888:
354:
295:
124:
719:
230:
812:
711:
367:
153:, the use of electric light was a major step in the improvement of endoscope. The first such lights were external although sufficiently capable of illumination to allow cystoscopy, hysteroscopy and sigmoidoscopy as well as examination of the nasal (and later thoracic) cavities as was being performed routinely in human patients by
281:
With the appropriate curvature and coatings to the rod ends and optimal choices of glass-types, all calculated and specified by
Hopkins, the image quality was transformed even with tubes of only 1mm in diameter. With a high quality 'telescope' of such small diameter the tools and illumination system
277:
The elegant solution that
Hopkins invented was to fill the air-spaces between the 'little lenses' with rods of glass. These rods fitted exactly the endoscope's tube making them self-aligning and requiring of no other support. They were much easier to handle and utilised the maximum possible diameter
273:
realised that any further optical improvement would require a different approach. Previous rigid endoscopes suffered from low light transmittance and poor image quality. The surgical requirement of passing surgical tools as well as the illumination system within the endoscope's tube which itself is
259:
The previous practice of a small filament lamp on the tip of the endoscope had left the choice of either viewing in a dim red light or increasing the light output â which carried the risk of burning the inside of the patient. Alongside the advances to the optics, the ability to 'steer' the tip was
850:
Disposable endoscopy is an emerging category of endoscopic instruments. Recent developments have allowed the manufacture of endoscopes inexpensive enough to be used on a single patient only. It is meeting a growing demand to lessen the risk of cross contamination and hospital acquired diseases. A
909:
The above is mainly about the application of endoscopes in medical inspection. In fact, endoscopes are also widely used in industrial field, especially in non-destructive testing and hole exploration. If internal visual inspection of pipes, boilers, cylinders, motors, reactors, heat exchangers,
285:
Whilst there are regions of the body that will always require flexible endoscopes (principally the gastrointestinal tract), the rigid rod-lens endoscopes have such exceptional performance that they are still the preferred instrument and have enabled modern key-hole surgery. (Harold
Hopkins was
268:
There were physical limits to the image quality of a fibroscope. A bundle of say 50,000 fibers gives effectively only a 50,000-pixel image, and continued flexing from use breaks fibers and so progressively loses pixels. Eventually so many are lost that the whole bundle must be replaced (at
274:
limited in dimensions by the human body left very little room for the imaging optics. The tiny lenses of a conventional system required supporting rings that would obscure the bulk of the lens' area. They were also hard to manufacture and assemble and optically nearly useless.
861:
Capsule endoscopes are pill-sized imaging devices that are swallowed by a patient and then record images of the gastrointestinal tract as they pass through naturally. Images are typically retrieved via wireless data transfer to an external receiver.
20:
63:. An endoscope uses tubes only a few millimeters thick to transfer illumination in one direction and high-resolution video in the other, allowing minimally invasive surgeries. It is used to examine the internal organs like the throat or
255:
had designed a "fibroscope" consisting of a bundle of flexible glass fibres able to coherently transmit an image. This proved useful both medically and industrially, and subsequent research led to further improvements in image quality.
910:
turbines, and other products with narrow, inaccessible cavities and/or channels is to be performed, then the endoscope is an important, if not an indispensable instrument. In such applications they are commonly known as
115:"Endo-" is a scientific Latin prefix derived from ancient Greek áŒÎœÎŽÎż- (endo-) meaning "within", and "-scope" comes from the modern Latin "-scopium", from the Greek ÏÎșÎżÏΔáżÎœ (skopein) meaning to "look at" or "to examine".
286:
recognized and honoured for his advancement of medical-optic by the medical community worldwide. It formed a major part of the citation when he was awarded the
Rumford Medal by the Royal Society in 1984.)
736:
multi-function endoscope: For a multi-functional endoscope, in addition to the function of observation, it also has at least one working channel like lighting, surgery, flushing and other functions.
282:
could be comfortably housed within an outer tube. Once again, it was Karl Storz who produced the first of these new endoscopes as part of a long and productive partnership between the two men.
260:
developed, as well as innovations in remotely operated surgical instruments contained within the body of the endoscope itself. This was the beginning of "key-hole surgery" as we know it today.
35:, light source and mechanical device, which is used to look deep into the body by way of openings such as the mouth or anus. A typical endoscope applies several modern technologies including
793:-based system. Notable features of a flexible endoscope include that the lens can be manipulated by the operator to change direction, but the imaging quality is not as good as a rigid one.
726:
There are many different types of endoscopes for medical examination, so are their classification methods. Generally speaking, the following three classifications are more common:
1679:
884:
Emerging endoscope technologies measure additional properties of light such as optical polarization, optical phase, and additional wavelengths of light to improve contrast.
1805:
Gordon, GSD; Joseph, J; Alcolea, MP; Sawyer, T; Macfaden, AJ; Williams, C; Fitzpatrick, CRM; Jones, PH; di Pietro, M; Fitzgerald, RC; Wilkinson, TD; Bohndiek, SE (2018).
1697:
969:
872:
The endoscopic images can be combined with other image sources to provide the surgeon with additional information. For instance, the position of an
158:
1453:
1367:
1340:
1243:
1080:
138:
with his introduction of a "Lichtleiter" (light conductor) "for the examinations of the canals and cavities of the human body". However, the
309:
A light transmission system that illuminates the object to be inpsected. For the light source, it is usually located outside the scope body.
1070:
987:
139:
1683:
827:
has been introduced, in which the surgeon could be at a site far away from the patient. The first remote surgery was called the
733:
single-function endoscope: A single-function endoscope refers to an observation mirror that only has an optical system with it.
209:
Georg Wolf, a Berlin manufacturer of rigid endoscopes established in 1906, produced the
Sussmann flexible gastroscope in 1911.
1612:
831:. And a wireless oesophageal pH measuring devices can now be placed endoscopically, to record ph trends in an area remotely.
1701:
171:
has been given credit for the first large published series of endoscopic explorations of the abdomen and the thorax with
943:
422:
40:
1519:"Comparison of keyhole endoscopy and craniotomy for the treatment of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage"
1744:
270:
252:
1921:
1122:"Who named and built the DĂ©sormeaux endoscope? The case of unacknowledged opticians Charles and Arthur Chevalier"
407:
395:
1050:[Light conductor, an invention for examining internal parts and diseases, together with illustrations].
1956:
646:
168:
696:
161:
in Dublin, Ireland. Later, smaller bulbs became available making internal light possible, for instance in a
143:
1028:
948:
902:
805:
251:, Larry Curtiss, and Wilbur Peters invented the first fiber optic endoscope in 1957. Earlier in the 1950s
199:
142:
disapproved of such curiosity. The first effective open-tube endoscope was developed by French physician
1807:"Quantitative phase and polarisation endoscopy applied to detection of early oesophageal tumourigenesis"
391:
1461:
1424:
414:
of a bleeding vessel, widening a narrow esophagus, clipping off a polyp or removing a foreign object.
1877:
1769:
398:. It is also used in diagnosis, most commonly by performing a biopsy to check for conditions such as
52:
1758:"Demonstration of full 4Ă4 Mueller polarimetry through an optical fiber for endoscopic applications"
1951:
855:
is working on the DUET (disposable use of endoscopy tool) project to build a disposable endoscope.
828:
786:
optical system with advantages of clear imaging, multiple working channels and multiple viewpoints.
44:
1756:
Manhas S, Vizet J, Deby S, Vanel JC, Boito P, Verdier M, De
Martino A, Pagnoux D (February 2015).
1587:
1096:
1818:
1385:"Raoul Palmer, World War II, and transabdominal coelioscopy. Laparoscopy extends into gynecology"
1196:
1157:
1003:
565:
522:
436:
154:
526:
190:
disease by Heinz Kalk in the 1930s. Hope reported in 1937 on the use of laparoscopy to diagnose
1302:"Art. VIII.âClinical reports of rare cases, occurring in the Whitworth and Hardwicke Hospitals"
1048:"Lichtleiter, eine Erfindung zur Anschauung innerer Teile und Krankheiten, nebst der Abbildung"
353:
1903:
1846:
1787:
1550:
1499:
1406:
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1336:
1282:
1239:
1214:
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448:
248:
191:
60:
1715:
1233:
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1396:
1313:
1272:
1204:
1188:
1133:
1121:
975:
887:
504:
375:
294:
179:(1910) although the first reported thoracoscopic examination in a human was also by Cruise.
839:
654:
626:
584:
518:
488:
218:
135:
1261:"Laparoscopyâthe early attempts: spotlighting Georg Kelling and Hans Christian Jacobaeus"
1881:
1773:
1637:
123:
1898:
1865:
1841:
1806:
1545:
1518:
1482:
Edmonson JM (March 1991). "History of the instruments for gastrointestinal endoscopy".
1401:
1384:
1277:
1260:
1209:
1176:
824:
820:
783:
630:
534:
478:
474:
387:
339:
320:
system in the case of a rigid endoscope or a bundle of optical fibers in the case of a
313:
214:
1495:
1438:
718:
103:). They can be used to examine visually and diagnose, or assist in surgery such as an
1945:
1161:
852:
790:
642:
616:
607:
580:
551:
496:
470:
466:
440:
411:
342:
or manipulators (only for a multi-function endoscope, see below in "Classification").
210:
150:
229:
638:
634:
512:
403:
234:
195:
176:
162:
76:
67:. Specialized instruments are named after their target organ. Examples include the
1616:
55:. With an endoscope, it is possible to observe lesions that cannot be detected by
842:
simulators are being developed for training doctors on various endoscopy skills.
1535:
923:
769:
764:
754:
744:
689:
603:
599:
574:
561:
432:
331:
which transmits the image to the screen in order to capture it. However, modern
238:
187:
172:
104:
92:
88:
84:
72:
48:
1832:
811:
1738:
1661:
1137:
938:
759:
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678:
332:
321:
317:
203:
202:
after gaseous distention of the abdomen and thus was able to reliably perform
68:
19:
1145:
1613:"cooltech.iafrica.com | tech news World first transatlantic robotic surgery"
1568:
928:
911:
462:
444:
428:
366:
132:
64:
1907:
1850:
1791:
1554:
1153:
417:
Health care workers can use endoscopes to review the following body parts:
146:. He was also the first one to use an endoscope in a successful operation.
1503:
1410:
1356:
Balen AH, Creighton SM, Davies MC, MacDougall J, Stanhope R (2004-04-01).
1286:
1218:
1192:
1175:
Caniggia A, Nuti R, Lore F, Martini G, Turchetti V, Righi G (April 1990).
1782:
1757:
749:
685:
622:
547:
508:
492:
458:
383:
347:
328:
80:
1200:
1317:
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873:
530:
500:
454:
242:
96:
1889:
979:
819:
With the development and application of robotic systems, especially
671:
650:
399:
379:
100:
36:
1301:
1177:"Long-term treatment with calcitriol in postmenopausal osteoporosis"
1823:
1359:
Paediatric and
Adolescent Gynaecology: A Multidisciplinary Approach
886:
810:
717:
709:
482:
365:
352:
293:
228:
183:
122:
56:
18:
1922:"Nondestructive Testing: Endoscopy :: Total Materia Article"
667:
346:
Besides, patients undergoing endoscopy procedure may be offered
157:(using his own commercially available endoscope) by 1865 in the
32:
663:
31:
is an inspection instrument composed of image sensor, optical
16:
Instrument to visually examine the interior of a hollow space
876:
structure or tumor might be shown in the endoscopic video.
23:
Drawing of an endoscope for fetal detection, or "fetoscope"
1052:
Journal der
Practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst
891:
A low-cost waterproof USB endoscope for non-medical use
741:
According to detection areas reached by the endoscope:
410:. The procedure may also be used for treatment such as
127:
Drawings of
Bozzini's "Lichtleiter", an early endoscope
1460:. Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. Archived from
374:
Endoscopes may be used to investigate symptoms in the
1740:
Augmented
Reality: Path guidance to craniopharyngioma
1866:"Real-time snapshot hyperspectral imaging endoscope"
1238:. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. pp. 13â.
302:
A typical endoscope is composed of following parts:
131:
The first endoscope was developed in 1806 by German
1864:Kester RT, Bedard N, Gao L, Tkaczyk TS (May 2011).
1389:
Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
1662:"Overview of Endoscopy Haptics Simulator Project"
1698:"Development of a Disposable Use Endoscopy Tool"
312:A lens system that transmits the image from the
789:flexible endoscope: A flexible endoscope is an
1638:"Esophageal pH Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test"
1362:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 131â.
1335:. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 60.
968:SĂŒptitz, Wenko; Heimes, Sophie (2016-05-15).
8:
1666:M2D2 Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science
1306:Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science
1517:Sun, Guoging; et al. (January 2019).
971:Photonics: Technical Applications of Light
1897:
1840:
1822:
1781:
1544:
1534:
1400:
1276:
1232:Shawki O, Deshmukh S, Pacheco LA (2017).
1208:
730:According to functions of the endoscope:
217:specialists in 1945 through his company,
182:Laparoscope was used in the diagnosis of
1235:Mastering the Techniques in Hysteroscopy
782:rigid endoscope: A rigid endoscope is a
779:According to rigidity of the endoscope:
1333:Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 11
960:
7:
1441:. Richard Wolf Medical Instruments.
1427:. Richard Wolf Medical Instruments.
306:A rigid or flexible tube as a body.
1120:Janssen, Diederik F (2021-05-17).
14:
1004:"Medical Definition of Endoscope"
298:The insertion tip of an endoscope
233:A Storz endoscopy unit used for
213:began producing instruments for
408:cancers of the digestive system
370:An endoscopy room in a hospital
140:College of Physicians in Vienna
1101:EAU European Museum of Urology
1:
1496:10.1016/S0016-5107(91)70910-3
1458:Nezhat's History of Endoscopy
604:transbronchoscopy lung biopsy
1870:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1811:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1700:. 2018-03-26. Archived from
1615:. 2007-10-13. Archived from
1425:"About Richard Wolf Germany"
1383:Litynski GS (JulâSep 1997).
1331:Wildhirt E, Kalk HO (1977).
1259:Litynski GS (JanâMar 1997).
1126:Journal of Medical Biography
944:Minimally invasive procedure
159:Mater Misericordiae Hospital
1536:10.1097/MD.0000000000014123
1439:"Endoscope Biopsy channels"
851:European consortium of the
681:, inner ear deformity, etc.
316:to the observer, usually a
198:placed his patients in the
1973:
1833:10.1117/1.JBO.24.12.126004
1484:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1097:"Desormeaux, Antonin Jean"
699:, specific infection, etc.
338:An additional channel for
165:by Charles David in 1908.
1680:"Dokument nicht gefunden"
1138:10.1177/09677720211018975
1075:. John Wiley & Sons.
1072:Atlas of Gastroenterology
1046:Bozzini, Philipp (1806).
1033:Oxford English Dictionary
396:gastrointestinal bleeding
1529:(2). Baltimore: e14123.
647:congenital malformations
350:in to avoid discomfort.
169:Hans Christian Jacobaeus
1876:(5): 056005â056005â12.
1069:Yamada T (2009-01-22).
835:Endoscopy VR simulators
697:retropharyngeal abscess
657:, ureteral tumors, etc.
269:considerable expense).
149:After the invention of
144:Antonin Jean Desormeaux
1573:Harold Hopkins Society
949:Robot assisted surgery
903:nondestructive testing
901:Industrial endoscopic
892:
816:
806:Robot assisted surgery
723:
715:
451:, cardiac cancer, etc.
423:gastrointestinal tract
371:
358:
299:
245:
200:Trendelenburg position
128:
59:, making it useful in
24:
1716:"Patient Information"
1193:10.1136/bmj.1.223.345
890:
814:
721:
713:
392:difficulty swallowing
369:
356:
297:
232:
126:
22:
1926:www.totalmateria.com
1783:10.1364/OE.23.003047
1454:"Chapter 19. 1960's"
846:Disposable endoscopy
722:A flexible endoscope
362:Clinical application
357:Laparoscopic surgery
335:require no eyepiece.
322:fiberoptic endoscope
53:software engineering
1882:2011JBO....16e6005K
1774:2015OExpr..23.3047M
1490:(2 Suppl): S27â56.
1187:(4 Suppl 1): 43â9.
829:Lindbergh Operation
815:A capsule endoscope
800:Recent developments
340:medical instruments
264:Rod-lens endoscopes
45:precision mechanics
1318:10.1007/BF02946459
893:
817:
724:
716:
566:cholangiocarcinoma
523:ulcerative colitis
491:: small intestine
437:esophageal varices
372:
359:
300:
246:
155:Sir Francis Cruise
129:
25:
1890:10.1117/1.3574756
1588:"Upper endoscopy"
1452:Nezhat C (2005).
1369:978-1-107-32018-5
1342:978-3-428-00192-7
1300:Gordon S (2014).
1245:978-93-86150-49-3
1082:978-1-4443-0342-1
980:10.1117/3.2507083
880:Image enhancement
867:Augmented reality
859:Capsule endoscopy
821:surgical robotics
714:A rigid endoscope
594:respiratory tract
558:pancreatic cancer
539:colorectal cancer
449:esophageal cancer
249:Basil Hirschowitz
192:ectopic pregnancy
61:medical diagnosis
1964:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1826:
1802:
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1795:
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1747:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1682:. Archived from
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1670:
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1658:
1652:
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1649:
1648:
1634:
1628:
1627:
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1043:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1000:
994:
993:
965:
376:digestive system
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1957:Medical devices
1942:
1941:
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1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1642:medlineplus.gov
1636:
1635:
1631:
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1611:
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1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:. Oxford Press.
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1008:Medicinenet.com
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
967:
966:
962:
957:
920:
898:
896:Non-medical use
840:Virtual reality
802:
708:
655:ureteral stones
585:biliary disease
527:Crohn's disease
519:Large intestine
489:Small intestine
364:
292:
266:
227:
219:Karl Storz GmbH
136:Philipp Bozzini
121:
113:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1913:
1856:
1797:
1768:(3): 3047â54.
1762:Optics Express
1748:
1731:
1707:
1704:on 2011-07-23.
1689:
1686:on 2011-07-20.
1671:
1653:
1629:
1604:
1586:Staff (2012).
1578:
1560:
1509:
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1444:
1430:
1416:
1375:
1368:
1348:
1341:
1323:
1292:
1251:
1244:
1224:
1167:
1132:(3): 176â179.
1112:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1038:
1020:
995:
988:
959:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
924:Medical device
919:
916:
897:
894:
825:remote surgery
801:
798:
797:
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795:
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777:
776:
775:
772:
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747:
739:
738:
737:
734:
707:
706:Classification
704:
703:
702:
701:
700:
693:
682:
660:
659:
658:
613:
612:
611:
590:
589:
588:
571:
570:
569:
544:
543:
542:
535:colonic polyps
521:: nonspecific
516:
486:
479:duodenal ulcer
475:gastric cancer
452:
388:abdominal pain
363:
360:
344:
343:
336:
325:
314:objective lens
310:
307:
291:
288:
271:Harold Hopkins
265:
262:
253:Harold Hopkins
226:
223:
120:
117:
112:
109:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1969:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
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1947:
1927:
1923:
1917:
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1395:(3): 289â92.
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1054:(in German).
1053:
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1021:
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989:9781510622678
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631:bladder tumor
629:conjugation,
628:
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621:
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617:urinary tract
614:
609:
608:bronchography
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471:gastric tumor
468:
467:gastric ulcer
464:
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443:, esophageal
442:
441:hiatal hernia
439:, esophageal
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412:cauterization
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237:exams of the
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206:laparoscope.
205:
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156:
152:
151:Thomas Edison
147:
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91:(colon), and
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21:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
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1869:
1859:
1817:(12): 1â13.
1814:
1810:
1800:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1702:the original
1692:
1684:the original
1674:
1665:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1597:24 September
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1457:
1447:
1433:
1419:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1358:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1312:(1): 83â99.
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1268:
1264:
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1227:
1184:
1180:
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1125:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
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1071:
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1055:
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1011:. Retrieved
1007:
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970:
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908:
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865:
864:
858:
857:
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845:
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834:
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804:
803:
725:
643:renal tumors
639:renal stones
635:tuberculosis
606:, selective
513:inflammation
416:
404:inflammation
402:, bleeding,
373:
345:
301:
284:
280:
276:
267:
258:
247:
235:laryngoscopy
225:Fiber optics
208:
196:Raoul Palmer
181:
177:thoracoscope
167:
163:hysteroscope
148:
130:
114:
77:bronchoscope
28:
26:
1592:Mayo Clinic
1271:(1): 83â5.
1029:"endoscope"
770:laparoscope
765:arthroscope
755:colonoscope
745:enteroscope
690:nasal polyp
600:lung cancer
575:laparoscopy
562:cholangitis
481:, duodenal
433:esophagitis
333:videoscopes
290:Composition
278:available.
239:vocal folds
204:gynecologic
194:. In 1944,
188:gallbladder
175:(1912) and
173:laparoscope
105:arthroscopy
93:laparoscope
89:colonoscope
85:arthroscope
73:nephroscope
71:(bladder),
49:electronics
1952:Endoscopes
1946:Categories
1931:2022-07-02
1824:1811.03977
1725:2022-07-01
1668:. YouTube.
1647:2022-06-30
1623:2022-06-30
1468:2016-01-07
1181:Metabolism
1106:2022-06-29
955:References
939:Anesthesia
912:borescopes
905:technology
874:anatomical
760:rhinoscope
679:tympanitis
529:, chronic
461:: chronic
431:: chronic
378:including
318:relay lens
211:Karl Storz
75:(kidney),
69:cystoscope
41:ergonomics
1569:"History"
1162:234747817
1146:0967-7720
1058:: 107â24.
1013:11 August
929:Endoscopy
784:prismatic
509:lymphomas
493:neoplasms
469:, benign
463:gastritis
445:leiomyoma
429:Esophagus
133:physician
111:Etymology
65:esophagus
29:endoscope
1908:21639573
1851:31840442
1792:25836165
1720:asge.org
1555:30633227
1523:Medicine
1201:25204557
1154:33998906
918:See also
750:otoscope
695:Throat:
686:rhinitis
633:, renal
623:cystitis
548:pancreas
501:sarcomas
499:tumors,
459:duodenum
384:vomiting
348:sedation
329:eyepiece
241:and the
81:bronchus
1899:3107836
1878:Bibcode
1842:7006047
1770:Bibcode
1745:YouTube
1546:6336657
1504:2044933
1411:9876691
1402:3016739
1287:9876654
1278:3015224
1219:2325571
1210:2325571
934:Surgery
627:bladder
531:colitis
455:Stomach
243:glottis
119:History
97:abdomen
1906:
1896:
1849:
1839:
1790:
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1502:
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1199:
1160:
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692:, etc.
684:Nose:
672:throat
651:ureter
610:, etc.
587:, etc.
568:, etc.
541:, etc.
515:, etc.
505:polyps
406:, and
400:anemia
394:, and
380:nausea
101:pelvis
51:, and
37:optics
1819:arXiv
1197:JSTOR
1158:S2CID
677:Ear:
483:tumor
184:liver
57:X-ray
1904:PMID
1847:PMID
1788:PMID
1599:2012
1551:PMID
1500:PMID
1407:PMID
1364:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1283:PMID
1265:JSLS
1240:ISBN
1215:PMID
1150:PMID
1142:ISSN
1077:ISBN
1015:2017
984:ISBN
774:etc.
670:and
668:nose
662:The
615:The
592:The
573:The
550:and
546:The
457:and
421:The
186:and
33:lens
1894:PMC
1886:doi
1837:PMC
1829:doi
1778:doi
1743:on
1541:PMC
1531:doi
1492:doi
1397:PMC
1314:doi
1273:PMC
1205:PMC
1189:doi
1134:doi
976:doi
853:SME
664:ear
649:of
327:An
215:ENT
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