone") in
7:
491:Raymond Dart and our African Origins
203:. Several hundred casts of various
568:von Werfring, Johan (2015-05-21).
25:
461:Buchholtz, Emily (27 June 2012).
156:cranial vault, showing extensive
271:, giving these fossils the name
27:Internal cast of a hollow object
597:Norwegian Archaeological Review
387:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
150:Natural (fossil) endocast of a
93:Endocasts of the inside of the
513:Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin
217:, some 300 million years old.
97:(braincase) are often made in
1:
574:Museumsstücke, ProgrammPunkte
432:McGowan, Christopher (1991).
529:Encyclopedia of neuroscience
229:Endocast of the shell of an
72:Digital cranial endocast of
361:National Science Foundation
267:, the endocast resembles a
673:
221:Endocasts of other hollows
41:Australopithecus africanus
609:10.1080/00293650410014960
463:"Dinosaur Paleoneurology"
353:Michigan State University
400:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00427
381:Beaudet, Amélie (2017).
207:are known, among them a
642:Biological anthropology
349:University of Wisconsin
136:computerized tomography
238:
161:
85:
45:
501:and Tim Lincoln, eds.
467:The Complete Dinosaur
313:) is injected with a
228:
149:
71:
33:
359:, sponsored by the
245:shells of certain
239:
162:
86:
46:
558:, LiveScience.com
542:978-0-08-045046-9
476:978-0-253-00849-7
294:, is a re-worked
249:and the tests of
233:straight-shelled
142:Natural endocasts
99:paleoanthropology
64:Cranial endocasts
16:(Redirected from
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171:Australopithecus
89:Artificial casts
75:Acrocanthosaurus
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652:Animal anatomy
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535:. : Elsevier.
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339:Jerison, H.J.
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288:Venus figurine
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158:olfactory bulb
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132:foramen magnum
127:foramen magnum
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657:Fossilization
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647:Anthropometry
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603:(2): 95–110.
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153:Tyrannosaurus
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58:fossilization
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578:. Retrieved
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499:Laura Garwin
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489:Brain, C.K.
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364:. Retrieved
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215:Holocephalan
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176:Raymond Dart
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168:, the first
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95:neurocranium
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515:(18): 1–83.
366:17 November
277:Mutterstein
255:brachiopods
251:sea urchins
166:Taung Child
78:, an early
36:Taung Child
631:Categories
321:References
296:Ordovician
285:Mesolithic
273:Schamstein
264:Pentamerus
235:cephalopod
231:Ordovician
197:merycodont
192:Bathygenys
187:dura mater
107:Wernicke's
80:Cretaceous
38:, a young
617:162351318
300:jellyfish
243:aragonite
205:dinosaurs
195:(a small
18:Endocasts
419:28878641
259:bivalves
247:molluscs
83:theropod
50:endocast
637:Anatomy
580:30 July
410:5572361
393:: 427.
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539:
473:
444:
417:
407:
292:Norway
281:German
160:(left)
122:rubber
115:speech
613:S2CID
533:(PDF)
493:, in
315:resin
311:liver
307:brain
290:from
269:vulva
582:2015
537:ISBN
471:ISBN
442:ISBN
415:PMID
368:2011
257:and
201:gyri
109:and
605:doi
405:PMC
395:doi
309:or
275:or
180:ape
48:An
633::
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601:37
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391:11
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329:^
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370:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
