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without merit regarding the study of distributions, because these concepts consider that an endemic has a distribution limited to one place. Instead, they propose four different categories: holoendemics, euryendemics, stenoendemics and rhoendemics. In their scheme cryptoendemics and euendemics are further subdivisions of rhoendemics. In their view, a holoendemic is a cosmopolitan species. Stenoendemics, also known as local endemics, have a reduced distribution and are synonymous with the word 'endemics' in the traditional sense, whereas euryendemics have a larger distribution -both these have distributions that are more or less continuous. A rhoendemic has a
480:. Where this disjunct distribution is caused by vicariance, in a euendemic the vicariance was geologic in nature, such as the movement of tectonic plates, but in a cryptoendemic the disjunct distribution was due to the extinction of the intervening populations. There is yet another possible situation that can cause a disjunct distribution, where a species is able to colonize new territories by crossing over areas of unsuitable habitat, such as plants colonizing an island – this situation they dismiss as extremely rare and do not devise a name for. Traditionally, none of Myers and de Grave's categories would be considered endemics except stenoendemics.
38:
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often not connected to each other. One hypothesis for how closely related troglobite species could become isolated from one another in different caves is that their common ancestor may have been less restricted to cave habitats. When climate conditions became unfavorable, the ancestral species was extirpated from the surface, but some populations survived in caves, and diverged into different species due to lack of gene flow between them.
652:
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721:'. These have been designed to include as many species as possible that only occur in a single ecoregion, and these species are thus 'endemics' to these ecoregions. Since plenty of these ecoregions have a high prevalence of endemics existing within them, many National Parks have been formed around or within them to further promote conservation. The
588:
343:. These changes may have caused species to become repeatedly restricted to regions with unusually stable climate conditions, leading to high concentrations of endemic species in areas resistant to climate fluctuations. Endemic species that used to exist in a much larger area, but died out in most of their range, are called
2099:
539:
Obligate cave-dwelling species, known as troglobites, are often endemic to small areas, even to single individual caves, because cave habitats are by nature restricted, isolated, and fragmented. A high level of adaptation to a cave environment limits an organism's ability to disperse, since caves are
377:
rate of dispersal and are able to reach such islands by being dispersed by birds. While birds are less likely to be endemic to a region based on their ability to disperse via flight, there are over 2,500 species which are considered endemic, meaning that the species is restricted to an area less than
475:
In a 2000 paper, Myers and de Grave further attempted to redefine the concept. In their view, everything is endemic, even cosmopolitan species are endemic to Earth, and earlier definitions restricting endemics to specific locations are wrong. Thus the subdivisions neoendemics and paleoendemics are
173:
A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to species (and other taxonomic levels) that are restricted to a defined geographical area. Other terms that sometimes are used interchangeably, but less often, include autochthonal, autochthonic, and indigenous;
447:
has also been used to measure the relative uniqueness of the species endemic to an area. In measurements that incorporate phylogenetic endemism, branches of the evolutionary tree are weighted by how narrowly they are distributed. This captures not only the total number of taxa endemic to the area
732:
Other scientists have argued that endemism is not an appropriate measure of biodiversity, because the levels of threat or biodiversity are not actually correlated to areas of high endemism. When using bird species as an example, it was found that only 2.5% of biodiversity hotspots correlate with
512:
islands' of low fertility and these soils lead to high rates of endemism. These soils are found in the Balkan
Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the North American Appalachians, and scattered distribution in California, Oregon, and Washington and elsewhere. For
393:
Endemism can reflect a wide variety of evolutionary histories, so researchers often use more specialized terms that categorize endemic species based upon how they came to be endemic to an area. Different categorizations of endemism also capture the uniqueness and irreplaceability of biodiversity
384:
were traditionally not believed to form endemics. The hypothesis 'everything is everywhere', first stated in Dutch by
Lourens G.M. Baas Becking in 1934, describes the theory that the distribution of organisms smaller than 2 mm is cosmopolitan where habitats occur that support their growth.
279:
is endemic to the
Americas, and all known life is endemic to Earth. However, endemism is normally used only when a species has a relatively small or restricted range. This usage of "endemic" contrasts with "cosmopolitan." Endemics are not necessarily rare; some might be common where they occur.
751:
proved to be a poor system of identifying and protecting areas of high invertebrate biodiversity. In response to this, other scientists again defended the concept by using WWF ecoregions and reptiles, finding that most reptile endemics occur in WWF ecoregions with high biodiversity.
274:
A species is considered to be endemic to the area where it is found naturally, to the exclusion of other areas; presence in captivity or botanical gardens does not disqualify a species from being endemic. In theory, the term "endemic" could be applied on any scale; for example, the
451:
Schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics can all be classified as types of neoendemics. Schizoendemics arise from a wider distributed taxon that has become reproductively isolated without becoming (potentially) genetically isolated – a schizoendemic has the same
226:, and originally seems to have been used in the sense of diseases that occur at a constant amount in a country, as opposed to epidemic diseases, which are exploding in cases. The word was used in biology in 1872 to mean a species restricted to a specific location by
488:
Some environments are particularly conducive to the development of endemic species, either because they allow the persistence of relict taxa that were extirpated elsewhere, or because they provide mechanisms for isolation and opportunities to fill new niches.
163:, because it provides clues about how changes in the environment cause species to undergo range shifts (potentially expanding their range into a larger area, or becoming extirpated from an area they once lived), go extinct, or diversify into more species.
464:), whereas a patroendemic has a lower, diploid chromosome count than the related, more widely distributed polyploid taxon. Mikio Ono coined the term 'aneuendemics' in 1991 for species that have more or fewer chromosomes than their relatives due to
401:
and Jack Major then introduced the concepts of neoendemics and paleoendemics in 1965 to describe the endemics of
California. Endemic taxa can also be classified into autochthonous, allochthonous, taxonomic relicts and biogeographic relicts.
683:
of this century. Some scientists claim that the presence of endemic species in an area is a good method to find geographical regions that can be considered priorities for conservation. Endemism can thus be studied as a proxy for measuring
761:("off-site") conservation methods. The use of such methods may not only offer refuge and protection for individuals of declining or vulnerable populations, but it may also allow biologists valuable opportunities to research them as well.
471:
Pseudoendemics are taxa that have possibly recently evolved from a mutation. Holoendemics is a concept introduced by
Richardson in 1978 to describe taxa that have remained endemic to a restricted distribution for a very long time.
292:, or geographic speciation, is when two populations of a species become geographically separated from each other and as a result develop into different species. In isolated areas where there is little possibility for organisms to
2627:
Orme, C. David L.; Richard G., Davies; Burgess, Malcolm; Eigenbrod, Felix; Pickup, Nicola; Olson, Valerie A.; et al. (August 2005). "Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat".
548:
Isolated islands commonly develop a number of endemics. Many species and other higher taxonomic groups exist in very small terrestrial or aquatic islands, which restrict their distribution. The Devil's Hole pupfish,
372:
have diversified into many more endemic species than the other fish families in the same lakes, possibly due to such factors. Plants that become endemic on isolated islands are often those which have a
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Sandel, B.; Arge, L.; Dalsgaard, B.; Davies, R. G.; Gaston, K. J.; Sutherland, W. J.; Svenning, J.- C. (6 October 2011). "The
Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism".
2570:
Silva, Rosane Gomes da; Santos, Alexandre Rosa dos; Pelúzio, João
Batista Esteves; Fiedler, Nilton César; Juvanhol, Ronie Silva; Souza, Kaíse Barbosa de; Branco, Elvis Ricardo Figueira (2021-04-01).
1443:
Manchester, Stephen R.; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Lu, An-Ming; Uemura, Kazuhiko (2009). "Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the
Northern Hemisphere".
1159:
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Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da
Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (February 2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".
397:
The first subcategories were first introduced by Claude P. E. Favager and
Juliette Contandriopoulis in 1961: schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics. Using this work,
432:
of organisms that were more widespread or more diverse in the past. A 'relictual population' is a population that currently occurs in a restricted area, but whose original
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in North America: these different groups of taxa did not correlate geographically with each other regarding endemism and species richness. Especially using mammals as
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I use the word precinctive in the sense of 'confined to the area under discussion' ... 'precinctive forms' means those forms that are confined to the area specified.
1500:
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of the species in question is not in dispute; 2.) the species distribution is accurately known; and 3.) the species have relatively small distributional ranges.
2498:
The dispersal centres of terrestrial vertebrates in the Neotropical realm : a study in the evolution of the Neotropical biota and its native landscapes
2100:"Myxobdella socotrensis sp. nov., a new parasitic leech from Socotra Island, with comments on the phylogeny of Praobdellidae (Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida)"
638:
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exist and foster high rates of endemism. The Socotra Archipelago of Yemen, located in the Indian Ocean, has seen a new endemic species of parasitic leech,
2523:
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Other conservation efforts for endemics include keeping captive and semi-captive populations in zoological parks and botanical gardens. These methods are
1656:
706:. used the standard of having more than 0.5% of the world's plant species being endemic to the region to designate 25 geographical areas of the world as
2333:
1736:
2791:
440:. Similarly, a 'relictual taxon' is a taxon (e.g. species or other lineage) that is the sole surviving representative of a formerly diverse group.
679:
because they are already restricted in distribution. This puts endemic plants and animals at greater risk than widespread species during the rapid
1972:
Culver, David C.; Master, Lawrence L.; Christman, Mary C.; Hobbs III, Horton H. (2000). "Obligate Cave Fauna of the 48 Contiguous United States".
1325:
1155:
1240:
Sato, Akie; Tichy, Herbert; O'Huigin, Colm; Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary; Klein, Jan (2001-03-01). "On the Origin of Darwin's Finches".
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being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are
1915:
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807:
599:': refugia of endemics because species that live in the cool climates of mountain peaks are geographically isolated. For example, in the
832:
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316:. Populations on an island are isolated, with little opportunity to interbreed with outside populations, which eventually causes
305:
958:
2051:
1867:
Mayer, Michael S.; Soltis, Pamela S. (October 1994). "The Evolution of Serpentine Endemics: A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the
1126:
691:
The concept of finding endemic species that occur in the same region to designate 'endemism hotspots' was first proposed by
564:. This 'aquatic island' is connected to an underground basin; however, the population present in the pool remains isolated.
324:
in the Galápagos archipelago are examples of species endemic to islands. Similarly, isolated mountainous regions like the
394:
hotspots differently and impact how those hotspots are defined, affecting how resources for conservation are allocated.
336:
2680:
2466:
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1478:
364:), can cause a particular group of organisms to have high speciation rates and thus many endemic species. For example,
37:
249:' is often associated with diseases. 'Precinctive' was first used in botany by Vaughan MacCaughey in Hawaii in 1917.
2492:
1076:
692:
242:
174:
however, these terms do not reflect the status of a species that specifically belongs only to a determined place.
1941:"Assessing preservation priorities of caves and karst areas using the frequency of endemic cave-dwelling species"
714:
167:
1939:
Nitzu, Eugen; Vlaicu, Marius; Giurginca, Andrei; Meleg, Ioana; Popa, Ionut; Nae, Augustin; Baba, Stefan (2018).
2546:
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endemism and the threatened nature of a geographic region. A similar pattern had been found regarding mammals,
514:
300:
from outside, the rate of endemism is particularly high. For example, many endemic species are found on remote
1636:
1530:
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refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through
63:
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appear. This species is restricted to freshwater springs, where it may attach to and feed upon native crabs.
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410:
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Likewise, not all rare species are endemics; some may have a large range but be rare throughout this range.
42:
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Volcanoes also tend to harbor a number of endemic species. Plants on volcanoes tend to fill a specialized
317:
246:
31:
2776:
2246:"Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics"
643:
477:
405:
Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area.
289:
263:
1284:
729:, a biodiversity hotspot located in Brazil, in order to help protect valuable and vulnerable species.
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2583:
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1981:
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568:
309:
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160:
148:
113:
861:"Global patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in angiosperm genera"
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In many cases biological factors, such as low rates of dispersal or returning to the spawning area (
1556:"Historical biogeography, microbial endemism and the role of classification: Everything is endemic"
612:
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321:
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1222:
936:
898:
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Stebbins, G. Ledyard; Major, Jack (1965). "Endemism and Speciation in the California Flora".
2781:
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2645:
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2538:
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2317:
2295:"Endemism increases species' climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance"
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2016:
1989:
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which grows on normal soils, to be a paleoendemic, whereas closely related endemic forms of
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species, which are new species that have not dispersed beyond their range. The ginkgo tree,
86:
51:
1025:
983:
651:
245:
when describing the Hawaiian insects, as he was uncomfortable with the fact that the word '
1285:"Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation"
1253:
962:
726:
676:
600:
505:
448:(taxonomic endemism), but also how distant those species are from their living relatives.
433:
1183:"A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions"
1181:
Kier G, Kreft H, Lee TM, Jetz W, Ibisch PL, Nowicki C, Mutke J, Barthlott W (June 2009).
2641:
2587:
2424:
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2214:
2020:
1985:
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1611:
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Steinbauer MJ, Field R, Grytnes JA, Trigas P, Ah-Peng C, Attorre F, et al. (2016).
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occurring on serpentine soil patches are neoendemics which recently evolved from subsp.
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1420:
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1217:
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227:
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to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can also be referred to as an
117:
90:
67:
2748:
622:, with a very restrictive range, due to the unique environmental characteristics. The
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1993:
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381:
353:
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137:
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to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the
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234:
152:
121:
94:
56:
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has its whole native population restricted to a spring that is 20 x 3 meters, in
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1957:
1940:
1620:
1595:
656:
596:
406:
348:
329:
268:
2199:"Plant communities, diversity and endemism of the Kula Volcano, Manisa, Turkey"
1187:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1083:. Vol. 2, part 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–116.
932:
2542:
2007:
Barr, Jr., Thomas C.; Holsinger, John R. (1985). "Speciation in Cave Faunas".
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The evolutionary history of a species can lead to endemism in multiple ways.
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257:
1758:
Habel, Jan C.; Assmann, Thorsten; Schmitt, Thomas; Avise, John C. (2010).
1479:"The Flora of the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands: Endemism and Dispersal Modes"
2077:. Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 316.
1908:
Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock types on plants
1411:
667:
in the UK to increase its numbers for reintroduction to its native range.
101:
contains at least five endemic species found exclusively in the sinkhole.
2649:
2572:"Vegetation trends in a protected area of the Brazilian Atlantic forest"
1842:
1829:
Anacker, Brian L. (February 2014). "The nature of serpentine endemism".
2707:
2158:"The Mediterranean region – a hotspot for plant biogeographic research"
1892:
1707:
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999:
509:
365:
340:
313:
109:
98:
17:
2681:"Species Richness, Endemism, and the Choice of Areas for Conservation"
1320:
1311:
984:"Endemics and epidemics of shibboleths and other things causing chaos"
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in a 1973 book. According to him, this is only possible where 1.) the
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2432:
627:
557:
301:
276:
1884:
1699:
1042:
1522:
1114:
2244:
Fritz, S. A.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Purvis, A. (15 May 2009).
1596:"Biodiversity hotspots: A shortcut for a more complicated concept"
1358:
Martens, K.; Segers, H. (2009). "Endemism in Aquatic Ecosystems".
650:
637:
586:
501:
Red Hills near Tuolumne County, California: a serpentine grassland
496:
429:
256:
141:
85:
79:
62:
36:
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meaning "the people". The word entered the English language as a
420:
Paleoendemism is more or less synonymous with the concept of a '
1560:
Biogeography of microorganisms. Is everything small everywhere?
1081:
Fauna Hawaiiensis, Being the Land-Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands
859:
Qian, Hong; Mishler, Brent; Zhang, Jian; Qian, Shenhua (2024).
513:
example, Mayer and Soltis considered the widespread subspecies
30:"Endemic" redirects here. For the epidemiological context, see
1635:
Contandriopoulos, J.; Cardona i Florit, Mileniac A. (1984).
663:) is endemic to the Hawaiian islands, but was introduced to
233:
The more uncommon term 'precinctive' has been used by some
417:
in plants, and have not dispersed beyond a limited range.
1396:"Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia"
166:
The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a
2075:
Biogeography: Biological Diversity across Space and Time
456:
as the parent taxon it evolved from. An apoendemic is a
1764:
Relict species: Phylogeography and Conservation Biology
1637:"Caractère original de la flore endémique des Baléares"
2040:. New York: Columbia University. pp. 19, 34, 35.
794:. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 81–86.
328:, or large bodies of water far from other lakes, like
1862:
1860:
1762:. In Habel, Jan Christian; Assmann, Thorsten (eds.).
717:
has split the world into a few hundred geographical '
591:
Cinder cones and vegetation of Kula Volcano in Turkey
1389:
1387:
335:Endemism can also be created in areas which act as
2719:
2460:
2458:
920:
1798:Myers, Alan A.; de Grave, Sammy (December 2000).
927:. Dordrecht: Springer. 2004. pp. 1819–1821.
854:
852:
850:
607:is an endemic plant that may have evolved in the
155:in a particular place and evaluating the risk of
1079:(1900). "Coleoptera. I. Coleoptera Phytophaga".
339:for species during times of climate change like
1549:
1547:
611:and could have once been widespread across the
27:Species unique to a natural location or habitat
1562:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–32.
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
378:five million hectares (twelve million acres).
357:, is one example of a paleoendemic species.
1248:(3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 299–311.
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
647:, a species of frog that is endemic to Brazil
159:for species. Endemism is also of interest in
8:
2524:"On the Identification of Areas of Endemism"
2406:
2404:
914:
912:
460:of the parent taxon (or taxa in the case of
1910:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1735:, Department of Geography. 29 August 2011.
1719:
1717:
1589:
1587:
977:
975:
630:, is home to 13 endemic species of plants.
55:plant it feeds on are found exclusively in
2467:"Endemism as a Surrogate for Biodiversity"
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1156:"Endemics: Types, Characters and Theories"
2595:
2269:
2173:
1956:
1766:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–5.
1619:
1494:
1419:
1319:
1216:
1206:
1041:
1024:Frank, J. H.; McCoy, E. D. (March 1995).
982:Frank, J. H.; McCoy, E. D. (March 1990).
892:
2009:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
332:, can also have high rates of endemism.
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1026:"Precinctive insect species in Florida"
769:
320:and separation into different species.
170:, having a global or widespread range.
2156:Comes, Hans Peter (1 September 2004).
136:. Similarly many species found in the
1760:"Relict Species: From Past to Future"
1739:from the original on 28 February 2021
1659:from the original on 28 February 2021
1254:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806
1099:"A survey of the Hawaiian land flora"
835:from the original on 27 November 2020
790:Morrone, Juan J. (2008). "Endemism".
120:is found exclusively in southwestern
7:
1800:"Endemism: Origins and implications"
1445:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1362:. Academic Press. pp. 423–430.
147:Endemism is an important concept in
132:or, in scientific literature, as an
2293:Manes, Stella; et al. (2021).
2197:Isik-Gursoy, Deniz (January 2015).
2021:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001525
1945:International Journal of Speleology
1394:Harrison S, Noss R (January 2017).
1097:MacCaughey, Vaughan (August 1917).
626:, one of the fourteen volcanoes in
2054:from the original on 17 April 2021
800:10.1016/B978-0-444-63768-0.00786-1
671:Endemics might more easily become
25:
1503:from the original on 5 March 2021
1162:from the original on 5 March 2021
296:to new places, or to receive new
2792:Evolutionary biology terminology
2747:
2700:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96089.x
2679:Kerr, Jeremy T. (October 1997).
2271:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01307.x
2175:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x
1994:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99026.x
1554:Williams, David (January 2011).
1457:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00001.x
1368:10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00211-8
823:Riley, Adam (13 December 2011).
567:Other areas very similar to the
436:was far wider during a previous
237:as the equivalent of 'endemic'.
2465:Meadows, Robin (29 July 2008).
2339:from the original on 2023-01-17
2138:from the original on 2023-07-03
1780:from the original on 2023-07-03
1600:Global Ecology and Conservation
1533:from the original on 2021-04-16
1331:from the original on 2020-12-03
1292:Global Ecology and Biogeography
1242:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1129:from the original on 2022-03-19
1058:from the original on 2015-07-16
1006:from the original on 2014-12-22
1154:Bhan, Preksha (12 July 2016).
825:"South Africa's endemic birds"
713:In response to the above, the
1:
2752:The dictionary definition of
2597:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106180
2223:10.1080/11263504.2014.1001000
1906:Kruckeberg, Arthur R (2002).
1558:. In Fontaneto, Diego (ed.).
1360:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
2322:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109070
2116:10.1016/j.parint.2021.102310
1594:Marchese, Christian (2015).
1568:10.1017/CBO9780511974878.003
969:. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
124:and is therefore said to be
2098:Schenkova, J. (June 2021).
2034:Carlquist, Sherwin (1974).
1958:10.5038/1827-806X.47.1.2147
1621:10.1016/j.gecco.2014.12.008
2808:
2473:. University of Washington
2104:Parasitology International
2073:Lomolino, Mark V. (2016).
1831:American Journal of Botany
933:10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3391
923:Encyclopedia of Entomology
595:Mountains can be seen as '
144:are examples of endemism.
29:
2522:Morrone, Juan J. (1994).
2233:– via ResearchGate.
1496:10.5642/aliso.19911301.04
885:10.1016/j.pld.2023.11.004
702:In a 2000 article, Myers
168:cosmopolitan distribution
1869:Streptanthus glandulosus
516:Streptanthus glandulosus
389:Subtypes and definitions
267:), a species endemic to
2543:10.1093/sysbio/43.3.438
2379:10.1126/science.1210173
2302:Biological Conservation
1871:Complex (Cruciferae)".
1208:10.1073/pnas.0810306106
792:Encyclopedia of Ecology
745:swallowtail butterflies
577:Myxobdella socotrensis,
43:orange-breasted sunbird
2576:Ecological Engineering
2501:. The Hague: W. Junk.
668:
648:
603:department of France,
592:
502:
318:reproductive isolation
271:
241:was coined in 1900 by
183:History of the concept
102:
83:
60:
32:Endemic (epidemiology)
1680:Ecological Monographs
1527:datazone.birdlife.org
723:Caparaó National Park
708:biodiversity hotspots
654:
644:Aplastodiscus arildae
641:
590:
500:
478:disjunct distribution
445:phylogenetic endemism
290:Allopatric speciation
264:Amphipsalta zelandica
260:
89:
66:
40:
2688:Conservation Biology
1974:Conservation Biology
1733:University of Zurich
1523:"BirdLife Data Zone"
1030:Florida Entomologist
988:Florida Entomologist
605:Saxifraga florulenta
368:in the East African
161:evolutionary biology
149:conservation biology
74:) is endemic to the
72:Clinotarsus curtipes
47:Anthobaphes violacea
2787:Ecology terminology
2650:10.1038/nature03850
2642:2005Natur.436.1016O
2636:(7053): 1016–1019.
2588:2021EcEng.16206180S
2495:(11 October 1973).
2425:2000Natur.403..853M
2371:2011Sci...334..660S
2314:2021BCons.25709070M
2262:2009EcolL..12..538F
2215:2016PBios.150.1046I
2145:– via SCOPUS.
1986:2000ConBi..14..386C
1843:10.3732/ajb.1300349
1692:1965EcoM...35....1S
1612:2015GEcoC...3..297M
1477:Ono, Mikio (1991).
1304:2016GloEB..25.1097S
1199:2009PNAS..106.9322K
877:2024PlDiv..46..149Q
715:World Wildlife Fund
661:Branta sandvicensis
613:Mediterranean Basin
552:Cyprinodon diabolis
326:Ethiopian Highlands
2531:Systematic Biology
1641:Botanica Helvetica
1412:10.1093/aob/mcw248
961:2016-02-15 at the
725:was formed in the
669:
649:
593:
503:
272:
214:meaning "in", and
108:is the state of a
103:
84:
61:
2694:(55): 1094–1100.
2419:(6772): 853–858.
1917:978-0-295-98203-8
1873:Systematic Botany
1312:10.1111/geb.12469
1103:Botanical Gazette
942:978-0-306-48380-6
809:978-0-444-64130-4
569:Galapagos Islands
347:, in contrast to
310:Galápagos Islands
16:(Redirected from
2799:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2718:. Archived from
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2669:
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2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
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2545:. Archived from
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1400:Annals of Botany
1391:
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1330:
1323:
1298:(9): 1097–1107.
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820:
814:
813:
787:
749:flagship species
620:ecological niche
506:Serpentine soils
454:chromosome count
399:Ledyard Stebbins
322:Darwin's finches
52:Kniphofia uvaria
21:
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2250:Ecology Letters
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973:
963:Wayback Machine
954:
950:
943:
919:"Precinctive".
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865:Plant Diversity
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727:Atlantic Forest
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2777:Biodiversity
2754:
2729:. Retrieved
2721:the original
2691:
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2547:the original
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2493:Müller, Paul
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2475:. Retrieved
2471:Conservation
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2168:(1): 11–14.
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2056:. Retrieved
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1951:(1): 43–52.
1948:
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1810:(4): 195–204
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1399:
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1080:
1077:Sharp, David
1071:
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1029:
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1008:. Retrieved
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837:. Retrieved
829:10,000 Birds
828:
818:
791:
756:
754:
736:Lasioglossum
734:
731:
712:
703:
701:
690:
686:biodiversity
670:
660:
642:
634:Conservation
624:Kula Volcano
617:
609:Late Miocene
604:
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566:
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474:
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222:from French
215:
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207:
206:, "native".
203:
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153:biodiversity
146:
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129:
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122:South Africa
105:
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95:Verde Valley
71:
57:South Africa
50:
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2058:10 December
1814:10 December
1686:(1): 2–35.
1663:27 November
1507:10 December
1451:(1): 1–42.
743:moths, and
693:Paul Müller
597:sky islands
529:glandulosus
520:glandulosus
407:Neoendemism
330:Lake Baikal
269:New Zealand
243:David Sharp
239:Precinctive
2766:Categories
2731:2010-08-30
2582:: 106180.
2556:2010-08-30
2343:2023-01-20
2308:: 109070.
2142:2021-04-12
2110:: 102310.
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1784:2020-12-09
1743:9 December
1725:"Endemism"
1537:2021-04-12
1335:2020-06-03
1321:1893/23221
1166:9 December
1133:2021-07-12
1062:2013-12-12
1010:2013-12-12
994:(1): 1–9.
839:9 December
765:References
719:ecoregions
673:endangered
466:aneuploidy
426:population
415:polyploidy
370:Rift Lakes
362:philopatry
349:neoendemic
304:, such as
157:extinction
114:indigenous
49:) and the
2614:233567444
2606:0925-8574
2330:234841035
2132:232018118
1926:475373672
1653:0253-1453
1262:1537-1719
1109:(2): 92.
956:"Endemic"
741:Plusiinae
583:Mountains
458:polyploid
298:gene flow
224:endémique
220:loan word
202:ἔνδημος,
196:endēmicus
193:Neo-Latin
187:The word
178:Etymology
41:Both the
2772:Endemism
2716:55794847
2658:16107848
2477:21 March
2441:10706275
2395:43530396
2387:21979937
2334:Archived
2280:19392714
2231:84689222
2184:33873489
2136:Archived
2124:33617989
2052:Archived
1851:24509800
1778:Archived
1737:Archived
1729:Alpecole
1657:Archived
1531:Archived
1501:Archived
1430:28064195
1326:Archived
1270:11230531
1227:19470638
1160:Archived
1127:Archived
1123:83629816
1056:Archived
1004:Archived
959:Archived
903:38807907
894:11128859
833:Archived
697:taxonomy
508:act as '
366:cichlids
341:ice ages
294:disperse
253:Overview
191:is from
134:endemite
130:endemism
106:Endemism
2782:Habitat
2755:endemic
2708:2387391
2666:4414787
2638:Bibcode
2584:Bibcode
2449:4414279
2421:Bibcode
2367:Bibcode
2359:Science
2310:Bibcode
2258:Bibcode
2211:Bibcode
1982:Bibcode
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1708:1942216
1688:Bibcode
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1421:5321063
1300:Bibcode
1218:2685248
1195:Bibcode
1052:3495663
1000:3495327
873:Bibcode
758:ex situ
677:extinct
571:of the
544:Islands
518:subsp.
510:edaphic
337:refuges
314:Socotra
302:islands
284:Origins
247:endemic
208:Endēmos
204:éndēmos
198:, from
189:endemic
126:endemic
110:species
99:Arizona
93:in the
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308:, the
306:Hawaii
277:cougar
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2712:S2CID
2704:JSTOR
2684:(PDF)
2662:S2CID
2610:S2CID
2550:(PDF)
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2391:S2CID
2337:(PDF)
2326:S2CID
2298:(PDF)
2227:S2CID
2128:S2CID
1889:JSTOR
1704:JSTOR
1483:Aliso
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1288:(PDF)
1119:S2CID
1048:JSTOR
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704:et al
535:Caves
434:range
430:taxon
424:': a
216:dēmos
200:Greek
142:India
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2654:PMID
2602:ISSN
2503:ISBN
2479:2019
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2180:PMID
2120:PMID
2079:ISBN
2060:2020
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1847:PMID
1816:2020
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1665:2020
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