Electricity sector in Argentina

483: 484: 1644:

jurisdiction had not been allowed to raise residential tariffs since they were frozen in 2002 as a result of the Emergency and Exchange Regime Law, some provincial regulators had recently approved additional charges to residential tariffs. In particular, the Public Service Regulatory Agency in the Province of Córdoba (ERSeP) agreed in February 2008 to a 17.4% additional charge to residential customers. Likewise, Santa Fé approved increases between 10% and 20%; Mendoza between 0 and 5% below 300 kWh and between 10% and 27% above 300 kWh; Jujuy between 22% and 29% and Tucumán between 10% and 24%. Other provinces (i.e. San Juan, Chaco, Formosa, Corrientes, La Pampa, Neuqen, Río Negro and Entre Ríos) are expected to raise tariffs in the near future.

1596:) program with the objective of increasing generation capacity and meeting the rising demand for electricity. The program applies for consumption levels above those for 2005. CAMMESA requires all large users (above 300 kW) to contract the difference between their current demand and their demand in the year 2005 in the Energy Plus market. In this new de-regulated market, only energy produced from new generation plants will be traded. The aim of the program is twofold. In one hand, it seeks to guarantee supply to residential consumers, public entities, and small and medium enterprises. On the other hand, it aims at encouraging self-generation by the industrial sector and electricity 1613:

imbalance. The PRONUREE, under the responsibility of the Secretariat of Energy, aims to be a vehicle for improving energy efficiency in the energy-consuming sectors and acknowledges that energy efficiency needs to be promoted with a long-term commitment and vision. It also acknowledges the connection between energy efficiency and sustainable development, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The program also recognizes the need for individual behavioral changes to be promoted with an educational strategy, with the public sector setting the example by assuming a leadership role in the implementation of energy conservation measures in its facilities.

562:(3%), while wind and solar power accounted for less than 1%. Installed nominal capacity in 2019 was 38,922 MW. However, this scenario of gas dominance is likely to undergo changes due to gas exhaustion derived from the existing "bottlenecks" in exploration and production (E+P) and pipeline capacity. Gas output dropped for the first time in 2005 (-1.4%) and gas reserves dropped to ten years of consumption by the end of 2004 (down from an average of 30 years in the 1980s). Today, gas reserves are 43% lower than in 2000. This situation is further aggravated by the uncertainty surrounding the gas deals with 1976:(Argentina-Paraguay) and Salto Grande (Argentina-Uruguay). On the other hand, the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and less competitive than generation. In transmission, the Compañía Nacional de Transporte Energético en Alta Tension (Transener) operates the national electricity transmission grid, while in the distribution sector, three private companies, Edenor (Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte), Edesur (Electricidad Distribuidora Sur) and Edelap (Empresa de Electricidad de la Plata), dominate a market with 75% control by private firms. 2113:(PERMER). This project has the objective of guaranteeing access to electricity to 1.8 million people (314,000 households) and to 6,000 public services (schools, hospitals, etc.) located far from electricity distribution centers. Electrification of this dispersed market will be mostly carried out through the installation of solar photovoltaic systems, but also through other technologies such as micro-hydraulic turbines, wind and, eventually, diesel generators. The project, which started in 1999 and is expected to end in December 2008, has received a US$ 10 million grant from 1108: 1131:

market price. It also granted certain tax exemptions for a period of 15 years from the law's promulgation. The 2007 Law complemented the previous one, declaring of national interest the generation of electricity from any renewable source intended to deliver a public service. This law also set an 8% target for renewable energy consumption in the period of 10 years and mandated the creation of a trust fund whose resources will be allocated to pay a premium for electricity produced from renewable sources.

578: 1635:(CFLs) in all households connected to the electricity grid and selected public buildings. The program, which has initially undergone a pilot phase and expects to replace 5 million incandescent lamps in the next six months, foresees the distribution of 25 million lamps overall. Staff from the distribution companies will visit each household to replace the incandescent lamps and to inform residential users on the advantages of replacing the bulbs and of the efficient use of energy in general. 1946:'s reservoir was elevated by 7 m to the height of 83 m as contemplated in its original design, which increased its capacity from 1,700 to 3,100 MW. This will lead to a 60% increase in its electricity output (from 11,450 GW·h to 18,500 GW·h). The reservoir rise was complete in February 2011 despite a serious controversy regarding the resettlement of people. Additionally, in 2006, bidding for the expansion of Yacyretá with the construction of a new 3-turbine plant in the Añá Cuá arm of the 1935: 1963:

ability to address short-term demand issues. 109 of the 240 works identified in 2003 were considered of high priority and have already been completed or are under execution. Initially, investment for high priority works was estimated at US$ 376 million, while estimated investment for the rest of the works totaled US$ 882.2 million. However, this budget is under revision due to the increasing costs of materials such as steel and aluminum and of labor.

1604:

commercialization will be restricted to the domestic market, will not be subject to the conditions established in the "Agreement with Natural Gas Producers 2007-2011" but will be based on costs and a reasonable profit. Experts believe that, if the Gas Plus regime is successful, it could stimulate new investments in electricity generation plants under the Energy Plus regime as it could ensure fuel supply to the new plants.

4947: 4303: 2208: 480: 1497:, which had its own interconnected market, the Patagonian Wholesale Electricity Market MEMSP), now interconnected with the MEM. CAMMESA (Wholesale Electricity Market Administration Company) was also created that year and assigned the responsibilities of coordinating dispatch operations, setting wholesale prices and administrating economic transactions performed through the Argentine Interconnected System. 4957: 2222: 1486:; opening up of all segments to the private sector; and separation of the regulatory function from policy setting. As a result of the new law, there was substantial private investment which, together with the public power plants that started production in the 1990s, transformed a situation of power shortage and low quality into one of abundance and reliability at lower prices. 485: 1533:) and the devaluation of the peso, many companies in the sector had to deal with high levels of debt in foreign currency under a scenario in which their revenues remained stable while their costs increased. This situation has led to severe underinvestment and unavailability to keep up with an increasing demand, factors that contributed to the 2003-2004 1315:

tariffs and incentives do not make wind power development attractive enough yet. However, the main deterrent to wind power development in the region has been the lack of transmission lines that connect the Patagonia region with the National Interconnected System. The completion of the Choele-Choel-Puerto Madryn high voltage line, the first section of

35: 2576: 3739: 1727:

In addition, CAMMESA, the administrator of the wholesale electricity market, had projected that by 2007 the country's energy demand would require an additional capacity of 1,600 MW. Faced with the need for specific investments but also with a lack of private investment, the Energy Secretariat (SENER)

1643:

In Argentina, retail tariffs for the distribution utilities in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires and La Plata city (i.e. Edenor, Edesur and Edelap) are regulated by the national regulatory agency (ENRE) while provincial utilities are regulated by local regulators. While the utilities under ENRE's

1612:

In December 2007, the government launched the National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE, Decree 140/2007). This decree declared the rational and efficient use of energy to be in the national interest and is also part of the energy sector strategy to counter supply/demand

980:

below) and is also an adviser to the National and the Provincial Governments in issues relating to the power industry, public and private energy services, priorities in the execution of new projects and studies, concessions and authorizations, and electricity tariffs and prices. It is also an adviser

916:

Total electricity coverage in Argentina was close to 100% of the population in 2016. However, access to electricity is more deficient in certain rural areas. The Renewable Energy in the Rural Market Project (PERMER) in 2012 was one of several programs being implemented to enlarge electricity coverage

458:

by the reforms carried out in the early 1990s. Generation occurs in a competitive and mostly liberalized market in which 75% of the generation capacity is owned by private utilities. In contrast, the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and much less competitive than generation.

1962:

In addition, the Federal Plan for Transport of Electric Energy II, defined in 2003 and updated in 2006, has the objective of addressing the constraints faced by the regional transmission networks in the period up to 2010. This complementary plan has prioritized the necessary works according to their

1958:

In regard to transmission, the Federal Plan for Transport of Electric Energy at 500 kV is under implementation under the umbrella of the FFTEF (Fondo Fiduciario para el Transporte Eléctrico Federal). The main lines of the plan (Línea Patagónica, Línea Minera, Yacyretá, Puerto Madryn – Pico Truncado,

964:

supervision of the sector under federal control. Provincial regulators regulate the rest of the utilities. ENRE and the provincial regulators set tariffs and supervise compliance of regulated transmission and distribution entities with safety, quality, technical and environmental standards. CAMMESA (

811:

While CAMESSA categorises hydropower larger than 50MW as non-renewable, the renewable classification of large hydropower is in line with international standards and how other countries classify their hydropower as renewable energy. Pumped storage is considered as non-renewable due to its consumption

1647:

Recently, in August 2008, after a 7-year tariff freeze, residential electricity tariffs in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area (served by the Edenor, Edesur and Edelap utilities) have been increased by 10-30% for households that consume more than 650 kWh every two months. For consumption between 651

1326:

Nevertheless, wind power has increased significantly in Argentina during the last decade. Total operating wind power capacity in 2005 was 26.6 MW, shared by 13 plants. This is still only about 0.05% of the theoretical potential of wind energy in Argentina. In 2007, the distribution of number plants

857:

Argentina currently faces a tight supply/demand scenario as reserve margins have declined from above 30% in 2001 to less than 10%. This fact, together with the deterioration in distribution companies services (i.e. cables, transformers, etc.), has the potential to endanger supply. To sustain a 6-8%

2147:

In 2006, Argentina received financing from CAF (Andean Development Corporation) for two electricity projects: the Electricity Interconection Comahue-Cuyo (US$ 200 million) and the Electricity Interconnection Rincón Santa María-Rodríguez (US$ 300 million), two of the high voltage transmission lines

1213:

Argentina's hydroelectric potential is being exploited only partially. While the identified potential is 170,000 GW·h/year, in 2006 hydroelectric production amounted just to 42,360 GW·h. There are also untapped mini-hydropower resources, whose potential is estimated at 1.81% of overall electricity

1130:

are Law 25,019 from 1998 and Law 26,190 from 2007. The 1998 law, known as the "National Wind and Solar Energy Rules", declared wind and solar generation of national interest and introduced a mechanism that established an additional payment per generated kWh which, in 1998, meant a 40% premium over

963:

The Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for policy setting, while the National Electricity Regulator (ENRE) is the independent entity within the Energy Secretariat responsible for applying the regulatory framework established by Law 26,046 of 1991. ENRE is in charge of regulation and overall

2117:

and a US$ 30 million loan from the World Bank. The Argentine Energy Secretariat has recently presented an Energy Efficiency project to the GEF. The objective of the project is to improve energy use, reducing its costs to consumers and contributing to the sustainability of the energy sector in the

1041:

sectors are highly regulated and less competitive than generation. In transmission, the Compañía Nacional de Transporte Energético en Alta Tension (Transener) operates the national electricity transmission grid under a long-term agreement with the Argentine government. In the distribution sector,

1655:

tariffs in the 17%-47% range. The increase granted by ENRE was below the increase determined by the Energy Secretariat for some transmission companies (e.g. Transener, Transba, Distrocuyo and Transnoa. Some of them (i.e. Transener, Transba), will most likely challenge ENRE's decision. An overall

1603:

In March 2008, the government approved Resolution 24/2008, which created a new natural gas market called "Gas Plus" to encourage private investment in natural gas exploration and production. The Gas Plus regime applies to new discoveries and to "tight gas" fields. The price of the new gas, whose

1781:

In addition, the Planning Ministry announced in July 2007 the commissioning of five new thermal plants with a total capacity of 1.6 GW and an overall investment of US$ 3,250 million. These dual-generation turbine (gas or fuel oil) plants, which are expected to start operations in 2008, will be

1314:

region has a very large wind potential. The Chubut Wind Power Regional Center (CREE) estimated the theoretical potential for the region at 500 GW of electricity generation. However, this large potential is still largely unexploited. One of the reasons for this underdevelopment is that existing

1469:

Prior to 1991, the electricity sector in Argentina was vertically integrated. The sector experienced a serious crisis in the summers of 1988/1989, primarily due to the lack of maintenance of the country's thermal power plants (50% were unavailable). Shortly after the crisis, the government of

1806:

has recently launched bidding for eleven small and transportable generation units (15-30 MW each) and for other three larger generation units (50-100 MW) to be installed on barges. These new units, whose base price is still unknown, will add between 400 and 500 MW of new generation capacity.

1616:

The PRONUREE includes short- and long-term measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency in the industrial, commercial, transport, residential and service sectors and public buildings. It also supports educational programs on energy efficiency, enhanced regulations to expand cogeneration

1971:

Prior to 1991, the electricity sector in Argentina was vertically integrated. The new legal framework for the electricity sector included: vertical and horizontal unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution; opening up of all segments to the private sector; and separation of the

1500:

The reforms implemented in the 1990s led to high investment, which allowed for a 75% increase in generation capacity, resulting in the decrease of prices in the wholesale market from US$ 40/MW·h in 1992 to US$ 23/MW·h in 2001. However, the reforms failed to deliver the necessary increase in

1975:

Currently, private and state-owned companies carry out generation in a completive, mostly liberalized electricity market, with 75% of total installed capacity in private hands. The publicly owned share corresponds to nuclear generation and to the two bi-national hydropower plants: Yacyretá

1648:

kWh and 800 kWh, the increase will be 10%; on the other end, for users over 1,201 kWh, the increase amounts to 30%. The increase impacts around 24% of all Edenor, Edesur and Edelap customers (1,600,000 households). For commercial and industrial users the increase will be 10%.

433:

Faced with rising electricity demand (over 6% annually) and declining reserve margins, the government of Argentina is in the process of commissioning large projects, both in the generation and transmission sectors. To keep up with rising demand, it is estimated that about

429:

constitutes the third largest power market in Latin America. It relies mostly on thermal generation (60% of installed capacity) and hydropower generation (36%). The prevailing natural gas-fired thermal generation is at risk due to the uncertainty about future gas supply.

843:

has steadily grown since 1991, with just a temporary decline caused by the economic crisis of 2001-2002 that has been followed by a quick recovery (6%-8% annual increase) in the last five years, partially due to economic recovery. In 2005, the country consumed 94.3

486: 1025:(Argentina-Uruguay). The generation sector is highly fragmented with more than ten large companies, all of them providing less than 15% of the system's total capacity. Power generators sell their electricity in the wholesale market operated by the CAMMESA. 438:

of new generation capacity are needed each year. An important number of these projects are being financed by the government through trust funds, while independent private initiative is still limited as it has not fully recovered yet from the effects of the

984:

The Argentine power sector is one of the most competitive and deregulated in South America. However, the fact that the Energy Secretariat has veto power over CAMMESA has the potential to alter the functioning of the competitive market. The functions of

3836: 1709:), to be funded by a share of the petrol tax and a surcharge on sales from the wholesale market. This Fund, which is administered by CFEE (Electric Power Federal Council), provides funding to the following other funds at the shares indicated: 2191: 1451:

Solar power is only present in remote areas. Just 81 MW·h were generated in 2005, less than 0.1% of total electricity production. In 2012 the first of four 5 MW stages of Cañada Honda was completed, as part of a plan to install 117 MW of

1001:, but there are restrictions on cross-ownership between these three functions. Argentine law guarantees access to the grid in order to create a competitive environment and to allow generators to serve customers anywhere in the country. 975:

The Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE), created in 1960, plays a very important role in the sector as well. It is the administrator of funds that specifically target electricity operations (i.e. National Fund for Electric Power, see

1959:

NEA-NOA, Comahue – Cuyo, Pico Truncado – Río Turbio – Río Gallegos) are already built or currently under construction. The lines built between 2007 and 2009 will add 4,813 new kilometers of high voltage transmission capacity.

2714: 1232:

As of 2020 Argentina had an installed wind energy capacity of 1.6 GW, with 931 MW installed in 2019 alone. Electricity production from onshore wind power in Argentina has increased from 1.41 TWh in 2018 to 9.42 TWh in 2020.

858:

annual increase in demand, it is estimated that the system should incorporate about 1,000 MW of generation capacity each year. In 2016, to meet the increasing domestic electricity demand, Argentina imported 9.5 BkWh through

1728:

enacted Resolutions 712 and 826 in 2004, which created FONINVEMEM, the Fund for the Investment Needed to Increase the Supply of Electricity in the Wholesale Market. The Fund, which sought to encourage participation from

1777:

are the main shareholders in the plants. Both plants, which have been financed through the FONINVEMEM (total investment amounts up to US$ 1,097 million), are expected to start full operations at the beginning of 2009.

1740:

There are several projects that are part of the government's response to the predicted electricity shortages. If all those plans are completed as expected, the capacity requirements for the next few years will be met.

1713:

47.4%: Subsidiary Fund for Regional Tariff Compensation to Final Users (FCT), for homogenization of tariffs across the country (this created a de facto subsidy for those consumers in the areas with higher electricity

4484: 2134:

approved a $ 580 million loan for the construction of a new 760-mile transmission line in northern Argentina that will connect separate grids in the northeastern and northwestern parts of the country, the

3320: 1123:) initiatives. Complementarily, the Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for environmental policy and the preservation of renewable and non-renewable resources. 4127: 848:

of electricity, which corresponds to 2,368 kWh per capita. Residential consumption accounted for 29% of the total, while industrial, and commercial and public represented 43% and 26% respectively.

1537:. Since 2003, the government has been in the process of introducing modifications that allow for tariff increases. Industrial and commercial consumers' tariffs have already been raised (near 100% in 1115:

The National Promotion Direction (DNPROM) within the Energy Secretariat (SENER) is responsible for the design of programs and actions conducive to the development of renewable energies (through the

3587: 2110: 2148:

included in the Federal Transportation Plan. In the same year, Argentina also borrowed US$ 210 million from CAF for a program that aims at repairing the country's hydroelectric infrastructure.

1717:

31.6%: Fund for the Electric Development of the Interior (FEDEI), for generation, transmission and rural and urban distribution works. Most funds have been directed to rural electrification

2917: 2333: 4509: 4493: 1753:

plants, the José de San Martín Thermoelectric and Manuel Belgrano Thermoelectric, of 830 MW each, are under construction and expected to start full operations at the beginning of 2009.

1493:(MEM), which covers up to 93% of total demand corresponding to the Argentine Interconnected System (SADI), was also created in 1992. The remaining 7% share of the demand corresponds to 4477: 4274: 3383: 4269: 1617:

activities; labeling of equipment and appliances that use energy; improvements to the energy efficiency regulations; and broader utilization of the Clean Development Mechanism (

2162:

La construcción como herramienta del crecimiento continuado. Sector eléctrico. Evaluación de las inversiones necesarias para el sector eléctrico nacional en el mediano plazo.

4264: 1819:, whose construction started in 1981, was to be completed and to add 750 MW of generation capacity by 2010. The plant started producing power in June 2014. In addition, the 3294: 4470: 3907: 1218: 533: 2151:

In June 2007, CAF approved a US$ 45 million loan to the Buenos Aires province for partial financing of the electricity transport capacity in the North of the province.

59: 2392: 4142: 1017:, with 75% of total installed capacity in private hands. The share in public hands corresponds to nuclear generation and to the two bi-national hydropower plants: 4048: 3324: 2823: 2809: 4338: 3808: 904:, Patagonian Interconnected System) in the South. Both systems are integrated since March 2006. The electricity market in the SADI area is managed by the MEM ( 1673:

average. In 2004, the average residential tariff was US$ 0.0380 per kWh, very similar to the average industrial tariff, which was US$ 0.0386 per kWh in 2003.

2362: 1474:

introduced a new legal framework for the electricity sector through Law 24,065, which included the following elements: vertical and horizontal unbundling of

968:) is the administrator of the wholesale electricity market. Its main functions include the operation and dispatch of generation and price calculation in the 537: 3264: 4707: 4137: 4449: 4132: 1576:, but also the generation, transmission and trade of electricity. Through the creation of Enarsa, the state will regain a relevant place in the energy 808:

The above table does not consider off-grid installed capacity nor distributed generation (small biogas/biomass facilities, rooftop solar panels, etc.)

4117: 3136: 2308: 1518: 3892: 2250: 1732:

of the wholesale market, invited those creditors, mainly generation companies, to participate with their credit in the creation of the Fund itself.

3599: 3413: 4122: 3756: 2751: 2182: 1120: 1116: 938:

region. In 2002, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 5.15, while duration of interruptions per subscriber was 5.25 hours. The

3078: 2337: 1236:

The technical potential for offshore wind in Argentina has been estimated to amount to 2.5 TW, but no offshore turbines have been built so far.

4818: 4667: 4654: 1720:

19.75%: Fiduciary Fund for Federal Electricity Transmission(FFTEF) (created in 2000), for co-financing or projects in electricity transmission.

2881: 2767: 2680: 4865: 3773: 2240: 1625: 1538: 440: 1366: 831:

11,000,000,000 owed to Argentina for the construction of Yaciretá by paying in electricity, at the rate of 8,000 GWh per year for 40 years.

4981: 4950: 4891: 4886: 4077: 3345: 3218: 2168: 3357: 2486: 1509:, was built in the 1990s. Distribution networks were also renovated and expanded, which resulted in efficiency and quality improvements. 4732: 4622: 3912: 2532: 2265: 820:

In 2005, Argentina imported 6.38 TW·h of electricity while it exported 3.49 TW·h. Net energy imports thus were about 3% of consumption.

541: 4112: 4073: 4041: 3766: 2931: 3744: 1621:) to support the development of energy efficiency projects. The objective of the program is to reduce electricity consumption by 6%. 972:, the real-time operation of the electricity system and the administration of the commercial transactions in the electricity market. 550:) are the leading source of electricity generation in Argentina. Argentina generates electricity using thermal power plants based on 4331: 3917: 3801: 3761: 2255: 77: 3110: 3030: 4544: 3975: 3897: 3298: 3162: 1938:

The Yacyretá dam. It is planned to increase its height to increase the electricity generation capacity in Argentina and Paraguay.

887: 4439: 3624: 4896: 4562: 4416: 2131: 1678: 1670: 1343: 935: 248: 234: 184: 108: 2424: 4850: 4722: 4597: 4567: 4539: 4396: 4381: 4254: 2837: 2245: 1791: 1534: 3700: 3508: 2612: 3440: 4917: 4881: 4717: 4617: 4592: 4411: 4366: 4170: 4065: 4034: 4011: 4006: 3866: 3781: 2399: 1816: 571: 563: 4444: 4932: 4855: 4823: 4742: 4632: 4612: 4602: 4519: 4391: 4371: 4324: 4082: 4001: 3887: 3794: 1631:

by 2011 in Argentina. The program, financed by the government, aims to replace incandescent bulbs with energy efficient

3166: 1950:

was announced by the Government. This expansion, to be finalized in 2010, would add 300 MW of new generation capacity.

1362:

Of the 13 plants, only three have been commissioned after the year 2000, with the remaining 10 built during the 1990s.

50: 4813: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4702: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4662: 4637: 4534: 4529: 4376: 4279: 4228: 2260: 2114: 2069: 2049: 1820: 1652: 1618: 1034: 859: 405: 397: 3636: 1770: 1139:

At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 21st country in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW).

4406: 2962: 4922: 4901: 4860: 4845: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4752: 4737: 4697: 4687: 4627: 4577: 4572: 4501: 4401: 4386: 4218: 4208: 3922: 1750: 893: 547: 2136: 2089: 2085: 1107: 4927: 4747: 4727: 4712: 4607: 4587: 4582: 4524: 4514: 4289: 4201: 3272: 2056:

emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO

409: 3680: 3670: 2026: 4554: 4353: 4152: 3536: 2654: 2119: 1632: 1483: 1479: 1038: 994: 990: 455: 451: 3970: 1501:

transmission capacity. Only one relevant project, the addition of the 1,300 km high voltage line between

3675: 1377:

At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 43rd country in the world in terms of installed solar energy (1.0 GW).

4960: 3640: 3066: 3055: 3041: 1331: 1229:

At the end of 2021 Argentina was the 26th country in the world in terms of installed wind energy (3.2 GW).

4259: 3140: 1799: 1783: 1550: 1475: 1010: 986: 606: 447: 3085: 4803: 4284: 4165: 2643:

Benchmarking data of the electricity distribution sector in Latin America and Caribbean Region 1995-2005

1823:, with 648 MW of generation capacity, was to be refurbished to extend its operational life beyond 2011. 950:

Distribution losses in 2005 were 13.6%, down from 17% a decade before. In 2014, losses were about 3.3%.

598: 3417: 2795: 3603: 1681:

were US$ 0.115 per kWh for residential consumers and US$ 0.107 per kWh for industrial customers. (See

4233: 4196: 4175: 4057: 3851: 2824:"'Dark horse Argentina could challenge Brazil in South America's offshore wind race' | Recharge" 2810:"'Dark horse Argentina could challenge Brazil in South America's offshore wind race' | Recharge" 2746: 1795: 1530: 828: 1525:

and frozen in January 2002 through the Public Emergency and Exchange Regime Law. Together with high

577: 45: 4427: 4223: 4107: 3817: 3252: 594: 559: 4956: 2077: 2869: 1577: 1490: 1014: 3222: 1934: 1553: 3960: 3361: 2490: 1628: 1349: 602: 3496: 2536: 2438: 566:

and the plans to build new regional pipeline connections. Total generation in 2005 was 96.65

4672: 4462: 4307: 3980: 3965: 3955: 3856: 2995:"Safeguarding Electronics: Strategies to Prevent Static Build-Up in Industrial Environments" 2213: 1453: 1355: 1127: 1022: 586: 555: 334: 139: 3414:"Argentine and Paraguayan Presidents to Inaugurate Completion of Key Hydroelectric Project" 2642: 2048:, which represents 17% of total emissions for the energy sector. In 2011, according to the 574:

reached 100% power, increasing the percentage of nuclear power in Argentina from 7% to 10%.

3552: 3540: 2755: 2290: 1762: 1337: 900:, Argentine Interconnected System) in the North and center-South of the country, and SIP ( 3985: 2558: 1947: 1943: 1705:

In 1991, the Government of Argentina created the National Fund for Electric Power (FNEE,

1018: 824: 3728:

Federación Argentina de Cooperativas de Electricidad y Otros Servicios Públicos Limitada

3114: 2309:"Renewable energy in Latin America: Argentina | Global law firm | Norton Rose Fulbright" 4249: 4180: 4160: 3950: 1754: 1522: 998: 158: 150: 4316: 4975: 2580: 2227: 2072:

projects in Argentina, with expected total emissions reductions of 673,650 tons of CO

1674: 1581: 939: 128: 3447: 4092: 1597: 1506: 1471: 17: 2845: 3576: 3512: 2616: 1489:

ENRE (Electricity National Regulatory Entity) was created in 1992. The Wholesale

4097: 3927: 3831: 1774: 1573: 969: 934:

Interruption frequency and duration are considerably below the averages for the

823:

Argentina also imports electricity from Paraguay, produced by the jointly built

551: 1815:

In 2006, the Argentine government launched a plan to boost nuclear energy. The

4102: 2203: 2106: 1758: 1723:

1.26%: Wind Energy Fund (created in 2002), for the development of wind energy,

1624:

One of the first activities defined under PRONUREE is the national program to

3472: 4087: 3861: 2235: 2221: 2081: 1766: 1729: 1608:

The National Program for the Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE)

1569: 1565: 1526: 1494: 1311: 840: 610: 425: 92: 1656:

tariff revision is still pending and has been put off until February 2009.

2044:

emissions from electricity production in 2003 were 20.5 million tons of CO

2969: 2076:

e per year. Of the three projects, only one is large-scale: the 10.56 MW

1787: 871: 120: 3837:

Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico Sociedad Anónima

4026: 2170:

Potencial de los aprovechamientos energéticos en la República Argentina

1541:

and 50% in real terms), but residential tariffs still remain the same.

1502: 875: 845: 590: 567: 3786: 3846: 3841: 1803: 1561: 863: 329: 324: 3690: 3533: 2658: 1057:

Other important distribution companies at the provincial level are:

2068:

As of August 2007, there are only three energy-related registered

1933: 867: 576: 2579:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2994: 616:

Installed capacity in the wholesale market as of December 2020:

435: 4466: 4320: 4030: 3790: 827:. On 18 September 2006 Paraguay agreed to settling its debt of 3871: 2559:"International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 172: 28: 3745:

List of Inter-American Development Bank projects in Argentina

3722: 3717: 3712: 2084:

region. Production of electricity from biomass waste in the

3691:

Administrator of the Wholesale Electricity Market (CAMMESA)

2363:"Monthly Report - Main variables of the month - April 2019" 2291:"World Bank: Access to Electricity (% of total population)" 2040:(Organización Latinoamericana de Energía) estimated that CO 1651:

At the end of August 2008, ENRE also approved increases in

3695: 3685: 2947: 1967:

Summary of private participation in the electricity sector

1126:

The most important legal instruments for the promotion of

356: 2088:

and methane recovery and electricity generation from the

1695:

Fund for the Electric Development of the Interior (FEDEI)

942:

for LAC were 13 interruptions and 14 hours respectively.

478: 3727: 2425:"Atucha 2 reaches 100% rated power - World Nuclear News" 1054:), dominate a market with 75% control by private firms. 3473:"Argentina, Paraguay celebrate Yacyreta dam completion" 2037: 2029:

holds responsibility for the environment in Argentina.

966:

Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico

3681:

Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development

2027:

Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development

1682: 375:

Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development

2713:

IRENA, International Renewable Energy Agency (2024).

981:

for legislative modifications in the power industry.

3774:

Early History of the electricity sector in Argentina

1669:

Electricity tariffs in Argentina are well below the

4910: 4874: 4838: 4761: 4653: 4646: 4553: 4500: 4425: 4352: 4242: 4189: 4151: 4064: 3994: 3943: 3936: 3880: 3824: 1825: 1685:for more information on the evolution of tariffs). 1592:

In September 2006, SENER launched the Energy Plus (

396: 395: 387: 379: 371: 363: 351: 343: 313: 308: 300: 292: 284: 276: 268: 260: 255: 241: 227: 222: 214: 206: 198: 191: 179: 167: 148: 137: 126: 115: 103: 98: 2177:Argentina: Energy issues threaten sustained growth 1111:Argentina renewable electricity production by year 534:Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Argentina 1214:production (in contrast with its current 0.88%). 154:emissions from electricity generation (2011) 2796:"Renewable Energy for Argentina | ABO Wind" 470:Installed capacity by source in Argentina (2020) 3243:Resolutions Energy Secretariat 864, 865, 866/08 2638: 2636: 2634: 2105:The only active energy project financed by the 1321:Plan Federal de Transporte de Energía Eléctrica 585:The generators are divided into eight regions: 482: 3768:La Energía Eléctrica en la República Argentina 2933:La Energía Eléctrica en la República Argentina 2927: 2925: 1568:for the exploitation and commercialization of 1564:), a company managed by the national state of 1044:Empresa Distribuidora y Comercializadora Norte 401:transactions related to the electricity sector 4478: 4332: 4042: 3802: 3186: 3184: 2137:Norte Grande Electricity Transmission Program 1694: 977: 8: 4451:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2285: 2283: 2281: 2111:Renewable Energy in the Rural Market Project 1521:, electricity tariffs were converted to the 1323:, eliminated this bottleneck in March 2006. 1084:Empresa de Distribución Eléctrica de Tucumán 1009:Private and state-owned companies carry out 538:Category:Nuclear power stations in Argentina 90: 3051: 3049: 2840:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial 2160:Cámara Argentina de la Construcción, 2006. 2092:are the two small-scale existing projects. 4650: 4485: 4471: 4463: 4339: 4325: 4317: 4049: 4035: 4027: 3940: 3809: 3795: 3787: 3446:. World Commission on Dams. Archived from 2167:Coordinación de Energías Renovables, 2006. 1092:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Atlántica 954:Responsibilities in the Electricity Sector 499:Fossil (oil, gas, coal): 24,549 MW (61.3%) 4494:Renewable energy by country and territory 3026: 3024: 2607: 2605: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2357: 2355: 1972:regulatory function from policy setting. 1219:Hydroelectric power stations in Argentina 1070:Empresa Provincial de Energía de Santa Fé 78:Learn how and when to remove this message 3740:List of World Bank projects in Argentina 3676:Energy Office - Province of Buenos Aires 3018:Resolution 24/2008 Secretariat of Energy 2598:Coordinación de Energías Renovables 2006 2522:Cámara Argentina de la Construcción 2006 2251:Water supply and sanitation in Argentina 2193:Balance Energético Nacional. Avance 2006 1978: 1379: 1238: 1217:(For a comprehensive list of plants see 1141: 1106: 1066:Empresa Provincial de Energía de Córdoba 618: 511:Renewable (wind, solar): 2,903 MW (7.3%) 446:The electricity sector was unbundled in 3757:Energy Efficiency Programs and Projects 3384:"bp Statistical Review of World Energy" 2943: 2941: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2655:"Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE)" 2277: 301:Competitive supply to residential users 285:Share of private sector in distribution 277:Share of private sector in transmission 4138:2018–present Argentine monetary crisis 3762:Climate Change Scenarios for Argentina 2918:Parque Solar Fotovoltaico Cañada Honda 2865: 2863: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2334:"Potencia Instalada Energía Eléctrica" 2164:Consultor: Dr. Ing. Alberto del Rosso. 1827:Nuclear energy consumption 2011-2021 ( 1707:Fondo Nacional de la Energía Eléctrica 1088:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Norte 720: 709: 698: 634: 546:Thermal plants fueled by natural gas ( 149: 89: 4133:Argentine currency controls (2011–15) 3696:National Electricity Regulator (ENRE) 3686:Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE) 3253:Electric Power Federal Council (CFEE) 2957: 2955: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2241:Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002) 1381:Solar energy capacity 2014-2023 (MW) 1119:) and energy efficiency (through the 1013:in a competitive, mostly liberalized 768:Biogases from anaerobic fermantation 269:Share of private sector in generation 7: 2882:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" 2768:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" 2748:Coordinación de Energías Renovables 2715:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2024" 2681:"RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" 2143:Andean Development Corporation (CAF) 1660:Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies 1240:Wind energy capacity 2014-2023 (MW) 1096:Empresa Distribuidora de Energía Sur 946:Distribution and transmission losses 581:Argentina electricity supply by year 4347:Electricity sector in South America 3412:Kerr, Juliette (25 February 2011). 2266:2019 Argentina and Uruguay blackout 1143:Hydropower capacity 2014-2023 (MW) 1052:Empresa de Electricidad de la Plata 930:Interruption frequency and duration 902:Sistema de Interconexión Patagónico 542:List of power stations in Argentina 168:Average electricity use (2014) 2021:Responsibility for the environment 1558:Energía Argentina Sociedad Anónima 898:Sistema Argentino de Interconexión 372:Responsibility for the environment 25: 3918:National Atomic Energy Commission 2256:National Atomic Energy Commission 2184:Informe del Sector Eléctrico 2005 1683:History of the electricity sector 1588:Energy Plus and Gas Plus programs 1460:History of the electricity sector 1042:three private companies, Edenor ( 892:In Argentina, there are two main 364:Responsibility for policy-setting 293:Competitive supply to large users 4955: 4946: 4945: 4510:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4301: 3898:Argentine Interconnection System 3600:"Energy Efficiency Coordination" 3416:. Global Insight. Archived from 3079:"General Resolution No. 04/2008" 2574: 2220: 2206: 2060:emissions from fuel combustion. 888:Argentine Interconnection System 104:Electricity coverage (2016) 33: 2132:Inter-American Development Bank 2126:Inter-American Development Bank 2016:Electricity and the Environment 918: 344:Responsibility for transmission 180:Distribution losses (2014) 3893:2006 nuclear reactivation plan 2246:Argentine energy crisis (2004) 2078:Antonio Morán wind power plant 1121:Energy Efficiency Coordination 1048:Electricidad Distribuidora Sur 812:of electricity from the grid. 441:2002 Argentine economic crisis 314: 116:Installed capacity (2020) 111:total average in 2016: 98.2%) 1: 3867:Transportadora de Gas del Sur 3441:"World Bank Inspection Panel" 3219:"Diario Clarín,16th Aug 2008" 2190:Secretaría de Energía, 2007. 2181:Secretaria de Energía, 2006. 1817:Atucha II nuclear power plant 1639:Recent tariff increases, 2008 1117:Renewable Energy Coordination 1029:Transmission and distribution 882:Transmission and distribution 853:Demand and supply projections 572:Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant 463:Electricity supply and demand 352:Responsibility for regulation 3358:"National Atomic Commission" 3208:Resolutions ENRE 327, 328/08 1942:On the hydropower side, the 1834: 1384: 1243: 1146: 391:Yes (1998, modified in 2007) 215:Commercial and public sector 4982:Electric power in Argentina 3782:CNEA - Electricity Bulletin 3553:"Argentina - CO2 emissions" 3478:. ADPnews. 28 February 2011 3321:"Aristotelizar online news" 2313:www.nortonrosefulbright.com 2261:Renewable energy by country 2064:CDM projects in electricity 2050:International Energy Agency 1821:Embalse nuclear power plant 1319:under the framework of the 906:Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista 894:wide area synchronous grids 609:(LIT), Northeast (NEA) and 416:annual emissions reductions 320:Dominating 3 distributors: 53:. The specific problem is: 4998: 2467:Secretaría de Energía 2006 2118:long term. A reduction in 1993:75% of installed capacity 1985:Private participation (%) 1517:As a response to the 2001 1340:: 4 plants, 17,460 kW 1103:Renewable energy resources 885: 778: 756: 745: 734: 723: 681: 670: 659: 648: 637: 531: 228:Average residential tariff 49:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 4941: 4298: 4143:Historical exchange rates 3539:28 September 2007 at the 1633:compact fluorescent lamps 1334:: 6 plants, 6,100 kW 1021:(Argentina-Paraguay) and 795: 621: 359:) and provincial agencies 242:Average industrial tariff 3707:Electricity distributors 3042:La Nación 5 January 2008 2175:Oxford Analytica, 2006. 2120:greenhouse gas emissions 2033:Greenhouse gas emissions 1701:Investment and financing 1352:: 1 plant, 1,800 kW 1346:: 1 plant, 2,400 kW 1327:and total capacity was: 517:Nuclear: 1,755 MW (4.4%) 505:Hydro: 10,812 MW (27.0%) 4078:Railway nationalization 3067:La Nación 15 March 2008 2086:Aceitera General Deheza 860:electrical transmission 251:average in 2005: 0.107) 237:average in 2005: 0.115) 187:average in 2005: 13.6%) 3913:List of power stations 3199:Resolution ENRE 356/08 3056:La Nación 4 March 2008 2130:In November 2006, the 1939: 1465:The reforms of 1991/92 1358:: 1 plant, 400 kW 1112: 862:interconnections with 839:Electricity demand in 582: 489: 424:electricity sector in 380:Electricity sector law 244:(US$ /kW·h, 2006) 230:(US$ /kW·h, 2004) 91:Electricity sector of 55:inline external links. 4113:Railway privatisation 4074:Agricultural colonies 3393:(71st ed.). 2022 2963:"Standard and Poor's" 2382:Oxford Analytica 2006 1937: 1367:Wind power regime map 1332:Buenos Aires Province 1110: 959:Policy and regulation 917:in rural areas. (See 912:Access to electricity 597:(NOA), Center (CEN), 580: 488: 223:Tariffs and financing 192:Consumption by sector 4308:Argentina portal 4270:Provincial economies 4128:2008 farmers' strike 4058:Economy of Argentina 3908:Hydroelectric plants 2754:29 July 2007 at the 2109:in Argentina is the 2090:Norte III-B landfill 1531:Economy of Argentina 408:projects; 673,650 t 388:Renewable energy law 317:of service providers 60:improve this article 4265:Ministry of Economy 4108:Convertibility plan 3818:Energy in Argentina 3364:on 17 November 2007 3301:on 14 December 2007 3267:Cámara de Diputados 3091:on 19 February 2009 2826:. 7 September 2021. 2812:. 7 September 2021. 2619:on 30 November 2012 2539:on 21 December 2007 2340:on 1 September 2022 2096:External assistance 1832: 1802:(125 MW). Finally, 1382: 1344:Santa Cruz Province 1241: 1144: 978:Recent developments 919:World Bank projects 816:Imports and exports 746:Solar photovoltaic 95: 18:Energy in Argentina 4229:Telecommunications 3888:2004 energy crisis 3671:Energy Secretariat 3515:on 7 February 2007 2661:on 12 October 2007 1940: 1826: 1629:incandescent bulbs 1584:during the 1990s. 1545:Creation of Enarsa 1491:Electricity Market 1380: 1239: 1142: 1113: 1076:Private provincial 1015:electricity market 583: 558:plants (36%), and 490: 367:Energy Secretariat 4969: 4968: 4834: 4833: 4460: 4459: 4432:other territories 4314: 4313: 4123:2007–10 recession 4024: 4023: 4020: 4019: 3971:Piedra del Águila 3852:Energía Argentina 3734:External partners 3643:on 2 October 2007 3225:on 19 August 2008 3137:"Diario Panorama" 2870:Public works news 2493:on 26 August 2007 2439:"www.cammesa.com" 2013: 2012: 1927: 1926: 1675:Weighted averages 1580:that was largely 1449: 1448: 1350:La Pampa Province 1308: 1307: 1211: 1210: 1062:Public provincial 940:weighted averages 806: 805: 603:Gran Buenos Aires 420: 419: 355:National agency ( 261:Sector unbundling 88: 87: 80: 51:quality standards 42:This article may 16:(Redirected from 4989: 4959: 4949: 4948: 4892:French Polynesia 4651: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4452: 4440:Falkland Islands 4354:Sovereign states 4341: 4334: 4327: 4318: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4275:Provinces by HDI 4209:Defence industry 4118:1998–2002 crisis 4051: 4044: 4037: 4028: 3941: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3788: 3780: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3639:. Archived from 3633: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. Archived from 3596: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3549: 3543: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511:. Archived from 3505: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3476:((Google cache)) 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3420:on 13 March 2012 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3360:. Archived from 3354: 3348: 3346:Electroindustria 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3323:. Archived from 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3297:. Archived from 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3261: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221:. Archived from 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3165:. Archived from 3163:"Prensa Mendoza" 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3139:. Archived from 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3113:. Archived from 3111:"El Santafesino" 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3084:. Archived from 3083: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2999:ds200sdcig2a.com 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2968:. Archived from 2967: 2959: 2950: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2878: 2872: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2848:on 20 March 2016 2844:. Archived from 2834: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2657:. Archived from 2651: 2645: 2640: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2615:. Archived from 2609: 2600: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2535:. Archived from 2529: 2523: 2520: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2489:. Archived from 2483: 2468: 2465: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2398:. Archived from 2397: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2336:. Archived from 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2287: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2214:Argentina portal 2211: 2210: 2209: 2122:is also sought. 1979: 1833: 1736:Ongoing projects 1454:renewable energy 1383: 1369:for Argentina). 1356:Neuquen Province 1317:Línea Patagónica 1242: 1145: 1128:renewable energy 1080:Energía San Juan 997:are open to the 619: 516: 510: 504: 498: 481: 400: 316: 153: 140:renewable energy 96: 83: 76: 72: 69: 63: 37: 36: 29: 21: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4937: 4906: 4870: 4830: 4757: 4642: 4549: 4496: 4491: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4433: 4431: 4421: 4348: 4345: 4315: 4310: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4238: 4185: 4147: 4083:Five-Year Plans 4060: 4055: 4025: 4016: 3990: 3966:Néstor Kirchner 3932: 3876: 3820: 3815: 3778: 3753: 3736: 3709: 3667: 3665:Public entities 3662: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3606:on 29 July 2007 3598: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3541:Wayback Machine 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3453:on 13 June 2010 3450: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3169:on 29 July 2007 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3143:on 10 July 2011 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3117:on 26 June 2008 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3031:Decree 140/2007 3029: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2975:on 3 March 2016 2972: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2756:Wayback Machine 2745: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2587: 2575: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2471: 2466: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2443:www.cammesa.com 2437: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2289: 2288: 2279: 2274: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2157: 2145: 2128: 2103: 2098: 2075: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2052:, the actual CO 2047: 2043: 2035: 2023: 2018: 2009:75% of clients 1969: 1956: 1932: 1813: 1763:AES Corporation 1747: 1738: 1703: 1691: 1667: 1662: 1641: 1610: 1590: 1554:Néstor Kirchner 1547: 1519:economic crisis 1515: 1467: 1462: 1375: 1338:Chubut Province 1227: 1137: 1105: 1031: 1007: 961: 956: 948: 932: 927: 925:Service quality 914: 896:systems, SADI ( 890: 884: 855: 837: 818: 780:Total Renewable 699:Pumped Storage 638:Combined Cycle 626: 570:. In 2015, the 544: 530: 525: 524: 523: 522: 521: 520: 514: 508: 502: 496: 492: 491: 487: 479: 472: 465: 413: 339: 243: 229: 193: 162: 107:100% (total); ( 84: 73: 67: 64: 57: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4819:United Kingdom 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4668:Czech Republic 4665: 4659: 4657: 4655:European Union 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4280:Stock exchange 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4260:Infrastructure 4257: 4252: 4250:Argentine peso 4246: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3961:Jorge Cepernic 3958: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Electric power 3900: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:External links 3658: 3655: 3654: 3628: 3617: 3591: 3580: 3569: 3544: 3526: 3500: 3489: 3464: 3431: 3404: 3375: 3349: 3338: 3327:on 7 July 2011 3312: 3286: 3275:on 31 May 2011 3256: 3245: 3236: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3180: 3154: 3128: 3102: 3070: 3059: 3045: 3034: 3020: 3011: 2986: 2951: 2937: 2921: 2910: 2901: 2873: 2859: 2829: 2815: 2801: 2787: 2759: 2734: 2700: 2672: 2646: 2630: 2601: 2585: 2550: 2524: 2504: 2469: 2455: 2430: 2416: 2405:on 31 May 2011 2393:"Econométrica" 2384: 2375: 2351: 2325: 2300: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2217: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2165: 2156: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2127: 2124: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2073: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1968: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1812: 1809: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1702: 1699: 1690: 1687: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1640: 1637: 1609: 1606: 1589: 1586: 1546: 1543: 1523:Argentine peso 1514: 1511: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1374: 1371: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1310:The Argentine 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1226: 1223: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1136: 1133: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1073: 1050:) and Edelap ( 1030: 1027: 1006: 1003: 999:private sector 960: 957: 955: 952: 947: 944: 931: 928: 926: 923: 913: 910: 886:Main article: 883: 880: 854: 851: 836: 833: 817: 814: 804: 803: 800: 797: 793: 792: 787: 782: 776: 775: 772: 769: 765: 764: 761: 758: 754: 753: 750: 747: 743: 742: 739: 736: 732: 731: 728: 725: 722: 718: 717: 714: 711: 707: 706: 703: 700: 696: 695: 690: 685: 679: 678: 675: 672: 671:Diesel engine 668: 667: 664: 661: 660:Steam Turbine 657: 656: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 627:capacity (MW) 623: 560:nuclear plants 529: 526: 519: 518: 512: 506: 500: 493: 477: 476: 475: 474: 473: 468: 467: 466: 464: 461: 418: 417: 411: 402: 393: 392: 389: 385: 384: 381: 377: 376: 373: 369: 368: 365: 361: 360: 353: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 338: 337: 332: 327: 321: 318: 311: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 253: 252: 245: 239: 238: 231: 225: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 169: 165: 164: 160: 155: 146: 145: 142: 135: 134: 131: 124: 123: 117: 113: 112: 105: 101: 100: 86: 85: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4994: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911:South America 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4866:United States 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839:North America 4837: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4445:French Guiana 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4309: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219:Foreign trade 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190:Other sectors 4188: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944:Hydroelectric 3942: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Nuclear power 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857:Pampa Energía 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3449: 3442: 3439:Udall, Lori. 3435: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2722:www.irena.org 2716: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:public domain 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2372:. p. 11. 2371: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2228:Energy portal 2223: 2218: 2215: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2051: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2008: 2006:Distribution 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998:Transmission 1997: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1811:Nuclear power 1810: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1798:(125 MW) and 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745:Thermal power 1744: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1539:nominal terms 1536: 1535:energy crisis 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513:Tariff freeze 1512: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 982: 979: 973: 971: 967: 958: 953: 951: 945: 943: 941: 937: 929: 924: 922: 920: 911: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 881: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 852: 850: 847: 842: 834: 832: 830: 826: 821: 815: 813: 809: 801: 798: 794: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 777: 773: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 757:Landfill gas 755: 751: 748: 744: 740: 737: 735:Onshore wind 733: 729: 726: 719: 715: 712: 708: 704: 701: 697: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 683:Total Thermal 680: 676: 673: 669: 665: 662: 658: 654: 651: 647: 643: 640: 633: 629: 624: 620: 617: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 579: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:hydroelectric 553: 549: 543: 539: 535: 527: 513: 507: 501: 495: 494: 471: 462: 460: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 437: 431: 428: 427: 415: 407: 404:3 registered 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 319: 312: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 250: 246: 240: 236: 232: 226: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 156: 152: 147: 143: 141: 136: 132: 130: 129:fossil energy 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 94: 82: 79: 71: 61: 56: 52: 48: 47: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 4887:Cook Islands 4545:South Africa 4428:Dependencies 4361: 4290:Trade unions 4213: 4202:Central Bank 4093:Austral plan 3981:Salto Grande 3937:Power plants 3902: 3779:(in Spanish) 3767: 3647:24 September 3645:. Retrieved 3641:the original 3631: 3620: 3610:24 September 3608:. Retrieved 3604:the original 3594: 3583: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3556: 3547: 3529: 3519:24 September 3517:. Retrieved 3513:the original 3503: 3492: 3480:. Retrieved 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3448:the original 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3418:the original 3407: 3395:. Retrieved 3390: 3378: 3368:24 September 3366:. Retrieved 3362:the original 3352: 3341: 3331:24 September 3329:. Retrieved 3325:the original 3315: 3305:24 September 3303:. Retrieved 3299:the original 3289: 3279:24 September 3277:. Retrieved 3273:the original 3266: 3259: 3248: 3239: 3227:. Retrieved 3223:the original 3213: 3204: 3195: 3171:. Retrieved 3167:the original 3157: 3145:. Retrieved 3141:the original 3131: 3119:. Retrieved 3115:the original 3105: 3093:. Retrieved 3086:the original 3073: 3062: 3037: 3014: 3002:. Retrieved 2998: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2970:the original 2932: 2913: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2888: 2876: 2852:25 September 2850:. Retrieved 2846:the original 2839: 2832: 2818: 2804: 2790: 2778:. Retrieved 2774: 2762: 2747: 2725:. Retrieved 2721: 2691:. Retrieved 2687: 2675: 2665:28 September 2663:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2649: 2621:. Retrieved 2617:the original 2597: 2566:. Retrieved 2562: 2553: 2543:24 September 2541:. Retrieved 2537:the original 2527: 2497:24 September 2495:. Retrieved 2491:the original 2446:. Retrieved 2442: 2433: 2419: 2409:24 September 2407:. Retrieved 2400:the original 2387: 2378: 2369: 2342:. Retrieved 2338:the original 2328: 2316:. Retrieved 2312: 2303: 2294: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2150: 2146: 2129: 2104: 2067: 2036: 2024: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1954:Transmission 1948:Paraná River 1944:Yacyretá dam 1941: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1828: 1814: 1780: 1748: 1739: 1726: 1706: 1704: 1692: 1668: 1653:transmission 1650: 1646: 1642: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1598:cogeneration 1594:Energía Plus 1593: 1591: 1557: 1548: 1516: 1507:Buenos Aires 1499: 1488: 1484:distribution 1480:transmission 1472:Carlos Menem 1468: 1450: 1376: 1364: 1361: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1216: 1212: 1138: 1125: 1114: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039:distribution 1035:transmission 1032: 1023:Salto Grande 1008: 995:distribution 991:transmission 983: 974: 965: 962: 949: 933: 915: 905: 901: 897: 891: 856: 838: 825:Yaciretá Dam 822: 819: 810: 807: 789: 784: 779: 692: 687: 682: 649:Gas Turbine 615: 599:Buenos Aires 584: 552:fossil fuels 545: 469: 456:distribution 452:transmission 445: 432: 423: 421: 309:Institutions 194:(% of total) 74: 65: 58:Please help 54: 43: 26: 4897:New Zealand 4804:Switzerland 4733:Netherlands 4623:Philippines 4563:Afghanistan 4153:Agriculture 4098:Spring plan 3928:Vaca Muerta 3832:Camuzzi Gas 3557:index mundi 2623:30 November 2563:www.eia.gov 2448:18 February 1990:Generation 1782:located in 1775:Duke Energy 1574:natural gas 1068:), EPESFI ( 1046:), Edesur ( 970:spot market 724:Hydropower 622:Technology 605:(GBA-BAS), 434:1,000 199:Residential 62:if you can. 4851:Costa Rica 4723:Luxembourg 4598:Kazakhstan 4568:Bangladesh 4540:Seychelles 4103:BONEX plan 3976:Rio Grande 3588:World Bank 3391:www.bp.com 3190:Urgente 24 3004:20 January 2908:SENER 2007 2318:20 January 2295:World Bank 2107:World Bank 2101:World Bank 1930:Hydropower 1794:(540 MW), 1790:(270 MW), 1786:(540 MW), 1759:Total S.A. 1582:privatized 1476:generation 1135:Hydropower 1011:generation 1005:Generation 987:generation 721:Renewable 532:See also: 528:Generation 448:generation 383:Yes (1991) 207:Industrial 175:per capita 4918:Argentina 4882:Australia 4718:Lithuania 4618:Palestine 4593:Indonesia 4417:Venezuela 4362:Argentina 4255:Companies 4088:Rodrigazo 4007:Atucha II 3956:El Chocón 3862:Transener 3825:Companies 3701:Transener 3497:Na Nación 3295:"SIEMENS" 3229:26 August 2533:"El País" 2236:Argentina 2082:Patagonia 1982:Activity 1829:Exajoules 1767:Petrobras 1730:creditors 1689:Subsidies 1626:phase out 1570:petroleum 1566:Argentina 1551:President 1549:In 2004, 1527:inflation 1495:Patagonia 1312:Patagonia 1094:), EDES ( 1090:), EDEA ( 1086:): EDEN ( 1082:), EDET ( 841:Argentina 625:Installed 611:Patagonia 595:Northwest 426:Argentina 347:Transener 233:0.0380; ( 157:67.32 Mt 138:Share of 127:Share of 93:Argentina 68:June 2019 4976:Category 4951:Category 4933:Colombia 4856:Honduras 4824:Scotland 4743:Portugal 4633:Thailand 4613:Pakistan 4603:Malaysia 4520:Ethiopia 4407:Suriname 4397:Paraguay 4382:Colombia 4285:Taxation 4002:Atucha I 3986:Yacyretá 3637:"CAF(b)" 3562:20 April 3537:Archived 3173:18 April 3147:18 April 3121:18 April 3095:18 April 2979:27 April 2752:Archived 2613:"PERMER" 2200:See also 1796:Santa Fe 1788:Necochea 1784:Ensenada 1749:Two new 1556:created 1064:: EPEC ( 1019:Yacyretá 921:below). 872:Paraguay 785:13,802.4 710:Nuclear 635:Thermal 607:Littoral 256:Services 247:0.0386 ( 44:require 4875:Oceania 4814:Ukraine 4784:Iceland 4779:Belarus 4774:Armenia 4769:Albania 4708:Ireland 4703:Hungary 4693:Germany 4683:Finland 4678:Denmark 4663:Austria 4638:Vietnam 4535:Nigeria 4530:Morocco 4412:Uruguay 4387:Ecuador 4367:Bolivia 4234:Tourism 4197:Banking 4176:Whaling 4171:Tobacco 4076:· 4066:History 4012:Embalse 3995:Nuclear 3951:Alicurá 3482:3 March 3457:3 March 3424:3 March 3397:17 June 2727:17 June 2568:17 June 2370:CAMMESA 2155:Sources 2080:in the 1800:Córdoba 1792:Campana 1697:below. 1665:Tariffs 1503:Comahue 1207:11,364 1204:11,364 1201:11,351 1198:11,350 1195:11,316 1192:11,294 1189:11,249 1186:11,176 1183:11,114 1180:11,112 1078:: ESJ ( 876:Uruguay 799:41,951 727:10,370 641:13,120 613:(PAT). 593:(COM), 591:Comahue 589:(CUY), 564:Bolivia 554:(60%), 183:3.3%; ( 119:41,951 46:cleanup 4961:Portal 4923:Brazil 4902:Tuvalu 4861:Mexico 4846:Canada 4809:Turkey 4799:Russia 4794:Norway 4789:Kosovo 4753:Sweden 4738:Poland 4698:Greece 4688:France 4673:Cyprus 4647:Europe 4628:Taiwan 4578:Brunei 4573:Bhutan 4502:Africa 4392:Guyana 4372:Brazil 4224:Mining 4214:Energy 4166:Timber 3881:Topics 3847:Edesur 3842:Edenor 3723:Edelap 3718:Edesur 3713:Edenor 3625:CAF(a) 3577:UNFCCC 3509:"CFEE" 2894:19 May 2780:19 May 2693:19 May 2344:25 May 1804:Enarsa 1755:Endesa 1714:costs) 1578:market 1562:Enarsa 1445:1,408 1442:1,116 1439:1,080 1304:3,706 1301:3,310 1298:3,292 1295:2,624 1292:1,609 993:, and 874:, and 864:Brazil 835:Demand 796:Total 738:2,623 713:1,755 688:25,365 674:1,693 663:4,254 652:6,298 540:, and 515: 509: 503: 497: 335:Edelap 330:Edesur 325:Edenor 171:3,050 4928:Chile 4762:Other 4748:Spain 4728:Malta 4713:Italy 4608:Nepal 4588:India 4583:China 4525:Kenya 4515:Egypt 4377:Chile 4243:Other 3751:Other 3534:OLADE 3451:(PDF) 3444:(PDF) 3387:(PDF) 3089:(PDF) 3082:(PDF) 2973:(PDF) 2966:(PDF) 2889:IRENA 2885:(PDF) 2775:IRENA 2771:(PDF) 2718:(PDF) 2688:IRENA 2684:(PDF) 2487:"EIA" 2403:(PDF) 2396:(PDF) 2366:(PDF) 2272:Notes 2038:OLADE 2001:100% 1923:0.10 1920:0.10 1917:0.08 1914:0.06 1911:0.06 1908:0.08 1905:0.07 1902:0.05 1899:0.06 1896:0.06 1893:0.06 1529:(see 1413:2023 1410:2022 1407:2021 1404:2020 1401:2019 1398:2018 1395:2017 1392:2016 1389:2015 1386:2014 1373:Solar 1365:(See 1272:2023 1269:2022 1266:2021 1263:2020 1260:2019 1257:2018 1254:2017 1251:2016 1248:2015 1245:2014 1175:2023 1172:2022 1169:2021 1166:2020 1163:2019 1160:2018 1157:2017 1154:2016 1151:2015 1148:2014 868:Chile 771:28.5 760:21.9 730:24.5 666:10.1 655:15.0 644:31.3 133:60.5% 4555:Asia 4402:Peru 4181:Wine 4161:Beef 3649:2007 3612:2007 3564:2016 3521:2007 3484:2011 3459:2011 3426:2011 3399:2024 3370:2007 3333:2007 3307:2007 3281:2007 3231:2008 3175:2008 3149:2008 3123:2008 3097:2008 3006:2024 2981:2019 2948:ENRE 2896:2022 2854:2007 2782:2022 2729:2024 2695:2022 2667:2007 2625:2012 2570:2024 2545:2007 2499:2007 2450:2021 2411:2007 2346:2022 2320:2024 2025:The 1887:2021 1882:2020 1877:2019 1872:2018 1867:2017 1862:2016 1857:2015 1852:2014 1847:2013 1842:2012 1837:2011 1773:and 1751:CCGT 1693:See 1677:for 1572:and 1505:and 1482:and 1436:769 1433:447 1430:198 1289:751 1286:228 1283:188 1280:188 1277:188 1225:Wind 1037:and 1033:The 846:TW·h 802:100 790:33.0 774:0.1 763:0.1 752:1.8 749:759 741:6.3 716:4.2 705:2.3 702:974 693:60.5 677:4.0 587:Cuyo 568:TW·h 548:CCGT 454:and 422:The 357:ENRE 99:Data 4430:and 3872:YPF 2115:GEF 2070:CDM 1771:EDF 1679:LAC 1671:LAC 1619:CDM 1427:16 1424:16 1421:16 1418:16 1221:.) 936:LAC 908:). 406:CDM 398:CDM 315:No. 296:Yes 288:75% 272:75% 264:Yes 249:LAC 235:LAC 218:13% 210:45% 202:41% 185:LAC 173:kWh 151:GHG 144:33% 109:LAC 4978:: 3555:. 3389:. 3183:^ 3048:^ 3023:^ 2997:. 2954:^ 2940:^ 2924:^ 2887:. 2862:^ 2773:. 2737:^ 2720:. 2703:^ 2686:. 2633:^ 2604:^ 2588:^ 2561:. 2507:^ 2472:^ 2458:^ 2441:. 2368:. 2354:^ 2311:. 2293:. 2280:^ 2139:. 1831:) 1769:, 1765:, 1761:, 1757:, 1600:. 1478:, 1456:. 989:, 878:. 870:, 866:, 829:$ 630:% 536:, 450:, 443:. 436:MW 410:CO 304:No 280:0% 159:CO 121:MW 4486:e 4479:t 4472:v 4340:e 4333:t 4326:v 4050:e 4043:t 4036:v 3810:e 3803:t 3796:v 3651:. 3614:. 3566:. 3523:. 3486:. 3461:. 3428:. 3401:. 3372:. 3335:. 3309:. 3283:. 3269:" 3265:" 3233:. 3177:. 3151:. 3125:. 3099:. 3008:. 2983:. 2898:. 2856:. 2842:" 2838:" 2798:. 2784:. 2731:. 2697:. 2669:. 2627:. 2583:. 2572:. 2547:. 2501:. 2452:. 2427:. 2413:. 2348:. 2322:. 2297:. 2187:. 2074:2 2058:2 2054:2 2046:2 2042:2 1560:( 1098:) 1072:) 601:/ 414:e 412:2 161:2 81:) 75:( 70:) 66:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index