94:
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receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis from the plasma membrane to early endosome and (ii) transport from the TGN to endosomes. In endocytosis, the clathrin coat is assembled on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, forming pits that invaginate to pinch off (scission) and become free CCVs. In cultured cells, the assembly of a CCV takes ~ 1min, and several hundred to a thousand or more can form every minute. The main scaffold component of clathrin coat is the 190-kD protein called clathrin heavy chain (CHC), which is associated with a 25- kD protein called clathrin light chain (CLC), forming three-legged trimers called triskelions.
215:
517:. The insertion of these hairpin-like α-helices forms a caveolae coat which leads to membrane curvature. In addition to insertion, caveolins are also capable of oligomerization which further plays a role in membrane curvature. Recent studies have also discovered that polymerase I, transcript release factor, and serum deprivation protein response also play a role in the assembly of caveolae. Besides caveolae assembly, researchers have also discovered that CAV1 proteins can also influence other endocytic pathways. When CAV1 binds to
239:, which usually occurs from highly ruffled regions of the plasma membrane, is the invagination of the cell membrane to form a pocket, which then pinches off into the cell to form a vesicle (0.5–5 μm in diameter) filled with a large volume of extracellular fluid and molecules within it (equivalent to ~100 CCVs). The filling of the pocket occurs in a non-specific manner. The vesicle then travels into the
31:
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The process of cell uptake depends on the tilt and chirality of constituent molecules to induce membrane budding. Since such chiral and tilted lipid molecules are likely to be in a "raft" form, researchers suggest that caveolae formation also follows this mechanism since caveolae are also enriched in
444:
At any one moment, about 25% of the plasma membrane of a fibroblast is made up of coated pits. As a coated pit has a life of about a minute before it buds into the cell, a fibroblast takes up its surface by this route about once every 50 minutes. Coated vesicles formed from the plasma membrane have a
417:
Coats function to deform the donor membrane to produce a vesicle, and they also function in the selection of the vesicle cargo. Coat complexes that have been well characterized so far include coat protein-I (COP-I), COP-II, and clathrin. Clathrin coats are involved in two crucial transport steps: (i)
376:
are the last compartment of the endocytic pathway. Their chief function is to break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds. These are then returned to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials. To accomplish this, lysosomes use
508:
before arriving at the cell surface to aid in caveolar formation. Caveolae formation is also reversible through disassembly under certain conditions such as increased plasma membrane tension. These certain conditions then depend on the type of tissues that are expressing the caveolar function. For
343:
are the first compartment of the endocytic pathway. Early endosomes are often located in the periphery of the cell, and receive most types of vesicles coming from the cell surface. They have a characteristic tubulo-vesicular structure (vesicles up to 1 μm in diameter with connected tubules of
169:
Study in mammalian cells confirm a reduction in clathrin coat size in an increased tension environment. In addition, it suggests that the two apparently distinct clathrin assembly modes, namely coated pits and coated plaques, observed in experimental investigations might be a consequence of varied
348:
in the acid pH of the compartment, and from which many of the receptors recycle to the cell surface (via tubules). It is also the site of sorting into transcytotic pathway to later compartments (like late endosomes or lysosomes) via transvesicular compartments (like multivesicular bodies (MVB) or
332:
The endocytic pathway of mammalian cells consists of distinct membrane compartments, which internalize molecules from the plasma membrane and recycle them back to the surface (as in early endosomes and recycling endosomes), or sort them to degradation (as in late endosomes and lysosomes). The
534:, the membrane starts to bend, leading to spontaneous curvature. This effect is due to the force distribution generated when the caveolin oligomer binds to the membrane. The force distribution then alters the tension of the membrane which leads to budding and eventually vesicle formation.
228:
is a form of receptor-mediated endocytosis that uses caveolae vesicles to bring molecules of various sizes into the cell. Unlike most endocytosis that uses caveolae to deliver contents of vesicles to lysosomes or other organelles, material endocytosed via potocytosis is released into the
192:. Caveolae are small (approx. 50 nm in diameter) flask-shape pits in the membrane that resemble the shape of a cave (hence the name caveolae). They can constitute up to a third of the plasma membrane area of the cells of some tissues, being especially abundant in
389:(1-2 μm in diameter) containing electron dense material. They have a high content of lysosomal membrane proteins and active lysosomal hydrolases, but no mannose-6-phosphate receptor. They are generally regarded as the principal hydrolytic compartment of the cell.
363:
in the phagocytic pathway. Late endosomes often contain proteins characteristic of nucleosomes, mitochondria and mRNAs including lysosomal membrane glycoproteins and acid hydrolases. They are acidic (approx. pH 5.5), and are part of the trafficking pathway of
496:), play significant roles in the caveolar formation process. More specifically, CAV1 and CAV2 are responsible for caveolae formation in non-muscle cells while CAV3 functions in muscle cells. The process starts with CAV1 being synthesized in the
413:
of the cell. This pit then buds into the cell to form a coated vesicle in the cytoplasm of the cell. In so doing, it brings into the cell not only a small area of the surface of the cell but also a small volume of fluid from outside the cell.
279:
More recent experiments have suggested that these morphological descriptions of endocytic events may be inadequate, and a more appropriate method of classification may be based upon whether particular pathways are dependent on clathrin and
513:. Though there are many morphological features conserved among caveolae, the functions of each CAV protein are diverse. One common feature among caveolins is their hydrophobic stretches of potential hairpin structures that are made of
93:
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and proceeds down the endocytic pathway. The actual budding-in process, whereby a pit is converted to a vesicle, is carried out by clathrin; Assisted by a set of cytoplasmic proteins, which includes
144:(CCVs) are found in virtually all cells and form domains of the plasma membrane termed clathrin-coated pits. Coated pits can concentrate large extracellular molecules that have different
617:
596:
989:
Falcone S, Cocucci E, Podini P, Kirchhausen T, Clementi E, Meldolesi J (November 2006). "Macropinocytosis: regulated coordination of endocytic and exocytic membrane traffic events".
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are multisubunit complexes that perform this function at the plasma membrane. The best-understood receptors that are found concentrated in coated vesicles of mammalian cells are the
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are the most commonly reported non-clathrin-coated plasma membrane buds, which exist on the surface of many, but not all cell types. They consist of the cholesterol-binding protein
622:
600:
1811:
Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (March 1977). "Role of the coated endocytic vesicle in the uptake of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts".
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is the process by which cells bind and internalize particulate matter larger than around 0.75 μm in diameter, such as small-sized dust particles, cell debris,
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approx. 50 nm diameter) and a mildly acidic pH. They are principally sorting organelles where many endocytosed ligands dissociate from their
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is mediated by the production of small (approx. 100 nm in diameter) vesicles that have a morphologically characteristic coat made up of the
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diameter of about 100 nm and a lifetime measured in a few seconds. Once the coat has been shed, the remaining vesicle fuses with
421:
Vesicles selectively concentrate and exclude certain proteins during formation and are not representative of the membrane as a whole.
1357:
Walther TC, Brickner JH, Aguilar PS, Bernales S, Pantoja C, Walter P (February 2006). "Eisosomes mark static sites of endocytosis".
618:
597:
1203:
Stoorvogel W, Strous GJ, Geuze HJ, Oorschot V, Schwartz AL (May 1991). "Late endosomes derive from early endosomes by maturation".
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54:
359:, usually from early endosomes in the endocytic pathway, from trans-Golgi network (TGN) in the biosynthetic pathway, and from
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some 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes, all of which are manufactured in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the
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receptors. Late endosomes are thought to mediate a final set of sorting events prior the delivery of material to lysosomes.
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321:
268:
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776:
McMahon HT, Boucrot E (July 2011). "Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis".
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Coated pits and vesicles were first seen in thin sections of tissue in the electron microscope by Thomas F Roth and
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300:
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Gaidarov I, Santini F, Warren RA, Keen JH (May 1999). "Spatial control of coated-pit dynamics in living cells".
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141:
438:
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149:
145:
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212:. Uptake of extracellular molecules is also believed to be specifically mediated via receptors in caveolae.
1596:"Clathrin-mediated endocytosis: the physiological mechanism of vesicle retrieval at hippocampal synapses"
405:
The major route for endocytosis in most cells, and the best-understood, is that mediated by the molecule
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97:
Schematic drawing illustrating clathrin-mediated (left) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (right) of
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464:. The importance of them for the clearance of LDL from blood was discovered by Richard G. Anderson,
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510:
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2013:"Chirality-induced budding: a raft-mediated mechanism for endocytosis and morphology of caveolae?"
1856:"Clathrin: a unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles"
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Lundmark R, Doherty GJ, Howes MT, Cortese K, Vallis Y, Parton RG, McMahon HT (November 2008).
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Dynamin-independent clathrin-independent pathways include the CLIC/GEEC pathway (regulated by
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409:. This large protein assists in the formation of a coated pit on the inner surface of the
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2012:
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1963:
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Gruenberg J, Maxfield FR (August 1995). "Membrane transport in the endocytic pathway".
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1085:
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888:
855:
521:, CAV1 inactivates it and regulates Cdc42 activity during membrane trafficking events.
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example, not all tissues that have caveolar proteins have a caveolar structure ie. the
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49:
are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of
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and function in an acidic environment. The approximate pH of a lysosome is 4.8 and by
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from circulating blood), the transferrin receptor (which brings ferric ions bound by
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1410:"Molecular structure, function, and dynamics of clathrin-mediated membrane traffic"
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255:
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78:
62:
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514:
1611:
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Benmerah A, Lamaze C (August 2007). "Clathrin-coated pits: vive la différence?".
1459:"Clathrin-independent pathways do not contribute significantly to endocytic flux"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1086:"The GTPase-activating protein GRAF1 regulates the CLIC/GEEC endocytic pathway"
17:
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From left to right: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Mineo C, Anderson RG (August 2001). "Potocytosis. Robert
Feulgen Lecture".
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Luzio JP, Rous BA, Bright NA, Pryor PR, Mullock BM, Piper RC (May 2000).
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raft constituents. When caveolin proteins bind to the inner leaflet via
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cells. These processes involve the uptake of larger membrane areas than
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2202:
1979:
1564:
1551:
Rappoport JZ (June 2008). "Focusing on clathrin-mediated endocytosis".
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1002:
819:
Marsh M, McMahon HT (July 1999). "The structural era of endocytosis".
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856:"Clathrin polymerization exhibits high mechano-geometric sensitivity"
107:
Endocytosis pathways can be subdivided into four categories: namely,
1764:"Yolk Protein Uptake In The Oocyte Of The Mosquito Aedes Aegypti. L"
924:
911:
Parton RG, Simons K (March 2007). "The multiple faces of caveolae".
854:
Irajizad E, Walani N, Veatch SL, Liu AP, Agrawal A (February 2017).
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responsible for the receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligands, e.g.
518:
307:
92:
29:
2115:
Endocytosis - researching endocytic mechanisms at endocytosis.org
1732:
650:
2134:
1168:
Mukherjee S, Ghosh RN, Maxfield FR (July 1997). "Endocytosis".
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into the cell) and certain hormone receptors (such as that for
2114:
1594:
Granseth B, Odermatt B, Royle SJ, Lagnado L (December 2007).
1037:"Molecular mechanism of Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis"
2073:
Doherty GJ, McMahon HT (2009). "Mechanisms of endocytosis".
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is the only pathway dependent on both clathrin and dynamin.
1964:"Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell"
287:
Dynamin-dependent clathrin-independent pathways include
57:
containing the ingested materials. Endocytosis includes
1643:
Robinson MS (March 1997). "Coats and vesicle budding".
1133:
Mellman I (1996). "Endocytosis and molecular sorting".
476:, who discovered the clathrin coat molecule in 1976.
1457:
Bitsikas V, Corrêa IR, Nichols BJ (September 2014).
2316:
2268:
2259:
2221:
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333:principal components of the endocytic pathway are:
1318:"Lysosome-endosome fusion and lysosome biogenesis"
65:(cell eating). It is a form of active transport.
472:in 1977. Coated vesicles were first purified by
53:, which then buds off inside the cell to form a
1408:Kirchhausen T, Owen D, Harrison SC (May 2014).
1135:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
111:(also known as clathrin-mediated endocytosis),
1913:Parton RG, Tillu VA, Collins BM (April 2018).
2146:
695:Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular
8:
397:serves as a portal of endocytosis in yeast.
1680:"The curious status of the Golgi apparatus"
698:(Fifth ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
504:. Then, these oligomers travel through the
2265:
2170:Mechanisms for chemical transport through
2153:
2139:
2131:
1414:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
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1987:
1930:
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1787:
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1619:
1484:
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1433:
1333:
1246:Weissmann G (November 1965). "Lysosome".
1109:
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355:receive endocytosed material en route to
2087:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.081307.110540
755:. Oxford University Press. p. vii.
746:
744:
692:Michaelis A, Green MM, Rieger R (1991).
213:
2011:Sarasij RC, Mayor S, Rao M (May 2007).
684:
541:
1962:Kumari S, Mg S, Mayor S (March 2010).
1678:Glick BS, Malhotra V (December 1998).
913:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
778:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
543:Endocytosis. For example, coronavirus
243:and fuses with other vesicles such as
1030:
1028:
7:
2283:Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
1762:ROTH TF, PORTER KR (February 1964).
1035:Casamento A, Boucrot E (June 2020).
2110:Endocytosis at biologyreference.com
1248:The New England Journal of Medicine
500:where it forms detergent-resistant
484:Caveolin proteins like caveolin-1 (
349:endosomal carrier vesicles (ECVs)).
184:(Vip21) with a bilayer enriched in
547:binds to the ACE2 receptor of the
34:The different types of endocytosis
25:
2126:Types of Endocytosis (Animation)
1522:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00585.x
1147:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.575
612:
591:
579:
567:
555:
170:tensions in the plasma membrane.
1283:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
956:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
730:from the original on 2016-10-10
720:"Ilya Mechnikov - Biographical"
2122:ASCB Image & Video Library
393:It was recently found that an
1:
2303:Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2120:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
2075:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1697:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81713-4
1657:10.1016/S0962-8924(96)10048-9
1182:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.759
385:(EM) usually appear as large
322:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
269:clathrin-mediated endocytosis
129:Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
109:receptor-mediated endocytosis
1825:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90022-8
1612:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139022
1295:10.1016/0955-0674(95)80013-1
1217:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90459-C
833:10.1126/science.285.5425.215
2037:10.1529/biophysj.106.085662
1426:10.1101/cshperspect.a016725
1260:10.1056/NEJM196511112732006
653:(Rab5-activating protein 6)
2373:
2251:Secondary active transport
2168:
1932:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.075
1600:The Journal of Physiology
1102:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.044
628:Endocytosis animation (2)
607:Endocytosis animation (1)
73:The term was proposed by
2246:Primary active transport
1854:Pearse BM (April 1976).
480:Processes and components
142:Clathrin-coated vesicles
1553:The Biochemical Journal
1322:Journal of Cell Science
1041:The Biochemical Journal
991:Journal of Cell Science
150:low density lipoprotein
1881:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1255
1645:Trends in Cell Biology
1335:10.1242/jcs.113.9.1515
219:
104:
35:
2198:Facilitated diffusion
1254:(20): 1084–90 contd.
1170:Physiological Reviews
968:10.1007/s004180100289
453:and adaptors such as
217:
96:
33:
2172:biological membranes
1780:10.1083/jcb.20.2.313
997:(Pt 22): 4758–4769.
328:Principal components
61:(cell drinking) and
2029:2007BpJ....92.3140S
2017:Biophysical Journal
1872:1976PNAS...73.1255P
1721:Nature Cell Biology
1476:10.7554/eLife.03970
1379:10.1038/nature04472
1371:2006Natur.439..998W
1053:10.1042/bcj20190342
872:2017SMat...13.1455I
511:blood-brain barrier
492:), and caveolin-3 (
470:Joseph L. Goldstein
383:electron microscopy
366:mannose-6-phosphate
2347:Cellular processes
2192:mediated transport
2162:Membrane transport
1980:10.1038/cr.2010.19
1565:10.1042/BJ20080474
1365:(7079): 998–1003.
880:10.1039/C6SM02623K
724:www.nobelprize.org
303:and IL2Rβ uptake.
220:
105:
81:was discovered by
36:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2180:Passive transport
1606:(Pt 3): 681–686.
1096:(22): 1802–1808.
1047:(12): 2327–2345.
1003:10.1242/jcs.03238
827:(5425): 215–220.
762:978-0-19-963851-2
705:978-3-642-75333-6
672:Trans-endocytosis
623:
602:
401:Clathrin-mediated
210:endothelial cells
16:(Redirected from
2364:
2352:Membrane biology
2266:
2223:Active transport
2188:Simple diffusion
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2008:
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1991:
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1925:(8): R402–R405.
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1866:(4): 1255–1259.
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866:(7): 1455–1462.
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751:Marsh M (2001).
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710:
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689:
641:Active transport
625:
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604:
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583:
571:
559:
466:Michael S. Brown
316:macropinocytosis
164:and many others.
99:synaptic vesicle
83:Élie Metchnikoff
43:cellular process
27:Cellular process
21:
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2066:Further reading
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953:
952:
948:
925:10.1038/nrm2122
910:
909:
905:
853:
852:
848:
818:
817:
813:
790:10.1038/nrm3151
775:
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584:
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563:
560:
549:epithelial cell
540:
527:
488:), caveolin-2 (
482:
462:Keith R. Porter
429:(which removes
411:plasma membrane
403:
379:Golgi apparatus
330:
91:
71:
28:
23:
22:
18:Endocytic cycle
15:
12:
11:
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2105:
2104:External links
2102:
2100:
2099:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2023:(9): 3140–58.
2003:
1954:
1905:
1846:
1819:(3): 351–364.
1803:
1754:
1711:
1690:(7): 883–889.
1670:
1635:
1586:
1559:(3): 415–423.
1543:
1516:(8): 970–982.
1500:
1449:
1420:(5): a016725.
1400:
1349:
1308:
1289:(4): 552–563.
1273:
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1211:(3): 417–427.
1195:
1176:(3): 759–803.
1160:
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962:(2): 109–118.
946:
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903:
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481:
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474:Barbara Pearse
402:
399:
391:
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353:Late endosomes
350:
329:
326:
310:), as well as
277:
276:
261:microorganisms
252:
232:
231:
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172:
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166:
165:
158:growth factors
90:
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2278:Efferocytosis
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2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
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1981:
1977:
1974:(3): 256–75.
1973:
1969:
1968:Cell Research
1965:
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1651:(3): 99–102.
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784:(8): 517–33.
783:
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772:
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688:
685:
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673:
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652:
649:
647:
646:Emperipolesis
644:
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610:
589:
582:
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570:
565:
558:
553:
550:
546:
542:
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524:
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507:
506:Golgi complex
503:
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207:
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199:
195:
194:smooth muscle
191:
187:
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174:
173:
168:
167:
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159:
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147:
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139:
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110:
103:
100:
95:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:cell membrane
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2357:Cell anatomy
2308:Transcytosis
2288:Phagocytosis
2269:
2078:
2074:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1733:10.1038/8971
1724:
1720:
1714:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1556:
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1546:
1513:
1509:
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1358:
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1276:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1044:
1040:
994:
990:
984:
959:
955:
949:
916:
912:
906:
863:
859:
849:
824:
820:
814:
781:
777:
771:
752:
732:. Retrieved
723:
714:
694:
687:
662:Phagocytosis
528:
483:
459:
443:
427:LDL receptor
423:AP2 adaptors
420:
416:
404:
392:
371:
352:
337:
331:
320:
305:
286:
278:
256:Phagocytosis
254:
234:
223:
175:
127:
121:phagocytosis
106:
79:Phagocytosis
72:
63:phagocytosis
38:
37:
2298:Potocytosis
2293:Pinocytosis
2270:Endocytosis
2081:: 857–902.
1768:J Cell Biol
1141:: 575–625.
860:Soft Matter
753:Endocytosis
667:Pinocytosis
532:cholesterol
435:transferrin
236:Pinocytosis
225:Potocytosis
202:fibroblasts
198:pneumocytes
190:glycolipids
186:cholesterol
154:transferrin
117:pinocytosis
59:pinocytosis
39:Endocytosis
2341:Categories
2318:Exocytosis
2241:Antiporter
1915:"Caveolae"
1727:(1): 1–7.
1469:: e03970.
734:2016-10-10
679:References
657:Exocytosis
545:SARS-CoV-2
525:Mechanisms
361:phagosomes
206:adipocytes
162:antibodies
47:substances
2236:Symporter
2231:Uniporter
1949:235331463
515:α-helices
502:oligomers
447:endosomes
373:Lysosomes
357:lysosomes
346:receptors
340:endosomes
265:apoptotic
249:lysosomes
245:endosomes
196:, type I
146:receptors
134:cytosolic
102:membranes
85:in 1882.
77:in 1963.
45:in which
2213:Carriers
2208:Channels
2190:(or non-
2095:19317650
2055:17237196
1998:20125123
1941:29689223
1841:25657719
1798:14126875
1749:12553151
1741:10559856
1665:17708916
1630:17599959
1581:24174632
1573:18498251
1538:12685926
1530:17547704
1495:25232658
1444:24789820
1387:16496001
1344:10751143
1233:31539542
1120:19036340
1071:32589750
1019:14303429
1011:17077125
976:11685539
941:10830810
933:17318224
898:28124714
841:10398591
806:15235357
798:21779028
728:Archived
634:See also
407:clathrin
395:eisosome
387:vacuoles
301:EGFR-NCE
275:pathway.
273:caveolae
229:cytosol.
182:caveolin
177:Caveolae
138:clathrin
136:protein
113:caveolae
89:Pathways
2261:Cytosis
2203:Osmosis
2046:1852369
2025:Bibcode
1989:7091825
1900:1063406
1868:Bibcode
1789:2106398
1706:9875843
1621:2375507
1510:Traffic
1486:4185422
1435:3996469
1395:2838121
1367:Bibcode
1303:7495576
1268:5319614
1225:1850321
1190:9234965
1155:8970738
1111:2726289
1062:7319585
889:5452080
868:Bibcode
821:Science
586:Stage 3
574:Stage 2
562:Stage 1
538:Gallery
455:adaptin
451:dynamin
282:dynamin
241:cytosol
75:De Duve
69:History
55:vesicle
2093:
2053:
2043:
1996:
1986:
1947:
1939:
1898:
1891:430241
1888:
1839:
1833:191195
1831:
1796:
1786:
1747:
1739:
1704:
1663:
1628:
1618:
1579:
1571:
1536:
1528:
1493:
1483:
1442:
1432:
1393:
1385:
1359:Nature
1342:
1301:
1266:
1231:
1223:
1188:
1153:
1118:
1108:
1069:
1059:
1017:
1009:
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896:
886:
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804:
796:
759:
702:
338:Early
208:, and
119:, and
1945:S2CID
1837:S2CID
1745:S2CID
1577:S2CID
1534:S2CID
1463:eLife
1391:S2CID
1229:S2CID
1015:S2CID
937:S2CID
802:S2CID
519:Cdc42
308:Graf1
41:is a
2091:PMID
2051:PMID
1994:PMID
1937:PMID
1896:PMID
1829:PMID
1813:Cell
1794:PMID
1737:PMID
1702:PMID
1684:Cell
1661:PMID
1626:PMID
1569:PMID
1526:PMID
1491:PMID
1440:PMID
1383:PMID
1340:PMID
1299:PMID
1264:PMID
1221:PMID
1205:Cell
1186:PMID
1151:PMID
1116:PMID
1067:PMID
1007:PMID
972:PMID
929:PMID
894:PMID
837:PMID
794:PMID
757:ISBN
700:ISBN
651:RAP6
494:CAV3
490:CAV2
486:CAV1
468:and
314:and
312:MEND
297:ADBE
289:FEME
271:and
263:and
247:and
188:and
2083:doi
2041:PMC
2033:doi
1984:PMC
1976:doi
1927:doi
1886:PMC
1876:doi
1821:doi
1784:PMC
1776:doi
1729:doi
1692:doi
1653:doi
1616:PMC
1608:doi
1604:585
1561:doi
1557:412
1518:doi
1481:PMC
1471:doi
1430:PMC
1422:doi
1375:doi
1363:439
1330:doi
1326:113
1291:doi
1256:doi
1252:273
1213:doi
1178:doi
1143:doi
1106:PMC
1098:doi
1057:PMC
1049:doi
1045:477
999:doi
995:119
964:doi
960:116
921:doi
884:PMC
876:doi
829:doi
825:285
786:doi
441:).
439:EGF
431:LDL
293:UFE
2343::
2089:.
2079:78
2077:.
2049:.
2039:.
2031:.
2021:92
2019:.
2015:.
1992:.
1982:.
1972:20
1970:.
1966:.
1943:.
1935:.
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970:.
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882:.
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864:13
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858:.
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800:.
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726:.
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2000:.
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1929::
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
