730:
738:
94:
812:. The cost-effectiveness of esterification will depend on the feedstock being used, and all the other relevant factors such as transportation distance, amount of oil present in the feedstock, and others. Gasification and pyrolysis by now can reach gross thermal conversion efficiencies (fuel to gas) up to 75%, however, a complete combustion is superior in terms of fuel conversion efficiency. Some pyrolysis processes need an outside heat source which may be supplied by the gasification process, making the combined process self-sustaining.
673:
3299:
995:, where a community group is actively opposing their local waste-to-energy facility, Sintana Vergara, an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Resources Engineering at Humboldt State University in California, commented that community resistance is based on both the pollution and the fact that many of these facilities have been sited in communities without any community input, and without any benefits to the community.
253:
4535:
3997:
3310:
4545:
3987:
603:
3473:
1318:
537:
pollutants. According to the New York Times, modern incineration plants are so clean that "many times more dioxin is now released from home fireplaces and backyard barbecues than from incineration". According to the German
Environmental Ministry, "because of stringent regulations, waste incineration plants are no longer significant in terms of emissions of dioxins, dust, and heavy metals".
213:
2727:
4034:
50:
289:
975:, released a statement in 2011 accepting the use of Carbon 14 as a way to determine the biomass energy content of waste feedstock under their administration of the Renewables Obligation. Their Fuel Measurement and Sampling (FMS) questionnaire describes the information they look for when considering such proposals.
470:. Hence, modern incineration plants are vastly different from old types, some of which neither recovered energy nor materials. Modern incinerators reduce the volume of the original waste by 95-96 percent, depending upon composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling.
198:
WtE technologies present a significant opportunity to manage waste sustainably while contributing to global energy demands. They represent an essential component of integrated waste management strategies and a shift toward renewable energy systems. As technology advances, WtE may play an increasingly
1228:
Renergi will scale up their system of converting waste organic materials into liquid fuels using a thermal treatment process in Collie, Western
Australia. The system will process 1.5 tonnes of organic matter per hour. Annually the facility will divert 4000 tonnes of municipal waste from landfill and
540:
Compared with other waste to energy technologies, incineration seems to be the most attractive due to its higher power production efficiency, lower investment costs, and lower emission rates. Additionally, incineration yields the highest amount of electricity with the highest capacity to lessen pile
123:
refers to a series of processes designed to convert waste materials into usable forms of energy, typically electricity or heat. As a form of energy recovery, WtE plays a crucial role in both waste management and sustainable energy production by reducing the volume of waste in landfills and providing
577:
There are a number of other new and emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion. Many of these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same amount of fuel than would be possible by direct combustion. This
1675:
Fackler, Nick; Heijstra, Björn D.; Rasor, Blake J.; Brown, Hunter; Martin, Jacob; Ni, Zhuofu; Shebek, Kevin M.; Rosin, Rick R.; Simpson, Séan D.; Tyo, Keith E.; Giannone, Richard J.; Hettich, Robert L.; Tschaplinski, Timothy J.; Leang, Ching; Brown, Steven D.; Jewett, Michael C.; Köpke, Michael (7
755:
Some of the newest plants use stoker technology and others use the advanced oxygen enrichment technology. Several treatment plants exist worldwide using relatively novel processes such as direct smelting, the Ebara fluidization process and the
Thermoselect JFE gasification and melting technology
2132:
I do think that there are two issues here, though. So one is the fact that, of course, incineration is going to produce some air pollution, even with the highest control technologies, some pollution is going to be produced," Vergara said. "But I think the second issue … is public perception and
1232:
Another project in the
Rockingham Industrial Zone, roughly 45 kilometres south of Perth will see a 29 MW plant built with capacity to power 40,000 homes from an annual feedstock of 300,000 tonnes of municipal, industrial and commercial rubbish. As well as supplying electricity to the South West
1211:
The US Air Force once tested a
Transportable Plasma Waste to Energy System (TPWES) facility (PyroGenesis technology) at Hurlburt Field, Florida. The plant, which cost $ 7.4 million to construct, was closed and sold at a government liquidation auction in May 2013, less than three years after its
967:. Determining the calorific value is important for green certificate programs such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate program in the United Kingdom. These programs award certificates based on the energy produced from biomass. Several research papers, including the one commissioned by the
950:. A technical review (CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon 14 method was published in 2007. A technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) is published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon 14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.
131:
of waste to produce heat, which can then be used to generate electricity via steam turbines. This method is widely employed in many countries and offers a dual benefit: it disposes of waste while generating energy, making it an efficient process for both waste reduction and energy production.
536:
By passing the smoke through the basic lime scrubbers, any acids that might be in the smoke are neutralized which prevents the acid from reaching the atmosphere and hurting the environment. Many other devices, such as fabric filters, reactors, and catalysts destroy or capture other regulated
2133:
acceptance of a technology like this. So in the United States, we have a very long history of siting dirty power plants and waste facilities in communities of color, in low-income communities, who are bearing the risks of these facilities without necessarily sharing in any of the benefits.
1949:
Séverin, Mélanie; Velis, Costas A.; Longhurst, Phil J.; Pollard, Simon J.T. (July 2010). "The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?".
520:
that generate electric energy and heat to be used in homes, businesses, institutions and industries. One problem associated is the potential for pollutants to enter the atmosphere with the flue gases from the boiler. These pollutants can be acidic and in the 1980s were reported to cause
927:
MSW to a large extent is of biological origin (biogenic), e.g. paper, cardboard, wood, cloth, food scraps. Typically half of the energy content in MSW is from biogenic material. Consequently, this energy is often recognised as renewable energy according to the waste input.
3156:
1229:
source an additional 8000 tonnes of organic waste from agricultural and forestry operations. Renergi’s patented “grinding pyrolysis” process aims to converts organic materials into biochar, bio-gases and bio-oil by applying heat in an environment with limited oxygen.
957:) employs existing data on materials composition and operating conditions of the WtE plant and calculates the most probable result based on a mathematical-statistical model. Currently the balance method is installed at three Austrian and eight Danish incinerators.
561:
help in the process. The vapours are condensed with oil or fuel and accumulated in settling tanks and filtered. Fuel is obtained after homogenation and can be used for automobiles and machinery. It is commonly termed as thermofuel or energy from plastic.
598:
or gaseous fuels, using heat but in the absence of oxygen, without actual combustion, by using a combination of thermal technologies. Typically, they are cleaner, as the feedstock is separated prior to treatment to remove the unwanted components:
147:
are processes that thermochemically decompose organic materials in the absence of oxygen to produce syngas, a synthetic gas primarily composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. This syngas can be converted into
782:. The plant is scheduled to open in 2019 under the name of Sierra BioFuels plant. BioEnergy incorporated predicts that the plant will produce approximately 10.5 million gallons per year of ethanol from nearly 200,000 tons per year of MSW.
186:
principles by transforming waste products into valuable resources, reducing dependency on fossil fuels, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges remain, particularly in ensuring that emissions from WtE plants, such as
515:
The method of incineration to convert municipal solid waste (MSW) is a relatively old method of WtE generation. Incineration generally entails burning waste (residual MSW, commercial, industrial and RDF) to boil water which powers
492:
Critics argue that incinerators destroy valuable resources and they may reduce incentives for recycling. The question, however, is an open one, as
European countries which recycle the most (up to 70%) also incinerate to avoid
1564:
801:
or organic material. In the fermentation process, the sugar in the waste is converted to carbon dioxide and alcohol, in the same general process that is used to make wine. Normally fermentation occurs with no air present.
529:. Modern incinerators incorporate carefully engineered primary and secondary burn chambers, and controlled burners designed to burn completely with the lowest possible emissions, eliminating, in some cases, the need for
875:
are collected. However, there is still the global warming potential of the landfill gas being emitted to atmosphere. For example, in the US in 1999 landfill gas emission was approximately 32% higher than the amount of
943:. A detailed systematic comparison of these two methods was published in 2010. Since each method suffered from limitations in properly characterizing the biomass fraction, two alternative methods have been developed.
919:. Power generation using plastic waste will significantly increase by 2050. Carbon must be separated during energy recovery processes. Otherwise, the fight against global warming would fail due to plastic waste.
4072:
553:, the thermal decomposition of materials at high temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves change of chemical composition and is mainly used for treatment of organic materials. In large scale production,
1215:
Besides large plants, domestic waste-to-energy incinerators also exist. For example, the Refuge de
Sarenne has a domestic waste-to-energy plant. It is made by combining a wood-fired gasification boiler with a
774:, in July 2008. These plants use distillation to make ethanol for use in motor vehicles and other engines. Both plants are currently reported to be working at over 90% capacity. Fulcrum BioEnergy, located in
987:, found that 79% of the then 73 operating waste-to-energy facilities in the U.S. are located in low-income communities and/or "communities of color", because "of historic residential, racial segregation and
195:, are properly managed to minimize environmental impact. Advanced pollution control technologies are essential to address these concerns and ensure WtE remains a viable, environmentally sound solution.
759:
As of June 2014, Indonesia had a total of 93.5 MW installed capacity of waste-to-energy, with a pipeline of projects in different preparation phases together amounting to another 373MW of capacity.
412:
as early as the 18th century.... Development technologies for processing has only become a focus of attention in recent years stimulated by the search for more efficient energy recovery. (2004)
1298:
752:
of solid waste. In China there were about 434 waste-to-energy plants in early 2016. Japan is the largest user in thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in the world, with 40 million tons.
729:
915:
emissions from plastic waste-to-energy systems are higher than those from current fossil fuel-based power systems per unit of power generated, even after considering the contribution of
4097:
4081:
2123:
1514:
4065:
3213:
3149:
971:
in the UK, have been published that demonstrate how the carbon 14 result can be used to calculate the biomass calorific value. The UK gas and electricity markets authority,
2003:
Fellner, J.; Cencic, O.; Rechberger, H. (2007). "A New Method to
Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants".
4058:
1371:
1557:
1773:
1417:
3134:
2078:
2211:
4295:
1741:
1343:
Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary
History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.
737:
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1273:
1082:
71:
58:
2172:
1847:
3243:
2191:
2104:
1019:
434:
Incineration, the combustion of organic material such as waste with energy recovery, is the most common WtE implementation. All new WtE plants in
960:
A comparison between both methods carried out at three full-scale incinerators in
Switzerland showed that both methods came to the same results.
2049:
4406:
4255:
4242:
1465:
578:
is mainly due to the separation of corrosive components (ash) from the converted fuel, thereby allowing higher combustion temperatures in e.g.
2022:
Mohn, J.; Szidat, S.; Fellner, J.; Rechberger, H.; Quartier, R.; Buchmann, B.; Emmenegger, L. (2008). "Determination of biogenic and fossil CO
4453:
3144:
2991:
2333:
1521:
1206:
1864:
983:
A 2019 report commissioned by the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA), done by the Tishman Environment and Design Center at
4538:
4479:
4474:
3643:
3258:
2358:
1134:
1004:
2304:
4579:
4320:
4210:
3367:
2145:
481:, even though these emissions are relatively low from modern incinerators. Other concerns include proper management of residues: toxic
3324:
3319:
1648:
1283:
1181:
668:
usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, usable vitrified silicate and metal ingots, salt and sulphur
2579:
1278:
931:
Several methods have been developed by the European CEN 343 working group to determine the biomass fraction of waste fuels, such as
339:
240:
188:
175:(mainly methane and carbon dioxide) through microbial action. This biogas can be harnessed for energy production or processed into
1678:"Stepping on the Gas to a Circular Economy: Accelerating Development of Carbon-Negative Chemical Production from Gas Fermentation"
4132:
4020:
3741:
3238:
2454:
2264:
1147:
226:
4484:
4150:
3683:
3673:
3041:
3031:
2946:
2796:
2546:
1378:
703:
1539:
1396:
4438:
4310:
4185:
4155:
4127:
4010:
3695:
3139:
3016:
2976:
2971:
840:
itself (27%), so treatment of 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of MSW produce approximately 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of CO
828:) to the atmosphere (when including final combustion of the products from pyrolysis and gasification; except when producing
500:
Incinerators have electric efficiencies of 14-28%. In order to avoid losing the rest of the energy, it can be used for e.g.
362:
1568:
4505:
4469:
4305:
4205:
4180:
4015:
4005:
3907:
3688:
3036:
2996:
2961:
4520:
4443:
4411:
4330:
4220:
4200:
4190:
4107:
3716:
3668:
3334:
3329:
3124:
3061:
3051:
1043:
968:
2492:
1935:
1777:
1448:
1412:
4401:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4290:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4250:
4225:
4122:
4117:
4027:
3602:
3248:
3071:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2801:
2619:
1882:
Kwon, Serang; Kang, Jieun; Lee, Beomhui; Hong, Soonwook; Jeon, Yongseok; Bak, Moonsoo; Im, Seong-kyun (12 July 2023).
1798:
1592:
Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Guno, Charmaine Samala; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (1 October 2020).
1060:
697:
101:
3218:
991:
that allowed whiter, wealthier communities to exclude industrial uses and people of color from their boundaries." In
1449:"DIRECTIVE 2000/76/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste"
1434:
136:
4589:
4510:
4489:
4448:
4433:
4396:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4340:
4325:
4285:
4275:
4215:
4165:
4160:
4089:
3623:
3526:
3102:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3026:
3006:
2836:
916:
587:
97:
93:
63:
4584:
4574:
4515:
4335:
4315:
4300:
4195:
4175:
4170:
4112:
4102:
3587:
3119:
3046:
3011:
3001:
2986:
2219:
522:
1501:"Environment in the EU27 Landfill still accounted for nearly 40% of municipal waste treated in the EU27 in 2010"
1461:
1233:
Interconnected System, 25 MW of the plant’s output has already been committed under a power purchase agreement.
745:
During the 2001–2007 period, the waste-to-energy capacity increased by about four million metric tons per year.
4142:
3494:
2501:
1752:
1268:
1032:
898:
Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate WtE of the biomass part of waste as
864:
749:
630:
530:
128:
4548:
3932:
3442:
3360:
3161:
963:
Carbon 14 dating can determine with precision the biomass fraction of waste, and also determine the biomass
903:
653:
105:
2422:
1820:
851:, 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of MSW would produce approximately 62 cubic metres (2,200 cu ft)
3972:
3816:
3771:
3628:
3536:
2871:
2515:
1303:
1028:
775:
486:
2449:
Field, Christopher B. "Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422–12427.
2290:
4391:
3761:
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3658:
3384:
2671:
2651:
2169:
1844:
1308:
1193:
1086:
992:
833:
439:
4038:
2188:
3967:
3957:
3509:
3481:
3273:
3021:
2866:
2771:
1959:
1109:
767:
232:
38:
1883:
3917:
3781:
3731:
3678:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3597:
3489:
3392:
3233:
2821:
2741:
2686:
2584:
2571:
2539:
1747:
1293:
1047:
988:
932:
860:
771:
716:
710:
684:
558:
509:
508:). The total efficiencies of cogeneration incinerators are typically higher than 80% (based on the
443:
168:
4544:
3986:
2397:
2337:
1868:
672:
4569:
4000:
3990:
3861:
3840:
3806:
3751:
3653:
3516:
3402:
3353:
3303:
3278:
3223:
3129:
2918:
2888:
2604:
1723:
1103:
1095:
1023:
947:
887:. That is, it has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric CO
2479:
Tilman, David. "Environmental, economic, and energetic costs." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206–11210.
2312:
594:. Some advanced technologies are able to efficiently convert the energy in the feedstocks into
164:, which can be used in various industrial processes or as alternative fuels in transportation.
3801:
3791:
3736:
3561:
3551:
3499:
3437:
3182:
3112:
3107:
3092:
2883:
2851:
2846:
2826:
2766:
2691:
1985:
1903:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1615:
1288:
1243:
1185:
1072:
610:
1694:
1677:
1594:"Economic analysis of waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines: A real options approach"
4260:
4050:
3962:
3952:
3836:
3811:
3711:
3531:
3504:
3452:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3397:
3298:
3166:
3097:
2938:
2908:
2898:
2856:
2831:
2811:
2806:
2646:
2614:
2609:
2589:
2563:
1975:
1967:
1895:
1689:
1605:
1263:
1157:
899:
648:
501:
369:
183:
3912:
3856:
3851:
3831:
3592:
3541:
3462:
3432:
3422:
3268:
3192:
2923:
2893:
2791:
2776:
2681:
2676:
2636:
2519:
2496:
2383:
2195:
2176:
1851:
1421:
1124:
1066:
964:
902:. The rest—mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products—is generally treated as
665:
517:
455:
2524:
1500:
820:
In thermal WtE technologies, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as
569:. It works on polyethylene and polypropylene and the propane yield is approximately 80%.
1963:
1353:
3892:
3786:
3766:
3556:
3521:
3314:
3187:
2861:
2841:
2751:
2711:
2599:
2532:
1217:
1161:
1113:
1076:
984:
821:
808:
can also be done using waste-to-energy technologies, and the result of this process is
805:
625:
447:
391:
161:
2469:
2268:
1921:
1821:"Cost Effective Waste to Energy Technologies – Updated Article With Extra Information"
1037:
252:
4563:
3937:
3927:
3796:
3746:
3607:
3577:
3546:
3457:
3253:
2913:
2661:
1727:
1323:
1099:
1090:
565:
A new process uses a two-part catalyst, cobalt and zeolite, to convert plastics into
554:
384:
373:
1922:"More recycling raises average energy content of waste used to generate electricity"
1520:(Report) (2nd ed.). Vienna: Austrian Ministry of Life. May 2010. Archived from
871:, which would have been produced by combustion. In some countries, large amounts of
3897:
3866:
3726:
3197:
2903:
2781:
2761:
2706:
2240:
2105:"Nearly 80% of US incinerators located in marginalized communities, report reveals"
2057:
1936:"Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources"
1610:
1593:
1258:
872:
786:
617:
505:
463:
429:
401:
314:
140:
602:
1971:
1483:
935:/Solid Recovered Fuel. The initial two methods developed (CEN/TS 15440) were the
17:
3871:
3821:
3721:
3228:
2878:
2716:
2631:
2594:
2124:"Chester residents raise environmental racism concerns over Covanta incinerator"
1253:
595:
583:
474:
354:
3472:
895:
emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more.
3922:
3876:
3776:
3283:
2641:
2626:
1633:
1558:"Waste incineration – A potential danger? Bidding farewell to dioxin spouting"
1313:
856:
798:
358:
31:
1907:
1703:
1619:
3846:
3376:
3263:
2816:
2555:
1317:
1138:
891:
typically within the last growing season. If these plants are regrown the CO
809:
636:
591:
550:
526:
485:, which must be handled in hazardous waste disposal installation as well as
405:
303:
144:
2726:
2489:
1989:
1806:
1719:
199:
critical role in both reducing landfill use and enhancing energy security.
176:
49:
3582:
2786:
2746:
2666:
2334:"DoD to Auction off Gasification Equipment - Renewable Energy from Waste"
848:
779:
748:
Japan and China each built several plants based on direct smelting or on
661:
621:
494:
478:
299:
153:
1565:
Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
1007:
report, there are 589 WtE plants in Europe and 82 in the United States.
3902:
2756:
1899:
1189:
1165:
1117:
884:
852:
829:
794:
790:
763:
692:
566:
482:
380:
157:
149:
1711:
3407:
2701:
2656:
2359:"Autonomie énergétique pour un refuge de montagne: panneaux solaires"
2212:"Waste to Biofuels and Chemicals Facility; Turning Garbage Into Fuel"
1980:
1248:
1212:
commissioning. The opening bid was $ 25. The winning bid was sealed.
1153:
1128:
688:
657:
644:
579:
467:
172:
109:
1377:(Report). Technical University of Denmark. p. 1. Archived from
3942:
3826:
3447:
2696:
2559:
1484:"Waste Gasification: Impacts on the Environment and Public Health"
1142:
972:
863:
part of the waste. This amount of methane has more than twice the
836:(MSW) contain approximately the same mass fraction of carbon as CO
736:
728:
671:
601:
192:
92:
1462:
Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme
435:
409:
395:
27:
Process of generating energy from the primary treatment of waste
4054:
3349:
2528:
2512:
2305:"PyroGenesis Plasma Gasification and Waste Incineration System"
2241:"Facilities & Projects | Clean Technology Around the World"
762:
Biofuel Energy Corporation of Denver, Colorado, opened two new
2146:"Waste to Energy: Considerations for Informed Decision-making"
2079:"Fuel Measurement and Sampling (FMS) Questionnaire: Carbon-14"
1372:
Waste incineration – recovery of energy and material resources
640:
282:
247:
206:
43:
1464:, Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker,
1054:
3345:
2502:
Energy Recovery from the Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste
2152:. International Environmental Technology Centre. 4 June 2019
1414:
The Viability of Advanced Thermal Treatment of MSW in the UK
1053:
Spittelau (1971), and Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria (
633:: produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined
2423:"Second waste-to-energy plant gets green light - ARENAWIRE"
1299:
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
135:
In addition to combustion, other WtE technologies focus on
1884:"Nonviable carbon neutrality with plastic waste-to-energy"
446:) must meet strict emission standards, including those on
2267:. US Air Force Special Operations Command. Archived from
1924:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. September 2012.
549:
One process that is used to convert plastic into fuel is
408:
processes have been known and used for centuries and for
733:
Waste-to-energy generating capacity in the United States
2507:
2265:"AFSOC makes 'green' history while investing in future"
700:
production: examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen
310:
264:
1682:
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
2206:
2204:
656:
or plasma gasification process (PGP): produces rich
171:, a biological process, converts organic waste into
4498:
4462:
4426:
4349:
4241:
4234:
4141:
4088:
3885:
3704:
3616:
3570:
3480:
3383:
3206:
3175:
3085:
2937:
2734:
2570:
1540:"Europe Finds Clean Energy in Trash, but U.S. Lags"
1397:"MoĹľnosti EnergetickĂ©ho VyuĹľitĂ KomunálnĂho Odpadu"
179:, which can serve as a substitute for natural gas.
3214:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2453:Sudarsan, K. G.; Anupama, Mary P. (October 2009).
2398:"Re-energising waste in south-west WA - ARENAWIRE"
1845:An overview of the global waste-to-energy industry
541:of wastes in landfills through direct combustion.
1038:Lee County Solid Waste Resource Recovery Facility
533:and electro-static precipitators on smokestacks.
2386:. Kingtiger (Shanghai) Environmental Technology.
1865:"Biomass & Bioenergy > Energy from Waste"
1649:"How chemists are tackling the plastics problem"
1182:Enerkem Waste to Biofuels and Chemicals Facility
1177:A single plant is currently under construction:
2490:Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council
1010:The following are some examples of WtE plants.
883:In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste is
1867:. Renewable Energy Association. Archived from
368:The first US incinerator was built in 1885 on
4066:
3361:
2540:
1776:. The Carbon Trust. June 2014. Archived from
8:
1044:Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility
880:that would have been emitted by combustion.
867:than the 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) of CO
1478:
1476:
1474:
1148:East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited
741:Waste-to-energy plants in the United States
241:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4238:
4073:
4059:
4051:
3368:
3354:
3346:
2547:
2533:
2525:
2189:Algonquin Power Energy from Waste Facility
1742:"Waste Council Attracts Experts Worldwide"
1670:
1668:
1408:
1406:
1274:List of solid waste treatment technologies
1201:Plasma gasification waste-to-energy plants
1083:Delaware Valley Resource Recovery Facility
37:"WtE" redirects here. For other uses, see
4082:Renewable energy by country and territory
2026:emitted by waste incineration based on CO
1979:
1693:
1609:
1424:by Fichtner Consulting Engineers Ltd 2004
557:is ground and melted and then pyrolyzed.
340:Learn how and when to remove this message
2170:Energy-from-Waste facility in Lee County
1695:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-120120-021122
1365:
1363:
946:The first method uses the principles of
74:of all important aspects of the article.
3244:High-level radioactive waste management
1336:
1020:Essex County Resource Recovery Facility
438:countries incinerating waste (residual
2005:Environmental Science & Technology
1538:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (12 April 2010).
1466:Ministry of the Environment of Denmark
489:(IBA), which must be reused properly.
70:Please consider expanding the lead to
30:For energy wasted from a machine, see
1647:Crownhart, Casey (30 November 2022).
1395:LapÄŤĂk; et al. (December 2012).
1354:"Energy Recovery - Basic Information"
1207:Plasma gasification commercialization
923:Determination of the biomass fraction
7:
4033:
3259:Sewage regulation and administration
2198:from the homepage of Algonquin Power
1135:Timarpur-Okhla Waste to Energy Plant
1005:United Nations Environment Programme
785:Waste-to-energy technology includes
1805:. Fulcrum BioEnergy. Archived from
1634:"Fuel from Plastics | Seminar 2021"
2427:Australian Renewable Energy Agency
2402:Australian Renewable Energy Agency
2218:. City of Edmonton. Archived from
1888:Energy & Environmental Science
1451:. European Union. 4 December 2000.
1284:Manure-derived synthetic crude oil
1123:Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility,
137:converting waste into fuel sources
25:
2513:Gasification Technologies Council
1279:List of waste management acronyms
1040:, Fort Myers, Florida, USA (1994)
477:, heavy metals, trace dioxin and
222:This section has multiple issues.
127:The most common method of WtE is
4543:
4534:
4533:
4098:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4032:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3742:Extended producer responsibility
3471:
3309:
3308:
3297:
3239:Extended producer responsibility
2725:
1938:. European Union. 23 April 2009.
1567:. September 2005. Archived from
1503:. European Union. 27 March 2012.
1316:
1063:in Malmö (2003 and 2008), Sweden
847:In the event that the waste was
287:
251:
211:
48:
2797:Mechanical biological treatment
2291:"Pyrogenesis Perfecting Plasma"
778:, is building a WtE plant near
704:Mechanical biological treatment
379:The first waste incinerator in
363:Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.
230:or discuss these issues on the
182:The WtE process contributes to
62:may be too short to adequately
1774:"Waste to energy in Indonesia"
1611:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265
365:to the design of Alfred Fryer.
302:format but may read better as
124:an alternative energy source.
72:provide an accessible overview
1:
3908:Container-deposit legislation
2384:"Biomass Carbonization Plant"
1854:, Waste Management World 2003
1014:Waste incineration WtE plants
953:The second method (so-called
357:or "Destructor" was built in
2122:Cooper, Kenny (3 May 2021).
1972:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.012
1173:Liquid fuel producing plants
969:Renewable Energy Association
941:selective dissolution method
620:: produces combustible gas,
442:, commercial, industrial or
98:Spittelau incineration plant
3603:Materials recovery facility
3249:History of waste management
2455:"The Relevance of Biofuels"
1356:. US EPA. 15 November 2016.
1069:, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
1061:SYSAV waste-to-energy plant
588:internal combustion engines
473:Incinerators may emit fine
4606:
4580:Waste treatment technology
2837:fluorescent lamp recycling
2050:"Fuelled stations and FMS"
1515:Waste–to–Energy in Austria
1204:
917:carbon capture and storage
680:Non-thermal technologies:
427:
390:The first facility in the
36:
29:
4529:
3981:
3469:
3292:
2723:
2363:Connaissance des Énergies
1399:. GeoScience Engineering.
523:environmental degradation
3219:China's waste import ban
2179:run as Covanta Lee, Inc.
2103:Li, Rina (23 May 2019).
1269:Landfill gas utilization
1033:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
865:global warming potential
816:Carbon dioxide emissions
750:fluidized bed combustion
631:Thermal depolymerization
3933:Reverse vending machine
2580:Agricultural wastewater
1799:"Sierra BioFuels Plant"
1437:. Europa. October 2011.
676:Landfill Gas Collection
654:Plasma arc gasification
639:: produces combustible
311:converting this section
121:energy-from-waste (EfW)
106:combined heat and power
3973:Water recycling shower
3817:Reuse of human excreta
3787:Recycling (ecological)
3772:Material flow analysis
3304:Environment portal
2982:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2872:water recycling shower
2309:Government Liquidation
2032:Bioresource Technology
1843:Themelis, Nickolas J.
1746:Columbia Engineering,
1304:Reuse of human excreta
1254:Biohydrogen production
1188:, Canada based on the
1029:Harrisburg incinerator
776:Pleasanton, California
742:
734:
677:
613:technologies include:
607:
487:incinerator bottom ash
414:
113:
3762:Interchangeable parts
3757:Industrial metabolism
2672:Municipal solid waste
2652:Industrial wastewater
1803:fulcrum-bioenergy.com
1653:MIT Technology Review
1309:Waste-to-energy plant
993:Chester, Pennsylvania
989:expulsive zoning laws
937:manual sorting method
859:decomposition of the
834:Municipal solid waste
740:
732:
675:
605:
525:by turning rain into
399:
394:was built in 1905 in
383:was built in 1903 in
117:Waste-to-energy (WtE)
104:facade, is providing
96:
3968:Water heat recycling
3958:Waste management law
2867:water heat recycling
2772:Garden waste dumping
2030:and mass balances".
1636:– via YouTube.
1435:"Waste incineration"
1192:-process, fueled by
1110:Edmonton Incinerator
1003:According to a 2019
768:Wood River, Nebraska
559:Catalytic converters
100:, with its distinct
3918:Ethical consumerism
3852:Urban lumberjacking
3782:Product stewardship
3732:Eco-industrial park
3234:Eco-industrial park
2822:appliance recycling
2742:Anaerobic digestion
2687:Post-consumer waste
2585:Biodegradable waste
2468:(6). Archived from
2293:. Biomass Magazine.
1964:2010WaMan..30.1171S
1748:Columbia University
1294:Refuse-derived fuel
1048:Dickerson, Maryland
933:Refuse Derived Fuel
772:Fairmont, Minnesota
725:Global developments
717:Refuse derived fuel
711:Anaerobic digestion
685:Anaerobic digestion
510:lower heating value
169:anaerobic digestion
3991:Environment portal
3862:Waste minimisation
3807:Reusable packaging
3752:Industrial ecology
3279:Waste minimisation
3224:Cleaner production
2889:Reusable packaging
2802:Mechanical sorting
2605:Construction waste
2518:2016-01-20 at the
2495:2007-10-06 at the
2194:2012-03-01 at the
2175:2013-08-12 at the
1900:10.1039/D3EE00969F
1850:2014-02-06 at the
1544:The New York Times
1420:2013-05-08 at the
1150:, New Delhi, India
1104:North East England
1096:Teesside EfW plant
1024:Newark, New Jersey
948:radiocarbon dating
743:
735:
678:
608:
545:Fuel from plastics
374:New York, New York
313:, if appropriate.
263:. You can help by
114:
4590:Energy conversion
4557:
4556:
4422:
4421:
4048:
4047:
3802:Resource recovery
3792:Refill (campaign)
3737:Ecological design
3717:Dematerialization
3527:Fluorescent lamps
3343:
3342:
3274:Waste legislation
3183:Sanitation worker
3157:London Convention
3093:Bamako Convention
2884:Resource recovery
2852:textile recycling
2847:plastic recycling
2827:battery recycling
2767:Ecological design
2692:Radioactive waste
2429:. 22 January 2020
2404:. 28 January 2021
1289:Plastic pollution
1244:Alternative fuels
1186:Edmonton, Alberta
1073:Stoke Incinerator
979:Physical location
914:
832:for fertilizer).
789:, which can take
611:Thermal treatment
361:, UK, in 1874 by
350:
349:
342:
332:
331:
281:
280:
245:
129:direct combustion
89:
88:
18:Energy-from-waste
16:(Redirected from
4597:
4585:Industrial gases
4575:Waste management
4547:
4537:
4536:
4480:French Polynesia
4239:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4052:
4036:
4035:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3963:Waste management
3953:Waste collection
3812:Reuse of bottles
3712:Circular economy
3689:Northern Ireland
3475:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3167:OSPAR Convention
3098:Basel Convention
2909:Waste collection
2899:Sewage treatment
2857:timber recycling
2832:bottle recycling
2812:Reclaimed lumber
2807:Photodegradation
2729:
2647:Industrial waste
2615:Electronic waste
2610:Demolition waste
2590:Biomedical waste
2564:waste management
2549:
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2355:
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2348:
2346:
2345:
2336:. Archived from
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2311:. Archived from
2301:
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2279:
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2040:
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2019:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1958:(7): 1171–1182.
1952:Waste Management
1946:
1940:
1939:
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1911:
1894:(7): 3074–3087.
1879:
1873:
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1841:
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1832:
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1825:bionomicfuel.com
1817:
1811:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1770:
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1761:
1760:
1751:. Archived from
1738:
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1468:2006 (in Danish)
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1321:
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1264:Energy recycling
1158:South Bermondsey
999:Notable examples
910:
900:renewable energy
518:steam generators
502:district heating
370:Governors Island
345:
338:
327:
324:
318:
309:You can help by
291:
290:
283:
276:
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255:
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237:
215:
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184:circular economy
84:
81:
75:
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21:
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4137:
4084:
4079:
4049:
4044:
3977:
3948:Waste-to-energy
3913:Dumpster diving
3881:
3857:Waste hierarchy
3832:Right to repair
3700:
3669:The Netherlands
3624:Rate by country
3612:
3566:
3476:
3467:
3379:
3374:
3344:
3339:
3315:Category: Waste
3296:
3288:
3269:Waste hierarchy
3202:
3193:Waste collector
3171:
3162:Oslo Convention
3081:
2933:
2929:Waste-to-energy
2924:Waste treatment
2894:Right to repair
2792:Landfill mining
2777:Illegal dumping
2730:
2721:
2682:Packaging waste
2677:Open defecation
2637:Hazardous waste
2566:
2553:
2520:Wayback Machine
2497:Wayback Machine
2486:
2472:
2462:Current Science
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:Further reading
2441:
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2223:
2216:www.edmonton.ca
2210:
2209:
2202:
2196:Wayback Machine
2187:
2183:
2177:Wayback Machine
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
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2101:
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2086:
2085:. 30 March 2012
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2021:
2020:
2016:
2011:(7): 2579–2586.
2002:
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1852:Wayback Machine
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1422:Wayback Machine
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1370:Thomas Astrup.
1369:
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1125:Metro Vancouver
1067:Algonquin Power
1016:
1001:
981:
965:calorific value
925:
913:
894:
890:
879:
870:
843:
839:
827:
818:
727:
666:carbon monoxide
626:synthetic fuels
606:Pyrolysis Plant
575:
547:
512:of the waste).
461:
456:sulphur dioxide
453:
448:nitrogen oxides
432:
426:
421:
346:
335:
334:
333:
328:
322:
319:
308:
292:
288:
277:
271:
268:
261:needs expansion
216:
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162:synthetic fuels
139:. For example,
85:
79:
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57:This article's
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4256:Czech Republic
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4247:
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4243:European Union
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3895:
3893:Bottle cutting
3889:
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3874:
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3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Land recycling
3764:
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3749:
3744:
3739:
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3719:
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3684:United Kingdom
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3514:
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3502:
3497:
3495:Automotive oil
3492:
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3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Street sweeper
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
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3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:United Kingdom
3069:
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3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
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2999:
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2979:
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2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:tire recycling
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:land recycling
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Biodegradation
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2712:Surface runoff
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Chemical waste
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2485:
2484:External links
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:on 2015-09-24.
2450:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2414:
2389:
2375:
2350:
2325:
2296:
2282:
2256:
2232:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2137:
2114:
2095:
2070:
2041:
2027:
2023:
2014:
1995:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1874:
1871:on 2009-03-26.
1856:
1836:
1812:
1809:on 2017-02-04.
1790:
1765:
1733:
1688:(1): 439–470.
1664:
1639:
1625:
1598:Applied Energy
1584:
1549:
1530:
1527:on 2013-06-27.
1506:
1492:
1470:
1454:
1440:
1426:
1402:
1387:
1384:on 2021-06-23.
1359:
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1330:
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1251:
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1240:
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1235:
1225:
1222:
1218:Stirling motor
1205:Main article:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1162:Greater London
1151:
1145:
1132:
1121:
1114:Greater London
1107:
1093:
1080:
1077:Stoke-on-Trent
1070:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1015:
1012:
1000:
997:
985:The New School
980:
977:
955:balance method
924:
921:
911:
904:non-renewables
892:
888:
877:
868:
841:
837:
825:
822:carbon dioxide
817:
814:
806:Esterification
797:, using waste
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
713:
701:
695:
670:
669:
651:
634:
628:
574:
571:
546:
543:
531:lime scrubbers
459:
451:
428:Main article:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
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392:Czech Republic
388:
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366:
348:
347:
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323:September 2023
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246:
220:
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204:
201:
87:
86:
80:September 2021
66:the key points
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4499:South America
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4454:United States
4452:
4450:
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4437:
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4427:North America
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4022:
4021:organizations
4019:
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4007:
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3988:
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3956:
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3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Simple living
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:Pallet crafts
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
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3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Waste picking
3865:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Repairability
3795:
3793:
3790:
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3783:
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3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
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3748:
3747:Green economy
3745:
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3723:
3720:
3718:
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3696:United States
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3637:
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3630:
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3609:
3608:Waste sorting
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
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3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
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3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Mobile phones
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3523:
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3357:
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3336:
3335:Organizations
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3295:
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3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
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3257:
3255:
3254:Landfill fire
3252:
3250:
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3245:
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3141:
3138:
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3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:EU directives
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3077:United States
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
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3063:
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3055:
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2927:
2925:
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2917:
2915:
2914:Waste sorting
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
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2728:
2718:
2715:
2713:
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2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Marine debris
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
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2538:
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2527:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:WtERT Germany
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
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2448:
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2443:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2365:. 5 July 2012
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2340:on 2014-10-18
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2315:on 2018-03-08
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2271:on 2011-05-09
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2222:on 2020-04-11
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2201:
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2033:
2018:
2015:
2010:
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1991:
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1982:
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1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1780:on 2018-11-21
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1755:on 2017-12-25
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1574:on 2018-10-25
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861:biodegradable
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102:Hundertwasser
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4475:Cook Islands
4133:South Africa
4037:
3947:
3898:Cogeneration
3727:Durable good
3207:Other topics
3198:Waste picker
3125:incineration
2928:
2904:Urban mining
2782:Incineration
2762:Durable good
2707:Sharps waste
2667:Mining waste
2470:the original
2465:
2461:
2431:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
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2367:. Retrieved
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2154:. Retrieved
2150:www.unep.org
2149:
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2127:
2117:
2108:
2098:
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2083:ofgem.gov.uk
2082:
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:ofgem.gov.uk
2056:
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2038:: 6471–6479.
2035:
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1955:
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1869:the original
1859:
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1828:. Retrieved
1824:
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1753:the original
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1676:June 2021).
1656:. Retrieved
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1569:the original
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1522:the original
1509:
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1390:
1379:the original
1348:
1339:
1259:Cogeneration
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1176:
1055:Wien Energie
1050:, USA (1995)
1009:
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873:landfill gas
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787:fermentation
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698:Fermentation
679:
618:Gasification
609:
584:gas turbines
576:
564:
548:
539:
535:
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506:cogeneration
499:
491:
472:
464:heavy metals
433:
430:Incineration
424:Incineration
402:Gasification
400:
336:
320:
315:Editing help
297:
272:October 2016
269:
265:adding to it
260:
238:
231:
225:
224:Please help
221:
197:
181:
166:
141:gasification
134:
126:
120:
116:
115:
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59:lead section
4485:New Zealand
4392:Switzerland
4321:Netherlands
4211:Philippines
4151:Afghanistan
4011:by material
3872:Wishcycling
3822:Repurposing
3722:Downcycling
3674:Switzerland
3510:PET bottles
3458:Cooking oil
3443:Refrigerant
3229:Downcycling
3176:Occupations
3145:waste water
3042:Switzerland
3032:South Korea
3022:New Zealand
2947:Afghanistan
2919:Waste trade
2879:Repurposing
2717:Toxic waste
2697:Scrap metal
2632:Green waste
2595:Brown waste
2572:Major types
1079:, UK (1989)
793:and create
495:landfilling
475:particulate
355:incinerator
4564:Categories
4439:Costa Rica
4311:Luxembourg
4186:Kazakhstan
4156:Bangladesh
4128:Seychelles
4016:by product
4006:by country
3923:Freeganism
3903:Composting
3877:Zero waste
3777:Precycling
3598:Collection
3588:Blue boxes
3490:Appliances
3284:Zero waste
3086:Agreements
3017:Kazakhstan
2972:Bangladesh
2757:Composting
2642:Heat waste
2627:Food waste
2620:by country
2433:2021-01-29
2408:2021-01-29
2369:2015-02-28
2344:2016-05-02
2319:2016-05-02
2275:2011-04-28
2250:2020-04-02
2226:2020-04-02
2156:2022-05-23
2109:Waste Dive
2089:2015-02-28
2064:2015-02-28
1830:2015-02-28
1784:2014-07-22
1759:2008-10-31
1658:2023-02-25
1604:. 115265.
1578:2013-04-16
1332:References
849:landfilled
799:cellulosic
766:plants in
660:including
592:fuel cells
359:Nottingham
353:The first
227:improve it
177:biomethane
160:, or even
32:waste heat
4570:Bioenergy
4506:Argentina
4470:Australia
4306:Lithuania
4206:Palestine
4181:Indonesia
3847:Upcycling
3841:Green Dot
3629:Australia
3617:Countries
3583:Blue bags
3571:Apparatus
3517:Computers
3500:Batteries
3393:Aluminium
3385:Materials
3377:Recycling
3264:Upcycling
3130:landfills
3120:framework
3113:Recycling
3108:batteries
3037:Sri Lanka
2997:Hong Kong
2962:Australia
2939:Countries
2817:Recycling
2735:Processes
2556:Biosolids
1981:1826/5695
1908:1754-5706
1728:233310092
1704:1947-5438
1620:0306-2619
1224:Australia
1139:New Delhi
857:anaerobic
810:biodiesel
756:process.
637:Pyrolysis
551:pyrolysis
527:acid rain
406:pyrolysis
233:talk page
145:pyrolysis
64:summarize
4539:Category
4521:Colombia
4444:Honduras
4412:Scotland
4331:Portugal
4221:Thailand
4201:Pakistan
4191:Malaysia
4108:Ethiopia
4001:Category
3886:See also
3705:Concepts
3664:Mongolia
3659:Malaysia
3562:Vehicles
3552:Textiles
3482:Products
3403:Concrete
3325:Journals
3140:vehicles
3062:Thailand
3052:Tanzania
2787:Landfill
2747:Balefill
2516:Archived
2504:- US EPA
2493:Archived
2192:Archived
2173:Archived
1990:20116991
1848:Archived
1720:33872517
1418:Archived
1237:See also
939:and the
855:via the
780:Reno, NV
691:rich in
662:hydrogen
622:hydrogen
479:acid gas
154:methanol
4463:Oceania
4402:Ukraine
4372:Iceland
4367:Belarus
4362:Armenia
4357:Albania
4296:Ireland
4291:Hungary
4281:Germany
4271:Finland
4266:Denmark
4251:Austria
4226:Vietnam
4123:Nigeria
4118:Morocco
4039:Commons
3644:Ireland
3505:Bottles
3438:Plastic
3398:Asphalt
2992:Georgia
2967:Belgium
2957:Armenia
2952:Albania
2245:Enerkem
1960:Bibcode
1712:1807218
1190:Enerkem
1166:England
1118:England
1087:Chester
885:biomass
853:methane
830:biochar
795:ethanol
791:biomass
764:biofuel
715:MBT to
693:methane
645:bio-oil
580:boilers
567:propane
483:fly ash
468:dioxins
419:Methods
381:Denmark
203:History
189:dioxins
158:ethanol
150:methane
4549:Portal
4511:Brazil
4490:Tuvalu
4449:Mexico
4434:Canada
4397:Turkey
4387:Russia
4382:Norway
4377:Kosovo
4341:Sweden
4326:Poland
4286:Greece
4276:France
4261:Cyprus
4235:Europe
4216:Taiwan
4166:Brunei
4161:Bhutan
4090:Africa
3837:Symbol
3679:Taiwan
3649:Israel
3639:Canada
3634:Brazil
3532:Lumber
3453:Timber
3428:Gypsum
3418:Energy
3413:Cotton
3408:Copper
3313:
3067:Turkey
3057:Taiwan
3027:Russia
3007:Israel
2977:Brazil
2702:Sewage
2657:Litter
2562:, and
1988:
1906:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1618:
1249:Biogas
1168:(1994)
1154:SELCHP
1131:(1988)
1129:Canada
1120:(1974)
1106:(1998)
909:The CO
770:, and
709:MBT +
706:(MBT)
689:Biogas
658:syngas
596:liquid
298:is in
193:furans
173:biogas
110:Vienna
4516:Chile
4350:Other
4336:Spain
4316:Malta
4301:Italy
4196:Nepal
4176:India
4171:China
4113:Kenya
4103:Egypt
4028:Index
3943:Waste
3827:Reuse
3654:Japan
3593:Codes
3557:Tires
3547:Ships
3542:Paint
3522:Drugs
3463:Water
3448:Scrap
3433:Paper
3423:Glass
3330:Lists
3320:Index
3047:Syria
3012:Japan
3002:India
2987:Egypt
2560:waste
2473:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
2053:(PDF)
1724:S2CID
1572:(PDF)
1561:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1518:(PDF)
1487:(PDF)
1382:(PDF)
1375:(PDF)
1143:India
1098:near
973:Ofgem
649:chars
573:Other
304:prose
4143:Asia
3578:Bins
3150:WEEE
3135:RoHS
2128:WHYY
1986:PMID
1904:ISSN
1716:PMID
1708:OSTI
1700:ISSN
1616:ISSN
664:and
647:and
466:and
436:OECD
410:coal
404:and
396:Brno
300:list
191:and
143:and
1976:hdl
1968:doi
1896:doi
1690:doi
1606:doi
1602:275
1194:MSW
1160:in
1112:in
1046:in
824:(CO
641:tar
462:),
458:(SO
454:),
450:(NO
444:RDF
440:MSW
372:in
267:.
119:or
108:in
39:WTE
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2466:90
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2034:.
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2007:.
1984:.
1974:.
1966:.
1956:30
1954:.
1902:.
1892:16
1890:.
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1722:.
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1686:12
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1362:^
1220:.
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