Endophyte - Knowledge (XXG)

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free-living lifestyles. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are divided into class 2, 3 and 4. Class 2 endophytes can grow in plant tissues both above and below ground. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. These classes of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have not been as extensively studied to date.

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entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic or transient endophytes on the other hand vary in number and diversity within their plant hosts under changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become

240:) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases. The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of 438:. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. 31: 1252: 900:

Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. One example of an

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However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the

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practices continue to take priority. Current agriculture relies heavily on fungicides and high levels of chemical fertilizers. The use of fungicides has a negative effect on endophytic fungi and fertilizers reduce a plant's dependence on its endophytic symbiont. Despite this, the interest and use of

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The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the

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the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease, water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly

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Abbreviations: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), hemagglutinins (HA), small RNAs (sRNAs), copper-micro RNAs (Cu-miRNAs), lipopolysaccharide

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properties. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant

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have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. This growth pattern indicates that fungal hyphae are substantially attached to the plant host's cell wall, but do not invade plant cells. Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the

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Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood. However, recently it was shown that endophytes are transmitted from one generation to another via seeds, in a process called vertical transmission. Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in

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for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Some endophytes may enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition

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Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. The increased growth and resilience is likely caused by the endophytes ability to

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Class 1 endophytes are all phylogenetically related and proliferate within cool and warm season grasses. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal

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concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. In addition, other various physiological pathways were activated upon endophytes interactions with host plants, enabling tighter water control and further water management, which are to be the main reasons behind improved

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which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic

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fungi. The ecological roles of these fungi are diverse and still poorly understood. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems. Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and

498:. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some 490:, is commercially available for use in growing lawns which might require less pesticide use -the grasses are poisonous to cattle and more resistant to some insect damage. As of 1999 this is only available in the afore-mentioned lawn grasses, which are sold as 'low maintenance' 155:(LPS), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA). The arrows pointing upwards indicate an increase, while the ones pointing downwards indicate a decrease in the expression levels. 206:

There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. For example, plant chemical signals have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes. One example of this plant-endosymbiont interaction occurs between

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discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms.

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A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as "myco-diesel". It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of

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plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Among these three types of clavicipitaceous endophytes are different interactions with their plant hosts. These interaction range from

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is considered more important. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.

714:, also known as taxol. This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. Other endophytes since have been discovered that also produce paclitaxel in other host species, but to date there has been no successful industrial source of paclitaxel created. 2555:

Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2018-12-15). "Evidence of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in lodgepole pine and hybrid white spruce trees growing in soils with different nutrient statuses in the West Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada".

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hosts. The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa.

352:, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria. 103:

in 1809. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Béchamp. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that

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is an environmentally sustainable process where plants potentially able to break down or sequester, or stimulate micro-organisms in the soil to break down or sequester, certain organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants such as

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may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world.

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Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes.

849:. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments. 247:

Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher

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Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2018-09-20). "Isolation and identification of endophytic diazotrophs from lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining pits in central interior British Columbia, Canada".

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alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. This supports the hypothesis that plant signaling is required in order to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites.

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Kandel, Shyam L.; Firrincieli, Andrea; Joubert, Pierre M.; Okubara, Patricia A.; Leston, Natalie D.; McGeorge, Kendra M.; Mugnozza, Giuseppe S.; Harfouche, Antoine; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (2017).

91:. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. 4042:

Augner D, Krut O, Slavov N, Gerbino DC, Sahl HG, Benting J, et al. (August 2013). "On the antibiotic and antifungal activity of pestalone, pestalachloride A, and structurally related compounds".

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Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-05-01). "In vitro and in vivo analyses of plant-growth-promoting potential of bacteria naturally associated with spruce trees growing on nutrient-poor soils".

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Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. Different fractions of

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Padda KP, Puri A, Zeng Q, Chanway CP, Wu X (2017-07-14). "Effect of GFP-tagging on nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion of an endophytic diazotrophic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa".

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Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered

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Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway C (November 2019). "Endophytic nitrogen fixation - a possible 'hidden' source of nitrogen for lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining sites".

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Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-01-01). "Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R".

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Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ, Ansari HA, Koga H, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, et al. (February 2008). "Epichloë endophytes grow by intercalary hyphal extension in elongating grass leaves".

50:, infects the roots and establishes a symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroid (bacterium-like cell or modified bacterial cell) within their 893:. Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as 198:, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of 3004:

Rai M, Rathod D, Agarkar G, Dar M, Brestic M, Pastore GM, Junior MR (2014-02-01). "Fungal growth promotor endophytes: a pragmatic approach towards sustainable food and agriculture".

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There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of

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Nisa H, Kamili AN, Nawchoo IA, Shafi S, Shameem N, Bandh SA (May 2015). "Fungal endophytes as prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products: A review".

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Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2015-10-01). "Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?".

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in degraded ecosystems. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a

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Suman A, Yadav AN, Verma P (2016-01-01). "Endophytic Microbes in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial Impact for Sustainable Agriculture". In Singh DP, Singh HB, Prabha R (eds.).

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There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts,

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endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the

630:, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree. 3180:

Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-04-01). "Effect of GFP tagging of Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings".

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Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Endophytes can extensively colonize plant tissues and

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Chen L, Zhang QY, Jia M, Ming QL, Yue W, Rahman K, et al. (May 2016). "Endophytic fungi with antitumor activities: Their occurrence and anticancer compounds".

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and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and

599:; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. In another experiment 815: 864:

endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

2601:"Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?" 1627: 3755:"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls" 1708:"In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension" 1271:"Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes" 770:(K-562). Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. 3305:"Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization" 1383:

Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). "Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice".

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Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. There are two different means of classifying endophytes.

2839:"Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly" 265:

specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship.

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Sarasan M, Puthumana J, Job N, Han J, Lee JS, Philip R (June 2017). "Marine Algicolous Endophytic Fungi - A Promising Drug Resource of the Era".

922:, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae. 288:. However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to 1427: 1165:

Tadych M, Bergen MS, White JF (2014-03-01). "Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution".

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was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth. Additionally,

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Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized. Many endophytes are in the phyla

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Wang QX, Li SF, Zhao F, Dai HQ, Bao L, Ding R, et al. (July 2011). "Chemical constituents from endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum".

2058:"Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T" 414:

The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized,

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other potential pathogens. Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness.

3472:"Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H" 2116:; Eckert, Barbara; Schmid, Michael; Fekete, Agnes; Schloter, Michael; Lehner, Angelika; Pollmann, Stephan; Hartmann, Anton (2008-10-01). 3421:"Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072" 3528: 3352: 2198: 1550:

Kuldau G, Bacon C (2008-07-01). "Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses".

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One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant. It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as

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There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. One such endophyte comes from the

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Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as

1048:"The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes" 100: 136:

or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community.

3380:"The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)" 2896:"Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte" 2794:

Wani ZA, Ashraf N, Mohiuddin T, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S (April 2015). "Plant-endophyte symbiosis, an ecological perspective".

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Unterseher M (2011-01-01). "Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Temperate Forest Trees". In Pirttilä AM, Frank AC (eds.).

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isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest

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Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-06-01). "Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte

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Khan, Zareen; Kandel, Shyam L.; Ramos, Daniela N.; Ettl, Gregory J.; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (October 2015).

1328:"Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root" 832: 503: 276: 105: 1850:"Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia" 755:. Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus 2685:"Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria" 618: 610: 550: 459: 186:

Studies have shown that endophytic fungi grow in a very intimate interaction with their host plant cells. Fungal

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Rai M, Agarkar G (May 2016). "Plant-fungal interactions: What triggers the fungi to switch among lifestyles?".

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Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture. Use of endophytes might potentially increase

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Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P (June 2011). "Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises".

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Bacon CW, Hinton DM (2014-01-01). "Microbial Endophytes: Future Challenges". In Verma VC, Gange AC (eds.).

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El-Hawary, S.s.; Mohammed, R.; AbouZid, S.f.; Bakeer, W.; Ebel, R.; Sayed, A.m.; Rateb, M.e. (2016-04-01).

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Suryanarayanan TS (2013-12-01). "Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation".

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Pinski, Artur; Betekhtin, Alexander; Hupert-Kocurek, Katarzyna; Mur, Luis A. J.; Hasterok, Robert (2019).

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to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions. An example of this would be

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Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020).

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Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Berg G, Pirttilä AM, Compant S, Campisano A, et al. (September 2015).

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Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-07-07). "Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola (

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A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus

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associated with various plant species. As often with other organisms associated with plants such as

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Functional Importance of the Plant Microbiome: Implications for Agriculture, Forestry and Bioenergy

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Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, et al. (September 2011).

1884:"An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes" 3378:

Strobel GA, Knighton B, Kluck K, Ren Y, Livinghouse T, Griffin M, et al. (November 2008).

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Wani, Zahoor Ahmed; Ashraf, Nasheeman; Mohiuddin, Tabasum; Riyaz-Ul-Hassan, Syed (April 2015).

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and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants.

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production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. Specifically,

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biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. These four groups are divided into

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Rho, Hyungmin; Van Epps, Victor; Wegley, Nicholas; Doty, Sharon L.; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2018).

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Shaw JJ, Spakowicz DJ, Dalal RS, Davis JH, Lehr NA, Dunican BF, et al. (April 2015).

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bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and

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bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into

423: 393: 337: 216: 59: 3356: 2331:"Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review" 406:

broadleaved trees and shrubs, but can also be a pathogen on many fruits and some leaves.

4321: 3713: 3698:"Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp" 3569: 3320: 3236: 3193: 3150: 3064: 3017: 2700: 2653: 2616: 2569: 2133: 1723: 1563: 1343: 1286: 1143: 609:; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not 4388: 4363: 4281: 4256: 4232: 4207: 4115: 4089:"Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin" 4088: 3833: 3806: 3730: 3697: 3586: 3553: 3496: 3471: 3447: 3420: 2719: 2684: 2451: 2424: 2090: 2026: 1991: 1918: 1883: 1765:"Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?" 1484: 1457: 1303: 1270: 1236: 1209: 1072: 1047: 990:"An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture" 894: 841: 810: 647: 643: 470: 365: 257:

to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO

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Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Wisniewski, Michael; Schena, Leonardo; Tack, Ayco J. M. (2021).

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Straub, Daniel; Yang, Huaiyu; Liu, Yan; Tsap, Tatsiana; Ludewig, Uwe (2013-11-01).

1950:"Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis" 1822: 1805: 1096: 775: 763: 757: 740: 623: 601: 587: 442: 435: 71: 4255:

de Vries S, von Dahlen JK, Schnake A, Ginschel S, Schulz B, Rose LE (April 2018).

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Chow, Chanelle; Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P. (2022-09-20).

613:. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. 4147: 4012: 3974: 3721: 2709: 2661: 2577: 2118:"Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense" 1706:

Tan YY, Spiering MJ, Scott V, Lane GA, Christensen MJ, Schmid J (December 2001).

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sp. have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects, even against

2264: 2190: 1961: 1603: 1586: 871: 860: 730: 675: 329: 237: 41: 36: 3770: 2912: 2895: 2855: 2838: 1396: 1256: 1005: 4105: 3882: 3487: 3353:"University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses" 3244: 3201: 3072: 3025: 2807: 2759: 2347: 2330: 1949: 1684: 1646: 964: 878:

improve plant nutrition or secondary metabolite production, as in the case of

826: 722: 711: 655: 526: 446: 426:

endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4).

349: 333: 325: 173: 51: 4337: 3939: 3538: 3166: 3080: 2921: 2864: 2767: 2441: 2151: 2081: 2017: 1909: 1900: 1612: 1474: 1361: 1013: 989: 34:

Transmission electron microscope image of a cross section through a soybean (

4272: 4087:

Wang C, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen H, Li Y, Zhong L, et al. (January 2013).

2743: 2533: 2008: 1628:"Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth" 1352: 1327: 919: 752: 667: 659: 499: 289: 195: 88: 75: 4397: 4345: 4290: 4241: 4124: 4073: 4020: 3982: 3947: 3890: 3842: 3778: 3739: 3665: 3657: 3630: 3595: 3505: 3456: 3437: 3405: 2987: 2929: 2872: 2815: 2775: 2728: 2541: 2488: 2460: 2404: 2315: 2241: 2159: 2099: 2035: 1927: 1831: 1790: 1749: 1692: 1654: 1528: 1493: 1404: 1369: 1312: 1245: 1186: 1081: 1021: 561:. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in 30: 4257:"Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes" 3279: 3123: 2290:"Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future" 1063: 17: 4364:"Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification" 3577: 2259:. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 80. Springer Netherlands. pp. 31–46. 2073: 1226: 969: 767: 718: 562: 495: 491: 431: 293: 220: 165: 4173:

Chapter 20: Biology and Applications of Fungal Endophytes in Turfgrasses

1806:"Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites" 1587:"Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review" 3823: 1456:

Jia M, Chen L, Xin HL, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP (2016-06-09).

1251: 792: 726: 679: 606: 596: 582: 558: 554: 516: 464: 253:

water relations. Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing

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Meyer W, Torres M, White J (2012). Stier J, Horgan B, Bonos S (eds.).

4064: 4055: 3930: 3913: 3337: 3288: 2497: 2306: 2289: 1210:"Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant–Endophytic Bacteria Interactions" 1178: 3696:

Khan M, Sohrab MH, Rony SR, Tareq FS, Hasan CM, Mazid MA (Oct 2016).

2057: 1866: 1849: 1041: 1039: 784:-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against 748: 578: 537:

A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to

187: 122: 79: 3754: 3419:

Griffin MA, Spakowicz DJ, Gianoulis TA, Strobel SA (December 2010).

2371:"Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products" 2288:

van der Heijden MG, Martin FM, Selosse MA, Sanders IR (March 2015).

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Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st Century

3304: 1948:

Rho, Hyungmin; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2017), Doty, Sharon Lafferty (ed.),

1108: 176:, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte. 905:

but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock.

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group of organisms. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically

241: 143: 125: 83: 29: 1255:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

3914:"Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum" 1095:

Das, Saurav; Barooah, Madhumita; Thakur, Nagendra (2019-04-17).

129: 1429:

Radical Mycology: A Treatise on Seeing & Working with Fungi

729:

which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects. The alkaloid

3554:"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi" 744: 3051:

P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial".

2183:

Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity

4306:"Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences" 2960:

Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009-04-01).

1956:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–69, 4362:

Le Cocq K, Gurr SJ, Hirsch PR, Mauchline TH (April 2017).

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sp. have activity against strains of multi drug-resistant

280:, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in 3807:"Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms" 549:

collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of

268:

In an experiment investigating the interaction between

99:

Endophytes were first described by the German botanist

2744:"Plant-endophyte symbiosis, an ecological perspective" 1626:

Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Elsas JD (October 2008).

1257:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

363:

A diazotrophic bacterium isolated in lodgepole pines (

219:

fungi. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes

3110:

and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study".

2214:

Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009).

1763:

Davitt AJ, Stansberry M, Rudgers JA (November 2010).

4175:. American Society of Agronomy. pp. Chapter 20. 525:, but later research showed that it was in fact the 4206:Qiang X, Weiss M, Kogel KH, Schäfer P (June 2012). 3805:Ancheeva E, Daletos G, Proksch P (September 2018). 2962:"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles" 2216:"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles" 1666: 1664: 194:The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host 132:, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2425:"Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials" 870:is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3303:Compant S, Clément C, Sessitsch A (2010-05-01). 2418: 2416: 2414: 1269:Saunders M, Glenn AE, Kohn LM (September 2010). 4357: 4355: 3800: 3798: 3796: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 1804:Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M (July 2012). 585:called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the 494:. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic 626:plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in 519:. It was first misidentified as the endophyte 375:, which may help its host by fixing nitrogen. 164:, as endophytic fungi can potentially become 8: 4304:Vicari, Mark; Bazely, Dawn R. (1993-04-01). 3994: 3992: 2789: 2787: 2785: 543:which was isolated from a stem of the plant 441:Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 2999: 2997: 2894:Martin, Phillip L.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). 2683:Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-08-26). 2599:Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-01-01). 1451: 1449: 1214:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 912:. which was first harvested from the plant 2837:Lin, Shan; Peduto Hand, Francesca (2019). 2423:Deshmukh SK, Verekar SA, Bhave SV (2015). 2375:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 1052:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 642:that might be useful as lead compounds in 191:intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. 4387: 4280: 4231: 4114: 4104: 4063: 3929: 3832: 3822: 3729: 3646:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 3585: 3495: 3446: 3436: 3395: 3336: 3287: 2977: 2911: 2854: 2718: 2708: 2624: 2496: 2450: 2440: 2394: 2346: 2305: 2231: 2141: 2089: 2025: 2007: 1917: 1899: 1865: 1821: 1780: 1739: 1602: 1483: 1473: 1351: 1302: 1235: 1225: 1071: 410:Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous 128:penetrating the embryo within the host's 2329:Buzaite O, Baniulis D, Stanys V (2015). 1591:Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 955:Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense 845:has been found in the rainforest of the 980: 808:. Several isolates from the ascomycota 595:(TCE) was transferred to endophytes of 591:genus known as G4 which can break down 4188: 4178: 3871:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 3558:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3476:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2796:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2748:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1712:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 150:Plant-endophytic bacteria interactions 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1843: 1841: 638:Endophytes produce a wide variety of 7: 4142:. Springer India. pp. 441–451. 3519:Altman A, Hasegawa PM, eds. (2011). 2369:Strobel G, Daisy B (December 2003). 2185:. Springer India. pp. 117–143. 616:Two strains of the endophytic fungi 2477:Canadian Journal of Forest Research 650:has already yielded compounds with 502:, and are very suitable for use in 887:s inhibition of the phytopathogen 839:An endophytic fungus of the genus 733:has been isolated from the fungus 369:) in British Columbia, Canada, is 54:. In this image, you can also see 25: 4310:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 203:symbiont under these conditions. 27:Endosymbiotic bacterium or fungus 4224:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00764.x 4001:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2979:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x 2233:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x 2143:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00582.x 1782:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x 1732:10.1128/aem.67.12.5377-5383.2001 1572:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023 1509:Critical Reviews in Microbiology 1295:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x 1250: 847:Democratic Republic of the Congo 434:to symbiotic and symptomatic to 402:, which is an endophyte of many 44:. The nitrogen fixing bacteria, 4140:Advances in Endophytic Research 3918:Journal of Applied Microbiology 3523:. Academic press. p. 319. 1585:Zabalgogeazcoa I (2008-02-01). 1432:. Chthaeus Press. p. 177. 328:. Endophytic fungi may be from 4417:Microbial growth and nutrition 3225:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3182:Biology and Fertility of Soils 2387:10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003 2062:Journal of Experimental Botany 1823:10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004 700:isolated from the pacific yew 101:Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link 1: 3623:10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001 3329:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024 3309:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3159:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012 3139:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3106:) by an endophytic strain of 2626:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642 2605:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2558:Forest Ecology and Management 1554:. Special Issue: Endophytes. 4330:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90026-L 4148:10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_22 4013:10.3109/1040841x.2014.959892 3975:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.002 3722:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.005 2710:10.1371/journal.pone.0238055 2662:10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103538 2578:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049 1521:10.3109/1040841X.2014.958052 1152:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007 342:arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 4044:Journal of Natural Products 3397:10.1099/mic.0.2008/022186-0 2265:10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_2 2191:10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7 1962:10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4 1673:Fungal Genetics and Biology 821:. Also, compounds from the 284:following inoculation with 244:to where the endophyte is. 4448: 3771:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1 2913:10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R 2856:10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1694-RE 2257:Endophytes of Forest Trees 1996:Frontiers in Plant Science 1397:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5 1332:Environmental Microbiology 1006:10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y 833:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 551:volatile organic compounds 504:Integrated Pest Management 277:Herbaspirillum frisingense 4368:Molecular Plant Pathology 4261:FEMS Microbiology Ecology 4212:Molecular Plant Pathology 4106:10.3390/molecules18021728 3883:10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y 3488:10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5 3245:10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y 3202:10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3 3073:10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z 3026:10.1007/s13199-014-0273-3 2808:10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3 2760:10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3 2522:FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2429:Frontiers in Microbiology 2348:10.13080/z-a.2015.102.060 2122:FEMS Microbiology Ecology 1888:Frontiers in Microbiology 1685:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013 1647:10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008 1604:10.5424/sjar/200806S1-382 1462:Frontiers in Microbiology 1275:Evolutionary Applications 927:conventional agricultural 619:Pestalotiopsis microspora 611:statistically significant 387:Systemic and non-systemic 228:Effects on plant behavior 2442:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00715 1901:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386 1475:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906 743:against the tumor cells 399:Colletotrichum fioriniae 274:and the plant endophyte 47:Bradyrhizobium japonicum 3759:Pharmaceutical Research 2335:Zemdirbyste-Agriculture 2009:10.3389/fpls.2018.00188 1810:Chemistry & Biology 1353:10.1111/1462-2920.15392 932:sustainable agriculture 481:Acremonium coenophialum 306:indoleacetic acid (IAA) 3658:10.4014/jmb.1701.01036 3611:Microbial Pathogenesis 3438:10.1099/mic.0.041327-0 3108:Paenibacillus polymyxa 3049:Paenibacillus polymyxa 2489:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347 1635:Trends in Microbiology 890:Phytophthora infestans 816:methicillin-resistant 540:Nigrograna mackinnonii 372:Paenibacillus polymyxa 156: 82:, that lives within a 63: 4273:10.1093/femsec/fiy037 3280:10.1139/cjb-2017-0056 3124:10.1139/cjb-2016-0075 2534:10.1093/femsec/fiz172 1064:10.1128/MMBR.00050-14 960:Arbuscular mycorrhiza 903:Argentine stem weevil 867:Piriformospora indica 818:Staphylococcus aureus 787:Staphylococcus aureus 640:secondary metabolites 565:-surrogate biofuels. 474:infected with fungal 344:involving biotrophic 234:Pseudotsuga menziesii 200:secondary metabolites 181:competitively exclude 147: 56:endoplasmic reticulum 33: 3578:10.1128/AEM.00521-11 3431:(Pt 12): 3814–3829. 3390:(Pt 11): 3319–3328. 2642:Applied Soil Ecology 1227:10.3390/ijms20081947 994:Current Microbiology 782:secondary metabolite 628:anaerobic conditions 531:Ascocoryne sarcoides 462:. Turfgrass seed of 357:tropical rainforests 304:is known to produce 4322:1993TEcoE...8..137V 3714:2016ToxR....3..861K 3570:2011ApEnM..77.6076R 3321:2010SBiBi..42..669C 3237:2016BioFS..52..119P 3194:2016BioFS..52..377P 3151:2015SBiBi..89..210P 3065:2016Symbi..69..123P 3018:2014Symbi..62...63R 2966:The New Phytologist 2701:2020PLoSO..1538055P 2654:2020AppSE.14903538P 2617:2020SBiBi.14007642P 2570:2018ForEM.430..558P 2294:The New Phytologist 2220:The New Phytologist 2134:2008FEMME..66...85R 2114:Rothballer, Michael 1769:The New Phytologist 1724:2001ApEnM..67.5377T 1564:2008BiolC..46...57K 1344:2021EnvMi..23.2199A 1287:2010EvApp...3..525S 1144:2013FunE....6..561S 1097:"Endophytic Virome" 805:Bacillus megaterium 697:Taxomyces andreanae 271:Miscanthus sinensis 3824:10.3390/md16090319 3817:(9): Article 319. 3765:(7): Article 125. 3702:Toxicology Reports 2074:10.1093/jxb/ert276 1552:Biological Control 950:List of endophytes 736:Fusarium oxysporum 522:Gliocladium roseum 350:mycorrhizal fungus 157: 64: 4380:10.1111/mpp.12483 4157:978-81-322-1574-5 4056:10.1021/np400301d 3931:10.1111/jam.13077 3118:(12): 1209–1217. 2483:(12): 1601–1606. 2307:10.1111/nph.13288 2274:978-94-007-1598-1 2068:(14): 4603–4615. 1971:978-3-319-65897-1 1860:(10): 3582–3593. 1179:10.3852/106.2.181 915:Bontia daphnoides 688:immunosuppressant 593:trichloroethylene 546:Guazuma ulmifolia 121:and transmit via 16:(Redirected from 4439: 4402: 4401: 4391: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4284: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4118: 4108: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4039: 4033: 4032: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3933: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3866: 3847: 3846: 3836: 3826: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3693: 3678: 3677: 3652:(6): 1039–1052. 3641: 3635: 3634: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3440: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355:. Archived from 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3001: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2957: 2942: 2941: 2915: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2858: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2791: 2780: 2779: 2754:(7): 2955–2965. 2739: 2733: 2732: 2722: 2712: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2500: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2454: 2444: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2398: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2145: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2029: 2011: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1921: 1903: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867:10.3390/f6103582 1845: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1784: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1668: 1659: 1658: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1487: 1477: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1426:McCoy P (2016). 1423: 1417: 1416: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1355: 1338:(4): 2199–2214. 1323: 1317: 1316: 1306: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1229: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1043: 1034: 1033: 985: 910:Nodulisporium sp 886: 703:Taxus brevifolia 686:inhibitory, and 574:Phytoremediation 569:Phytoremediation 424:clavicipitaceous 217:clavicipitaceous 21: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4187: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4041: 4040: 4036: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3868: 3867: 3850: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3695: 3694: 3681: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3564:(17): 6076–84. 3551: 3550: 3546: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3179: 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881:Phoma eupatorii 855: 762:and have shown 672:neuroprotective 636: 571: 512: 456: 412: 389: 381: 338:Sordariomycetes 318: 260: 251: 230: 153: 142: 115: 97: 60:Golgi apparatus 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4422:Fungus ecology 4419: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4374:(3): 469–473. 4351: 4316:(4): 137–141. 4296: 4247: 4198: 4163: 4156: 4130: 4099:(2): 1728–40. 4079: 4050:(8): 1519–22. 4034: 3988: 3953: 3924:(4): 900–911. 3904: 3877:(6): 1829–45. 3848: 3792: 3745: 3679: 3636: 3601: 3544: 3529: 3511: 3482:(8): 3715–28. 3462: 3411: 3370: 3344: 3315:(5): 669–678. 3295: 3274:(9): 933–942. 3258: 3231:(1): 119–125. 3215: 3188:(3): 377–387. 3172: 3129: 3104:Brassica napus 3094: 3059:(2): 123–129. 3039: 2993: 2943: 2906:(2): 333–344. 2900:Phytopathology 2886: 2849:(5): 951–958. 2829: 2802:(7): 2955–65. 2781: 2734: 2675: 2632: 2591: 2547: 2512: 2466: 2410: 2381:(4): 491–502. 2354: 2341:(4): 465–478. 2321: 2300:(4): 1406–23. 2280: 2273: 2247: 2206: 2199: 2173: 2105: 2041: 1982: 1970: 1933: 1873: 1837: 1796: 1755: 1698: 1660: 1641:(10): 463–71. 1618: 1577: 1542: 1499: 1445: 1438: 1418: 1375: 1318: 1261: 1200: 1173:(2): 181–201. 1157: 1138:(6): 561–568. 1132:Fungal Ecology 1122: 1109:10.1101/602144 1087: 1058:(3): 293–320. 1035: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 940: 937: 895:rock phosphate 854: 851: 842:Pseudomassaria 811:Pestalotiopsis 766:against human 739:and has shown 648:bioprospecting 644:drug discovery 635: 634:Drug discovery 632: 570: 567: 557:and odd chain 511: 508: 471:Lolium perenne 455: 452: 418:colonization, 411: 408: 388: 385: 380: 379:Classification 377: 366:Pinus contorta 317: 314: 310:H. frisingense 302:H. frisingense 298:H. frisingense 286:H. frisingense 258: 249: 229: 226: 213:Convolvulaceae 211:plants in the 209:dicotyledonous 148: 141: 138: 114: 111: 106:Victor Galippe 96: 93: 62:and cell wall. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4444: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218:(5): 508–18. 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4182: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007:(3): 454–73. 4006: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3969:(5): 777–81. 3968: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3530:9780123814661 3526: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3371: 3359:on 2006-03-12 3358: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2972:(2): 314–30. 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Plant Disease 2840: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2226:(2): 314–30. 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2200:9788132226451 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1775:(3): 824–34. 1774: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1515:(3): 428–38. 1514: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1439:9780986399602 1435: 1431: 1430: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Nature Plants 1379: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 984: 981: 975: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 945:Biofertilizer 943: 942: 938: 936: 933: 928: 923: 921: 917: 916: 911: 906: 904: 898: 896: 892: 891: 883: 882: 875: 873: 869: 868: 863: 862: 852: 850: 848: 844: 843: 837: 835: 834: 829: 828: 824: 823:marine fungus 820: 819: 813: 812: 807: 806: 801: 800: 799:P. aeruginosa 795: 794: 789: 788: 783: 779: 777: 771: 769: 765: 761: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 698: 692: 689: 685: 684:α-glucosidase 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:antiparasitic 661: 657: 653: 652:antibacterial 649: 645: 641: 633: 631: 629: 625: 621: 620: 614: 612: 608: 607:yellow lupine 604: 603: 598: 597:popular trees 594: 590: 589: 584: 580: 575: 568: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547: 542: 541: 535: 533: 532: 528: 524: 523: 518: 509: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488: 483: 482: 477: 473: 472: 467: 466: 461: 453: 451: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 427: 425: 421: 417: 409: 407: 405: 401: 400: 395: 386: 384: 378: 376: 374: 373: 368: 367: 361: 358: 353: 351: 347: 346:Glomeromycota 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:Basidiomycota 315: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 278: 273: 272: 266: 262: 256: 245: 243: 239: 235: 227: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 204: 201: 197: 192: 189: 184: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 151: 146: 139: 137: 135: 131: 127: 124: 120: 112: 110: 107: 102: 94: 92: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 61: 57: 53: 49: 48: 43: 39: 38: 32: 19: 4427:Bacteriology 4371: 4367: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4172: 4166: 4139: 4133: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4004: 4000: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3874: 3870: 3814: 3811:Marine Drugs 3810: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3705: 3701: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3520: 3514: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3428: 3425:Microbiology 3424: 3414: 3387: 3384:Microbiology 3383: 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3357:the original 3347: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3012:(2): 63–79. 3009: 3005: 2969: 2965: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2799: 2795: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2432: 2428: 2378: 2374: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2256: 2250: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2182: 2176: 2128:(1): 85–95. 2125: 2121: 2108: 2065: 2061: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1975:, retrieved 1953: 1891: 1887: 1876: 1857: 1853: 1816:(7): 792–8. 1813: 1809: 1799: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1679:(2): 84–93. 1676: 1672: 1638: 1634: 1621: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1558:(1): 57–71. 1555: 1551: 1545: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1465: 1461: 1428: 1421: 1391:(1): 60–72. 1388: 1384: 1378: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1100: 1090: 1055: 1051: 997: 993: 983: 924: 913: 909: 907: 899: 888: 879: 876: 865: 859: 856: 840: 838: 831: 825: 817: 809: 803: 797: 791: 785: 776:Cladosporium 774: 772: 764:cytotoxicity 758:Cladosporium 756: 741:cytotoxicity 734: 716: 708:T. andreanae 707: 701: 695: 693: 646:. Endophyte 637: 624:polyurethane 617: 615: 602:Burkholderia 600: 588:Burkholderia 586: 572: 544: 538: 536: 529: 520: 513: 485: 479: 469: 463: 457: 454:Applications 443:polyphyletic 440: 436:asymptomatic 428: 419: 415: 413: 397: 390: 382: 370: 364: 362: 354: 319: 309: 301: 297: 285: 281: 275: 269: 267: 263: 246: 233: 231: 205: 193: 185: 178: 158: 149: 116: 113:Transmission 98: 72:endosymbiont 67: 65: 45: 35: 4189:|work= 3963:Fitoterapia 3708:: 861–865. 3145:: 210–216. 2564:: 558–565. 1220:(8): 1947. 1000:(11): 322. 872:Sebacinales 853:Agriculture 731:beauvericin 723:triterpenes 676:antioxidant 460:crop yields 330:Hypocreales 282:M. sinensis 238:Douglas-fir 170:saprotrophs 162:mutualistic 52:symbiosomes 42:root nodule 37:Glycine max 4411:Categories 4065:11336/5425 3338:10795/2323 3289:1807/79634 2648:: 103538. 2611:: 107642. 2498:1807/92505 1977:2021-06-10 1103:: 602144. 976:References 965:Mycorrhiza 920:diterpenes 827:Nigrospora 780:including 712:paclitaxel 682:-mimetic, 656:antifungal 553:including 527:saprophyte 500:fungicides 476:inoculants 447:Ascomycota 432:pathogenic 394:pathogenic 334:Xylariales 326:Ascomycota 89:herbivores 74:, often a 18:Endophytic 4432:Symbiosis 4338:0169-5347 4191:ignored ( 4181:cite book 4093:Molecules 3940:1365-2672 3787:219590658 3539:858878994 3167:0038-0717 3081:1878-7665 3053:Symbiosis 3006:Symbiosis 2938:220875296 2922:0031-949X 2865:0191-2917 2768:1432-0614 2670:213458305 2152:0168-6496 2082:0022-0957 2018:1664-462X 1910:1664-302X 1613:2171-9292 1413:230508404 1362:1462-2920 1167:Mycologia 1117:146037776 1030:252376815 1014:1432-0991 918:. Indole 719:alkaloids 710:produces 668:cytotoxic 660:antiviral 496:alkaloids 492:cultivars 420:in planta 416:in planta 404:temperate 316:Diversity 290:jasmonate 196:meristems 166:pathogens 140:Symbiosis 76:bacterium 68:endophyte 4398:27559722 4346:21236130 4291:29528408 4242:22111580 4125:23434859 4074:23905700 4029:29471199 4021:25343583 3983:21497643 3948:26811095 3891:21523479 3843:30205507 3779:32529587 3740:28959613 3674:13176570 3666:28376612 3631:25865953 3617:: 50–9. 3596:21764951 3506:25672844 3457:20705658 3406:18957585 3363:June 14, 3253:15963708 3210:18149924 3089:17870808 3034:15579801 2988:19236579 2930:32729787 2881:81983826 2873:30880556 2824:17033286 2816:25750045 2776:25750045 2729:32845898 2689:PLOS ONE 2586:92247486 2542:31647534 2507:92275030 2461:25620957 2405:14665674 2316:25639293 2242:19236579 2160:18761671 2100:24043849 2036:29552021 1928:28348550 1832:22840767 1791:20955417 1750:11722882 1693:17919950 1655:18789693 1537:37813335 1529:25383649 1494:27375610 1405:33398157 1370:33427409 1313:25567944 1246:31010043 1195:24846604 1187:24877257 1082:26136581 1022:36125558 970:Rhizobia 939:See also 861:Epichloë 768:leukemia 727:steroids 563:gasoline 559:polyenes 555:terpenes 487:A. lolii 294:ethylene 221:ergoline 4389:5347965 4318:Bibcode 4282:5939626 4233:6638644 4116:6269944 3834:6165052 3731:5616083 3710:Bibcode 3587:3165411 3566:Bibcode 3497:4667366 3448:7336539 3317:Bibcode 3233:Bibcode 3190:Bibcode 3147:Bibcode 3061:Bibcode 3014:Bibcode 2720:7449467 2697:Bibcode 2650:Bibcode 2613:Bibcode 2566:Bibcode 2452:4288058 2435:: 715. 2130:Bibcode 2091:3808336 2027:5840156 2002:: 188. 1919:5347143 1894:: 386. 1854:Forests 1720:Bibcode 1560:Bibcode 1485:4899461 1468:: 906. 1340:Bibcode 1304:3352505 1283:Bibcode 1237:6515357 1140:Bibcode 1101:bioRxiv 1073:4488371 793:E. coli 680:insulin 583:plasmid 517:biofuel 510:Biofuel 465:Festuca 336:of the 174:senesce 152: 134:conidia 95:History 4396: 4386: 4344: 4336: 4289: 4279: 4240: 4230: 4154: 4123: 4113: 4072: 4027: 4019: 3981: 3946: 3938: 3899:370022 3897: 3889: 3841: 3831: 3785: 3777: 3738: 3728: 3672: 3664: 3629: 3594: 3584: 3537: 3527: 3504: 3494: 3455: 3445: 3404: 3268:Botany 3251: 3208: 3165: 3112:Botany 3087: 3079: 3032: 2986: 2936: 2928: 2920: 2879: 2871: 2863: 2822: 2814: 2774: 2766: 2727: 2717: 2668: 2584: 2540: 2528:(11). 2505: 2459: 2449: 2403: 2396:309047 2393: 2314: 2271: 2240: 2197: 2168:913558 2166: 2158: 2150: 2098: 2088: 2080: 2034: 2024: 2016: 1968: 1926: 1916: 1908: 1830: 1789: 1748: 1738: 1691: 1653: 1611: 1535: 1527: 1492: 1482: 1436: 1411: 1403: 1368: 1360: 1311: 1301: 1244: 1234: 1193: 1185: 1115: 1080: 1070: 1028: 1020: 1012: 802:, and 751:, and 749:PANC-1 579:nickel 188:hyphae 126:hyphae 123:fungal 119:clonal 80:fungus 70:is an 4267:(4). 4025:S2CID 3895:S2CID 3783:S2CID 3670:S2CID 3249:S2CID 3206:S2CID 3085:S2CID 3030:S2CID 2934:S2CID 2877:S2CID 2820:S2CID 2666:S2CID 2582:S2CID 2503:S2CID 2164:S2CID 1741:93319 1631:(PDF) 1533:S2CID 1409:S2CID 1191:S2CID 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