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Bri-Mathias; Hoque, Simi; Jenkins, Jesse; Jenn, Alan; Johansson, Daniel; Kaufman, Noah; Kiviluoma, Juha; Lin, Zhenhong; MacLean, Heather; Masanet, Eric; Masnadi, Mohammad; McMillan, Colin; Nock, Destenie; Patankar, Neha; Patino-Echeverri, Dalia; Schivley, Greg; Siddiqui, Sauleh; Smith, Amanda; Venkatesh, Aranya; Wagner, Gernot; Yeh, Sonia; Zhou, Yuyu (2020).
620:(DOE). NEMS computes equilibrium fuel prices and quantities for the US energy sector. To do so, the software iteratively solves a sequence of linear programs and nonlinear equations. NEMS has been used to explicitly model the demand-side, in particular to determine consumer technology choices in the residential and commercial building sectors.
555:
MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) is an integrated energy systems modeling platform, used to analyze energy, economic, and environmental issues at the global, national, and municipal level over time-frames of up to several decades. MARKAL can be used to quantify the impacts of policy options on technology
189:
structure and focus instead on the operational dynamics of the system. Single-year models normally embed considerable temporal (typically hourly resolution) and technical detail (such as individual generation plant and transmissions lines). Long-range models – cast over one or more decades (from
590:
The TIMES model generator was also developed under the Energy
Technology Systems Analysis Program (ETSAP). TIMES combines two different, but complementary, systematic approaches to modeling energy – a technical engineering approach and an economic approach. TIMES is a technology rich, bottom-up
136:
A wide variety of model types are in use. This section attempts to categorize the key types and their usage. The divisions provided are not hard and fast and mixed-paradigm models exist. In addition, the results from more general models can be used to inform the specification of more detailed
221:. Models may be recursive-dynamic, solving sequentially for each time interval, and thus evolving through time. Or they may be framed as a single forward-looking intertemporal problem, and thereby assume perfect foresight. Single-year engineering-based models usually attempt to minimize the
2627:
DeCarolis, Joseph; Jaramillo, Paulina; Johnson, Jeremiah; McCollum, David; Trutnevyte, Evelina; Daniels, David; Akın-Olçum, Gökçe; Bergerson, Joule; Cho, Soolyeon; Choi, Joon-Ho; Craig, Michael; de
Queiroz, Anderson; Eshraghi, Hadi; Galik, Christopher; Gutowski, Timothy; Haapala, Karl; Hodge,
528:
in the United States to plan for the economic impact of proposed electric transmission and generation facilities in FERC-regulated electric wholesale markets. Portions of the model may also be used for the commitment and dispatch phase (updated on 5 minute intervals) in operation of wholesale
2578:
Howells, Mark; Rogner, Holger; Strachan, Neil; Heaps, Charles; Huntington, Hillard; Kypreos, Socrates; Hughes, Alison; Silveira, Semida; DeCarolis, Joe; Bazillian, Morgan; Roehrl, Alexander (2011). "OSeMOSYS: the open source energy modeling system: an introduction to its ethos, structure and
251:
grow in importance, models have needed to adopt an hourly temporal resolution in order to better capture their real-time dynamics. Long-range models are often limited to calculations at yearly intervals, based on typical day profiles, and are hence less suited to systems with significant
1156:
Riahi, Keywan; Dentener, Frank; Gielen, Dolf; Grubler, Arnulf; Jewell, Jessica; Klimont, Zbigniew; Krey, Volker; McCollum, David; Pachauri, Shonali; Rao, Shilpa; Ruijven, Bas van; Vuuren, Detlef P van; Wilson, Charlie (2012). "Chapter 17: Energy pathways for sustainable development". In
501:'s (SEI) US Center. LEAP can be used to examine city, statewide, national, and regional energy systems. LEAP is normally used for studies of between 20–50 years. Most of its calculations occur at yearly intervals. LEAP allows policy analysts to create and evaluate alternative
362:
Electricity sector models are used to model electricity systems. The scope may be national or regional, depending on circumstances. For instance, given the presence of national interconnectors, the western
European electricity system may be modeled in its entirety.
651:
projects, often developing a diverse community as they proceed. OSeMOSYS is an example of such a model. The Open Energy
Outlook is an open community that has produced a long-term outlook of the U.S. energy system using the open-source TEMOA model.
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256:. Day-ahead dispatching optimization is used to aid in the planning of systems with a significant portion of intermittent energy production in which uncertainty around future energy predictions is accounted for using stochastic optimization.
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Unger, Thomas; Springfeldt, Per Erik; Tennbakk, Berit; Ravn, Hans; Havskjold, Monica; Niemi, Janne; Koljonen, Tiina; Fritz, Peter; Koreneff, Göran; Rydén, Bo; Lehtilä, Antti; Sköldberg, Håkan; Jakobsson, Tobias; Honkatukia, Juha (2010).
1930:
341:
Published surveys on energy system modeling have focused on techniques, general classification, an overview, decentralized planning, modeling methods, renewables integration, energy efficiency policies, electric vehicle integration,
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to produce a least-cost energy system, optimized according to a number of user-specified constraints, over the medium to long-term. It is used for "the exploration of possible energy futures based on contrasted scenarios".
373:
where appropriate. Some models (for instance, models for
Germany) may assume a single common bus or "copper plate" where the grid is strong. The demand-side in electricity sector models is typically represented by a fixed
423:
In addition to the electricity sector, energy system models include the heat, gas, mobility, and other sectors as appropriate. Energy system models are often national in scope, but may be municipal or international.
473:
This section lists some of the major models in use. These are typically run by national governments. In a community effort, a large number of existing energy system models were collected in model fact sheets on the
533:'s PROMOD is a similar software package. These ISO and RTO regions also utilize a GE software package called MARS (Multi-Area Reliability Simulation) to ensure the power system meets reliability criteria (a
966:
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researchers have also analyzed model typologies. A 2014 paper outlines the modeling challenges ahead as energy systems become more complex and human and social factors become increasingly relevant.
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software package called PSSE (Power System
Simulation for Engineering) analyzes load flow on the power system for short-circuits and stability during preliminary planning studies by RTOs and ISOs.
1232:
567:
TIMES (The
Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) is an evolution of MARKAL – both energy models have many similarities. TIMES succeeded MARKAL in 2008. Both models are technology explicit, dynamic
78:
is often used to determine the least-cost in some sense. Models can be international, regional, national, municipal, or stand-alone in scope. Governments maintain national energy models for
1965:
1696:
2293:
2743:
Göke, Leonard; Weibezahn, Jens; von
Hirschhausen, Christian (2023). "A collective blueprint, not a crystal ball: how expectations and participation shape long-term energy scenarios".
2268:
1446:
Connolly, David; Lund, Henrik; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Leahy, Marti (2010). "A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems".
105:, which also contain a representation of the world energy system and are used to examine global transformation pathways through to 2050 or 2100 are not considered here in detail.
1162:
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the present until say 2050) – attempt to encapsulate the structural evolution of the system and are used to investigate capacity expansion and energy system transition issues.
1565:
Mahmud, Khizir; Town, Graham E (15 June 2016). "A review of computer tools for modeling electric vehicle energy requirements and their impact on power distribution networks".
1330:
525:
521:
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Schimeczek, Christoph; Nienhaus, Kristina; Frey, Ulrich; Sperber, Evelyn; Sarfarazi, Seyedfarzad; Nitsch, Felix; Kochems, Johannes; Ghazi, A. Achraf El (17 April 2023).
905:
3001:
1087:
Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of
Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
867:
Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of
Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
769:
991:
Lunz, Benedikt; Stöcker, Philipp; Eckstein, Sascha; Nebel, Arjuna; Samadi, Sascha; Erlach, Berit; Fischedick, Manfred; Elsner, Peter; Sauer, Dirk Uwe (2016).
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that climate change mitigation will require a fundamental transformation of the energy supply system, including the substitution of unabated (not captured by
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1122:
2514:. Washington, DC, USA: US Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis, US Department of Energy. April 2015
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1659:
319:
98:
993:"Scenario-based comparative assessment of potential future electricity systems – A new methodological approach using Germany in 2050 as an example"
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1592:
van Ruijven, Bas; Urban, Frauke; Benders, René MJ; Moll, Henri C; van der Sluijs, Jeroen P; de Vries, Bert; van Vuuren, Detlef P (December 2008).
454:. Individual plants are characterized by their efficiency curves (also known as input/output relations), nameplate capacities, investment costs (
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of the model is an important consideration. Single-year models – set in either the present or the future (say 2050) – assume a non-evolving
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2941:
1661:
Coordinated use of energy system models in energy and climate policy analysis: lessons learned from the Nordic Energy Perspectives project
2468:"End use technology choice in the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS): an analysis of the residential and commercial building sectors"
229:. Long-range models, usually spanning decades, attempt to minimize both the short and long-run costs as a single intertemporal problem.
174:. A scenario is a coherent set of assumptions about a possible system. New scenarios are tested against a baseline scenario – normally
3059:
2053:
LEAP: Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System: a tool for energy policy analysis and climate change mitigation assessment – Flyer
683:
486:
LEAP, the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (formerly known as the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System) is a software tool for
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58:
to investigate different assumptions about the technical and economic conditions at play. Outputs may include the system feasibility,
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1190:
Bauer, Nico; Mouratiadou, Ioanna; Luderer, Gunnar; Baumstark, Lavinia; Brecha, Robert J; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Kriegler, Elmar (2016).
1046:
584:
264:
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Models may be limited in scope to the electricity sector or they may attempt to cover an energy system in its entirety (see below).
74:
of the system under investigation. A wide range of techniques are employed, ranging from broadly economic to broadly engineering.
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710:
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2400:
Informing energy and climate policies using energy systems models: insights from scenario analysis increasing the evidence base
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498:
323:
102:
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537:(LOLE) of no greater than 0.1 days per year). Further, a GE software package called PSLF (Positive Sequence Load Flow) and a
436:
3498:
2961:
2437:
786:
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Engineering-based models usually contain a good characterization of the technologies involved, including the high-voltage
280:
232:
The demand-side (or end-user domain) has historically received relatively scant attention, often modeled by just a simple
3344:
3298:
3293:
3260:
3038:
1780:
Agent-based simulation of electricity markets: a literature review — Working paper sustainability and innovation S5/2007
1378:
Hiremath, RB; Shikha, S; Ravindranath, NH (2007). "Decentralized energy planning: modeling and application — a review".
720:
475:
175:
117:
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1522:
561:
296:
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Producing hybrid top-down/bottom-up models to capture both the economics and the engineering has proved challenging.
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3229:
2902:
COST TD1207 Mathematical Optimization in the Decision Support Systems for Efficient and Robust Energy Networks wiki
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1166:
1090:
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244:
121:
94:
86:
31:
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energy and non-energy capital investment and labour market adjustment dynamics leading to economic restructuring
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534:
300:
288:
248:
113:
59:
949:
Flexibility concepts for the German power supply in 2050: ensuring stability in the age of renewable energies
647:, if not explicitly published. To improve transparency and public acceptance, some models are undertaken as
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1593:
1303:. Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. Archived from
739:
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As of 2015, the MARKAL and TIMES model generators are in use in 177 institutions spread over 70 countries.
3513:
3508:
3210:
2789:
2185:
2160:
2135:
2001:
1170:
462:). Some models allow for these parameters to depend on external conditions, such as ambient temperature.
237:
222:
1079:
859:
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3177:
700:
509:, and environmental impacts. As of June 2021, LEAP has over 6000 users in 200 countries and territories
210:
2064:
1778:
616:(National Energy Modeling System) is a long-standing United States government policy model, run by the
326:
or IAM) are not considered here in any detail. Integrated models combine simplified sub-models of the
3406:
3252:
2349:
1208:
1025:
Rachunok, Benjamin; Staid, Andrea; Watson, Jean-Paul; Woodruff, David L.; Yang, Dominic (June 2018).
734:
648:
260:
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to solve for redundancy in the specification of the system. Some of the techniques used derive from
71:
2006:
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3349:
3064:
1848:"AMIRIS: Agent-based Market model for the Investigation of Renewable and Integrated energy Systems"
704:
568:
455:
451:
432:
400:
367:
214:
198:
186:
30:
This article is about modeling energy systems. For the simulation of energy use in buildings, see
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2778:
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2651:
1957:
1911:
1828:
1632:
1224:
1060:
928:
906:"Improving deep decarbonization modelling capacity for developed and developing country contexts"
592:
580:
560:. The software was developed by the Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP) of the
557:
404:
382:
206:
202:
2803:
2937:
2402:. Lecture Notes in Energy. Vol. 30. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
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2411:
1867:
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1719:
1668:
1624:
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956:
874:
812:
Lai, Chun Sing; Locatelli, Giorgio; Pimm, Andrew; Wu, Xiaomei; Lai, Loi Lei (September 2020).
502:
459:
412:
396:
370:
171:
55:
1475:"Evaluating energy efficiency policies with energy-economy models — Report number LBNL-3862E"
663:, but it is necessary to understand that model results do not constitute future predictions.
236:. End-user energy demand curves, in the short-run at least, are normally found to be highly
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3462:
3380:
3151:
3146:
2762:
2641:
2588:
2481:
2446:
2403:
2398:
Giannakidis, George; Labriet, Maryse; Gallachóir, Brian Ó; Tosato, GianCarlot, eds. (2015).
2011:
1992:
1949:
1903:
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1820:
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1608:
1574:
1537:
1486:
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1345:
1258:
1216:
1034:
1031:
2018 IEEE International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS)
1004:
920:
835:
825:
576:
520:'s MAPS (Multi-Area Production Simulation) is a production simulation model used by various
517:
408:
338:
system in addition to the world energy system. Examples include GCAM, MESSAGE, and REMIND.
67:
2506:
992:
772:(Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) – an energy sector world simulation model
751:
3278:
3156:
3115:
3084:
2370:
Loulou, Richard; Remne, Uwe; Kanudia, Amit; Lehtila, Antti; Goldstein, Gary (April 2005).
1542:
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1199:
226:
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1212:
112:
has grown in importance. The energy supply sector is the largest contributor to global
3457:
3421:
3268:
3141:
1990:
Böhringer, Christoph; Rutherford, Thomas F (2008). "Combining bottom-up and top-down".
689:
347:
47:
2433:"The National Energy Modeling System: a large-scale energy-economic equilibrium model"
1192:"Global fossil energy markets and climate change mitigation – an analysis with REMIND"
3482:
3416:
3324:
3120:
3110:
2782:
2655:
2630:"Leveraging open-source tools for collaborative macro-energy system modeling efforts"
2467:
2029:
1915:
1636:
1474:
1027:"Stochastic Unit Commitment Performance Considering Monte Carlo Wind Power Scenarios"
730:
694:
636:
572:
487:
439:. General equilibrium models represent a specialized activity and require dedicated
386:
327:
90:
79:
51:
1961:
1847:
1832:
1228:
1064:
932:
858:
Bruckner, Thomas; Bashmakov, Igor Alexeyevic; Mulugetta, Yacob; et al. (2014).
225:
financial cost, while single-year market-based models use optimization to determine
2466:
Wilkerson, Jordan T; Cullenward, Danny; Davidian, Danielle; Weyant, John P (2013).
1612:
1578:
1459:
1008:
375:
233:
182:
1304:
924:
830:
813:
2921:
85:
Energy models are usually intended to contribute variously to system operations,
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2646:
2629:
2592:
2485:
2015:
1824:
754:(Integrated National Energy Modeling System) – a national energy model for China
714:
644:
640:
506:
392:
312:
276:
125:
97:
are explicitly excluded, although they too are sometimes called energy models.
17:
2766:
2700:
2451:
2432:
2371:
2322:
1748:. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting – Volume 4. Seattle, WA, USA: IEEE.
1715:
1425:
1391:
1038:
723:– database projects which collect, clean, and republish energy-related datasets
141:
of models. Models may, in general, need to capture "complex dynamics such as:
2866:
2825:
2407:
1953:
1929:
Bruckner, Thomas; Morrison, Robbie; Handley, Chris; Patterson, Murray (2003).
1907:
1473:
Mundaca, Luis; Neij, Lena; Worrell, Ernst; McNeil, Michael A (1 August 2010).
1349:
1220:
440:
27:
Process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them
2774:
1871:
1753:
1723:
1628:
1551:
1357:
1273:
2830:. London, United Kingdom: Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London
814:"A review on long-term electrical power system modeling with energy storage"
138:
2536:
Consulting with energy scenarios: requirements for scientific policy advice
686:– possible futures in which global warming is reduced by deliberate actions
2542:. Berlin, Germany: acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering.
955:. Berlin, Germany: acatech – National Academy of Science and Engineering.
635:
Public policy energy models have been criticized for being insufficiently
2911:
2508:
Annual energy outlook 2015: with projections to 2040 – DOE/EIA-0383(2015)
1746:
Strategic bidding in competitive electricity markets: a literature survey
1157:
Gomez-Echeverri, L; Johansson, TB; Nakicenovic, N; Patwardhan, A (eds.).
840:
331:
268:
1863:
1777:
Sensfuß, Frank; Ragwitz, Mario; Genoese, Massimo; Möst, Dominik (2007).
3221:
2844:
00:11:42. Presentation to Climate forecasting for energy workshop on 4
1594:"Modeling energy and development: an evaluation of models and concepts"
575:. In both cases, the equilibrium is determined by maximizing the total
538:
335:
292:
2690:
DeCarolis, Joseph; Hunter, Kevin; Sreepathi, Sarat (21–23 June 2010).
1807:"A critical survey of agent-based wholesale electricity market models"
1620:
1500:
1056:
1026:
3022:
3017:
2991:
1521:
Mundaca, Luis; Neij, Lena; Worrell, Ernst; McNeil, Michael A (2010).
807:
805:
775:
KAPSARC Energy Model - an energy sector model for Saudi Arabia
757:
550:
308:
272:
218:
1697:"Energy systems modeling for twenty-first century energy challenges"
2757:
2693:
The TEMOA project: tools for energy model optimization and analysis
1297:
Classification of energy models — FEW Research Memorandum — Vol 777
304:
93:
development. This page concentrates on policy models. Individual
2946:
2931:
1931:"High-resolution modeling of energy-services supply systems using
1523:"Evaluating energy efficiency policies with energy-economy models"
1329:
Bhattacharyya, Subhes C; Timilsina, Govinda R (23 November 2010).
284:
1259:"Mathematical modeling and simulation methods in energy systems"
63:
3225:
2950:
1695:
Pfenninger, Stefan; Hawkes, Adam; Keirstead, James (May 2014).
450:
capture the engineering well and often rely on techniques from
2914:
energy model from the Department of Development and Planning,
2872:
Berit Erlach explains energy system modeling in everyday terms
2827:
Open energy system modelling for climate scientists and others
530:
1161:. Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA:
108:
Energy modeling has increased in importance as the need for
2907:
381:
Market-based models, in addition, represent the prevailing
2722:
2606:
2431:
Gabriel, Steven A; Kydes, Andy S; Whitman, Peter (1999).
792:
Introductory video with reference to public policy
697:– the interpretation of the energy sector in system terms
2927:
2240:"NYISO Notice to Stakeholders of Request for MAPS data"
2089:
1124:
Integrated assessment models for climate change control
899:
897:
785:
Introductory video on open energy system modeling with
2379:. Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP)
1159:
Global energy assessment: toward a sustainable future
2294:"New York State Resource Planning Analysis (NYSPSC)"
1163:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
853:
851:
54:
in order to analyze them. Such models often employ
3435:
3389:
3363:
3307:
3259:
3170:
3134:
3093:
3052:
3031:
3010:
2984:
2889:
June 2019 in Berlin, Germany. Reference LP-001-01.
1089:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:
869:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:
431:are broadly economic in nature and based on either
2607:"OSeMOSYS: an open-source energy modelling system"
2922:Open Energy Modelling Initiative open models page
2533:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016).
1935:: overview and application to policy development"
1338:International Journal of Energy Sector Management
946:acatech; Lepoldina; Akademienunion, eds. (2016).
128:conversion technologies by low-GHG alternatives.
1078:Clarke, Leon; Jiang, Kejun; et al. (2014).
643:and data sets should at least be available for
490:analysis, air pollution abatement planning and
443:. Partial equilibrium models are more common.
2934:framework that allows the public to experiment
1080:"Chapter 6: Assessing transformation pathways"
1020:
1018:
717:energy modeling initiative, centered on Europe
178:(BAU) – and the differences in outcome noted.
3237:
2962:
2090:"LEAP: tools for sustainable energy analysis"
160:infrastructure deployment and urban planning"
8:
1266:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
1257:Bahn, O; Haurie, A; Zachary, DS (May 2005).
2324:A comparison of the TIMES and MARKAL models
1744:David, AK; Wen, Fushuan (16–20 July 2000).
1121:Kelly, David L; Kolstad, Charles D (1998).
680:– actions to limit long-term climate change
564:(IEA) over a period of almost two decades.
346:, and the use of layered models to support
137:models, and vice versa, thereby creating a
3244:
3230:
3222:
2969:
2955:
2947:
2875:. Berlin, Germany: Löschwasser Productions
2373:Documentation for the TIMES model – Part I
1530:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1479:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
529:electric markets for RTO and ISO regions.
505:and to compare their energy requirements,
2756:
2645:
2450:
2005:
1541:
1490:
1174:
839:
829:
766:– the US government national energy model
2030:"Open Energy Platform: Model Factsheets"
1704:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1414:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1380:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
583:. Both MARKAL and TIMES are written in
322:-style integrated models (also known as
2824:Hilbers, Adriaan P (19 December 2020).
801:
3412:Construction and management simulation
2930:— an online "toy" model utilizing the
2186:"GE Power System Load Flow Simulation"
2161:"GE Multi-Area Reliability Simulation"
2865:Morrison, Robbie (22 December 2020).
2136:"GE Multi-Area Production Simulation"
1805:Weidlich, Anke; Veit, Daniel (2008).
1543:10.1146/annurev-environ-052810-164840
1492:10.1146/annurev-environ-052810-164840
1405:Jebaraj, S; Iniyan, S (August 2006).
1294:Van Beeck, Nicole MJP (August 1999).
352:Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project
7:
3448:List of computer simulation software
2942:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
2904:– a typology for optimization models
1786:. Karlsruhe, Germany: Fraunhofer ISI
904:Pye, Steve; Bataille, Chris (2016).
3060:Climate change mitigation scenarios
1885:Abrell, Jan; Weigt, Hannes (2012).
684:Climate change mitigation scenarios
522:Regional Transmission Organizations
2868:Energy system models explained: Dr
2745:Energy Research and Social Science
1331:"A review of energy system models"
627:each year – for instance in 2015.
25:
1033:. Boise, ID: IEEE. pp. 1–6.
3206:
3205:
3196:
3195:
2850:
2788:
1268:. Oxford, UK: EOLSS Publishers.
711:Open Energy Modelling Initiative
213:. Solvers may use classical or
170:Most energy models are used for
3376:Integrated assessment modelling
3126:Integrated assessment modelling
2063:(SEI) US Center. Archived from
2061:Stockholm Environment Institute
1852:Journal of Open Source Software
609:National Energy Modeling System
499:Stockholm Environment Institute
407:and analyze the integration of
2938:Building Energy Modeling Tools
2924:– a list of open energy models
2111:"ABB PROMOD Market Simulation"
1895:Networks and Spatial Economics
1667:. Stockholm, Sweden: Elforsk.
1613:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.011
1579:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.100
1460:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.026
1009:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.087
399:are used to capture and study
1:
2701:International Energy Workshop
2211:"NYSRC 2018 IRM Study Report"
1942:Annals of Operations Research
925:10.1080/14693062.2016.1173004
831:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124298
818:Journal of Cleaner Production
577:consumer and producer surplus
3345:Hydrological transport model
3299:Protein structure prediction
3294:Modelling biological systems
3039:Open energy system databases
2220:. 8 December 2017. p. 2
721:Open energy system databases
623:NEMS is used to produce the
591:model generator, which uses
526:Independent System Operators
324:integrated assessment models
154:firm and household behaviour
103:integrated assessment models
3289:Metabolic network modelling
3106:Electric power transmission
2647:10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.002
2593:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.033
2486:10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.023
2016:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004
1887:"Combining energy networks"
1825:10.1016/j.eneco.2008.01.003
1407:"A review of energy models"
860:"Chapter 7: Energy systems"
562:International Energy Agency
245:intermittent energy sources
95:building energy simulations
46:is the process of building
3550:
3402:Business process modelling
2767:10.1016/j.erss.2023.102957
2452:10.1287/opre.49.1.14.11195
2190:www.geenergyconsulting.com
2165:www.geenergyconsulting.com
2140:www.geenergyconsulting.com
1716:10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.003
1426:10.1016/j.rser.2004.09.004
1392:10.1016/j.rser.2005.07.005
1167:Cambridge University Press
1091:Cambridge University Press
1039:10.1109/PMAPS.2018.8440563
871:Cambridge University Press
606:
548:
497:LEAP was developed at the
32:building energy simulation
29:
3524:Mathematical optimization
3274:Chemical process modeling
3191:
3075:Mathematical optimization
3044:Open energy system models
2885:Video 00:13:17. Filmed 9
2408:10.1007/978-3-319-16540-0
1908:10.1007/s11067-011-9160-0
1350:10.1108/17506221011092742
1221:10.1007/s10584-013-0901-6
727:Open energy system models
678:Climate change mitigation
507:social costs and benefits
492:climate change mitigation
358:Electricity sector models
344:international development
254:variable renewable energy
207:mixed-integer programming
195:mathematical optimization
148:technology stock turnover
110:climate change mitigation
76:Mathematical optimization
3320:Chemical transport model
3284:Infectious disease model
1754:10.1109/PESS.2000.866982
556:development and natural
535:loss of load expectation
458:), and operating costs (
249:energy demand management
114:greenhouse gas emissions
60:greenhouse gas emissions
2059:. Somerville, MA, USA:
1954:10.1023/A:1023359303704
789:language example
740:Power system simulation
513:Power system simulation
145:energy system operation
2804:"KAPSARC Energy Model"
1169:. pp. 1203–1306.
44:energy system modeling
3519:Mathematical modeling
3494:Computational science
3489:Climate change policy
3453:Mathematical modeling
3397:Biopsychosocial model
3178:Energy Modeling Forum
2670:"Open energy outlook"
733:models that are also
707:-based modeling forum
701:Energy Modeling Forum
625:Annual Energy Outlook
211:nonlinear programming
209:), although some use
151:technology innovation
3499:Computer programming
3407:Catastrophe modeling
3253:Scientific modelling
873:. pp. 511–597.
649:open-source software
618:Department of Energy
476:Open Energy Platform
419:Energy system models
385:, which may include
215:genetic optimisation
3350:Modular Ocean Model
3065:Computer simulation
2703:. Stockholm, Sweden
2559:on 21 December 2016
2438:Operations Research
1864:10.21105/joss.05041
1213:2016ClCh..136...69B
705:Stanford University
569:partial equilibrium
452:operations research
437:general equilibrium
433:partial equilibrium
405:electricity markets
199:operations research
3443:Data visualization
3427:Input–output model
3340:Hydrological model
3330:Geologic modelling
3183:openmod initiative
3101:Electricity market
2916:Aalborg University
2303:. 17 December 2015
1310:on 27 January 2017
1238:on 27 January 2017
593:linear programming
581:linear programming
558:resource depletion
469:Established models
409:renewable energies
401:strategic behavior
397:agent-based models
383:electricity market
348:climate protection
330:, agriculture and
203:linear programming
87:engineering design
3476:
3475:
3355:Wildfire modeling
3335:Groundwater model
3315:Atmospheric model
3219:
3218:
3080:Scenario analysis
2640:(12): 2523–2526.
2587:(10): 5850–5870.
2549:978-3-8047-3550-7
2417:978-3-319-16540-0
1674:978-91-978585-9-5
1607:(12): 2801–2821.
1601:World Development
1100:978-1-107-65481-5
1085:. In IPCC (ed.).
972:on 6 October 2016
962:978-3-8047-3549-1
880:978-1-107-65481-5
865:. In IPCC (ed.).
760:– an energy model
413:energy transition
371:transmission grid
334:, and the global
201:. Most rely on
193:Models often use
176:business-as-usual
172:scenario analysis
72:energy efficiency
56:scenario analysis
16:(Redirected from
3541:
3504:Economics models
3468:Visual analytics
3463:Systems thinking
3381:Population model
3246:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3209:
3208:
3201:Economics models
3199:
3198:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2848:December 2020.
2847:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2760:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2698:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2552:. Archived from
2541:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2473:Energy Economics
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:on 8 August 2017
2069:
2058:
2050:SEI (May 2012).
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1993:Energy Economics
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1964:. Archived from
1948:(1–4): 151–180.
1939:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1819:(4): 1728–1759.
1812:Energy Economics
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1454:(4): 1059–1082.
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1231:. Archived from
1196:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1130:. Archived from
1129:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1084:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1022:
1013:
1012:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
971:
965:. Archived from
954:
943:
937:
936:
910:
901:
892:
891:
889:
887:
864:
855:
846:
845:
843:
833:
809:
660:
655:Not a criticism
518:General Electric
448:bottom-up models
311:. Occasionally
163:
68:natural resource
21:
18:Energy modelling
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3431:
3385:
3371:Energy modeling
3359:
3303:
3279:Ecosystem model
3255:
3250:
3220:
3215:
3187:
3166:
3130:
3116:Energy planning
3089:
3085:System dynamics
3070:Energy modeling
3048:
3027:
3006:
2980:
2978:Energy modeling
2975:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2273:www.siemens.com
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2007:10.1.1.184.8384
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1200:Climatic Change
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1176:10.1.1.434.4160
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1137:on 30 June 2016
1134:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1049:
1024:
1023:
1016:
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
969:
963:
952:
945:
944:
940:
919:(S1): S27–S46.
908:
903:
902:
895:
885:
883:
881:
862:
857:
856:
849:
811:
810:
803:
799:
782:
780:Further reading
669:
658:
633:
611:
605:
553:
547:
515:
484:
471:
429:top-down models
421:
411:as part of the
360:
227:market clearing
161:
134:
64:financial costs
48:computer models
40:Energy modeling
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3534:Systems theory
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Systems theory
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3436:Related topics
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3422:Economic model
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3364:Sustainability
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Cellular model
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Hartmut Bossel
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2905:
2897:
2896:External links
2894:
2892:
2891:
2857:
2816:
2795:
2735:
2714:
2682:
2661:
2619:
2598:
2579:development".
2570:
2548:
2525:
2498:
2458:
2423:
2416:
2390:
2362:
2341:
2314:
2285:
2269:"Siemens PSSE"
2260:
2231:
2202:
2177:
2152:
2127:
2102:
2081:
2042:
2021:
2000:(2): 574–596.
1982:
1971:on 12 May 2016
1921:
1902:(3): 377–401.
1877:
1838:
1797:
1769:
1762:
1736:
1687:
1673:
1649:
1584:
1567:Applied Energy
1557:
1536:(1): 305–344.
1513:
1465:
1448:Applied Energy
1438:
1420:(4): 281–311.
1397:
1386:(5): 729–752.
1370:
1344:(4): 494–518.
1321:
1286:
1249:
1182:
1148:
1113:
1099:
1070:
1047:
1014:
997:Applied Energy
983:
961:
938:
913:Climate Policy
893:
879:
847:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
767:
761:
755:
743:
742:
737:
729:– a review of
724:
718:
708:
698:
692:
690:Economic model
687:
681:
668:
665:
632:
629:
607:Main article:
604:
601:
573:energy markets
549:Main article:
546:
543:
514:
511:
483:
480:
470:
467:
420:
417:
359:
356:
165:
164:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
133:
130:
52:energy systems
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3546:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Energy policy
3512:
3510:
3509:Energy models
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Crime mapping
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Climate model
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:Environmental
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3212:
3211:Energy models
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:Organizations
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Mark Jacobson
3150:
3148:
3147:Joe DeCarolis
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Energy policy
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Energy market
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
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