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and fourth entering the eye, the last sometimes divided; anterior chin-shields rather indistinct, separated. Scales with a tubercle or keel, in 50–70 rows; ventrals 230–314, slightly enlarged. The snake is usually uniformly dark grey above; sides and lower parts whitish. Young specimens olive or grey with black transverse bands, broadest in the middle. Length of head and body 1110 mm; tail 190 mm.
834:
44:
445:
They are active both during the day and at night. They are able to dive up to 100 m and stay underwater for a maximum of five hours before resurfacing. Sea snakes are equipped with glands to eliminate excess salt. They are venomous and notably aggressive, with some herpetologists describing them as
321:
scale is longer than broad, and is in contact with four shields; frontal more long than broad, shorter than the parietals; nasals in contact with the two anterior labials; sometimes partially divided; one pre- and one or two postoculars; temporals l–3; seven or eight upper labials, fourth or third
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studies. The average venom yield per bite is approximately 7.9–9.0 mg, while the lethal human dose is estimated to be 1.5 mg.
635:
268:
A hook-nosed sea snake seen on
Arossim Beach, South Goa, India. This snake was found in a fishing net and later released to the sea.
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357:(Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates), south of the
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446:"cantankerous and savage". About 1.5 milligrams of its venom is estimated to be lethal.
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442:. They are amongst the most common of the 20 kinds of sea snakes found in that region.
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fox News, Deadliest sea snake splits in two, By
Douglas Main,, December 11, 2012
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465:. This widespread species is responsible for the vast majority of deaths from
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Rooij, Nelly de 1917 Reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago. E J Brill
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Voris, Harold K. (1985). "Population size estimates for a marine snake (
959:
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377:(coasts from Gujarat to West Bengal and Andaman & Nicobar Island),
129:
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These snakes are generally found in the coast and coastal islands of
109:
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Smith, M. A. 1941. Fauna of
British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.
439:
374:
149:
1153:
588:. (online 2012): Molecular evidence that the deadliest sea snake
509:
Rasmussen, A.; Sanders, K.; Lobo, A. & Courtney, T. (2018) .
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592:(Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) consists of two convergent species.
426:, due to DNA tests that have shown they are not related to
790:(2nd ed.). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
768:. New South Wales: University of New South Wales Press.
656:
654:
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The venom of this species is made up of highly potent
301:. This species is implicated in more than 50% of all
1071:
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305:caused by sea snakes, as well as the majority of
534:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176719A136258180.en
469:bites (up to 90% of all sea snake bites). The
8:
630:. NSW, Australia: UNSW Press. p. 121.
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42:
31:
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667:. New Jersey, USA: Princeton U Press.
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594:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
788:Venomous Snakes: Envenoming, Therapy
476:value is 0.1125 mg/kg based on
420:are now provisionally identified as
1228:Taxa named by François Marie Daudin
1203:IUCN Red List least concern species
810:Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide
520:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
293:, is a highly venomous species of
25:
832:
86:
297:common throughout the tropical
449:Their principal food is fish.
1:
853:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
664:Venomous Snakes of the World
602:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.031
1244:
1223:Reptiles described in 1803
729:February 1, 2012, at the
624:Heatwole, Harold (1987).
224:
217:
198:
191:
83:Scientific classification
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
724:LD50 of Beaked Sea Snake
277:, commonly known as the
747:April 13, 2012, at the
527:: e.T176719A136258180.
806:Whitaker, Romulus Earl
786:Valenta, Jiri (2010).
269:
764:Heatwole, H. (1999).
661:O'Shea, Mark (2005).
291:Valakadeyan sea snake
267:
1218:Reptiles of Pakistan
1073:Hydrophis schistosus
907:Hydrophis schistosus
812:. Delhi: Macmillan.
513:Hydrophis schistosus
434:Habitat and behavior
283:hook-nosed sea snake
274:Hydrophis schistosus
244:Hydrophis schistosus
202:Hydrophis schistosus
36:Hydrophis schistosus
934:enhydrina-schistosa
921:Enhydrina_schistosa
877:Enhydrina schistosa
848:Enhydrina schistosa
840:Enhydrina schistosa
773:Enhydrina schistosa
590:Enhydrina schistosa
428:Enhydrina schistosa
349:It is found in the
341:meaning net biter.
236:Enhydrina schistosa
53:Conservation status
18:Enhydrina schistosa
700:"Beaked Sea Snake"
423:Enhydrina zweifeli
410:Northern Territory
270:
228:Disteira schistosa
184:H. schistosus
1190:
1189:
1020:Open Tree of Life
869:Taxon identifiers
858:The Reptile House
797:978-1-60876-618-5
674:978-0-691-15023-9
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16:(Redirected from
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837:Data related to
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702:. Archived from
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677:. Archived from
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309:and fatalities.
287:common sea snake
279:beaked sea snake
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252:Hydrus valakadyn
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706:on 2010-11-18
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782:(4): 955–961
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758:Bibliography
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719:
708:. Retrieved
704:the original
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683:. Retrieved
679:the original
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641:. Retrieved
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555:Valenta 2010
550:
538:. Retrieved
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404:Snakes from
403:
355:Persian Gulf
348:
345:Distribution
334:
329:is from the
327:Vala Kadiyan
326:
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299:Indo-Pacific
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1033:SeaLifeBase
968:iNaturalist
901:Wikispecies
459:neurotoxins
351:Arabian Sea
313:Description
307:envenomings
1197:Categories
1167:schistosus
766:Sea Snakes
710:2011-10-08
685:2011-10-08
627:Sea Snakes
484:References
478:toxicology
418:New Guinea
414:Queensland
383:Bangladesh
367:South Asia
363:Madagascar
359:Seychelles
255:Boie, 1827
146:Suborder:
1208:Hydrophis
1088:Q44298978
742:LD50 Menu
489:Footnotes
467:sea snake
463:myotoxins
406:Australia
379:Sri Lanka
339:Malayalam
335:valakadyn
333:word and
325:The name
295:sea snake
289:, or the
178:Species:
171:Hydrophis
150:Serpentes
106:Kingdom:
100:Eukaryota
1082:Wikidata
986:11123750
892:Q2092017
886:Wikidata
808:(1978).
745:Archived
727:Archived
540:9 August
395:Thailand
371:Pakistan
219:Synonyms
160:Elapidae
156:Family:
140:Squamata
130:Reptilia
120:Chordata
116:Phylum:
110:Animalia
96:Domain:
73:IUCN 3.1
1180:1377440
1154:1377440
1115:1057592
1048:8046545
960:2449478
947:1056911
851:at the
818:4638773
643:30 July
399:Vietnam
391:Myanmar
319:rostral
212:, 1803)
166:Genus:
136:Order:
126:Class:
71: (
1128:176719
1061:344038
1045:uBio:
1025:262273
999:700505
973:318698
929:ARKive
816:
794:
777:Copeia
671:
634:
416:) and
210:Daudin
1175:WoRMS
1102:3N8BV
1056:WoRMS
1038:83922
1012:99351
981:IRMNG
586:et al
453:Venom
440:India
375:India
331:Tamil
303:bites
1149:OBIS
1141:8682
1136:NCBI
1123:IUCN
1110:ITIS
994:ITIS
955:GBIF
814:OCLC
792:ISBN
780:1985
669:ISBN
645:2020
632:ISBN
542:2023
525:2018
461:and
412:and
381:and
361:and
353:and
317:The
1097:CoL
942:EoL
916:ADW
598:doi
529:doi
401:).
385:),
337:in
285:,
1199::
1177::
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1162:RD
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653:^
596:,
523:.
517:.
497:^
473:50
471:LD
430:.
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281:,
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544:.
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408:(
389:(
369:(
208:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
