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without merit regarding the study of distributions, because these concepts consider that an endemic has a distribution limited to one place. Instead, they propose four different categories: holoendemics, euryendemics, stenoendemics and rhoendemics. In their scheme cryptoendemics and euendemics are further subdivisions of rhoendemics. In their view, a holoendemic is a cosmopolitan species. Stenoendemics, also known as local endemics, have a reduced distribution and are synonymous with the word 'endemics' in the traditional sense, whereas euryendemics have a larger distribution -both these have distributions that are more or less continuous. A rhoendemic has a
469:. Where this disjunct distribution is caused by vicariance, in a euendemic the vicariance was geologic in nature, such as the movement of tectonic plates, but in a cryptoendemic the disjunct distribution was due to the extinction of the intervening populations. There is yet another possible situation that can cause a disjunct distribution, where a species is able to colonize new territories by crossing over areas of unsuitable habitat, such as plants colonizing an island – this situation they dismiss as extremely rare and do not devise a name for. Traditionally, none of Myers and de Grave's categories would be considered endemics except stenoendemics.
27:
53:
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often not connected to each other. One hypothesis for how closely related troglobite species could become isolated from one another in different caves is that their common ancestor may have been less restricted to cave habitats. When climate conditions became unfavorable, the ancestral species was extirpated from the surface, but some populations survived in caves, and diverged into different species due to lack of gene flow between them.
641:
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247:
710:'. These have been designed to include as many species as possible that only occur in a single ecoregion, and these species are thus 'endemics' to these ecoregions. Since plenty of these ecoregions have a high prevalence of endemics existing within them, many National Parks have been formed around or within them to further promote conservation. The
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332:. These changes may have caused species to become repeatedly restricted to regions with unusually stable climate conditions, leading to high concentrations of endemic species in areas resistant to climate fluctuations. Endemic species that used to exist in a much larger area, but died out in most of their range, are called
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528:
Obligate cave-dwelling species, known as troglobites, are often endemic to small areas, even to single individual caves, because cave habitats are by nature restricted, isolated, and fragmented. A high level of adaptation to a cave environment limits an organism's ability to disperse, since caves are
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rate of dispersal and are able to reach such islands by being dispersed by birds. While birds are less likely to be endemic to a region based on their ability to disperse via flight, there are over 2,500 species which are considered endemic, meaning that the species is restricted to an area less than
464:
In a 2000 paper, Myers and de Grave further attempted to redefine the concept. In their view, everything is endemic, even cosmopolitan species are endemic to Earth, and earlier definitions restricting endemics to specific locations are wrong. Thus the subdivisions neoendemics and paleoendemics are
162:
A rare alternative term for a species that is endemic is "precinctive", which applies to species (and other taxonomic levels) that are restricted to a defined geographical area. Other terms that sometimes are used interchangeably, but less often, include autochthonal, autochthonic, and indigenous;
436:
has also been used to measure the relative uniqueness of the species endemic to an area. In measurements that incorporate phylogenetic endemism, branches of the evolutionary tree are weighted by how narrowly they are distributed. This captures not only the total number of taxa endemic to the area
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Other scientists have argued that endemism is not an appropriate measure of biodiversity, because the levels of threat or biodiversity are not actually correlated to areas of high endemism. When using bird species as an example, it was found that only 2.5% of biodiversity hotspots correlate with
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islands' of low fertility and these soils lead to high rates of endemism. These soils are found in the Balkan
Peninsula, Turkey, Alps, Cuba, New Caledonia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the North American Appalachians, and scattered distribution in California, Oregon, and Washington and elsewhere. For
382:
Endemism can reflect a wide variety of evolutionary histories, so researchers often use more specialized terms that categorize endemic species based upon how they came to be endemic to an area. Different categorizations of endemism also capture the uniqueness and irreplaceability of biodiversity
373:
were traditionally not believed to form endemics. The hypothesis 'everything is everywhere', first stated in Dutch by
Lourens G.M. Baas Becking in 1934, describes the theory that the distribution of organisms smaller than 2 mm is cosmopolitan where habitats occur that support their growth.
268:
is endemic to the
Americas, and all known life is endemic to Earth. However, endemism is normally used only when a species has a relatively small or restricted range. This usage of "endemic" contrasts with "cosmopolitan." Endemics are not necessarily rare; some might be common where they occur.
740:
proved to be a poor system of identifying and protecting areas of high invertebrate biodiversity. In response to this, other scientists again defended the concept by using WWF ecoregions and reptiles, finding that most reptile endemics occur in WWF ecoregions with high biodiversity.
263:
A species is considered to be endemic to the area where it is found naturally, to the exclusion of other areas; presence in captivity or botanical gardens does not disqualify a species from being endemic. In theory, the term "endemic" could be applied on any scale; for example, the
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Schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics can all be classified as types of neoendemics. Schizoendemics arise from a wider distributed taxon that has become reproductively isolated without becoming (potentially) genetically isolated – a schizoendemic has the same
215:, and originally seems to have been used in the sense of diseases that occur at a constant amount in a country, as opposed to epidemic diseases, which are exploding in cases. The word was used in biology in 1872 to mean a species restricted to a specific location by
477:
Some environments are particularly conducive to the development of endemic species, either because they allow the persistence of relict taxa that were extirpated elsewhere, or because they provide mechanisms for isolation and opportunities to fill new niches.
152:, because it provides clues about how changes in the environment cause species to undergo range shifts (potentially expanding their range into a larger area, or becoming extirpated from an area they once lived), go extinct, or diversify into more species.
453:), whereas a patroendemic has a lower, diploid chromosome count than the related, more widely distributed polyploid taxon. Mikio Ono coined the term 'aneuendemics' in 1991 for species that have more or fewer chromosomes than their relatives due to
390:
and Jack Major then introduced the concepts of neoendemics and paleoendemics in 1965 to describe the endemics of
California. Endemic taxa can also be classified into autochthonous, allochthonous, taxonomic relicts and biogeographic relicts.
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of this century. Some scientists claim that the presence of endemic species in an area is a good method to find geographical regions that can be considered priorities for conservation. Endemism can thus be studied as a proxy for measuring
750:("off-site") conservation methods. The use of such methods may not only offer refuge and protection for individuals of declining or vulnerable populations, but it may also allow biologists valuable opportunities to research them as well.
460:
Pseudoendemics are taxa that have possibly recently evolved from a mutation. Holoendemics is a concept introduced by
Richardson in 1978 to describe taxa that have remained endemic to a restricted distribution for a very long time.
281:, or geographic speciation, is when two populations of a species become geographically separated from each other and as a result develop into different species. In isolated areas where there is little possibility for organisms to
2616:
Orme, C. David L.; Richard G., Davies; Burgess, Malcolm; Eigenbrod, Felix; Pickup, Nicola; Olson, Valerie A.; et al. (August 2005). "Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat".
537:
Isolated islands commonly develop a number of endemics. Many species and other higher taxonomic groups exist in very small terrestrial or aquatic islands, which restrict their distribution. The Devil's Hole pupfish,
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have diversified into many more endemic species than the other fish families in the same lakes, possibly due to such factors. Plants that become endemic on isolated islands are often those which have a
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Sandel, B.; Arge, L.; Dalsgaard, B.; Davies, R. G.; Gaston, K. J.; Sutherland, W. J.; Svenning, J.- C. (6 October 2011). "The
Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism".
2559:
Silva, Rosane Gomes da; Santos, Alexandre Rosa dos; Pelúzio, João
Batista Esteves; Fiedler, Nilton César; Juvanhol, Ronie Silva; Souza, Kaíse Barbosa de; Branco, Elvis Ricardo Figueira (2021-04-01).
1432:
Manchester, Stephen R.; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Lu, An-Ming; Uemura, Kazuhiko (2009). "Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the
Northern Hemisphere".
1148:
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Myers, Norman; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Mittermeier, Cristina G.; da
Fonseca, Gustavo A. B.; Kent, Jennifer (February 2000). "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities".
386:
The first subcategories were first introduced by Claude P. E. Favager and
Juliette Contandriopoulis in 1961: schizoendemics, apoendemics and patroendemics. Using this work,
421:
of organisms that were more widespread or more diverse in the past. A 'relictual population' is a population that currently occurs in a restricted area, but whose original
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in North America: these different groups of taxa did not correlate geographically with each other regarding endemism and species richness. Especially using mammals as
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I use the word precinctive in the sense of 'confined to the area under discussion' ... 'precinctive forms' means those forms that are confined to the area specified.
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of the species in question is not in dispute; 2.) the species distribution is accurately known; and 3.) the species have relatively small distributional ranges.
2487:
The dispersal centres of terrestrial vertebrates in the Neotropical realm : a study in the evolution of the Neotropical biota and its native landscapes
2089:"Myxobdella socotrensis sp. nov., a new parasitic leech from Socotra Island, with comments on the phylogeny of Praobdellidae (Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida)"
627:
564:
exist and foster high rates of endemism. The Socotra Archipelago of Yemen, located in the Indian Ocean, has seen a new endemic species of parasitic leech,
2512:
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Other conservation efforts for endemics include keeping captive and semi-captive populations in zoological parks and botanical gardens. These methods are
1645:
695:. used the standard of having more than 0.5% of the world's plant species being endemic to the region to designate 25 geographical areas of the world as
2322:
1725:
2780:
429:. Similarly, a 'relictual taxon' is a taxon (e.g. species or other lineage) that is the sole surviving representative of a formerly diverse group.
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because they are already restricted in distribution. This puts endemic plants and animals at greater risk than widespread species during the rapid
1961:
Culver, David C.; Master, Lawrence L.; Christman, Mary C.; Hobbs III, Horton H. (2000). "Obligate Cave Fauna of the 48 Contiguous United States".
1314:
1144:
1229:
Sato, Akie; Tichy, Herbert; O'Huigin, Colm; Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary; Klein, Jan (2001-03-01). "On the Origin of Darwin's Finches".
101:
being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are
1904:
929:
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588:': refugia of endemics because species that live in the cool climates of mountain peaks are geographically isolated. For example, in the
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305:. Populations on an island are isolated, with little opportunity to interbreed with outside populations, which eventually causes
294:
947:
2040:
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Mayer, Michael S.; Soltis, Pamela S. (October 1994). "The Evolution of Serpentine Endemics: A Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny of the
1115:
680:
The concept of finding endemic species that occur in the same region to designate 'endemism hotspots' was first proposed by
553:. This 'aquatic island' is connected to an underground basin; however, the population present in the pool remains isolated.
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in the Galápagos archipelago are examples of species endemic to islands. Similarly, isolated mountainous regions like the
383:
hotspots differently and impact how those hotspots are defined, affecting how resources for conservation are allocated.
325:
2669:
2455:
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353:), can cause a particular group of organisms to have high speciation rates and thus many endemic species. For example,
26:
238:' is often associated with diseases. 'Precinctive' was first used in botany by Vaughan MacCaughey in Hawaii in 1917.
2481:
1065:
681:
231:
163:
however, these terms do not reflect the status of a species that specifically belongs only to a determined place.
1930:"Assessing preservation priorities of caves and karst areas using the frequency of endemic cave-dwelling species"
703:
156:
1928:
Nitzu, Eugen; Vlaicu, Marius; Giurginca, Andrei; Meleg, Ioana; Popa, Ionut; Nae, Augustin; Baba, Stefan (2018).
2535:
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endemism and the threatened nature of a geographic region. A similar pattern had been found regarding mammals,
503:
289:
from outside, the rate of endemism is particularly high. For example, many endemic species are found on remote
1625:
1519:
711:
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refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through
52:
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1713:
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appear. This species is restricted to freshwater springs, where it may attach to and feed upon native crabs.
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Likewise, not all rare species are endemics; some may have a large range but be rare throughout this range.
31:
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Volcanoes also tend to harbor a number of endemic species. Plants on volcanoes tend to fill a specialized
306:
235:
20:
2765:
2235:"Geographical variation in predictors of mammalian extinction risk: big is bad, but only in the tropics"
632:
466:
394:
Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area.
278:
252:
1273:
718:, a biodiversity hotspot located in Brazil, in order to help protect valuable and vulnerable species.
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1970:
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557:
298:
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149:
137:
102:
850:"Global patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in angiosperm genera"
349:
In many cases biological factors, such as low rates of dispersal or returning to the spawning area (
1545:"Historical biogeography, microbial endemism and the role of classification: Everything is endemic"
601:
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Stebbins, G. Ledyard; Major, Jack (1965). "Endemism and Speciation in the California Flora".
2770:
2684:
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2527:
2417:
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2284:"Endemism increases species' climate change risk in areas of global biodiversity importance"
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2100:
2005:
1978:
1941:
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1604:
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which grows on normal soils, to be a paleoendemic, whereas closely related endemic forms of
410:
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340:
species, which are new species that have not dispersed beyond their range. The ginkgo tree,
75:
40:
1014:
972:
640:
234:
when describing the Hawaiian insects, as he was uncomfortable with the fact that the word '
1274:"Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation"
1242:
951:
715:
665:
589:
494:
437:(taxonomic endemism), but also how distant those species are from their living relatives.
422:
1172:"A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions"
1170:
Kier G, Kreft H, Lee TM, Jetz W, Ibisch PL, Nowicki C, Mutke J, Barthlott W (June 2009).
2630:
2576:
2413:
2359:
2302:
2250:
2203:
2009:
1974:
1680:
1600:
1292:
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Steinbauer MJ, Field R, Grytnes JA, Trigas P, Ah-Peng C, Attorre F, et al. (2016).
1187:
882:
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occurring on serpentine soil patches are neoendemics which recently evolved from subsp.
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1409:
1384:
1206:
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653:
612:
216:
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to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can also be referred to as an
106:
79:
56:
2737:
611:, with a very restrictive range, due to the unique environmental characteristics. The
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1982:
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370:
342:
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126:
64:
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to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the
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223:
141:
110:
83:
45:
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has its whole native population restricted to a spring that is 20 x 3 meters, in
2742:
1946:
1929:
1609:
1584:
645:
585:
395:
337:
318:
257:
2188:"Plant communities, diversity and endemism of the Kula Volcano, Manisa, Turkey"
1176:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1072:. Vol. 2, part 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–116.
921:
2531:
1996:
Barr, Jr., Thomas C.; Holsinger, John R. (1985). "Speciation in Cave Faunas".
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145:
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The evolutionary history of a species can lead to endemism in multiple ways.
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181:
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891:
246:
1747:
Habel, Jan C.; Assmann, Thorsten; Schmitt, Thomas; Avise, John C. (2010).
1468:"The Flora of the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands: Endemism and Dispersal Modes"
2066:. Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 316.
1897:
Geology and plant life: the effects of landforms and rock types on plants
1400:
656:
in the UK to increase its numbers for reintroduction to its native range.
90:
contains at least five endemic species found exclusively in the sinkhole.
2638:
2561:"Vegetation trends in a protected area of the Brazilian Atlantic forest"
1831:
1818:
Anacker, Brian L. (February 2014). "The nature of serpentine endemism".
2696:
2147:"The Mediterranean region – a hotspot for plant biogeographic research"
1881:
1696:
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988:
498:
354:
329:
302:
98:
87:
2670:"Species Richness, Endemism, and the Choice of Areas for Conservation"
1309:
1300:
973:"Endemics and epidemics of shibboleths and other things causing chaos"
684:
in a 1973 book. According to him, this is only possible where 1.) the
576:
2421:
616:
546:
290:
265:
1873:
1688:
1031:
1511:
1103:
2233:
Fritz, S. A.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Purvis, A. (15 May 2009).
1585:"Biodiversity hotspots: A shortcut for a more complicated concept"
1347:
Martens, K.; Segers, H. (2009). "Endemism in Aquatic Ecosystems".
639:
626:
575:
490:
Red Hills near Tuolumne County, California: a serpentine grassland
485:
418:
245:
130:
74:
68:
51:
25:
207:
meaning "the people". The word entered the English language as a
409:
Paleoendemism is more or less synonymous with the concept of a '
1549:
Biogeography of microorganisms. Is everything small everywhere?
1070:
Fauna Hawaiiensis, Being the Land-Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands
848:
Qian, Hong; Mishler, Brent; Zhang, Jian; Qian, Shenhua (2024).
502:
example, Mayer and Soltis considered the widespread subspecies
19:"Endemic" redirects here. For the epidemiological context, see
1624:
Contandriopoulos, J.; Cardona i Florit, Mileniac A. (1984).
652:) is endemic to the Hawaiian islands, but was introduced to
222:
The more uncommon term 'precinctive' has been used by some
406:
in plants, and have not dispersed beyond a limited range.
1385:"Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia"
155:
The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a
2064:
Biogeography: Biological Diversity across Space and Time
445:
as the parent taxon it evolved from. An apoendemic is a
1753:
Relict species: Phylogeography and Conservation Biology
1626:"Caractère original de la flore endémique des Baléares"
2029:. New York: Columbia University. pp. 19, 34, 35.
783:. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 81–86.
317:, or large bodies of water far from other lakes, like
1851:
1849:
1751:. In Habel, Jan Christian; Assmann, Thorsten (eds.).
706:
has split the world into a few hundred geographical '
580:
Cinder cones and vegetation of Kula Volcano in Turkey
1378:
1376:
324:Endemism can also be created in areas which act as
2708:
2449:
2447:
909:
1787:Myers, Alan A.; de Grave, Sammy (December 2000).
916:. Dordrecht: Springer. 2004. pp. 1819–1821.
843:
841:
839:
596:is an endemic plant that may have evolved in the
144:in a particular place and evaluating the risk of
1068:(1900). "Coleoptera. I. Coleoptera Phytophaga".
328:for species during times of climate change like
1538:
1536:
600:and could have once been widespread across the
16:Species unique to a natural location or habitat
1551:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–32.
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
367:five million hectares (twelve million acres).
346:, is one example of a paleoendemic species.
1237:(3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 299–311.
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
636:, a species of frog that is endemic to Brazil
148:for species. Endemism is also of interest in
8:
2513:"On the Identification of Areas of Endemism"
2395:
2393:
903:
901:
449:of the parent taxon (or taxa in the case of
1899:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1724:, Department of Geography. 29 August 2011.
1708:
1706:
1578:
1576:
966:
964:
619:, is home to 13 endemic species of plants.
44:plant it feeds on are found exclusively in
2456:"Endemism as a Surrogate for Biodiversity"
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1145:"Endemics: Types, Characters and Theories"
2584:
2258:
2162:
1945:
1755:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–5.
1608:
1483:
1408:
1308:
1205:
1195:
1030:
1013:Frank, J. H.; McCoy, E. D. (March 1995).
971:Frank, J. H.; McCoy, E. D. (March 1990).
881:
1998:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
321:, can also have high rates of endemism.
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1015:"Precinctive insect species in Florida"
758:
309:and separation into different species.
159:, having a global or widespread range.
2145:Comes, Hans Peter (1 September 2004).
125:. Similarly many species found in the
1749:"Relict Species: From Past to Future"
1728:from the original on 28 February 2021
1648:from the original on 28 February 2021
1243:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806
1088:"A survey of the Hawaiian land flora"
824:from the original on 27 November 2020
779:Morrone, Juan J. (2008). "Endemism".
109:is found exclusively in southwestern
7:
1789:"Endemism: Origins and implications"
1434:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
1351:. Academic Press. pp. 423–430.
136:Endemism is an important concept in
121:or, in scientific literature, as an
2282:Manes, Stella; et al. (2021).
2186:Isik-Gursoy, Deniz (January 2015).
2010:10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001525
1934:International Journal of Speleology
1383:Harrison S, Noss R (January 2017).
1086:MacCaughey, Vaughan (August 1917).
615:, one of the fourteen volcanoes in
2043:from the original on 17 April 2021
789:10.1016/B978-0-444-63768-0.00786-1
660:Endemics might more easily become
14:
1492:from the original on 5 March 2021
1151:from the original on 5 March 2021
285:to new places, or to receive new
2781:Evolutionary biology terminology
2736:
2689:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96089.x
2668:Kerr, Jeremy T. (October 1997).
2260:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01307.x
2164:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01194.x
1983:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99026.x
1543:Williams, David (January 2011).
1446:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00001.x
1357:10.1016/B978-012370626-3.00211-8
812:Riley, Adam (13 December 2011).
556:Other areas very similar to the
425:was far wider during a previous
226:as the equivalent of 'endemic'.
2454:Meadows, Robin (29 July 2008).
2328:from the original on 2023-01-17
2127:from the original on 2023-07-03
1769:from the original on 2023-07-03
1589:Global Ecology and Conservation
1522:from the original on 2021-04-16
1320:from the original on 2020-12-03
1281:Global Ecology and Biogeography
1231:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1118:from the original on 2022-03-19
1047:from the original on 2015-07-16
995:from the original on 2014-12-22
1143:Bhan, Preksha (12 July 2016).
814:"South Africa's endemic birds"
702:In response to the above, the
1:
2741:The dictionary definition of
2586:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106180
2212:10.1080/11263504.2014.1001000
1895:Kruckeberg, Arthur R (2002).
1547:. In Fontaneto, Diego (ed.).
1349:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
2311:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109070
2105:10.1016/j.parint.2021.102310
1583:Marchese, Christian (2015).
1557:10.1017/CBO9780511974878.003
958:. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
113:and is therefore said to be
2087:Schenkova, J. (June 2021).
2023:Carlquist, Sherwin (1974).
1947:10.5038/1827-806X.47.1.2147
1610:10.1016/j.gecco.2014.12.008
2797:
2462:. University of Washington
2093:Parasitology International
2062:Lomolino, Mark V. (2016).
1820:American Journal of Botany
922:10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3391
912:Encyclopedia of Entomology
584:Mountains can be seen as '
133:are examples of endemism.
18:
2511:Morrone, Juan J. (1994).
2222:– via ResearchGate.
1485:10.5642/aliso.19911301.04
874:10.1016/j.pld.2023.11.004
691:In a 2000 article, Myers
157:cosmopolitan distribution
1858:Streptanthus glandulosus
505:Streptanthus glandulosus
378:Subtypes and definitions
256:), a species endemic to
2532:10.1093/sysbio/43.3.438
2368:10.1126/science.1210173
2291:Biological Conservation
1860:Complex (Cruciferae)".
1197:10.1073/pnas.0810306106
781:Encyclopedia of Ecology
734:swallowtail butterflies
566:Myxobdella socotrensis,
32:orange-breasted sunbird
2565:Ecological Engineering
2490:. The Hague: W. Junk.
657:
637:
592:department of France,
581:
491:
307:reproductive isolation
260:
230:was coined in 1900 by
172:History of the concept
91:
72:
49:
21:Endemic (epidemiology)
1669:Ecological Monographs
1516:datazone.birdlife.org
712:Caparaó National Park
697:biodiversity hotspots
643:
633:Aplastodiscus arildae
630:
579:
489:
467:disjunct distribution
434:phylogenetic endemism
279:Allopatric speciation
253:Amphipsalta zelandica
249:
78:
55:
29:
2677:Conservation Biology
1963:Conservation Biology
1722:University of Zurich
1512:"BirdLife Data Zone"
1019:Florida Entomologist
977:Florida Entomologist
594:Saxifraga florulenta
357:in the East African
150:evolutionary biology
138:conservation biology
63:) is endemic to the
61:Clinotarsus curtipes
36:Anthobaphes violacea
2776:Ecology terminology
2639:10.1038/nature03850
2631:2005Natur.436.1016O
2625:(7053): 1016–1019.
2577:2021EcEng.16206180S
2484:(11 October 1973).
2414:2000Natur.403..853M
2360:2011Sci...334..660S
2303:2021BCons.25709070M
2251:2009EcolL..12..538F
2204:2016PBios.150.1046I
2134:– via SCOPUS.
1975:2000ConBi..14..386C
1832:10.3732/ajb.1300349
1681:1965EcoM...35....1S
1601:2015GEcoC...3..297M
1466:Ono, Mikio (1991).
1293:2016GloEB..25.1097S
1188:2009PNAS..106.9322K
866:2024PlDiv..46..149Q
704:World Wildlife Fund
650:Branta sandvicensis
602:Mediterranean Basin
541:Cyprinodon diabolis
315:Ethiopian Highlands
2520:Systematic Biology
1630:Botanica Helvetica
1401:10.1093/aob/mcw248
950:2016-02-15 at the
714:was formed in the
658:
638:
582:
492:
261:
203:meaning "in", and
97:is the state of a
92:
73:
50:
2683:(55): 1094–1100.
2408:(6772): 853–858.
1906:978-0-295-98203-8
1862:Systematic Botany
1301:10.1111/geb.12469
1092:Botanical Gazette
931:978-0-306-48380-6
798:978-0-444-64130-4
558:Galapagos Islands
336:, in contrast to
299:Galápagos Islands
2788:
2740:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2707:. Archived from
2674:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2534:. Archived from
2517:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2422:10.1038/35002501
2397:
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2334:
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2192:Plant Biosystems
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2014:
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1501:
1499:
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1449:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1389:Annals of Botany
1380:
1371:
1370:
1344:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1287:(9): 1097–1107.
1278:
1269:
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1226:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1167:
1161:
1160:
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968:
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905:
896:
895:
885:
845:
834:
833:
831:
829:
809:
803:
802:
776:
738:flagship species
609:ecological niche
495:Serpentine soils
443:chromosome count
388:Ledyard Stebbins
311:Darwin's finches
41:Kniphofia uvaria
2796:
2795:
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2399:
2398:
2391:
2354:(6056): 660–4.
2345:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2239:Ecology Letters
2232:
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2227:
2185:
2184:
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2151:New Phytologist
2144:
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2017:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1927:
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1874:10.2307/2419777
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1032:10.2307/3495663
1012:
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1007:
998:
996:
970:
969:
962:
952:Wayback Machine
943:
939:
932:
908:"Precinctive".
907:
906:
899:
854:Plant Diversity
847:
846:
837:
827:
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811:
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716:Atlantic Forest
625:
590:Alpes-Maritimes
574:
535:
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484:
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432:The concept of
380:
275:
250:Chorus cicada (
244:
174:
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2731:External links
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2026:Island Biology
2015:
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670:climate change
654:WWT Slimbridge
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514:S. glandulosus
483:
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451:allopolyploids
427:geologic epoch
411:relict species
379:
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371:Microorganisms
274:
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217:Charles Darwin
173:
170:
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140:for measuring
107:Cape sugarbird
80:Montezuma Well
57:Bicolored frog
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33:
28:
22:
2766:Biodiversity
2743:
2718:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2680:
2676:
2663:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2543:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2523:
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2506:
2486:
2482:Müller, Paul
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2460:Conservation
2459:
2405:
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2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2294:
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2195:
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2181:
2157:(1): 11–14.
2154:
2150:
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2129:. Retrieved
2096:
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2045:. Retrieved
2025:
2018:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1940:(1): 43–52.
1937:
1933:
1923:
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1813:
1801:. Retrieved
1799:(4): 195–204
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1179:
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1120:. Retrieved
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1069:
1066:Sharp, David
1060:
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1022:
1018:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
980:
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940:
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826:. Retrieved
818:10,000 Birds
817:
807:
780:
745:
743:
725:Lasioglossum
723:
720:
701:
692:
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679:
675:biodiversity
659:
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631:
623:Conservation
613:Kula Volcano
606:
598:Late Miocene
593:
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192:
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135:
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111:South Africa
94:
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84:Verde Valley
60:
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39:
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2198:(5): 1046.
2047:10 December
1803:10 December
1675:(1): 2–35.
1652:27 November
1496:10 December
1440:(1): 1–42.
732:moths, and
682:Paul Müller
586:sky islands
518:glandulosus
509:glandulosus
396:Neoendemism
319:Lake Baikal
258:New Zealand
232:David Sharp
228:Precinctive
2755:Categories
2720:2010-08-30
2571:: 106180.
2545:2010-08-30
2332:2023-01-20
2297:: 109070.
2131:2021-04-12
2099:: 102310.
1969:(2): 386.
1773:2020-12-09
1732:9 December
1714:"Endemism"
1526:2021-04-12
1324:2020-06-03
1310:1893/23221
1155:9 December
1122:2021-07-12
1051:2013-12-12
999:2013-12-12
983:(1): 1–9.
828:9 December
754:References
708:ecoregions
662:endangered
455:aneuploidy
415:population
404:polyploidy
359:Rift Lakes
351:philopatry
338:neoendemic
293:, such as
146:extinction
103:indigenous
38:) and the
2603:233567444
2595:0925-8574
2319:234841035
2121:232018118
1915:475373672
1642:0253-1453
1251:1537-1719
1098:(2): 92.
945:"Endemic"
730:Plusiinae
572:Mountains
447:polyploid
287:gene flow
213:endémique
209:loan word
191:ἔνδημος,
185:endēmicus
182:Neo-Latin
176:The word
167:Etymology
30:Both the
2761:Endemism
2705:55794847
2647:16107848
2466:21 March
2430:10706275
2384:43530396
2376:21979937
2323:Archived
2269:19392714
2220:84689222
2173:33873489
2125:Archived
2113:33617989
2041:Archived
1840:24509800
1767:Archived
1726:Archived
1718:Alpecole
1646:Archived
1520:Archived
1490:Archived
1419:28064195
1315:Archived
1259:11230531
1216:19470638
1149:Archived
1116:Archived
1112:83629816
1045:Archived
993:Archived
948:Archived
892:38807907
883:11128859
822:Archived
686:taxonomy
497:act as '
355:cichlids
330:ice ages
283:disperse
242:Overview
180:is from
123:endemite
119:endemism
95:Endemism
2771:Habitat
2744:endemic
2697:2387391
2655:4414787
2627:Bibcode
2573:Bibcode
2438:4414279
2410:Bibcode
2356:Bibcode
2348:Science
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1971:Bibcode
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1410:5321063
1289:Bibcode
1207:2685248
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1041:3495663
989:3495327
862:Bibcode
747:ex situ
666:extinct
560:of the
533:Islands
507:subsp.
499:edaphic
326:refuges
303:Socotra
291:islands
273:Origins
236:endemic
197:Endēmos
193:éndēmos
187:, from
178:endemic
115:endemic
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297:, the
295:Hawaii
266:cougar
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2701:S2CID
2693:JSTOR
2673:(PDF)
2651:S2CID
2599:S2CID
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2516:(PDF)
2434:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2326:(PDF)
2315:S2CID
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2216:S2CID
2117:S2CID
1878:JSTOR
1693:JSTOR
1472:Aliso
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1277:(PDF)
1108:S2CID
1037:JSTOR
985:JSTOR
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423:range
419:taxon
413:': a
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131:India
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2068:ISBN
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1836:PMID
1805:2020
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1654:2020
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