473:
the
Endicott-Johnson Corporation purchased this land and several large tracts around it and built a number of state-of-the-art factories along the railroad line. Anticipating population growth, the company also surveyed and laid out the current street pattern of most of Endicott north of Main Street, so in this sense, Endicott was a "planned community". However, because of an initial lack of housing, from 1900 to 1910 most workers commuted on a horse-drawn streetcar line connecting Johnson City to Endicott along the current route of New York State Route 17C.
62:
1901:
78:
42:
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of George F. Johnson in 1948, couldn't cope with a more affluent era in the 1950s and 1960s when footwear became mainly a fashion business in the United States. More importantly, little if any money was invested in improving the original 1900 manufacturing technology, which meant that foreign countries could make the same shoes at a lower price. Loss of market share resulted in the closing and sale of the
Endicott factories.
596:, and new research and manufacturing sites were established throughout the United States and overseas. In 2002, IBM sold the aging Endicott manufacturing site to local investors. IBM now leases several buildings in the complex, and employment is currently estimated at 600–800. These jobs are entirely in research and development, and there is no longer any manufacturing at IBM-Endicott.
85:
541:
sorting machines would enable them to answer questions in a day or two that they were never even able to ask because of the months of clerk time that would have been required. By the 1930s IBM was the leading company in the world in electromechanical data processing and had contracts with a number of government agencies, notably the original
489:
company-provided recreational facilities and medical clinics (unheard of at the time and decades before government took over these responsibilities), this "Square Deal" of the early 20th century is commemorated by stone arches erected by the workers in 1920 across Route 17C (Main Street) at the entrances to
Endicott and Johnson City.
1099:, where it then became Owego Elementary. As a result, Ann G. McGuinness Elementary was turned into a K-5 school, and all Grade 6 students were taken in by Jennie F. Snapp Middle School. As of 2016, Linnaeus W. West Elementary is now a high school overseen by the Union-Endicott Central School District and the XQ Institute.
1046:(NIOSH) began a health study of former IBM Endicott employees to determine if they are more likely to develop certain types of cancer than the general public. NIOSH estimated the cost of the study at $ 3.1 million. The scope of the study was later expanded to include kidney failure among the employees and
1030:
to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the
Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Despite the amount
548:
Encouraged by George F. Johnson, who saw
Endicott as the world's first industrial "park" with a "Square Deal" for everyone, IBM began building a factory complex just to the east of the Endicott-Johnson factories. The factory complex centered at North Street and McKinley Avenue expanded rapidly in the
496:
of the 1930s, but since shoes were a necessity, did better than other manufacturing sectors of the economy. Orders for shoes from the military in World War II in the 1940s propelled employment over the peak attained in the early 1920s. Unfortunately, the management of
Endicott-Johnson after the death
942:
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,392 people, 6,058 households, and 2,994 families residing in the village. The population density was 4,198.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,620.9/km). There were 6,719 housing units at an average density of 2,106.3 per square mile (813.2/km). The racial makeup
464:
George F. Johnson was a brilliant businessman and under his direction the
Endicott Shoe Company became very prosperous very quickly. His early adoption of a new machine that could stitch "uppers" to "lowers" was the key to his success, meaning that for the first time in history unskilled labor could
982:
In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over,
452:
The
Endicott Johnson Corporation grew out of the Lester Brothers Boot and Shoe Company which began in Binghamton in 1854. With In 1890, Lester Brothers along with Lucas Kacynski Co moved their business west to a nearby rural area, which in 1892, was incorporated as the village of Lestershire and in
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and the subsequent mobilization of the economy and the induction of 12 million young men into the military resulted in a demand for more data processing work from IBM. Every soldier in World War II had an "IBM Card" in his file. Several of the IBM factories in
Endicott were converted to arms
540:
realized that data processing had far greater potential than just workers punching a time clock. A great motivator of salesmen, Watson sent them to a new territory of banks, corporations, and government agencies, where they explained how a database of IBM punched cards and data processing with IBM
472:
The orders pouring in made expansion of the shoe company necessary. The next parcel of inexpensive, level land along the railroad and safely above the flood plain was a forested area around what is now the intersection of North Street and
Washington Avenue in what is now Endicott. What was by then
986:
The median income for a household in the village was $ 32,599, and the median income for a family was $ 46,761. Males had a median income of $ 34,572 versus $ 30,888 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 20,603. About 16.2% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the
560:
After World War II, IBM concentrated on electronic data processing, a significant departure from its previously very prosperous business of electromechanical data processing. IBM's engineers and workers in Endicott provided reliable and cost-effective computers to government agencies, banks, and
488:
In an innovative and far-sighted policy, George F. Johnson made sections of the company's land holdings outside the factory district available to workers to build homes on, with financing provided by the company, and title reverting to the worker when the loan was paid off. Along with extensive
978:
There were 6,058 households, out of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.1% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.6% were non-families. 41.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had
990:
In the early 20th century, Italians flocked to Endicott due to the opportunity for jobs in the Endicott-Johnson shoe factories. The Italians settled on the North Side of the village. Today the North Side of the village is recognized as Little Italy, and still has a large Italian population.
580:
IBM's own expansion in this period was the construction of large research and development centers in the Glendale section of the town of Union (3 miles (5 km) to the west, now occupied by State of New York offices) and in Owego (9 miles (14 km) to the west, now owned by
1017:
in Endicott's soil and aquifer. Trace elements of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott's drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane,
1053:
Since the plume has been discovered, methods including warming the ground area and pulling tainted ground water have decreased the size and intensity of the plume. The Village of Endicott has been working with the New York State DEC to remedy this concern.
476:
Endicott grew and flourished due to massive numbers of immigrants who came to the area to work for "EJ", predominantly from southern and eastern Europe. "Which way EJ?" was said to be what they asked immigration officials at
1034:
In 2002, scientists discovered a large underground chemical plume, which was releasing toxic gases into homes and offices in a 350-acre (1.4 km) swath south of the plant. The main chemical was the liquid cleaning agent
1012:
IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind
608:
568:
The expansion of IBM-Endicott beginning in the 1940s resulted in some residential development north and west of the original Endicott street grid, but its major effect was the transformation of the then semi-rural sites of
2194:
1031:
of pollutant, state health officials could not verify whether air or water pollution in Endicott has actually caused any health problems. According to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.
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in New York City, but it is far more likely that they had already memorized the addresses of relatives or friends living in Endicott. The company also maintained recruiting sites in Italy and the
1009:, used to clean computer parts, down drains. The solvents also leached from leaky pipes into the ground for years before environmental rules required that such "spills" be reported.
2184:
1043:
61:
1839:
420:), incorporated in 1892, and Endicott (whose center was along Washington Avenue and North Street), which was incorporated in 1906. Union was a market town along the
1095:
Prior to the 2011–2012 school year, Linnaeus W. West Elementary was overseen by the Union-Endicott Central School District. Following a flood brought on by
2204:
1745:
536:) in 1924. The formation of what soon became IBM consolidated some of the major companies in the industrial time-keeping business, but its new chief executive
469:. People who couldn't afford this bought used shoes, and had cobblers regularly replace the soles and heels as they wore out, until the uppers disintegrated.)
549:
late 1930s and early 1940s. Endicott was the original location of all IBM manufacturing, research, and development from the early 1920s through World War II.
2189:
2209:
577:(to the immediate south) into the large residential areas they are today. IBM employment in the region peaked at approximately 16,000 in the mid-1980s.
444:. As the two villages had grown so much that there was no longer any physical distinction between them, Union village was merged into Endicott in 1921.
618:, was started in Endicott in 1946, using buildings donated by IBM and Endicott-Johnson. The college became Harpur College once it was adopted into the
1425:
1807:
453:
1916, became Johnson City. Financial problems in 1890 forced the sale of the company to a creditor and fellow shoemaker, Henry Bradford Endicott of
630:(BU). BU has seen rapid expansion from 2000 onward and now has a secondary campus in downtown Binghamton. While originally associated with BU, the
565:
transformed the American and world economies, and made IBM one of the world's most successful corporations of the second half of the 20th century.
412:
The village of Endicott was originally made up of two distinct villages: Union village (now the historic business district at the intersection of
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among their children. The study found lower total deaths and cancer deaths than would have been expected from the general population.
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in the early part of the 20th century. Endicott-Johnson's employment in the region reached a peak of about 20,000 in the early 1920s.
1626:
1377:
171:
77:
722:, the village has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.3 km), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km), or 0.13%, is water.
687:
1825:
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1206:
979:
someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.91.
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for players and coverage. The tournament ended its 30+ year run on the PGA in July 2006. In July 2007, Endicott hosted the first
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1671:"NIOSH Feasibility Assessment for a Cancer Study Among Former IBM Employees Who Worked at the Endicott, New York Plant"
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2012:
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The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation (
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fabricating plant was built on North Street adjacent to the original factory complex in the mid-1960s.
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371:
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1969:
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521:, Computing Scale Company, and Bundy Time Recording. These companies used a technology invented by
1136:, Mafia boss who lived in Endicott and a suspect in the 1975 disappearance of Teamsters President
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645:. Originally held annually in September, the tournament attracted golf's biggest names, from
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1989:
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1426:"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Endicott village, New York"
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582:
425:
389:
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428:. Endicott, on the other hand, was originally a company town constructed for and by the
385:
shoe manufacturing company, who founded the community as the "Home of the Square Deal".
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poverty line, including 34.0% of those under age 18 and 13.7% of those age 65 or over.
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manufacture shoes. (Prior to this, shoes were made to individual order by skilled
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370:, United States. The population was 13,392 at the 2010 census. It is part of the
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653:. In 2000, the tournament was moved to June, which left it competing with the
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production during World War II, notably the production of sidearms (pistols).
466:
149:
702:
689:
585:). By the mid-1960s, most IBM workers in the region worked at these sites. A
513:(CTR) was founded in Endicott on June 16, 1911, via the consolidation of the
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111:
1459:
1339:
1222:
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259:
1613:
Merchants, Midwives, and Laboring Women: Italian Migrants in Urban America
457:, who founded the Endicott Shoe Company and in 1899, made factory foreman
2140:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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638:
604:
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There are six properties or districts in Endicott that are listed on the
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293:
609:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Broome County, New York
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1006:
482:
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his partner. The village of Endicott is named after Henry B. Endicott.
424:
settled in the 1790s, serving the farming area between Binghamton and
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and is west of the city of Binghamton. The community is served by the
525:
whereby stiff paper cards with holes in a systematic pattern, called
436:. Growing out of a large tract of farmland, Endicott was known as a
1019:
285:
264:
1452:"Endicott Johnson Company: George F. Johnson and the Square Deal"
1317:
1190:
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After the Second World War, IBM corporate headquarters moved to
432:, which grew to become the largest shoe company in the world by
1821:
1808:
IBM Archives article on the history of the IBM site in Endicott
1000:
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The county-run EnJoie Golf Course in Endicott was home of the
533:
506:
1778:
1899:
1813:
Department of Environmental Conservation summary on Endicott
1039:(TCE), which has been linked to cancer and other illnesses.
634:
now serves as an independent community theatre in Endicott.
342:
2195:
New York (state) populated places on the Susquehanna River
1042:
Following an initial feasibility assessment, in 2008, the
66:
Map highlighting Endicott's location within Broome County.
1584:
1428:. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from
1673:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1005:
For much of its history, IBM dumped tons of industrial
529:, could be "read" by machines via electrical contact.
1643:"Life in the Plume: IBM's Pollution Haunts a Village"
1076:
Linnaeus W. West/ Tiger Ventures School (Grades 8-12)
1044:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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1342:, IBM executive and Minnesota state representative
1264:, poet and former college professor of English at
1694:"NIOSH publishes results from IBM-Endicott Study"
1085:Charles F. Johnson, Jr. Elementary (Grades K–5)
388:The village of Endicott is in My based town of
1833:
1657:"IBM Endicott Site, Health Statistics Review"
1420:
1418:
1091:Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Elementary (Grades K–5)
622:system, and moved to its present location in
505:Endicott is best known as the "Birthplace of
8:
2185:Italian-American culture in New York (state)
1840:
1826:
1818:
1784:Early history of Union and its communities
1698:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1537:"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"
1240:, Major League Baseball player, four-time
1079:Jennie F. Snapp Middle School (Grades 6–8)
975:of any race were 4.44% of the population.
729:
20:
1225:, professional Mixed Martial Arts fighter
1088:George F. Johnson Elementary (Grades K–5)
1082:Ann G. McGuinness Elementary (Grades K–5)
396:/Edwin A. Link Field. It is part of the "
1617:. University of Illinois Press. p.
1366:Aswad, Ed; Meredith, Suzanne M. (2003).
1361:
1359:
1357:
1219:, National Football League defensive end
673:The village is on the north side of the
440:, and as a result acquired the nickname
1353:
679:Southern Tier Expressway (NYS Route 17)
614:The Triple Cities College, a branch of
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291:
257:
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70:
58:
50:
38:
1456:Center for Technology & Innovation
1066:which oversees the following schools:
1064:Union-Endicott Central School District
749:
561:large corporations in the 1950s. This
511:Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
325:
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274:
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220:
212:
204:
169:
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97:Location within the state of New York
7:
2205:Populated places established in 1892
1779:Village of Endicott official website
1692:Sadeghpour, Nura (January 6, 2014).
1283:, author, academic and social critic
967:, and 3.32% from two or more races.
601:National Register of Historic Places
515:International Time Recording Company
2190:Villages in Broome County, New York
225:0.00 sq mi (0.01 km)
217:3.19 sq mi (8.27 km)
209:3.20 sq mi (8.28 km)
1848:Municipalities and communities of
1563:"Census of Population and Housing"
739:
18:Village in New York, United States
14:
2210:Company towns in New York (state)
1326:, musician and performance artist
492:Endicott-Johnson was hurt by the
254:4,278.96/sq mi (1,652.18/km)
1401:"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"
448:The Endicott Johnson Corporation
84:
83:
76:
60:
40:
1720:"Tiger Ventures - XQ Institute"
1001:IBM § Environmental record
1796:Biography of George F. Johnson
1258:, Olympic long-distance runner
519:The Tabulating Machine Company
1:
1403:. United States Census Bureau
400:", along with Binghamton and
377:. The village is named after
375:Metropolitan Statistical Area
2200:Villages in New York (state)
2180:Binghamton metropolitan area
607:. For more information, see
573:(to the immediate east) and
430:Endicott Johnson Corporation
383:Endicott Johnson Corporation
188:; 118 years ago
1589:United States Census Bureau
1541:United States Census Bureau
1372:. Charleston, SC: Arcadia.
1274:, National Football League
1231:, National Football League
1112:, TV comedy writer/director
720:United States Census Bureau
626:, where it is now known as
381:, a founding member of the
2226:
1801:September 7, 2005, at the
1609:Vecchio, Diane C. (2006).
1507:"Empire State Development"
1332:, trumpet player with the
1266:St. Thomas Aquinas College
1071:Union-Endicott High School
1062:Endicott is served by the
1015:volatile organic compounds
998:
943:of the village was 86.64%
659:Dick's Sporting Goods Open
394:Greater Binghamton Airport
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1897:
1862:
1097:Tropical Storm Lee (2011)
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920:
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715:(42.103074, −76.054687).
105:
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59:
51:
39:
30:
1211:National Football League
233:840 ft (256 m)
1851:Broome County, New York
983:there were 91.0 males.
684:Endicott is located at
1904:
1789:July 16, 2012, at the
563:information revolution
2062:Binghamton University
1903:
1746:"Keith James Rothfus"
1585:"U.S. Census website"
1151:, TV soap opera actor
999:Further information:
936:U.S. Decennial Census
731:Historical population
703:42.10306°N 76.05472°W
628:Binghamton University
277: • Summer (
125:42.10306°N 76.05472°W
2158:United States portal
1750:The Washington Times
1462:on February 26, 2015
1432:on February 12, 2020
632:Cider Mill Playhouse
603:. These include two
251: • Density
46:Endicott Post Office
1756:on January 10, 2013
1645:. January 11, 2009.
1543:. February 12, 2011
732:
708:42.10306; -76.05472
699: /
616:Syracuse University
299:13760, 13761, 13763
130:42.10306; -76.05472
121: /
1905:
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243: • Total
222: • Water
206: • Total
25:Endicott, New York
2167:
2166:
1289:, politician and
1229:Isaiah Kacyvenski
1037:trichloroethylene
940:
939:
718:According to the
675:Susquehanna River
459:George F. Johnson
422:Susquehanna River
379:Henry B. Endicott
353:
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214: • Land
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1517:on July 19, 2011
1513:. Archived from
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1369:Endicott-Johnson
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1291:U.S. congressman
1181:Eastern Orthodox
1170:The Wizard of Id
1143:Ronnie James Dio
1134:Russell Bufalino
961:Pacific Islander
949:African American
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594:Armonk, New York
552:The outbreak of
538:Thomas J. Watson
523:Herman Hollerith
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2067:Chenango Bridge
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1999:
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1803:Wayback Machine
1791:Wayback Machine
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953:Native American
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2099:
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2016:
2009:
2007:
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1998:
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1992:
1987:
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1957:
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1947:
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1932:
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1773:External links
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629:
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612:
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584:
578:
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566:
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558:
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546:
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527:punched cards
524:
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516:
512:
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455:Massachusetts
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427:
423:
419:
418:NYS Route 17C
415:
407:
405:
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399:
398:Triple Cities
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386:
384:
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364:Broome County
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269:Eastern (EST)
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185:
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144:United States
143:
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106:Coordinates:
79:
63:
43:
34:
29:
22:
16:
2102:Center Lisle
2097:Castle Creek
2024:Johnson City
2018:
1870:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1749:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:XQ Institute
1723:
1714:
1704:February 25,
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1665:
1651:
1637:
1612:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1565:. Census.gov
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1466:February 26,
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1455:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1430:the original
1405:. Retrieved
1395:
1385:February 26,
1383:. Retrieved
1368:
1334:Glenn Miller
1308:DeAnne Smith
1256:Emily Mackay
1238:Johnny Logan
1207:Arthur Jones
1177:Thomas Hopko
1168:
1162:
1116:James Axtell
1094:
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1052:
1041:
1033:
1011:
1004:
989:
985:
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977:
941:
726:Demographics
717:
683:
672:
655:British Open
636:
613:
598:
591:
579:
567:
559:
554:World War II
551:
547:
531:
504:
491:
487:
479:Ellis Island
475:
471:
463:
451:
441:
414:NYS Route 26
411:
402:Johnson City
387:
355:
354:
183:Incorporated
15:
2077:Glen Aubrey
1866:County seat
1760:November 8,
1594:January 31,
1511:state.ny.us
1436:February 4,
1324:Gary Wilson
1314:Kylie Strom
1296:Amy Sedaris
1247:Ron Luciano
1197:Jim Johnson
1155:Johnny Hart
1138:Jimmy Hoffa
1128:Dick Biondi
1118:, historian
965:other races
706: /
651:Tiger Woods
434:World War I
345:.endicottny
128: /
2174:Categories
1935:Colesville
1925:Binghamton
1891:Binghamton
1873:Binghamton
1730:October 1,
1348:References
1310:, comedian
1298:, comedian
1276:linebacker
1233:linebacker
1183:theologian
1159:cartoonist
1145:, musician
1110:Eric Appel
545:contract.
494:Depression
372:Binghamton
330:feature ID
238:Population
2136:Footnotes
2112:Hillcrest
1970:Nanticoke
1945:Dickinson
1700:. Atlanta
1547:April 23,
1521:April 17,
1491:April 17,
1340:Ken Zubay
1336:Orchestra
1223:Jon Jones
1193:astronaut
1058:Education
995:Pollution
694:76°3′17″W
691:42°6′11″N
669:Geography
643:B.C. Open
605:carousels
318:FIPS code
306:Area code
294:ZIP codes
260:Time zone
230:Elevation
116:76°3′17″W
113:42°6′11″N
2117:Killawog
2019:Endicott
2005:Villages
1980:Triangle
1955:Kirkwood
1930:Chenango
1799:Archived
1787:Archived
1330:Ed Zandy
1320:defender
1304:, author
1272:Joe Mott
1242:All-Star
1201:baseball
1007:solvents
969:Hispanic
959:, 0.13%
955:, 1.75%
951:, 0.21%
947:, 6.96%
677:and the
639:PGA Tour
467:cobblers
438:boomtown
368:New York
356:Endicott
322:36-24515
154:New York
91:Endicott
2122:Nineveh
2089:hamlets
2072:Endwell
2044:Windsor
2013:Deposit
1995:Windsor
1975:Sanford
1940:Conklin
1677:May 27,
1569:June 4,
1024:benzene
571:Endwell
517:(ITR),
509:". The
483:Balkans
408:History
360:village
338:Website
333:0949657
191: (
141:Country
33:Village
2127:Tunnel
1990:Vestal
1950:Fenton
1920:Barker
1726:. 2020
1625:
1376:
1203:player
973:Latino
926:13,667
911:13,392
896:13,038
881:13,531
871:−12.7%
866:14,457
856:−11.8%
851:16,556
836:18,775
821:20,050
806:17,702
791:16,231
781:294.5%
736:Census
665:stop.
624:Vestal
575:Vestal
246:13,667
165:Broome
160:County
2087:Other
2029:Lisle
1985:Union
1965:Maine
1960:Lisle
1912:Towns
1020:freon
957:Asian
945:White
901:−3.6%
886:−6.4%
841:−6.4%
826:13.3%
796:70.9%
776:9,500
761:2,408
426:Owego
390:Union
358:is a
288:(EDT)
286:UTC-4
265:UTC-5
177:Union
150:State
2054:CDPs
1883:City
1762:2012
1732:2021
1706:2014
1679:2009
1623:ISBN
1596:2008
1571:2015
1549:2011
1523:2018
1493:2018
1468:2015
1438:2014
1409:2022
1387:2015
1374:ISBN
1318:NWSL
1191:NASA
1026:and
931:2.1%
922:2020
916:2.7%
907:2010
892:2000
877:1990
862:1980
847:1970
832:1960
817:1950
811:9.1%
802:1940
787:1930
772:1920
757:1910
745:Note
740:Pop.
661:, a
620:SUNY
416:and
347:.com
328:GNIS
201:Area
193:1906
186:1906
172:Town
1619:130
971:or
649:to
641:'s
534:IBM
507:IBM
501:IBM
362:in
343:www
311:607
279:DST
2176::
1869::
1854:,
1748:.
1722:.
1696:.
1621:.
1587:.
1539:.
1509:.
1484:.
1454:.
1417:^
1356:^
1316:,
1249:,
1209:,
1199:,
1189:,
1179:,
1167:,
1164:BC
1157:,
1022:,
750:%±
681:.
611:.
404:.
366:,
2015:‡
1841:e
1834:t
1827:v
1764:.
1734:.
1708:.
1681:.
1659:.
1631:.
1598:.
1573:.
1551:.
1525:.
1495:.
1470:.
1440:.
1411:.
1389:.
1268:.
1173:)
1161:(
766:—
281:)
271:)
267:(
195:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
