Steam car - Knowledge (XXG)

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miles. As a publicity exercise the trip was to assess the potential of starting a steam bus service but the anticipated afternoon journey took three days due to problems with supplies of the wrong fuel. Though the Toledo towed a trailer filled with additional fuel and water supplies, the four participants omitted to take any food, one, the journalist Winfield Hoggaboon, wrote up an amusing article in the Los Angeles Herald two weeks later. In December 1901, the company changed from the American Bicycle Company to the newly formed International Motor Car Company to concentrate on steam- and gasoline-driven models, with electric vehicles being made by the separate Waverly Electric Co. Both steam and gasoline models were manufactured, but, as the public favored the gasoline models and steam carriage sales were slow, steam carriage production ceased in July 1902 and gasoline-driven models were then made under the name Pope-Toledo. Total production of the steamers was between 285 and 325 units, as confirmed by a letter from the International Motor Car Co bookkeeper to the firms' accountant in June 1902.

1091:, December 1900). The American Bicycle Co was one of the enterprises within Col. Albert Pope's large conglomerate of bicycle and motor vehicles manufacturers. The Toledo Steam carriage was a very well-made, high-quality machine where every component, bar the tires, bell, instruments and lights were made within the dedicated 245,000 sq ft factory in Toledo, Ohio. The Toledo is considered to be one of the best steam cars produced at the time. The engine was particularly robust and the 2, 3" diameter x 4" stroke pistons employed piston style valves instead of 'D' valves thus insuring better balance and reduced leakage of steam. In September 1901 two Toledo steamers, one model B (a model A machine 1,000 to 2,000 pounds or 454 to 907 kilograms but with the foul-weather gear designating it as a model B) and one class E (public delivery vehicle), were entered by the American Bicycle Co. into the 1072: 1046: 2524: 2173: 2136: 2099: 2028: 1925: 1644: 983: 221: 151:. This represents much of the total mass of the vehicle, making the car heavy (an internal combustion-engined car requires no boiler), and requires careful attention from the driver, although even the cars of 1900 had considerable automation to manage this. The single largest restriction is the need to supply feedwater to the boiler. This must either be carried and frequently replenished, or the car must also be fitted with a 933: 232: 121: 788:

and 16 gallons per hour (61 L/h) firing rate which was intended to produce 160 hp (119 kW) of continuous power, and was about the same size as a standard car battery. Lengthy start-up times were avoided by using air compressed and stored when the car was running to power the car upon starting until adequate steam pressure was built up. The engine used a conical rotary valve made from pure

39: 895: 1232:. Jan. 27, 1906 ORMOND, Fla., Jan. 26. -- Faster than anything on wheels has traveled before, the Stanley steamer, with Fred Marriot at the wheel, covered a mile here to-day in 0:28 1-5. This is at the rate of 127.66 miles an hour. A half hour previous to this the wonderful American speed creation did a kilometer in 0:18 2-5, traveling at the rate of 121 miles an hour. 31: 1173: 166:, since internal combustion cars relied on a hand crank to start the engine, which was difficult and occasionally dangerous to use, as improper cranking could cause a backfire capable of breaking the arm of the operator. Electric cars were popular to some extent, but had a short range, and could not be charged on the road if the 1062:

steam cars could be started from cold with the turn of a key and driven off in 40 seconds or less. When the boiler had achieved maximum working pressure, the burner would cut out until pressure had fallen to a minimum level, whereupon it would reignite; by this means the car could achieve around

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Ernest Kanzler, the owner of Autocoast, approached Ross (Skip) Hedrich began work in the fall of 1968 with the idea of installing a steam engine in Hedrich's 1964 Indy car for an attempt at the 1906 steam car record. Hedrich directed the program and Richard J. Smith consulted with Autocoast with his

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of mid-September 1901. There were 36 cars in class B and three in class E, the class B Toledo won the Grosse Point race. On 4 January 1902, a specially built Toledo steam carriage was the first automobile to forge a trail from Flagstaff, Arizona to the South Rim of The Grand Canyon, a distance of 67

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started a project in 1974 codenamed ULF (short for utan luftföroreningar, Swedish for Without Air Pollution)) headed by Dr. Ove Platell which made a prototype steam-powered car. The engine used an electronically controlled 28-pound multi-parallel-circuit steam generator with 1-millimeter-bore tubing

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V4, using the 1920 Doble patents, the SE 101 was fitted with a 160 hp steam engine developed by GM Engineering. Power was transferred via a Toric automatic gearbox. The results was disappointing. The steam engine was heavy and weighted 300 kg more than a standard V8 and gave about half the

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Apart from Brooks of Canada, all the steam car manufacturers that commenced between 1916 and 1926 were in the United States. Endurance (1924-1925) was the last steam car manufacturer to commence operations. American/Derr continued retrofitting production cars of various makes with steam engines, and

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William D Thompson, 69-year-old retired San Diego automotive engineer, also announced he planned to enter a steam-powered race car. Thompson was working on a $ 35,000 ($ 290,799 in 2023 dollars) steam-powered luxury car and he intended to use the car's engine in the race car. He had claimed that he

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Instead of a Polara, Thermodynamic Systems (later called General Steam Corp), was given a late-model Oldsmobile Delmont 88. Lear was given a Polara but it does not appear to have been built. Both firms were given 6 months to complete their projects with Lear's being due for completion on August 1,

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From 1996, a R&D subsidiary of the Volkswagen group called Enginion AG was developing a system called ZEE (Zero Emissions Engine). It produced steam almost instantly without an open flame, and took 30 seconds to reach maximum power from a cold start. Their third prototype, EZEE03, was a three

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In 1957, Williams Engine Company Incorporated of Ambler began offering steam engine conversions for existing production cars. When air pollution became a significant issue for California in the mid-1960s the state encouraged investigation into the use of steam-powered cars. The fuel crises of the

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From the 1940s onward, various steam cars were constructed, usually by enthusiasts. Among those mentioned were Charles Keen, Cal Williams' 1950 Ford Conversion, Forrest R Detrick's 1957 Detrick S-101 prototype, and Harry Peterson's Stanley powered Peterson. The Detrick was constructed by Detrick,

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in China. The vehicle was a toy for the Chinese Emperor. While not intended to carry passengers and therefore not exactly a car but a carriage, Verbiest's device is likely to be the first ever engine powered vehicle. Also it seems that the Belgian vehicle served as an inspiration for the Italian

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The project was cancelled and the project engineer, Ove Platell, started a company named Ranotor, with his son Peter Platell to continue its development. Ranotor is developing a steam hybrid that uses the exhaust heat from an ordinary petrol engine to power a small steam engine, with the aim of

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built a steam carriage in 1786. There is an unsubstantiated story that a pair of Yorkshiremen, engineer Robert Fourness and his cousin, physician James Ashworth had a steam car running in 1788, after being granted a British patent No.1674 of December 1788. An illustration of it even appeared in

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The idea for having patrol cars fitted with steam engines stemmed from an informal meeting in March 1968 of members of the California Assembly Transportation Committee. In the discussion, Karsten Vieg, a lawyer attached to the Committee, suggested that six cars be fitted with steam engines for

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Charles Keen began constructing a steam car in 1940 with the intention of restarting steam car manufacturing. Keen's family had a long history of involvement with steam propulsion going back to his great-great-grandfather in the 1830s, who helped build early steam locomotives. His first car, a

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The steam car does have advantages over internal combustion-powered cars, although most of these are now less important than in the early 20th century. The engine (excluding the boiler) is smaller and lighter than an internal combustion engine. It is also better-suited to the speed and torque

488:, the internal combustion engine became more popular than steam, but the internal combustion engine was not necessarily superior in performance, range, fuel economy and emissions. Some steam enthusiasts feel steam has not received its share of attention in the field of automobile efficiency. 838:

body, giving a gross weight of just 1,050 lb (476 kg). Uncomplicated and robust, the steam engine was claimed to give trouble-free, efficient performance. It had huge torque (1,100 ft⋅lbf or 1,500 N⋅m) at zero engine revs, and could accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (0 to

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for a contract with the South Australian Government. It had a fiberglass monocoque chassis (based on the internal combustion-engined Pelland Sports) and used a twin cylinder double acting compound engine. It has been preserved at the National Motor Museum at Birdwood, South Australia.

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The 1890s were dominated by the formation of numerous car manufacturing companies. The internal combustion engine was in its infancy, whereas steam power was well established. Electric powered cars were becoming available but suffered from their inability to travel longer distances.

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15 miles per gallon (18.8 liters/100 km) of kerosene despite its weight in excess of 5,000 lb (2,268 kg). Ultimately, despite their undoubted qualities, Doble cars failed due to poor company organization and high initial cost.

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was both cheap and reliable. Additionally, during the 'heyday' of steam cars, the internal combustion engine made steady gains in efficiency, matching and then surpassing the efficiency of a steam engine when the weight of a boiler is factored in.

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In 1969, the National Air Pollution Control Administration announced a competition for a contract to design a practical passenger-car steam engine. Five firms entered. They were the consortium of Planning Research Corporation and STP Corporation,

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was introducing strict pollution control regulations for automobiles and the Chair of the Assembly Transportation Committee, John Francis Foran, was supportive of the idea. The Committee also was proposing to test four steam-powered buses in the

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Pellandine made several attempts to break the land speed record for steam power, but was thwarted by technical issues. Pellandine moved back to Australia in the 1990s where he continued to develop the Steamer. The latest version is the Mark IV.

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engine and steam generator system. The car was intended for the 1969 Bonneville speed week, but was made too heavy and wide for the power plant. Fortunately, an unexpected rain-storm made the salt flats too soggy, which made a credible excuse.

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There were a large number of new companies formed in the period from 1898 to 1905. Steam cars outnumbered other forms of propulsion among very early cars. In the U.S. in 1902, 485 of 909 new car registrations were steamers. From 1899,

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Of all the new manufacturers from the 1890s, only four continued to make steam cars after 1910. They were Stanley (to 1924) and Waverley (to 1916) of the United States, Buard of France (to 1914), and Miesse of Belgium (to 1926).

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for any college that wanted to participate in. The race was open for electric, steam, turbine power, and internal combustion engines: liquid-fueled, gaseous-fueled engines, and hybrids. Two steam-powered cars entered the race.

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which shortened start-up time very noticeably by incorporating a highly efficient monotube steam generator to heat a much smaller quantity of water along with effective automation of burner and water feed control. By 1923,

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or variable speed transmission required. Until 1914, Stanley steam cars vented their exhaust steam directly to the atmosphere, necessitating frequent refilling of the water tank; after 1914, all Stanleys were fitted with a

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Perhaps the best selling and best known steam car was the Stanley Steamer, produced from 1896 to 1924. Between 1899 and 1905, Stanley outsold all gasoline-powered cars and was second only to the electric cars of the

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standard. It had an oilless engine with ceramic cylinder linings using steam instead of oil as a lubricant. However, Enginion found that the market was not ready for steam cars, so they opted instead to develop the

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and began to implement legislation to dramatically reduce exhaust emissions. This prompted renewed interest in alternative fuels for motor vehicles and a resurgence of interest in steam-powered cars in the state.

708:, while Steam Power Systems built the Dutcher, a car named after the company's founder, Cornelius Dutcher. Both cars were tested by 1974 but neither car went into production. The Dutcher is on display at the 732:. Lear proceeded with the idea and constructed a car, but ran out of funds while trying to develop the engine. The car is thought to be at the National Automobile and Truck Museum of the United States in 388:

from 1897 to 1924. As well as England and France, other countries also made attempts to manufacture steam cars: Cederholm of Sweden (1892), Malevez of Belgium (1898-1905), Schöche of Germany (1895), and

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and reached a maximum speed of 136.103 mph (219.037 km/h) on the first run and 151.085 mph (243.148 km/h) on the second, which exceeded all previous single run attempts and records.

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Once working pressure was attained, early steam cars could be instantly driven off with high acceleration, but they typically take several minutes to start from cold, plus time to get the burner to

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of 15% to 30%, early automotive steam units were capable of only about half this efficiency. A significant benefit of the ECE is that the fuel burner can be configured for very low emissions of

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characteristics of the axle, thus avoiding the need for the heavy and complex transmission required for an internal combustion engine. The steam car is also quieter, even without a

546:, Los Angeles. The engine's sustained maximum power was 120 bhp (89 kW). A Ford Coupe was used as a test-bed for the engine. The project was eventually dropped in 1954. 84:

had developed the use of high-pressure steam around 1800 that mobile steam engines became a practical proposition. By the 1850s there was a flurry of new steam car manufacturers.

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used a steam turbine they had designed for Lear and the Los Angeles city bus program to attempt to gain the steam-powered land speed record. The car was run at Speed Week on the

1261:. FIA land speed records are based on an average of two runs (called 'passes') in opposite directions, taken within an hour of each other, unlike the original Stanley record. 464:

which lasted to 1911, Conrad which lasted to 1924, Turner-Miesse of England which lasted to 1913, Morriss to 1912, Doble to 1930, Rutherford to 1912, and Pearson-Cox to 1916.

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Victress S4 bodied sports car. Both these cars are still in existence. Keen died in 1969 before completing a further car. His papers and patterns were destroyed at that time.

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over a period of several years, eventually reaching a measured speed of 145.607 mph one pass. A fire prevented the return run, and the speed was not recognized by the

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1969. Neither car had been completed by the due date and in November 1969, Lear was reported as saying the car would be ready in 3 months. Lear's only known retrofit was a

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This early period also saw the first repossession of an automobile in 1867 and the first getaway car the same year, both by Francis Curtis of Newburyport, Massachusetts.

3814: 460:, the company built everything but the tires). By 1903, 43 of them were gone and by the end of 1910 of those companies that were started in the decade those left were 964:. The company ceased producing steam cars in 1903 and changed to limited-production, internal combustion powered luxury automobiles. In 1922, it was acquired by 1071: 914:

but the Cederholm brothers soon built a second, improved version of their steam car reusing many parts from the first one. The car is preserved in a museum in

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were to be retrofitted with steam engines for testing. One car was to be modified by Don Johnson of Thermodynamic Systems Inc. and the other by industrialist

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decided to make a basic steam car technology more in line with Stanley or Doble and aimed at enthusiasts. He planned to have the car in production by 1971.

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Steam cars remain the domain of enthusiasts, occasional experimentation by manufacturers, and those wishing to establish steam-powered land speed records.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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The majority of steam-powered car manufacturers from this period were from the United States. The more notable of these were Clark from 1895 to 1909,

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built and operated a steam carriage in model form in 1784. In 1791 he built a larger steam carriage which he had to abandon to do other work. Also

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A Modern Automotive Steam Power Plant Part IV—James L. Dooley, Vice President, McCulloch Corp, The Steam Automobile, Vol 5 No 3, 1963, page 12

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in 1803 and ran successfully in London, but the venture failed to attract interest and soon folded up. An amphibious steam car was built by

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The search for renewable energy sources has led to an occasional resurgence of interest in using steam technology to power road vehicles.

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Canada directory for 1857-1858: Containing names of professional and business men, and of the principal inhabitants, p. 284. John Lovell

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Chuk Williams Steam Speed America at Bonneville, Ken Helmick, Steam Automobile Bulletin, Vol 28 No 6, November–December 2014, page 4

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in the UK. It had a three cylinder double-acting engine in a 'broad-arrow' configuration, mounted in a tubular steel chassis with a

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The Endurance Steam car was a steam car manufactured in the United States from 1922 until 1924. The company had its origins in the

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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In 1892, painter Jöns Cederholm and his brother, André, a blacksmith, designed their first steam car, a two seater, introducing a

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in 1972. It was evaluated by the Australian Federal Government and was also taken to the United States for promotional purposes.

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On September 6, 2014, Chuk Williams of Steam Speed America attempted to break the current world record in their steam-powered

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technology in the 1900s) leading to the commercial demise of steam-powered vehicles. Relatively few remained in use after the

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initiated the project under Inspector David S. Luethje to investigate the feasibility of using steam engined cars. Initially

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dramatically reduced the cost of owning a conventional automobile, was also a strong factor in the steam car's demise as the

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unrelated to the project. As for the project, it seems to have never been completed, with Lear pulling out by December.

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The California Assembly passed legislation in 1972 to contract two companies to develop steam-powered cars. They were

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Edward Pritchard of Australia brings modern steam car to America, the steam automobile, Vol 15 No 1, 1973, pages 7–8

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The first experimental steam-powered cars were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it was not until after

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available at all engine speeds, the steam car's engine was typically geared directly to the rear axle, with no

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General Motors introduced two experimental steam-powered cars in 1969. One was the SE 124 based on a converted

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The good years, Elcar and Pratt Automobiles: The Complete History, William S Locke, McFarland, 2000, page 80,

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as operational patrol vehicles. This deal fell through because the engine manufacturers rejected GM's offer.

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and began production on the East Coast before shifting operations to Los Angeles in 1924. There, one single

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had agreed to pay a selected vendor $ 20,000 ($ 182,754 in 2023 dollars) toward the cost of developing a

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Anti-pollution efforts revive interest in steamers, The Sunday News and Tribune, August 24, 1969, Page 5

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automobile. The EZEE03 was described as having a "two-stroke" (i.e. single-acting) engine of 1,000

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The 1880s saw the rise of the first larger scale manufacturers, particularly in France, the first being

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testing by California District Police Chiefs. A bill was passed by the legislature to fund the trial.

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Birth of the Steam Bus, S S Mine, The Steam Automobile, Vol 13 No 4, 1971, Chicargo, Illinous, page 3

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In the 1950s, the only manufacturer to investigate steam cars was Paxton. Abner Doble developed the

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Attempts were made to bring more advanced steam cars on the market, the most remarkable being the

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What is considered by many to be the first marketable popular steam car appeared in 1899 from the

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and their summer house outside town. Unfortunately the automobile was destroyed in Sweden's first

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in 1825. Over thirty years passed before there was a flurry of steam cars from 1850s onwards with

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in 1815. He was followed by Julius Griffith in 1821, Timothy Burstall and John Hill in 1824 and

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early 1970s prompted further work. None of this resulted in renewed steam car manufacturing.

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Overview on an attempt to break the existing 101-year-old Steam car world land speed record

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had ten branches and 58 dealers across the U.S. The center of U.S. steamer production was

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failed to open; Williams was injured in the accident, and the car was severely damaged.

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Charles Keen and his steamliners, The Steam Automobile, Vol 7 No 2, Summer 1965, p20

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RECORD Dewar Cup Winner Travels at Rate of Over 127 Miles an Hour -- Special to The

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outsold gasoline-powered cars in the United States prior to the invention of the

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to power a simple double acting two cylinder engine. Because of the phenomenal

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Both Johnson and Lear had contemplated constructing steam-powered cars for the

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and Steam Power Systems of San Diego. Aerojet installed a steam turbine into a

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Steam Powered Car Tesing to Begin, St Petersburg Times, July 28, 1969, page 25

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model in the period 1899–1903, designed around a motor design leased from the

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William H Mehrling, and Lee Gaeke who designed the engine based on a Stanley.

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Grimaldi (early 1700) and the French Nolet (1748) steam carriage successor. A

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Walton, J.N. (1965–1974). "Doble steam cars, buses, lorries, and railcars".

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engine, and up to $ 100,000 ($ 913,772 in 2023 dollars) for outfitting six

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Boiler in a 1924 Stanley Steamer Series 740, to the right is the condenser

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in 1894. They planned to use it for transportation between their home in

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The steam automobile: Is the steam engine the prime mover of the future?

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in 1805. The first substantiated steam car for personal use was that of

99:. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation. 4277: 4257: 4127: 3992: 3862: 3400: 3390: 3357: 3332: 3327: 3194: 3159: 2978: 2874: 2831: 2816: 2768: 1087:, created a 6.25 hp Toledo steam carriage (a description from the 697: 492:

Doble was the last steam car manufacturer. It ceased business in 1930.

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The greatest technical challenges to the steam car have focused on its

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in 1906, by traveling at 139.843 mph (225.055 km/h) at the

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stock car race This record was not exceeded by any car until 1910.

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http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/tag/steam/#sthash.PlXh9JwT.dpuf

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History of Early American Automobile Industry 1891-1929 Chapter 2

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and discontinued with the failure of the parent company in 1929.

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The first steam-powered vehicle was supposedly built in 1679 by

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Advertisement for the White Sewing Machine Company's 1905 model

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reducing fuel consumption by 20%. In 2008, truck manufacturers

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cost about $ 17,000 ($ 141,245 in 2023 dollars) at that time.

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In 1977, the Pelland Mk II Steam Car was built, this time by

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in the U.S.) converted junk cars into coal-fired steam cars.

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broke the long-standing record for a steam vehicle set by a

881:

power generator/heating system based on similar technology.

384:

from 1899 to 1903 when it switched to gasoline engines, and

342:

from France, Thury from Switzerland and Kemna from Germany.

2653: 752:

With Lear pulling out of attempting to make a steam car,

177:. To overcome this, development has been directed toward 2076:"Wayne Panter, Steam, electric auto era looms, sometime" 87:

Development was hampered by adverse legislation (the UK

1842:

Article, The Tuscaloosa News, November 19, 1969, page 4

1146:

6-60 body before the factory moved again, this time to

542:

steam car, built by the Paxton Engineering Division of

69:

and diesel engines that eventually became standard are

2671:, a worldwide register of existing Stanley steam cars. 1012:, which considerably reduced their water consumption. 496:

Air pollution, fuel crises, resurgence and enthusiasts

2253:"Teknikens Värld: Ånghybridmotorn kan snart vara här" 1411:"Short Biography- A brief note on Ferdinand Verbiest" 685:

and Worcester Polytechnic Institute's converted 1970

330:, Austin, Catley and Ayres from England, Bordino and 128:

While gasoline-powered ICE cars have an operational

4391: 4359: 4286: 4250: 4202: 4126: 3958: 3928: 3871: 3848: 3830: 3691: 3605: 3577: 3524: 3376: 3298: 3090: 3028: 2987: 2934: 2901: 2873: 2845: 2807: 2756: 2747: 2501:"Beach car builder, driver steamed up, ready to go" 872:). Exhaust emissions were said to be far below the 740:had almost 250 orders for his cars. By comparison, 91:from the 1860s as well as the rapid development of 2461:The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Automobile 2386: 1860:Article, Reading Eagle, February 27, 1969, page 32 956:. Locomobile manufactured several thousand of its 693:. Both dropped out on the second day of the race. 2389:The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805-1942 2247: 2245: 2065:Article, Arizona Republic, March 9, 1969, Page 68 1586:. Stanleysteamers.com. 2001-02-23. Archived from 1023:, which achieved 127 mph (204 km/h) at 648:and the other was designated SE 101 based on the 73:(ICE). ECEs have a lower thermal efficiency, but 2311:"Feature Article Clean & "Ezee" 07/01" 668:put out a challenge for a race August 1970 from 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1299:On August 26 the same car, driven this time by 2659:Technical website about how steam cars operate 2435:"The 1910 White Steam Car, One of Three M-M's" 1019:was broken by a Stanley steam car, piloted by 600:'s Lear Motors Incorporated. At the time, the 3808: 2724: 2113:"Senate seeks answers to auto repair riddles" 8: 1275:On August 25, 2009, Team Inspiration of the 283: 4242:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 2538:"Steam Car Land Speed Record Team – Rules" 1988: 1986: 1193:reads like a copy and paste article/advert. 804:were said to be interested in the project. 629:, Detroit, Vought Aeronautical Division of 3815: 3801: 3793: 2753: 2731: 2717: 2709: 2356:Barbro Brusell, Annette Rosengren (1997). 1949:"GM Takes Its Wraps Off Its Steam Cars..." 1560: 1558: 1556: 523:to create a more powerful steam engine, a 1658:"Stanley register online, 1957 Kent meet" 1216:Learn how and when to remove this message 285:Tintin raconte l'histoire de l'automobile 144:in the exhaust, thus avoiding pollution. 3135:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 1947:Norbye, Jan P.; Dunne, Jim (July 1969). 519:engine. In 1948 and 1949, Keen employed 3481:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 1785:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 1388: 1249:In 1985, Barber-Nichols Engineering of 2688:, where two teams in the UK TV series 2360:. Stockholm, Sweden: Nordiska Museet. 1709:"The true story of the Paxton Phoenix" 1118:The White Steamer was manufactured in 155:, a further weight and inconvenience. 77:production is more readily regulated. 2544:. The Steam Car Club of Great Britain 2005:"Steam cars drop out of "clean" race" 1783:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1291:of California. The car was driven by 1093:New York to Buffalo Endurance Contest 662:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7: 2664:The Steam Automobile Club of America 2313:. Autofieldguide.com. Archived from 2150:"Lear gives up on steam-powered car" 561:In 1967, California established the 27:Automobile powered by a steam engine 2654:The Steam Car Club of Great Britain 2433:Beaulieu, Jenna (15 January 2020). 2217:the-nine-cylinder-saab-steam-engine 1882:from the original on April 18, 2014 767:created a steam-powered 1963 model 679:University of California, San Diego 2117:Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph 1570:Cars: Early and vintage, 1886-1930 1150:, where one more car was built, a 839:97 km/h) in under 8 seconds. 666:California Institute of Technology 592:The plan was revised and two 1969 444:, lasted just one month), Kidder ( 25: 4049:Electric motorcycles and scooters 3145:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 2584:"UK team breaks steam car record" 2563:"The British steam car challenge" 557:Impact of Californian legislation 467:Assembly line mass production by 334:from Italy, others followed with 2649:Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Steamers 2522: 2381:Clark, Henry Austin Jr. (1989). 2171: 2134: 2097: 2026: 1923: 1642: 1548:www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com 1352:Timeline of motor vehicle brands 1171: 852:cylinder unit meant to fit in a 760:Ted Pritchard's Falcon steam car 759: 4096:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 2675:The British Steam Car Challenge 2507:. November 30, 1969. p. 26 2156:. November 26, 1970. p. 17 2042:"On the Road – Peterson Museum" 1967:"Fullt tryck i Grand Prix 1969" 1965:Carlsson, Mårten (2018-05-29). 1870:Strohl, Daniel (June 7, 2011). 1163:Stanley Run Surpasses Serpollet 3978:Battery electric multiple unit 3782:Template:EC car classification 2338:. Newscientist.com. 2001-12-15 2197:Steam Powered 1963 Ford Falcon 2082:. January 23, 1969. p. 67 1908:. December 19, 1969. p. 4 1627:. January 31, 1958. p. 22 1122:, from 1900 until 1910 by the 995:in the U.S. It used a compact 818:In 1974, the British designer 627:Continental Motors Corporation 563:California Air Resources Board 401:Volume production 1900 to 1913 212:History of steam road vehicles 34:White steam touring car (1909) 1: 4079:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 2119:. January 1, 1969. p. 52 1436:"Josef Bozek Short biography" 1154:, before the company folded. 946:Locomobile Company of America 928:Locomobile Company of America 698:Aerojet Liquid Rocket Company 484:With the introduction of the 4368:Who Killed the Electric Car? 4164:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 2686:One day Steam Car conversion 2565:. Steamcar.co.uk. 1985-08-18 2011:. August 25, 1970. p. 8 1872:"Gettin' steamed on the bus" 1833:, September 17, 1969, page 7 1777:American Antiquarian Society 1757:American Antiquarian Society 1621:"All steamed up to save gas" 1049:1924 Doble Model E steam car 602:California State Legislature 544:McCulloch Motors Corporation 391:Herbert Thomson of Australia 372:1890s commercial manufacture 4382:Revenge of the Electric Car 3973:Battery-electric locomotive 1829:Article by Don C Woodward, 1572:. London: Grange-Universal. 1372:Lifu (Steam car, 1899–1902) 1277:British Steam Car Challenge 1265:British Steam Car Challenge 1191:. The specific problem is: 993:Columbia Automobile Company 623:Battelle Memorial Institute 71:internal combustion engines 4466: 3471:Gasoline / petrol 3235:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 2505:Independent Press-Telegram 1689:, accessed 1 November 2020 1520:"Jacquot Tonneau a vapeur" 1500:(in French). 18 March 2008 1268: 1245:Barber-Nichols Engineering 1187:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 1158:Land speed record attempts 1103: 1038: 975: 925: 898:Cederholm #2 built in 1894 811: 775:Saab steam car and Ranotor 710:Petersen Automotive Museum 499: 438:New Brighton, Pennsylvania 404: 209: 109: 93:internal combustion engine 63:external combustion engine 4375:What Is the Electric Car? 4222:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 3824:Alternative fuel vehicles 3767: 3611:(engine / drive) 2275:"Popular Science Archive" 2080:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal 2009:Bevidere Daily Republican 1465:www.forgeofinnovation.org 1347:History of the automobile 575:California Highway Patrol 116:Advanced steam technology 4084:Plug-in electric vehicle 4064:Gyro flywheel locomotive 4042:Battery electric vehicle 3250:Sedan delivery/Panel van 986:Stanley steam car (1923) 950:Watertown, Massachusetts 670:Cambridge, Massachusetts 407:List of steam car makers 356:(1883), Whitney (1885), 326:and Taylor from Canada, 322:from the United States, 216:List of steam car makers 4304:Hybrid electric vehicle 4268:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 4263:Hybrid electric vehicle 4069:Hybrid electric vehicle 4032:Electric platform truck 3511:Liquified petroleum gas 3323:Driverless (autonomous) 2669:Stanley Register Online 2490:NY Times, Jan 27, 1906. 1906:Wilmington News Journal 1687:www.steamautomobile.com 1662:www.stanleyregister.net 1625:The Austin Daily Herald 962:Stanley Steamer Company 954:Bridgeport, Connecticut 748:Donald Healey steam car 288:(Casterman, 1953). The 61:. A steam engine is an 4429:Zero-emissions vehicle 3945:Compressed-air vehicle 3886:Solar-powered aircraft 3416:Compressed natural gas 3343:Personal rapid transit 2336:"Ghost in the machine" 1285:Edwards Air Force Base 1142:was made using a 1923 1115: 1076: 1050: 987: 941: 899: 639:Waltham, Massachusetts 607:San Francisco Bay Area 587:Oldsmobile Delmont 88s 446:New Haven, Connecticut 442:Danvers, Massachusetts 284: 243: 228: 125: 46: 35: 4299:Flexible-fuel vehicle 4227:Hydrogen-powered ship 4179:Flexible-fuel vehicle 4054:Electric kick scooter 3682:Dual motor-four-wheel 3280:Town (Coupé de Ville) 2439:Seal Cove Auto Museum 1550:retrieved 3 July 2015 1255:Bonneville Salt Flats 1113: 1075:1902 Toledo steam car 1074: 1048: 1025:Ormond Beach, Florida 985: 935: 897: 885:Notable manufacturers 660:In October 1969, the 615:Chevrolet Monte Carlo 430:Easton, Massachusetts 405:Further information: 291:London Steam Carriage 267:Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 234: 223: 210:Further information: 185:cars, spark ignition 175:operating temperature 123: 110:Further information: 41: 33: 4424:Wind-powered vehicle 4008:Battery electric bus 3693:Engine configuration 2459:David Burgess Wise. 2206:– via Youtube. 1715:: 13–18. April 1957. 1305:Sir Malcolm Campbell 1198:improve this section 1081:American Bicycle Co. 674:Pasadena, California 480:Decline 1914 to 1939 242:photographed in 1875 4273:Natural gas vehicle 3699:internal combustion 3501:Internal combustion 3308:All-terrain vehicle 3230:Retractable hardtop 2691:Scrapheap Challenge 2395:Krause Publications 2297:www.nordicgreen.net 2220:www.saabhistory.com 2154:The Newark Advocate 1902:"Steam car fizzles" 1337:Brooks Steam Motors 1315:Steam Speed America 1293:Charles Burnett III 1236:Autocoast Vaporizer 1130:Endurance Steam car 1124:White Motor Company 1106:White Motor Company 952:, and from 1900 in 922:Locomobile Runabout 912:automobile accident 890:Cederholm steam car 832:Pelland Engineering 822:produced the first 779:As a result of the 654:Besler steam engine 352:(1878) followed by 65:(ECE), whereas the 18:Endurance Steam Car 3940:Compressed-air car 3906:List of prototypes 2422:. Isle of Man, UK. 2383:Kimes, Beverly Rae 2293:"Maintenance mode" 2236:2013-05-09 at the 1684:Plymouth steam car 1524:traumautoarchiv.de 1303:, the grandson of 1116: 1077: 1051: 988: 942: 900: 847:Enginion Steamcell 687:Chevrolet Chevelle 650:Pontiac Grand Prix 646:Chevrolet Chevelle 625:, Columbus, Ohio, 527:. He used this in 454:Syracuse, New York 296:Richard Trevithick 248:Ferdinand Verbiest 244: 229: 158:Steam-powered and 130:thermal efficiency 126: 82:Richard Trevithick 47: 36: 4437: 4436: 4346:Electric aircraft 4212:Fuel cell vehicle 4059:Fuel cell vehicle 3983:Electric aircraft 3915:Electric aircraft 3840:Fuel cell vehicle 3790: 3789: 3086: 3085: 2855:Compact executive 2420:Light Steam Power 2257:teknikensvarld.se 1397:"Locomotive Acts" 1342:Gardner-Serpollet 1271:Inspiration (car) 1226: 1225: 1218: 1189:quality standards 1180:This section may 1017:Land Speed Record 631:Ling-Temco-Vought 275:William Symington 16:(Redirected from 4457: 4237:Hydrogen vehicle 4217:Hydrogen economy 4184:Methanol economy 4037:Electric vehicle 3988:Electric bicycle 3960:Electric battery 3858:Electric bicycle 3817: 3810: 3803: 3794: 3702: 3661:Front-four-wheel 3612: 3475:direct injection 3386:Alternative fuel 3200:Multi-stop truck 2754: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2710: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2542:www.steamcar.net 2534: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2393:(2nd ed.). 2392: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2358:Drömmen om bilen 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2259:. Archived from 2249: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831:The Deseret News 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1808:. Archived from 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1780: 1774: 1760: 1754: 1739: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1562: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1438:. Archived from 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1413:. Archived from 1407: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1067:Toledo steam car 997:fire-tube boiler 936:The engine of a 820:Peter Pellandine 765:Edward Pritchard 722:Indianapolis 500 712:in Los Angeles. 486:electric starter 434:Lanark, Illinois 308:Thomas Blanchard 287: 164:electric starter 97:Second World War 55:car (automobile) 21: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4414:Wave power ship 4404:Ram air turbine 4387: 4355: 4294:Bi-fuel vehicle 4282: 4246: 4198: 4122: 3962: 3954: 3931: 3930:Compressed-air 3924: 3867: 3844: 3826: 3821: 3791: 3786: 3763: 3734:Single-cylinder 3696: 3695: 3687: 3675:Rear-four-wheel 3626:Front mid-front 3610: 3609: 3601: 3579:Engine position 3573: 3520: 3506:Liquid nitrogen 3372: 3300: 3294: 3082: 3024: 2983: 2930: 2916:Crossover (CUV) 2897: 2869: 2841: 2803: 2743: 2737: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2588:BBC News online 2582: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481:, 9780786432547 2472: 2468: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2238:Wayback Machine 2229: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2085: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2049: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2014: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1952:Popular Science 1946: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1911: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1772: 1764:McCusker, J. J. 1762: 1752: 1744:McCusker, J. J. 1742: 1740: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1498:linternaute.com 1492: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1357:Traction engine 1333: 1317: 1281:Stanley Steamer 1273: 1267: 1247: 1238: 1222: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1176: 1172: 1165: 1160: 1136:Coats Steam Car 1132: 1120:Cleveland, Ohio 1108: 1102: 1069: 1055:Doble Steam Car 1043: 1041:Doble steam car 1037: 1035:Doble Steam car 980: 978:Stanley Steamer 974: 972:Stanley Steamer 930: 924: 892: 887: 849: 824:Pelland Steamer 816: 814:Pellandini Cars 810: 808:Pelland Steamer 781:1973 oil crisis 777: 762: 750: 734:Auburn, Indiana 730:STP Corporation 726:Andy Granatelli 718: 635:Thermo Electron 598:William P. Lear 559: 538:engine for the 504: 498: 482: 458:Lewiston, Maine 409: 403: 374: 271:William Murdoch 224:De Dion on his 218: 208: 203: 138:nitrogen oxides 134:carbon monoxide 118: 108: 89:Locomotive Acts 75:carbon monoxide 57:propelled by a 43:Stanley Steamer 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4326: 4324:Plug-in hybrid 4321: 4316: 4314:Hybrid vehicle 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4232:Hydrogen train 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4034: 4029: 4027:Electric truck 4024: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3668:Mid-four-wheel 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3483: 3478: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3255:Shooting brake 3252: 3247: 3245:Saloon / Sedan 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2749:Classification 2745: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2643:External links 2641: 2638: 2637: 2628: 2600: 2575: 2554: 2529: 2517:Newspapers.com 2492: 2483: 2466: 2451: 2425: 2410: 2403: 2373: 2366: 2348: 2327: 2302: 2284: 2266: 2263:on 2013-04-18. 2241: 2223: 2209: 2187: 2178: 2166:Newspapers.com 2141: 2129:Newspapers.com 2104: 2092:Newspapers.com 2067: 2058: 2033: 2021:Newspapers.com 1996: 1982: 1957: 1939: 1930: 1918:Newspapers.com 1893: 1876:Hemmings Daily 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1822: 1797: 1781:1800–present: 1727: 1718: 1713:Road and Track 1700: 1691: 1676: 1667: 1649: 1637:Newspapers.com 1612: 1600: 1584:"Modern steam" 1575: 1566:Georgano, G.N. 1552: 1537: 1511: 1485: 1476: 1452: 1427: 1402: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1325:braking chutes 1316: 1313: 1269:Main article: 1266: 1263: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1230:New York Times 1224: 1223: 1179: 1177: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1131: 1128: 1104:Main article: 1101: 1098: 1068: 1065: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 976:Main article: 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4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189:Methanol fuel 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4101:Solar vehicle 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3998:Electric boat 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3950:Tesla turbine 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920:Electric boat 3918: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881:Solar vehicle 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3729:Reciprocating 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3647:Rear mid-rear 3644: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260:Station wagon 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3150:Coupé utility 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2964:Sport compact 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2875:Minivan / MPV 2872: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2697:Junkyard Wars 2693: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2629: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2404:0-87341-111-0 2400: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2367:91-7108-411-8 2363: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2317:on 2010-01-13 2316: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2130: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1812:on 2012-07-23 1811: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1786: 1778: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1590:on 2009-04-15 1589: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1442:on 2005-11-24 1441: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1417:on 2008-04-03 1416: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1289:Mojave Desert 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1220: 1217: 1209: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1107: 1100:White Steamer 1099: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1089:Horseless age 1086: 1082: 1079:In 1900, the 1073: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1056: 1047: 1042: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Fred Marriott 1018: 1015:In 1906, the 1013: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 984: 979: 971: 969: 967: 966:Durant Motors 963: 959: 955: 951: 948:, located in 947: 939: 934: 929: 921: 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241: 238: 233: 227: 222: 217: 213: 206:Early history 205: 200: 198: 196: 190: 188: 184: 180: 179:flash boilers 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 160:electric cars 156: 154: 150: 145: 143: 140:and unburned 139: 135: 131: 122: 117: 113: 105: 103: 100: 98: 94: 90: 85: 83: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 44: 40: 32: 19: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4309:Hybrid train 4174:Ethanol fuel 4154:Butanol fuel 4139:Alcohol fuel 4074:Hybrid train 4015:Electric car 4003:Electric bus 3569:Twelve-wheel 3526:Drive wheels 3515: 3299:Specialized 3220:Pickup truck 3125:Cabrio coach 2969:Sports sedan 2944:Grand tourer 2695: 2689: 2631: 2619:. 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3155:Fastback 3130:Cab over 3120:Brougham 2865:Personal 2837:T-bucket 2827:Lowrider 2794:Mid-size 2511:June 26, 2234:Archived 2160:June 26, 2123:June 26, 2086:June 26, 2015:June 26, 1912:June 26, 1880:Archived 1766:(1992). 1746:(1997). 1631:June 23, 1568:(1985). 1331:See also 1182:require 958:Runabout 664:and the 529:La Dawri 368:(1889). 360:(1886), 332:Manzetti 282:'s book 263:inventor 195:silencer 187:kerosene 67:gasoline 4278:Propane 4258:Autogas 4128:Biofuel 3993:Pedelec 3863:Pedelec 3749:V (Vee) 3724:H-block 3490:plug-in 3488: ( 3473: ( 3443: ( 3441:Ethanol 3430:battery 3428: ( 3401:Biofuel 3391:Autogas 3358:Taxicab 3333:Gyrocar 3328:Go-kart 3275:Touring 3270:Torpedo 3215:Phaeton 3195:Minibus 3160:Hardtop 3005:Economy 3000:Classic 2995:Antique 2979:Go-kart 2911:Compact 2888:Leisure 2883:Compact 2817:Hot rod 2789:Compact 2757:By size 2385:(ed.). 1184:cleanup 1060:Doble's 657:power. 517:Stanley 473:Model T 450:Century 386:Stanley 366:Peugeot 340:Lejeune 328:Rickett 324:Leonard 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2017:2015 1914:2015 1888:2014 1792:2024 1633:2015 1532:2020 1506:2020 800:and 785:SAAB 358:Olds 338:and 318:and 250:, a 214:and 114:and 4169:E85 4131:ICE 3592:Mid 3445:E85 3435:NEV 3100:2+2 3015:Van 3010:Ute 2903:SUV 2769:Kei 2740:Car 2616:FIA 1309:FIA 1259:FIA 1083:of 866:N⋅m 728:of 700:of 672:to 448:), 4446:: 3030:EU 2614:. 2586:. 2540:. 2503:. 2437:. 2397:. 2295:. 2277:. 2255:. 2244:^ 2152:. 2115:. 2078:. 2044:. 2007:. 1985:^ 1969:. 1904:. 1878:. 1874:. 1775:. 1755:. 1730:^ 1711:. 1660:. 1623:. 1555:^ 1522:. 1496:. 1463:. 1311:. 1126:. 918:. 858:cc 783:, 641:. 525:V4 314:, 265:, 197:. 136:, 49:A 3816:e 3809:t 3802:v 3701:) 3697:( 3492:) 3477:) 3447:) 3437:) 2732:e 2725:t 2718:v 2694:( 2625:. 2597:. 2572:. 2551:. 2519:. 2463:. 2448:. 2407:. 2370:. 2345:. 2324:. 2299:. 2281:. 2168:. 2131:. 2094:. 2055:. 2023:. 1979:. 1920:. 1890:. 1819:. 1794:. 1779:. 1759:. 1664:. 1639:. 1597:. 1534:. 1508:. 1473:. 1449:. 1424:. 1399:. 1219:) 1213:( 1208:) 1204:( 452:( 424:( 20:)

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