972:
35:
389:
839:, and further modified into the opiate product. The exact pre-propeptide precursors of endomorphins have not been identified. Because the precursors have never been identified and the mechanisms by which the endomorphins are produced have never been clarified, the status of endomorphins as endogenous opioid ligands has to be considered tentative.
1002:, and gastrointestinal reaction develop. However, the endomorphin-induced side effects prove slightly less severe than those of the morphine-derived analgesics commonly used today. Additionally, endomorphins potentially produce more powerful analgesic effects than their morphine-derived counterparts.
870:
Both endomorphins-1 and 2 are tetrapeptides, consisting of four amino acids. Endomorphin-1 has the amino acid sequence of Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe, while
Endomorphin-2 has a sequence of Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe. The specific amino acids in these sequences dictate the folding and resultant behavior, namely the ability
915:
The concentration and resultant effect of most neurotransmitters, including endomorphins, is dictated by rates of synthesis and degradation. Degradation involves the breakdown of functional molecules to defective configurations or parts, thereby reducing the total activity of the molecule type. The
879:
Endomorphins maintain a variety of functions. Mechanistically, they bind inhibitory μ-opioid G-protein receptors, which act to close calcium ion channels and open potassium ion channels in the membranes of bound neurons. The elimination of calcium influx and facilitation of potassium ion efflux
137:
487:
884:, and depresses the activity of excitatory neurons. In other instances, endomorphin binding causes excitation, where its activation of phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase initiates an increase in calcium ion concentration, cellular depolarization, and the release of
275:
InChI=1S/C34H38N6O5/c35-26(17-22-12-14-24(41)15-13-22)34(45)40-16-6-11-30(40)33(44)39-29(19-23-20-37-27-10-5-4-9-25(23)27)32(43)38-28(31(36)42)18-21-7-2-1-3-8-21/h1-5,7-10,12-15,20,26,28-30,37,41H,6,11,16-19,35H2,(H2,36,42)(H,38,43)(H,39,44)/t26-,28-,29-,30-/m0/s1
895:
The specific roles of endomorphins largely remain undetermined and depend upon the pathway in question. Opioid systems influence the physiological processes of pain, reward, and stress. They also play roles in immune responses and the functions of the
1005:
Despite their pharmaceutical aptitude, the low membrane permeability and vulnerability to enzymatic degradation of endomorphins limits their incorporation into drugs. As a result, endomorphin analogues are being generated to allow transport across the
617:
InChI=1S/C32H37N5O5/c33-25(18-23-13-15-24(38)16-14-23)32(42)37-17-7-12-28(37)31(41)36-27(20-22-10-5-2-6-11-22)30(40)35-26(29(34)39)19-21-8-3-1-4-9-21/h1-6,8-11,13-16,25-28,38H,7,12,17-20,33H2,(H2,34,39)(H,35,40)(H,36,41)/t25-,26-,27-,28-/m0/s1
990:
assessment of endomorphins as analgesics reveals similar behavior to morphine and other opiates, where drug tolerance leads to dependence and addiction. Other side effects common to opiates such as
984:
In addition to endomorphins, morphine and morphine-like opiates target the μ-opioid receptor. Thus, endomorphins pose significant potential as analgesics and morphine substitutes.
1916:
944:, more endomorphin-1 reactive neurons have been detected compared to endomorphin-2. Alternately, endomorphin-2 is predominantly found in the spinal cord, specifically in
846:
family and include μ, κ, δ, and nociceptinorphanin-FQ receptors. While activation of opiate receptors initiates a diverse array of responses, opiates typically serve as
1869:
1789:
633:
291:
1909:
1014:
and lipidation. Glycosylation adds carbohydrate groups to the endomorphin molecules, allowing them to pass membranes through glucose transporters.
1415:
1235:
1053:
5092:
2500:
1902:
932:
within human, mice, rat, and monkey nervous systems. Both endomorphin tetrapeptides can be found in certain areas of the brain. In the
862:. Endomorphins demonstrate high selectivity and affinity for the μ-opioid receptor, which functions in pain relief and intoxication.
608:
266:
4264:
1132:
Horvath, Gyöngyi (2000). "Endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2: Pharmacology of the selective endogenous μ-opioid receptor agonists".
4259:
1779:
1300:
Fichna, J; Janecka, A; Costentin, J; Do Rego, J.-C (2007). "The
Endomorphin System and Its Evolving Neurophysiological Role".
843:
4184:
549:
227:
4671:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3137:
2055:
2050:
2045:
711:
369:
4392:
3382:
2535:
1794:
585:
3518:
1408:
3252:
4663:
4362:
4357:
3749:
3092:
2180:
742:
1010:, increase stability, and reduce side effects. Two endomorphin modifications that approach these problems include
4382:
3372:
3097:
2530:
2415:
1814:
758:
4843:
2946:
5087:
4876:
4294:
4144:
3754:
3392:
2435:
4352:
4347:
3513:
2758:
2753:
1007:
4658:
3563:
3272:
4932:
2971:
816:
1178:
Gu, Zheng-Hui; Wang, Bo; Kou, Zhen-Zhen; Bai, Yang; Chen, Tao; Dong, Yu-Lin; Li, Hui; Li, Yun-Qing (2017).
5097:
4769:
4557:
3759:
2773:
2748:
2647:
1965:
1864:
1401:
897:
769:
and lower brainstem. Because endomorphins activate the μ-opioid receptor, which is the target receptor of
754:
3643:
507:
185:
3914:
2210:
909:
828:
820:
401:
47:
4764:
3638:
749:, binding it exclusively and strongly. Bound μ-opioid receptors typically induce inhibitory effects on
4881:
3727:
3070:
2520:
1990:
1985:
1970:
1936:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1809:
949:
746:
3533:
3006:
5055:
5050:
4691:
4683:
4641:
4487:
4447:
3774:
3744:
3593:
3573:
3202:
3087:
2896:
2871:
2833:
2788:
2743:
1975:
1666:
929:
453:
103:
4960:
4724:
3001:
1473:
4739:
4587:
4064:
3949:
3894:
3583:
3342:
3317:
3207:
2861:
2697:
2541:
2360:
2325:
2165:
2125:
2020:
1928:
1498:
1325:
1105:
905:
901:
798:
4886:
4856:
4807:
4527:
4517:
4372:
3618:
3613:
3528:
3122:
2768:
916:
enzyme, DPP IV, cleaves endomorphin into defective parts, thus regulating endomorphin activity.
4995:
4467:
4321:
3984:
3799:
3442:
2851:
4906:
4896:
4377:
4089:
3769:
3764:
3538:
3102:
2783:
2345:
1980:
1503:
1442:
1379:
1317:
1282:
1231:
1201:
1149:
1097:
1049:
999:
824:
4942:
4911:
4812:
4699:
4552:
4532:
4422:
4402:
4129:
3452:
2450:
2080:
1348:"Lipid- and sugar-modified endomorphins: Novel targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain"
527:
205:
4777:
4714:
4537:
4253:
4179:
4134:
3904:
3698:
3633:
3487:
3387:
3227:
2941:
2587:
2200:
1369:
1359:
1309:
1272:
1264:
1191:
1180:"Endomorphins: Promising Endogenous Opioid Peptides for the Development of Novel Analgesics"
1141:
1089:
945:
925:
881:
794:
656:
463:
314:
113:
4622:
4547:
4542:
4477:
971:
594:
4427:
3954:
3909:
3257:
3232:
2846:
2275:
2205:
2060:
1951:
1925:
1829:
1554:
1544:
995:
836:
4367:
3523:
2763:
733:
central to pain relief. The two known endomorphins, endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2, are
165:
940:, endomorphin-1 has been identified in the nucleus accumbens and lateral septum. In the
4729:
4054:
3352:
3332:
3327:
3132:
2390:
2350:
2340:
2300:
2195:
2160:
2065:
2040:
1995:
1849:
1844:
1577:
1572:
1549:
1451:
1374:
1347:
1277:
1252:
885:
705:
363:
1145:
5081:
5045:
4952:
4704:
4482:
4437:
4387:
4310:
4298:
4004:
3919:
3899:
3884:
3879:
3824:
3598:
3588:
3292:
3212:
2936:
2876:
2866:
2803:
2778:
2572:
2515:
2305:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2215:
2150:
2100:
2085:
2000:
1526:
1521:
1488:
1011:
936:, endomorphin-1 can be found in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and striatum. Within the
855:
299:
C1C(N(C1)C(=O)(CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)N)C(=O)N(CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)C(=O)N(CC5=CC=CC=C5)C(=O)N
574:
252:
5040:
4975:
4901:
4709:
4284:
4249:
4049:
3854:
3713:
3307:
3302:
3197:
3172:
3167:
2991:
2916:
2662:
2617:
2470:
2465:
2420:
2320:
2155:
2120:
2115:
1854:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1682:
1677:
1428:
1329:
1109:
1093:
991:
790:
734:
730:
1268:
4970:
4947:
4861:
4787:
4754:
4734:
4612:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4492:
4462:
4457:
4302:
4274:
4269:
4239:
4224:
4214:
4194:
4189:
4149:
4114:
4104:
4059:
4039:
4024:
4019:
3989:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3869:
3844:
3829:
3804:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3668:
3608:
3603:
3578:
3437:
3427:
3407:
3367:
3362:
3337:
3322:
3287:
3282:
3182:
3157:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3016:
2951:
2881:
2838:
2682:
2612:
2582:
2567:
2552:
2525:
2490:
2475:
2460:
2445:
2410:
2400:
2370:
2355:
2330:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2270:
2230:
2225:
2185:
2175:
2110:
2095:
2070:
2030:
2015:
2005:
1859:
1769:
1697:
1672:
1608:
1593:
1483:
1468:
965:
957:
766:
641:
C1C(N(C1)C(=O)(CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)N)C(=O)N(CC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)N(CC4=CC=CC=C4)C(=O)N
5065:
5035:
5010:
4891:
4802:
4782:
4759:
4602:
4577:
4567:
4522:
4512:
4497:
4412:
4306:
4234:
4229:
4204:
4174:
4164:
4139:
4124:
4099:
4069:
4044:
4034:
3994:
3974:
3964:
3944:
3874:
3859:
3678:
3658:
3653:
3628:
3558:
3497:
3477:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3357:
3347:
3277:
3192:
3041:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2976:
2966:
2931:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2823:
2667:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2607:
2577:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2430:
2385:
2365:
2335:
2285:
2265:
2220:
2145:
2035:
2025:
1874:
1661:
1625:
1615:
1598:
1564:
1536:
1493:
1019:
1015:
953:
847:
832:
806:
802:
738:
690:
539:
518:
348:
217:
196:
1894:
1364:
1018:
adds lipoamino acids or fatty acids to the endomorphin molecules, increasing
5020:
5015:
4965:
4937:
4866:
4827:
4822:
4797:
4792:
4719:
4627:
4617:
4507:
4417:
4331:
4289:
4279:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4109:
4079:
3959:
3939:
3839:
3834:
3789:
3708:
3703:
3663:
3648:
3623:
3553:
3492:
3462:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3262:
3152:
3117:
3112:
3056:
2981:
2961:
2956:
2926:
2856:
2818:
2798:
2793:
2733:
2717:
2707:
2652:
2562:
2510:
2505:
2440:
2395:
2375:
2255:
2245:
2090:
1799:
1784:
1630:
1620:
1603:
1460:
941:
889:
851:
810:
778:
774:
762:
17:
1383:
1321:
1286:
1205:
1153:
1101:
388:
34:
1393:
5025:
4817:
4562:
4472:
4452:
4442:
4397:
4326:
4119:
4029:
4014:
3979:
3969:
3849:
3673:
3568:
3543:
3482:
3467:
3377:
3297:
3267:
3247:
3217:
3162:
3142:
3107:
2996:
2921:
2906:
2828:
2808:
2677:
2672:
2657:
2627:
2597:
2557:
2425:
2315:
2260:
2170:
2105:
2075:
1960:
1774:
1753:
1748:
1692:
986:
961:
937:
933:
770:
761:, where endomorphin-1 appears to be concentrated in the brain and upper
4990:
4871:
4749:
4432:
4316:
4094:
4084:
3312:
3242:
3177:
3127:
2986:
2738:
2712:
2702:
2687:
2592:
2405:
2380:
2130:
2010:
1819:
1804:
1424:
561:
239:
1313:
1196:
1179:
5000:
4985:
4980:
4851:
4744:
4407:
4074:
3889:
3548:
3472:
3457:
3447:
3222:
2813:
2692:
2310:
2190:
1740:
859:
750:
727:
498:
176:
704:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
362:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1080:
Bodnar, Richard J (2018). "Endogenous
Opiates and Behavior: 2016".
773:
and its derivatives, endomorphins possess significant potential as
5005:
4607:
4502:
4244:
3999:
3864:
3237:
3187:
3147:
2911:
2602:
2546:
2455:
2140:
2135:
1653:
970:
486:
476:
156:
136:
126:
4009:
1898:
1397:
952:
in the dorsal horn region. It has been found co-localized with
1879:
793:(protein neurotransmitters). Opiates are ligands that bind to
753:
activity. Endomorphin-like immunoreactivity exists within the
924:
The location of endomorphin activity has been isolated using
880:
prevents neuronal depolarization, inhibits the generation of
413:-amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
960:. Neither endomorphin-1 or 2 have been identified in the
1022:
and, therefore, membrane permeability of the molecules.
63:-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
854:. Additionally, opiate malfunction has been linked to
823:
of opiate-encoding genes results in the formation of
737:, consisting of Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe and Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe
4924:
4836:
4651:
4640:
4340:
3737:
3726:
3506:
3080:
3069:
2726:
1946:
1935:
1762:
1739:
1708:
1652:
1643:
1586:
1563:
1535:
1512:
1459:
1450:
1435:
548:
226:
741:sequences respectively. These sequences fold into
1253:"Engineering endomorphin drugs: State of the art"
5068:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
956:as well as the pain-conveying neurotransmitter,
871:to bind μ-opioid receptors, of these molecules.
573:
251:
462:
112:
1870:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
1341:
1339:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
801:and synthetically. Endogenous opiates include
1910:
1790:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
1409:
827:opiate precursors, which are modified in the
8:
1251:Lazarus, Lawrence H; Okada, Yoshio (2012).
789:Endomorphins belong to the opiate class of
745:with high specificity and affinity for the
4648:
3734:
3077:
1943:
1917:
1903:
1895:
1649:
1456:
1416:
1402:
1394:
526:
380:
204:
26:
1373:
1363:
1276:
1195:
593:
1031:
850:, and are widely used and developed as
638:
613:
296:
271:
1346:Varamini, Pegah; Toth, Istvan (2013).
835:opiate precursors, transferred to the
777:with reduced side effects and risk of
1257:Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents
620:Key: XIJHWXXXIMEHKW-LJWNLINESA-N
506:
278:Key: ZEXLJFNSKAHNFH-SYKYGTKKSA-N
184:
164:
7:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1048:. Academic Press. pp. 133–171.
1039:
1037:
1035:
1230:. Sinauer Associates. p. 137.
564:
242:
25:
3885:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
3213:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
2166:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
2151:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4265:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
674:
668:
387:
332:
326:
33:
4260:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
1780:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
1134:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1046:Drugs, Addiction, and the Brain
842:Opioid receptors belong to the
708:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
366:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4185:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
1094:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.011
680:
662:
338:
320:
1:
4160:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
3353:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
2962:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
2391:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
1146:10.1016/S0163-7258(00)00100-5
726:are considered to be natural
3383:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
1795:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
1269:10.1517/13543776.2012.646261
5093:Mu-opioid receptor agonists
5036:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
4664:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
4045:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
2531:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
765:, and endomorphin-2 in the
5114:
5056:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
4676:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
3780:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
2947:Methylsamidorphan chloride
2181:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
2006:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
844:G protein-coupled receptor
759:peripheral nervous systems
4976:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
4383:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
4295:Tricyclic antidepressants
3373:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
2416:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
1815:Gastrin-releasing peptide
1352:Frontiers in Pharmacology
702:
649:
629:
604:
446:
418:
400:
395:
386:
360:
307:
287:
262:
96:
68:
46:
41:
32:
4961:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
4933:Enkephalinase inhibitors
4862:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
4844:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
4760:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
1365:10.3389/fphar.2013.00155
1044:Koob, George F. (2014).
4659:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
3930:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
2972:Nalorphine dinicotinate
1302:Pharmacological Reviews
4275:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
4220:Pethidine (meperidine)
3413:Pethidine (meperidine)
3103:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
2749:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
2648:Tetrahydropapaveroline
2563:Pethidine (meperidine)
1865:Pancreatic polypeptide
996:respiratory depression
976:
4966:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
4453:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
4353:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
3915:Dinalbuphine sebacate
3790:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
3514:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
3473:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
3113:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
2759:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
2739:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
2211:Dinalbuphine sebacate
974:
946:presynaptic terminals
829:endoplasmic reticulum
785:Opioids and receptors
4823:Sunobinop (S-117957)
4558:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
3890:Diamorphine (heroin)
3223:Diamorphine (heroin)
2191:Diamorphine (heroin)
1991:Acetyldihydrocodeine
1971:7-Hydroxymitragynine
1966:7-Acetoxymitragynine
1810:Galanin-like peptide
980:Clinical application
813:, and endomorphins.
5026:Ubenimex (bestatin)
4770:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
4378:β-Chlornaltrexamine
4348:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
3770:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3644:N-Benzylnaltrindole
3539:β-Chlornaltrexamine
3458:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
3123:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
2784:β-Chlornaltrexamine
2754:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
1981:α-Chlornaltrexamine
1008:blood brain barrier
930:immunocytochemistry
743:tertiary structures
698: g·mol
383:
356: g·mol
29:
4588:Norbinaltorphimine
3895:Diacetylnalorphine
3584:Diacetylnalorphine
3208:Desmethylclozapine
2862:Diacetylnalorphine
2542:Papaver somniferum
2126:Chloroxymorphamine
977:
712:Infobox references
441:-phenylalaninamide
421:Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH
381:
370:Infobox references
91:-phenylalaninamide
71:Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH
27:
5075:
5074:
4920:
4919:
4765:Nociceptin (1-11)
4636:
4635:
3765:14-Methoxymetopon
3722:
3721:
3639:Methylnaltrindole
3065:
3064:
2734:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
2346:Levacetylmethadol
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1639:
1638:
1314:10.1124/pr.59.1.3
1237:978-1-60535-380-7
1197:10.1159/000484909
1055:978-0-12-386937-1
1000:urinary retention
975:μ-opioid Receptor
882:action potentials
747:μ-opioid receptor
720:Chemical compound
718:
717:
488:Interactive image
440:
436:
432:
428:
378:Chemical compound
376:
375:
138:Interactive image
90:
86:
82:
78:
16:(Redirected from
5105:
4955:
4882:Nociceptin (1-7)
4778:Norbuprenorphine
4715:Dihydroetorphine
4649:
4538:Methylnaltrexone
4448:Catechin gallate
4180:Norbuprenorphine
3905:Dihydroetorphine
3775:β-Funaltrexamine
3735:
3634:Methylnaltrexone
3574:Catechin gallate
3388:Norbuprenorphine
3228:Dihydroetorphine
3078:
2942:Methylnaltrexone
2834:Catechin gallate
2789:β-Funaltrexamine
2201:Dihydroetorphine
1944:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1650:
1457:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1129:
1114:
1113:
1077:
1060:
1059:
1041:
950:afferent neurons
926:radioimmunoassay
898:gastrointestinal
795:opioid receptors
697:
682:
676:
670:
664:
657:Chemical formula
597:
577:
566:
552:
530:
510:
490:
466:
438:
434:
430:
426:
391:
384:
355:
340:
334:
328:
322:
315:Chemical formula
255:
244:
230:
208:
188:
168:
140:
116:
88:
84:
80:
76:
37:
30:
21:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5088:Opioid peptides
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
4953:
4916:
4847:
4832:
4773:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4667:
4644:
4632:
4428:Binaltorphimine
4373:6β-Naltrexol-d4
4336:
3955:Ethylketazocine
3910:Dihydromorphine
3730:
3718:
3529:6β-Naltrexol-d4
3502:
3258:Ethylketazocine
3233:Dihydromorphine
3073:
3061:
2769:6β-Naltrexol-d4
2722:
2521:Oxymorphonazine
2276:Furanylfentanyl
2206:Dihydromorphine
2061:Benzhydrocodone
1950:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1926:Opioid receptor
1923:
1893:
1884:
1840:Neuropeptide VF
1835:Neuropeptide SF
1830:Neuropeptide FF
1825:Neuropeptide AF
1758:
1735:
1704:
1645:
1635:
1582:
1559:
1531:
1508:
1477:
1452:Opioid peptides
1446:
1431:
1422:
1392:
1391:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1226:Purves (2018).
1225:
1224:
1213:
1177:
1176:
1161:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1079:
1078:
1063:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1028:
982:
922:
877:
868:
837:golgi apparatus
787:
721:
714:
709:
695:
685:
679:
673:
667:
659:
645:
642:
637:
636:
625:
622:
621:
618:
612:
611:
600:
580:
567:
555:
542:
533:
513:
493:
480:
469:
456:
442:
424:
414:
379:
372:
367:
353:
343:
337:
331:
325:
317:
303:
300:
295:
294:
283:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
258:
245:
233:
220:
211:
191:
171:
143:
130:
119:
106:
92:
74:
64:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5111:
5109:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:-Phenylalanine
4950:
4945:
4940:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4783:Racemethorphan
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:Levomethorphan
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Racemethorphan
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:Levomethorphan
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Racemethorphan
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3333:Levomethorphan
3330:
3328:Leu-enkephalin
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Naltrexonazine
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Racemethorphan
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Levomethorphan
2348:
2343:
2341:Leu-enkephalin
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Hydromorphinol
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Dihydrocodeine
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Dextromoramide
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Benzylmorphine
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Acetylfentanyl
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Neuropeptide Y
1847:
1845:Neuropeptide S
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1578:Leu-enkephalin
1575:
1573:Met-enkephalin
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1504:β-Neoendorphin
1501:
1499:α-Neoendorphin
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1335:
1292:
1243:
1236:
1211:
1159:
1115:
1061:
1054:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:hydrophobicity
981:
978:
921:
918:
910:neuroendocrine
906:cardiovascular
886:norepinephrine
876:
873:
867:
864:
825:pre-propeptide
786:
783:
719:
716:
715:
710:
706:standard state
703:
700:
699:
693:
687:
686:
683:
677:
671:
665:
660:
655:
652:
651:
647:
646:
644:
643:
640:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
624:
623:
619:
616:
615:
607:
606:
605:
602:
601:
599:
598:
590:
588:
582:
581:
579:
578:
570:
568:
560:
557:
556:
554:
553:
545:
543:
538:
535:
534:
532:
531:
523:
521:
515:
514:
512:
511:
503:
501:
495:
494:
492:
491:
483:
481:
474:
471:
470:
468:
467:
459:
457:
452:
449:
448:
444:
443:
437:-phenylalanyl-
422:
420:
416:
415:
404:
398:
397:
393:
392:
382:Endomorphin-2
377:
374:
373:
368:
364:standard state
361:
358:
357:
351:
345:
344:
341:
335:
329:
323:
318:
313:
310:
309:
305:
304:
302:
301:
298:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
265:
264:
263:
260:
259:
257:
256:
248:
246:
238:
235:
234:
232:
231:
223:
221:
216:
213:
212:
210:
209:
201:
199:
193:
192:
190:
189:
181:
179:
173:
172:
170:
169:
161:
159:
153:
152:
149:
148:Abbreviations
145:
144:
142:
141:
133:
131:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
109:
107:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
72:
70:
66:
65:
50:
44:
43:
39:
38:
28:Endomorphin-1
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5110:
5099:
5098:Tetrapeptides
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Pronociceptin
5049:
5047:
5046:Proenkephalin
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Buprenorphine
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:Buprenorphine
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Amentoflavone
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:nortriptyline
4308:
4304:
4300:
4299:amitriptyline
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Hydromorphone
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Diprenorphine
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Difelikefalin
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Cyprenorphine
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Big dynorphin
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:3CS-nalmefene
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Diprenorphine
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Hydromorphone
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Deltorphin II
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:3CS-nalmefene
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Methocinnamox
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Ginsenoside R
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Diprenorphine
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:3CS-nalmefene
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Phencyclidine
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Oxymorphazone
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Hydromorphone
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Ethylmorphine
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Endomorphin-2
2239:
2237:
2236:Endomorphin-1
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Diphenoxylate
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Butyrfentanyl
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Buprenorphine
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Acrylfentanyl
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:ψ-Akuammigine
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:neuropeptides
1642:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:Endomorphin-2
1525:
1523:
1522:Endomorphin-1
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Big dynorphin
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:neuropeptides
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:(1): 88–123.
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:(1): 98–116.
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:(3): 437–63.
1139:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:glycosylation
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:
979:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:telencephalon
935:
931:
927:
919:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
874:
872:
865:
863:
861:
857:
856:schizophrenia
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:Transcription
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:neuropeptides
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:tetrapeptides
732:
731:neuropeptides
729:
725:
713:
707:
701:
694:
692:
689:
688:
661:
658:
654:
653:
648:
639:
635:
628:
614:
610:
603:
596:
592:
591:
589:
587:
584:
583:
576:
572:
571:
569:
563:
559:
558:
551:
547:
546:
544:
541:
537:
536:
529:
525:
524:
522:
520:
517:
516:
509:
505:
504:
502:
500:
497:
496:
489:
485:
484:
482:
478:
473:
472:
465:
461:
460:
458:
455:
451:
450:
445:
417:
412:
408:
403:
399:
394:
390:
385:
371:
365:
359:
352:
350:
347:
346:
319:
316:
312:
311:
306:
297:
293:
286:
272:
268:
261:
254:
250:
249:
247:
241:
237:
236:
229:
225:
224:
222:
219:
215:
214:
207:
203:
202:
200:
198:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
180:
178:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
160:
158:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
139:
135:
134:
132:
128:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
5062:
5041:Prodynorphin
5033:Propeptides:
5032:
4931:
4902:Thienorphine
4725:JNJ-19385899
4710:Cebranopadol
4692:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
4684:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
4368:6β-Naltrexol
4285:Thienorphine
4250:Salvinorin A
4050:Levallorphan
3855:Cebranopadol
3714:Thienorphine
3524:6β-Naltrexol
3308:JNJ-20788560
3303:Isomethadone
3198:Deltorphin I
3193:Deltorphin A
3173:Cebranopadol
3168:Casokefamide
3002:Naltrexazone
2992:Naloxonazine
2917:Levallorphan
2764:6β-Naltrexol
2663:Thienorphine
2618:Remifentanil
2540:
2471:Nicomorphine
2466:Nicodicodine
2421:Morphiceptin
2321:Ketobemidone
2156:Desomorphine
2141:DAMGO (DAGO)
2121:Cebranopadol
2116:Casokefamide
1855:Neurophysins
1683:Neurokinin B
1678:Neurokinin A
1514:Endomorphins
1513:
1440:
1355:
1351:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1228:Neuroscience
1227:
1187:
1184:Neurosignals
1183:
1137:
1133:
1085:
1081:
1045:
1004:
992:vasodilation
985:
983:
923:
914:
894:
878:
869:
841:
815:
799:endogenously
788:
724:Endomorphins
723:
722:
508:ChEMBL333357
447:Identifiers
419:Other names
410:
406:
186:ChEMBL316446
166:CHEBI:177580
97:Identifiers
87:-tryptophyl-
69:Other names
60:
59:-amino]-3-(1
56:
52:
18:Endomorphins
4971:Kelatorphan
4948:Candoxatril
4837:Antagonists
4788:Racemorphan
4755:NNC 63-0532
4740:Lexanopadol
4735:Levorphanol
4613:Quadazocine
4598:Pawhuskin A
4593:Noribogaine
4583:Navacaprant
4573:Naltrindole
4493:Epicatechin
4458:Clocinnamox
4341:Antagonists
4303:desipramine
4270:Samidorphan
4240:Racemorphan
4225:Phenazocine
4215:Pentazocine
4195:Norketamine
4190:Noribogaine
4150:Nalfurafine
4115:Mirtazapine
4105:Metkefamide
4065:Lexanopadol
4060:Levorphanol
4040:Laudanosine
4025:ICI-204,448
4020:ICI-199,441
3990:Hemorphin-4
3950:Erinacine E
3935:Eluxadoline
3925:Dynorphin A
3870:Cyclazocine
3845:Butorphanol
3830:Bremazocine
3805:Asimadoline
3795:Allomatrine
3785:Akuammicine
3694:Quadazocine
3689:Pawhuskin A
3684:Noribogaine
3669:Naltrindole
3609:Epicatechin
3604:Eluxadoline
3579:Clocinnamox
3507:Antagonists
3438:Samidorphan
3428:Racemorphan
3408:Oxymorphone
3368:Mitragynine
3363:Metkefamide
3343:Lexanopadol
3338:Levorphanol
3323:Laudanosine
3288:Hydrocodone
3283:Hemorphin-4
3183:Cyclazocine
3158:Butorphanol
3133:β-Endorphin
3052:Samidorphan
3047:Quadazocine
3037:Pawhuskin A
3027:Noribogaine
3017:Naltrindole
2952:Naldemedine
2882:Epicatechin
2839:Clocinnamox
2727:Antagonists
2698:Tubotaiwine
2683:Trimebutine
2613:Racemorphan
2583:Piritramide
2568:Phenazocine
2553:Pentazocine
2526:Oxymorphone
2491:Oliceridine
2476:Norketamine
2461:Nicocodeine
2446:Naltalimide
2411:Mitragynine
2401:Metkefamide
2371:Loxicodegol
2361:Lexanopadol
2356:Levorphanol
2331:Laudanosine
2296:Hydrocodone
2291:Hodgkinsine
2281:Hemorphin-4
2271:Frakefamide
2231:Embutramide
2226:Dynorphin A
2186:Eluxadoline
2176:Dimenoxadol
2111:Carfentanil
2096:Butorphanol
2071:Bezitramide
2041:β-Endorphin
2031:Anileridine
2021:Akuammidine
2016:Akuammicine
1986:α-Narcotine
1860:Neurotensin
1770:Angiotensin
1709:Neuromedins
1698:Physalaemin
1673:Substance P
1667:Tachykinins
1662:Bradykinins
1609:Hemorphin-4
1594:Adrenorphin
1565:Enkephalins
1555:γ-Endorphin
1550:β-Endorphin
1545:α-Endorphin
1484:Dynorphin B
1474:Dynorphin A
1469:Dynorphin A
1263:(1): 1–14.
1088:: 167–212.
966:hippocampus
958:substance P
902:respiratory
848:depressants
821:translation
807:enkephalins
767:spinal cord
650:Properties
464:141801-26-5
308:Properties
114:189388-22-5
5082:Categories
5066:Kyotorphin
5011:Spinorphin
4892:SB-612,111
4887:Nocistatin
4857:BAN-ORL-24
4808:SCH-486757
4803:SCH-221510
4642:Nociceptin
4603:PF-4455242
4578:Naringenin
4568:Naltrexone
4528:LY-2795050
4523:LY-2459989
4518:LY-2444296
4513:LY-2196044
4498:Hyperoside
4413:Aticaprant
4307:imipramine
4230:Proxorphan
4205:Oxilorphan
4175:Niravoline
4165:Nalorphine
4140:Nalbuphine
4125:Moxazocine
4100:Metazocine
4070:Lofentanil
4035:Ketazocine
3995:Herkinorin
3975:Gemazocine
3965:Fedotozine
3945:Eptazocine
3875:Cyclorphan
3860:Ciprefadol
3679:Naringenin
3659:Naltrexone
3654:Nalorphine
3629:LY-2196044
3619:ICI-174864
3614:ICI-154129
3559:Bevenopran
3534:α-Santolol
3498:Zenazocine
3478:Tonazocine
3433:RWJ-394674
3418:Proglumide
3358:Metazocine
3348:Lofentanil
3278:Fluorophen
3042:Rimonabant
3032:Oxilorphan
3022:Naringenin
3012:Naltrexone
2977:Naloxazone
2967:Nalorphine
2932:LY-2196044
2902:Hyperoside
2892:Gemazocine
2887:Eptazocine
2824:Bevenopran
2668:Tianeptine
2643:Tapentadol
2638:Sufentanil
2633:Sinomenine
2623:Salsolinol
2578:Piminodine
2496:Oxycodegol
2486:Octreotide
2481:Nufenoxole
2431:Nalbuphine
2386:Meptazinol
2366:Loperamide
2336:Lefetamine
2286:Herkinorin
2266:Fluorophen
2221:Dipipanone
2146:Dermorphin
2036:Apparicine
2026:Alfentanil
1949:(abridged;
1929:modulators
1689:amphibian
1626:Spinorphin
1616:Nociceptin
1599:Amidorphin
1537:Endorphins
1494:Leumorphin
1461:Dynorphins
1026:References
1016:Lipidation
954:calcitonin
852:analgesics
833:propeptide
831:to become
811:dynorphins
803:endorphins
797:and exist
775:analgesics
739:amino acid
691:Molar mass
595:3PH5M0466G
540:IUPHAR/BPS
519:ChemSpider
475:3D model (
454:CAS Number
402:IUPAC name
349:Molar mass
218:IUPHAR/BPS
197:ChemSpider
125:3D model (
104:CAS Number
48:IUPAC name
5021:Tynorphin
5016:Thiorphan
4996:Opiorphan
4938:Amastatin
4867:J-113,397
4828:TH-030418
4798:Ro65-6570
4793:Ro64-6198
4720:Etorphine
4628:Zyklophin
4618:Taxifolin
4508:LY-255582
4468:Cyclofoxy
4418:Axelopran
4332:Xorphanol
4322:U-54,494A
4290:Tifluadom
4280:TH-030418
4210:Oxycodone
4200:Oripavine
4170:Naltriben
4155:Nalmefene
4110:Mianserin
4080:Lufuradom
3985:GR-103545
3960:Etorphine
3940:Enadoline
3840:Butorphan
3835:BRL-52537
3800:Apadoline
3709:Taxifolin
3704:SoRI-9409
3664:Naltriben
3649:Nalmefene
3624:LY-255582
3554:Axelopran
3493:Xorphanol
3463:TH-030418
3443:SB-235863
3403:Oxycodone
3398:Oripavine
3263:Etorphine
3153:Butorphan
3118:Amoxapine
3057:Taxifolin
2982:Naloxegol
2957:Nalmefene
2927:LY-255582
2857:Cyprodime
2852:Cyclofoxy
2819:Axelopran
2799:Alvimopan
2794:Akuammine
2779:α-Gliadin
2718:Xorphanol
2708:Valorphin
2653:TH-030418
2511:Oxycodone
2506:Oripavine
2441:Nalmexone
2396:Methadone
2376:LS-115509
2256:Etorphine
2246:Eseroline
2091:Butorphan
1952:full list
1800:FMRFamide
1785:Carnosine
1669:: mammal
1631:Valorphin
1621:Opiorphin
1604:Hemorphin
942:hindbrain
912:systems.
890:serotonin
866:Structure
779:addiction
763:brainstem
429:-Tyrosyl-
79:-Tyrosyl-
4907:Trap-101
4897:SR-16430
4818:SR-16435
4672:(PheΨ(CH
4652:Agonists
4563:Naloxone
4473:Dezocine
4443:Catechin
4398:Apigenin
4327:U-69,593
4120:Morphine
4090:MB-1C-OH
4030:Ketamine
4015:Ibogaine
3980:GR-89696
3970:Fentanyl
3850:BW373U86
3738:Agonists
3728:κ-opioid
3674:Naloxone
3569:Catechin
3544:Apigenin
3483:Tramadol
3468:Thebaine
3378:Morphine
3298:Ibogaine
3268:Fentanyl
3248:DPI-3290
3218:Dezocine
3163:BW373U86
3143:Biphalin
3108:ADL-5859
3081:Agonists
3071:δ-opioid
2997:Naloxone
2922:Lobeline
2907:Ibogaine
2829:Catechin
2809:Apigenin
2678:Tramadol
2673:Tilidine
2658:Thebaine
2628:SC-17599
2598:Propiram
2558:Pericine
2501:OM-3-MNZ
2426:Morphine
2316:Ketamine
2261:Fentanyl
2171:Dezocine
2106:BW373U86
2076:Biphalin
1961:3-HO-PCP
1947:Agonists
1937:μ-opioid
1775:Bombesin
1693:Kassinin
1443:hormones
1436:Hormones
1425:Peptides
1384:24379782
1322:17329549
1287:22214283
1206:29132133
1154:11337033
1102:29366859
1082:Peptides
987:In vitro
962:amygdala
934:midbrain
920:Location
875:Function
771:morphine
751:neuronal
433:-prolyl-
83:-prolyl-
5063:Others:
4991:RB-3007
4943:BL-2401
4912:UFP-101
4877:NalBzOH
4872:JTC-801
4813:SR-8993
4750:MT-7716
4700:BU08070
4553:MR-2266
4533:MeJDTic
4463:CVL-354
4433:BU09059
4423:AZ-MTAB
4403:Arodyne
4363:6'-GNTI
4358:5'-GNTI
4317:U-50488
4297:(e.g.,
4145:NalBzOH
4130:MR-2034
4095:Menthol
4085:Matrine
3820:BAM-22P
3815:BAM-18P
3810:BAM-12P
3750:6'-GNTI
3519:5'-NTII
3453:SNC-162
3393:NalBzOH
3313:KNT-127
3243:DPI-221
3178:Codeine
3138:BAM-18P
3128:AZD2327
3093:6'-GNTI
2987:Naloxol
2713:Viminol
2703:U-47700
2688:TRIMU 5
2593:Prodine
2536:OxyPNPH
2451:Neopine
2436:NalBzOH
2406:Metopon
2381:Matrine
2131:Codeine
2081:BU08070
2056:BAM-22P
2051:BAM-18P
2046:BAM-12P
2011:AH-7921
1875:RVD-Hpα
1820:Ghrelin
1805:Galanin
1741:Orexins
1375:3862115
1358:: 155.
1330:1512871
1278:3253703
1110:3542686
964:or the
755:central
696:571.678
575:5311081
562:PubChem
528:4470615
354:610.715
253:5311080
240:PubChem
206:4470614
5001:Selank
4986:RB-120
4981:RB-101
4925:Others
4852:AT-076
4745:MCOPPB
4408:AT-076
4254:salvia
4135:N-MPPP
4075:LPK-26
3699:SDM25N
3549:AT-076
3488:TRV250
3448:SNC-80
3318:Kratom
3098:7-SIOM
2814:AT-076
2804:AM-251
2693:TRV734
2588:PL-017
2326:Kratom
2311:IBNtxA
1654:Kinins
1587:Others
1382:
1372:
1328:
1320:
1285:
1275:
1234:
1204:
1152:
1108:
1100:
1052:
908:, and
860:autism
728:opioid
634:SMILES
499:ChEMBL
396:Names
292:SMILES
177:ChEMBL
42:Names
5006:Semax
4645:(NOP)
4623:UPHIT
4608:RB-64
4548:ML350
4543:ML190
4503:JDTic
4478:DIPPA
4245:RB-64
4000:HS665
3865:CR665
3760:18-MC
3755:8-CAC
3731:(KOR)
3253:DSLET
3238:DPDPE
3188:DADLE
3148:BU-48
3074:(DOR)
2912:JDTic
2774:18-MC
2603:PZM21
2547:opium
2456:NFEPP
2136:DADLE
1940:(MOR)
1763:Other
1644:Other
1326:S2CID
1106:S2CID
609:InChI
477:JSmol
409:)-1--
267:InChI
157:ChEBI
151:YPWF
127:JSmol
55:)-1--
4393:ANTI
4010:HZ-2
3564:BNTX
2847:CTOP
2843:CTAP
1441:see
1380:PMID
1318:PMID
1283:PMID
1232:ISBN
1202:PMID
1150:PMID
1098:PMID
1050:ISBN
928:and
888:and
858:and
819:and
757:and
586:UNII
550:3668
228:1623
4488:ECG
4483:EGC
3599:EGC
3594:ECG
3273:FIT
2877:EGC
2872:ECG
1880:VGF
1476:1–8
1370:PMC
1360:doi
1310:doi
1273:PMC
1265:doi
1192:doi
1142:doi
1090:doi
1086:101
948:of
565:CID
243:CID
5084::
4954:D
4309:,
4305:,
4301:,
1427::
1378:.
1368:.
1354:.
1350:.
1338:^
1324:.
1316:.
1306:59
1304:.
1281:.
1271:.
1261:22
1259:.
1255:.
1214:^
1200:.
1188:25
1186:.
1182:.
1162:^
1148:.
1138:88
1136:.
1118:^
1104:.
1096:.
1084:.
1064:^
1034:^
998:,
994:,
968:.
904:,
900:,
892:.
809:,
805:,
781:.
672:37
666:32
425:;
405:(2
330:38
324:34
75:;
51:(2
4935::
4846:2
4772:2
4694:2
4686:2
4678:2
4674:2
4666:2
4313:)
4256:)
4252:(
2549:)
2545:(
1954:)
1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1754:B
1749:A
1731:U
1726:S
1721:N
1716:B
1417:e
1410:t
1403:v
1386:.
1362::
1356:4
1332:.
1312::
1289:.
1267::
1240:.
1208:.
1194::
1156:.
1144::
1112:.
1092::
1058:.
684:5
681:O
678:5
675:N
669:H
663:C
479:)
439:L
435:L
431:L
427:L
423:2
411:N
407:S
342:5
339:O
336:6
333:N
327:H
321:C
129:)
89:L
85:L
81:L
77:L
73:2
61:H
57:N
53:S
20:)
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