395:
445:
122:
202:
103:
512:
1177:
2033:
145:
1167:
33:
503:
accelerated his efforts. The specific recommendations he submitted to
Congress, most of which were subsequently adopted, included greater safeguards for the accused, changes in the composition and powers of special courts-martial, and the addition of an authority in the President to reverse or alter any court-martial sentence found to have been adjudged erroneously.
441:, Major John H. Wigmore, Major Charles B. Warren, Captain M. C. Cramer, and Lieutenant Colonel E. A. Kreger. Although offered a promotion to the rank of lieutenant general in 1918, General Crowder, mindful of public and Congressional opposition to “swivel chair” generals, refused the promotion, seeking instead a field command.
475:
issued the "work or fight" order, and
Crowder became in charge of executing the order which mandated that virtually every activity in the country support the war effort. Crowder was also instrumental in ensuring that the United States applied the laws of war to German prisoners of war, and he sought
502:
After the war, General
Crowder found himself, along with the entire military justice system, the center of a storm of controversy, stemming from charges that the military justice system was "un-American." Crowder, a perceptive critic of the system who had already commenced work on needed reform, now
576:
The
President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General Enoch Herbert Crowder, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the
531:
before a U.S. bank would make a critical loan to the Cuban government. Once the loan was made, Zayas undid those reforms and appointments. Nevertheless, Crowder retired from the army on
February 14, 1923, and on the same day was appointed the first Ambassador from the United States to Cuba, a post
346:
with his legal acumen. Taft had
Crowder serve as a de facto advisor to the Vatican's counsel regarding the transfer of "friars' lands" to Philippine nationals in an attempt to create a system of indigenous land ownership in the hopes that the people of the Philippines would have a stake in their
369:
In 1910, he represented the United States at the Fourth Pan
American Conference in Buenos Aires and in that capacity made official visits to Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama. On February 11, 1911, after studying the military justice and penal systems of France and England on a European
385:
As Judge
Advocate General, General Crowder initiated a number of innovations, including the regular publication of Judge Advocate General opinions; the issuance of a new digest (published in 1912) of all JAG opinions issued since 1862; and a program for the legal education of line officers at
527:, Crowder went to Cuba to advise on revisions to the election laws which he had helped write years earlier. He stayed for several years with the U.S. title Special Representative of the President and imposed reforms and appointments on the government of President
350:
Impressed with the ability
Crowder had demonstrated in the Philippines, Judge Advocate General Davis in 1901 called him to Washington to serve as deputy judge advocate general. In this capacity, Crowder assisted in the prosecution of the then noteworthy Deming
310:
Upon completion of this detail, Lieutenant
Crowder returned to the 8th Cavalry at Fort Yates, Dakota Territory, where he participated in the final campaign against Sitting Bull. In 1891, upon his promotion to captain he accepted a position as the acting
931:
Joshua Kastenberg, To Raise and Discipline an Army: Major General Enoch Crowder, the Judge Advocate General's Office, and the Realignment of Civil and Military Relations in World War I. DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press,
2101:
468:. As Judge Advocate General, he supervised the administration of military justice in the army during the period when the number of general courts-martial rose from 6,200 in 1917 to over 20,000 in 1918. In 1918, the offices of
1792:
1133:
338:. He also served on the commission which arranged the Spanish surrender of the Philippines. During his service in the Philippines, he filled many important posts in the military government of the Islands, specializing in
1917:
386:
government expense. He additionally supervised the revision of the Articles of War for the first time since 1874, revised the Manual for Courts-Martial and took an active part in prison reform in the army.
2091:
614:
His record as Judge Advocate General and his later record as Provost Marshal General have constituted a page in the history of our Army upon which we can all look with deep satisfaction and admiration.
342:. In 1899, he headed the Board of Claims, served on the Philippine Supreme Court, and drafted the new Philippine criminal code. While in the Philippines, Crowder impressed then Governor General
1155:
434:
and supervised the draft – the registration, classification, and induction – of all American men who were 18–30 years of age into the armed services – over 2,800,000 men during the war.
2116:
2081:
577:
United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, as Provost Marshal General in the preparation and operation of the draft laws of the Nation during the war.
2071:
1538:
1263:
540:
From 1927 until his death in 1932, General Crowder was engaged in the private practice of law in Chicago. Crowder died in Washington, D.C., on May 7, 1932. He was buried at
437:
The officers who served under General Crowder during this period are legion. Among these are the following: Major Hugh S. Johnson, Major Cassius Dowell, Lieutenant Colonel
1827:
2066:
1614:
1318:
1311:
1722:
1207:
1197:
224:
168:
727:
To Raise and Discipline an Army: Major General Enoch Crowder, the Judge Advocate General's Office, and the Realignment of Civil and Military Relations in World War I
2096:
1148:
1989:
1253:
1243:
1233:
2121:
375:
312:
2086:
1967:
394:
1333:
1565:
2036:
1141:
2111:
1340:
1212:
1817:
2076:
1962:
553:
205:
1664:
1602:
1857:
780:
684:
263:. During this tour he studied law and received a license to practice law in Texas in 1884. The same year, Crowder obtained a transfer to the
2106:
1416:
1217:
1202:
943:
813:
1822:
1528:
561:
1832:
1490:
761:
738:
730:
358:
he was senior American observer with the Japanese Army. From 1906 to 1909, while serving on the staff of the provisional governors in
255:
on the advice of his mother, Mary Crowder. He entered West Point in 1877, graduating in 1881. Lieutenant Crowder was assigned to the
1485:
1379:
1192:
1028:
371:
1171:
1690:
1558:
1506:
1115:
1084:
911:
591:
565:
1548:
1350:
415:
1328:
707:
599:
469:
248:
1892:
444:
121:
1785:
1775:
1712:
465:
228:
213:
148:
586:
Perhaps the most apt description of the service to his country by Enoch H. Crowder is contained in the words of the late
1867:
753:
302:. Following the campaign's conclusion in September 1886, he resumed teaching at the University of Missouri until 1889.
1942:
1480:
1421:
541:
516:
326:
The beginning of the Spanish–American War marked his promotion to lieutenant colonel. From 1898 to 1901, while in the
84:
848:
201:
1872:
1659:
1634:
1553:
569:
1932:
1780:
1700:
1345:
1765:
1296:
182:
1837:
1753:
1597:
1268:
1092:
484:
316:
511:
2018:
1957:
1927:
699:
557:
323:, Nebraska. In January 1895, this temporary branch transfer became final and Crowder was promoted to major.
1984:
1807:
860:
635:
427:
275:
244:
1922:
1897:
1842:
1802:
1088:
982:
607:
330:, he served as a judge advocate, and later served as secretary to the island governors, one of whom was
1707:
1436:
2061:
2056:
1972:
1758:
1695:
1624:
1516:
1475:
1441:
1406:
1248:
524:
331:
256:
252:
178:
951:
1717:
1575:
1511:
1453:
1384:
1125:
603:
343:
88:
1952:
1907:
1847:
1463:
1446:
1367:
1323:
1278:
1238:
1063:
1044:
659:
619:
403:
379:
355:
264:
260:
240:
220:
186:
125:
57:
1020:
352:
231:, under which thousands of American men were drafted into military service during World War I.
1947:
1937:
1770:
1738:
1580:
1543:
1024:
821:
786:
776:
757:
734:
713:
703:
680:
672:
431:
423:
335:
227:
from 1911 to 1923. Crowder is most noted for implementing and administering the United States
1080:
638:, Crowder Hall, is also named in his honor. He has been the subject of biographical studies.
290:. While at Missouri, he obtained a law degree and became a member of the Zeta Phi chapter of
1997:
1887:
1680:
1426:
1374:
1306:
1301:
623:
587:
457:
438:
430:
in May 1917. General Crowder, as he became known, was also responsible for directing of the
295:
271:
73:
2011:
1743:
1685:
1654:
1570:
1362:
653:
472:
453:
449:
419:
399:
320:
287:
354:
in 1902, became a member of the general staff, and attained the rank of colonel. In the
1902:
1013:
595:
155:
2050:
2004:
1977:
1748:
1644:
1592:
1587:
1533:
1258:
1176:
528:
480:
291:
108:
362:, he oversaw the Cuban elections in 1908, and later helped draft a body of laws for
1639:
1458:
1411:
1399:
1389:
647:
627:
339:
1862:
1852:
1431:
1394:
1357:
622:
in his honor and through the designation of the World War II training center at
327:
190:
889:
1877:
1649:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1521:
1273:
407:
790:
618:
His name is memorialized in his home state of Missouri through the naming of
223:(April 11, 1859 – May 7, 1932) was an American Army lawyer who served as the
717:
144:
32:
1912:
1812:
1797:
299:
1882:
677:
The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War
460:, just before starting the drawing of the second draft, June 27, 1918.
1468:
279:
1793:
1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series
456:
and Major General Enoch Crowder standing outside a Senate building,
2102:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
510:
443:
393:
1166:
631:
363:
359:
283:
1137:
298:
and ordered to rejoin his regiment as a troop commander in the
556:, the Cuban Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, the Japanese
286:
cadet band in the United States, which later became known as
523:
In the spring of 1919, at the invitation of Cuban President
479:
On September 26, 1918, in response to newspaper reports of
820:. The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from
487:, Crowder cancelled the military draft calls for October.
773:
The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia
294:. Soon after graduating in 1886, Crowder was promoted to
247:
at 16, he taught at local schools until applying for the
1918:
Cuban football players who defected to the United States
2092:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
861:"Provost Marshall General Enoch H. Crowder (1859-1932)"
476:
to limit military jurisdiction to uniformed personnel.
572:. The citation for his Army DSM states the following:
270:
In 1885, Lieutenant Crowder was assigned Professor of
965:
963:
961:
39:
13th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army
1731:
1673:
1499:
1289:
1226:
1185:
196:
174:
164:
154:
139:
131:
114:
96:
79:
63:
44:
23:
1828:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
1012:
370:tour, he returned to Washington to be promoted to
1615:1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft
1319:United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations
1312:Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)
944:"Societal Events Influenced Our Ancestors' Lives"
1723:Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act
750:Enoch H. Crowder: Soldier, Lawyer, and Statesman
225:Judge Advocate General of the United States Army
2117:United States Army personnel of the Indian Wars
612:
574:
1990:United Nations Security Council Resolution 144
1264:Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement
1254:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
1149:
422:of the Army, Crowder led the drafting of the
8:
927:
925:
515:The grave of Major General Enoch Crowder at
416:United States officially entered World War I
2082:United States Army Provost Marshal Generals
1968:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
2072:United States Army generals of World War I
1566:Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents
1156:
1142:
1134:
1097:
1060:Enoch H. Crowder Soldier, Lawyer Statesman
1019:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p.
552:Among his honors and decorations were the
31:
20:
1341:United States Military Government in Cuba
1244:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
1234:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)
1213:United States Interests Section in Havana
1066:: Curators of the University of Missouri.
464:In October 1917, Crowder was promoted to
2067:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
1818:Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
1208:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
1198:Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States
1045:"Valor awards for Enoch Herbert Crowder"
884:
882:
849:Military Law Review, vol. 32, April 1966
656:(established on the grounds of the fort)
804:
2097:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1665:Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
1603:Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
1539:Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings
843:
841:
839:
278:. Here he instructed two companies of
2037:Category:Cuba–United States relations
1858:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
969:
7:
1417:Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
1218:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
1203:Embassy of the United States, Havana
890:"The Military and Mizzou: 1861-1946"
748:Lockmiller, David Alexander (1955).
2122:People from Grundy County, Missouri
1823:Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus
1529:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1015:Cuba, Castro, and the United States
942:Morgan, George G. (June 17, 2005).
775:. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.
562:Order of St. Michael and St. George
37:Major General Enoch Herbert Crowder
2087:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1833:Cuban American National Foundation
1491:United States embargo against Cuba
731:Northern Illinois University Press
560:, Knight Commander of the British
14:
1486:United States invasion of Grenada
1193:Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.
1081:E. H. Crowder letters, MSS SC 349
847:Department of the Army Pamphlet:
2112:People of the Russo-Japanese War
2032:
2031:
1691:Cuban Assets Control Regulations
1175:
1165:
1116:United States Ambassador to Cuba
1085:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
694:Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998).
679:. University Press of Kentucky.
566:Commander of the Legion of Honor
200:
143:
120:
101:
1549:Trans World Airlines Flight 106
1351:Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)
610:, who said of General Crowder:
492:The Spirit of Selective Service
382:, a post he held for 12 years.
356:Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
243:in 1859. After graduating from
2077:University of Missouri faculty
1329:Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
771:Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013).
725:Kastenberg, Joshua E. (2017).
602:in the cabinets of Presidents
249:United States Military Academy
1:
1786:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
1713:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act
1559:Cubana de AviaciĂłn Flight 455
1507:Cubana de AviaciĂłn Flight 493
1058:Lockmiller, David A. (1955).
229:Selective Service Act of 1917
1868:Fair Play for Cuba Committee
1172:Cuba–United States relations
865:American College of Surgeons
754:University of Missouri Press
594:in the cabinet of President
2107:United States Army generals
1963:State Sponsors of Terrorism
1943:Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
1481:Jamaican political conflict
1422:Cuban Revolutionary Council
554:Distinguished Service Medal
542:Arlington National Cemetery
517:Arlington National Cemetery
206:Distinguished Service Medal
85:Arlington National Cemetery
2138:
1873:Friends of Democratic Cuba
1660:American fugitives in Cuba
1554:Southern Airways Flight 49
1011:Bonsal, Philip W. (1971).
570:Italian Order of the Crown
532:which he held until 1927.
239:Enoch Crowder was born in
2028:
1781:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
1701:Wet feet, dry feet policy
1346:Second Occupation of Cuba
1122:
1113:
1105:
1100:
892:. Muarchives.missouri.edu
812:Harper, Kimberly (n.d.).
490:He wrote a book entitled
374:and assume the duties as
30:
1893:Radio y TelevisiĂłn MartĂ
1838:Cuban dissident movement
1754:Cuban migration to Miami
1598:1994 Cuban rafter crisis
1269:Tripartite Accord (1988)
1093:Brigham Young University
983:"Crowder to Advise Cuba"
485:Great Influenza Pandemic
426:Act which was passed by
317:Department of the Platte
235:Early life and education
2019:638 Ways to Kill Castro
1958:Third Border Initiative
1928:NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)
700:Raleigh, North Carolina
568:, and Commander of the
558:Order of the Rising Sun
347:eventual independence.
1808:Brothers to the Rescue
636:University of Missouri
616:
579:
520:
483:being overcome by the
461:
414:On April 6, 1917, the
411:
376:Judge Advocate General
313:Judge Advocate General
306:Judge Advocate General
282:and created the first
276:University of Missouri
169:Judge Advocate General
1923:Filibuster (military)
1898:US-Cuba Democracy PAC
1843:Cuban Liberty Council
1803:Antonio Maceo Brigade
1089:Harold B. Lee Library
650:(a.k.a. Camp Crowder)
608:Franklin D. Roosevelt
514:
447:
397:
390:Selective Service Act
217:Enoch Herbert Crowder
132:Years of service
25:Enoch Herbert Crowder
1973:Luis Posada Carriles
1766:Cuban–American lobby
1759:Havana on the Hudson
1696:Cuban Adjustment Act
1517:Cuban Missile Crisis
1476:Operation Northwoods
1442:Bay of Pigs Monument
1407:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1297:Spanish–American War
1249:Good Neighbor policy
954:on October 22, 2006.
824:on September 4, 2014
818:Historic Missourians
536:Retirement and death
332:Arthur MacArthur Jr.
253:West Point, New York
183:Spanish–American War
179:American Indian Wars
16:American Army lawyer
1718:Cuban Democracy Act
1576:Garcia-Mir v. Meese
1512:Matthew Edward Duke
1454:Operation Peter Pan
1385:La Coubre explosion
1126:Noble Brandon Judah
948:Ancestry Daily News
912:"The Beta Theta Pi"
604:William Howard Taft
344:William Howard Taft
259:, stationed around
245:Grand River College
1985:Cuba–OAS relations
1953:Straits of Florida
1933:Silver certificate
1908:Venceremos Brigade
1848:CubaOne Foundation
1464:Operation Mongoose
1447:Bay of Pigs Museum
1437:José Antonio Llama
1368:Sugar Intervention
1324:The Paquete Habana
1279:JetBlue Flight 387
1239:Hay-Quesada Treaty
1064:Columbia, Missouri
702:: Pentland Press.
673:Coffman, Edward M.
660:Crowder State Park
592:Secretary of State
521:
507:Ambassador to Cuba
462:
412:
404:Roscoe S. Conkling
380:United States Army
265:Jefferson Barracks
261:Brownsville, Texas
241:Edinburg, Missouri
187:Russo-Japanese War
126:United States Army
58:Edinburg, Missouri
2044:
2043:
1938:Troika of tyranny
1739:Americans in Cuba
1581:Cuban boat people
1544:Pan Am Flight 281
1132:
1131:
1123:Succeeded by
1101:Diplomatic posts
867:. August 28, 2008
782:978-1-135-68453-2
696:Generals in Khaki
686:978-0-8131-0955-8
548:Awards and honors
432:Selective Service
424:Selective Service
372:brigadier general
336:Douglas MacArthur
300:Geronimo campaign
211:
210:
2129:
2035:
2034:
1888:Radio Free Dixie
1708:Helms–Burton Act
1681:Teller Amendment
1427:Operation Ortsac
1375:Cuban Revolution
1302:Ostend Manifesto
1186:Diplomatic posts
1180:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1106:Preceded by
1098:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1018:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
987:
979:
973:
967:
956:
955:
950:. Archived from
939:
933:
929:
920:
919:
916:Google.com/books
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
886:
877:
876:
874:
872:
857:
851:
845:
834:
833:
831:
829:
809:
794:
767:
744:
721:
690:
634:building at the
624:Neosho, Missouri
600:Secretary of War
588:Henry L. Stimson
498:Post–World War I
470:Secretary of War
458:Washington, D.C.
439:Allen W. Gullion
296:First Lieutenant
272:Military Science
204:
147:
124:
116:
107:
105:
104:
74:Washington, D.C.
70:
54:
52:
35:
21:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2024:
1744:Cuban Americans
1727:
1686:Platt Amendment
1669:
1655:Havana syndrome
1571:Mariel boatlift
1495:
1363:Negro Rebellion
1285:
1222:
1181:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
992:. March 1, 1919
985:
981:
980:
976:
968:
959:
941:
940:
936:
930:
923:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
888:
887:
880:
870:
868:
859:
858:
854:
846:
837:
827:
825:
814:"Enoch Crowder"
811:
810:
806:
801:
783:
770:
764:
747:
741:
724:
710:
693:
687:
671:
668:
654:Crowder College
644:
584:
550:
538:
509:
500:
473:Newton D. Baker
454:Newton D. Baker
450:Peyton C. March
420:Provost Marshal
400:Hugh S. Johnson
392:
308:
288:Marching Mizzou
237:
189:
185:
181:
102:
100:
92:
87:
72:
68:
56:
50:
48:
40:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:BoquerĂłn, Cuba
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Varela Project
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:Guantánamo Bay
1768:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Carlos Alvarez
1632:
1627:
1625:Elián González
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1076:
1075:External links
1073:
1070:
1069:
1050:
1036:
1029:
1003:
990:New York Times
974:
957:
934:
921:
903:
878:
852:
835:
803:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
781:
768:
763:978-0826205384
762:
745:
740:978-0875807546
739:
722:
708:
691:
685:
667:
664:
663:
662:
657:
651:
643:
640:
596:Herbert Hoover
583:
580:
549:
546:
537:
534:
508:
505:
499:
496:
481:military camps
391:
388:
307:
304:
236:
233:
209:
208:
198:
194:
193:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
158:
156:Service number
152:
151:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
118:
112:
111:
98:
94:
93:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:(aged 73)
65:
61:
60:
55:April 11, 1859
46:
42:
41:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:The Cuba Wars
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:Orlando Bosch
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Little Havana
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Kendall Myers
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Regan v. Wald
1591:
1589:
1588:Sandy Pollack
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Zemel v. Rusk
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1030:9780822932253
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1004:
991:
984:
978:
975:
972:, p. 89.
971:
966:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
928:
926:
922:
917:
913:
907:
904:
891:
885:
883:
879:
866:
862:
856:
853:
850:
844:
842:
840:
836:
823:
819:
815:
808:
805:
798:
792:
788:
784:
778:
774:
769:
765:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
535:
533:
530:
529:Alfredo Zayas
526:
518:
513:
506:
504:
497:
495:
493:
488:
486:
482:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:major general
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
405:
401:
396:
389:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:Beta Theta Pi
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
267:in Missouri.
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
214:Major General
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
157:
153:
150:
149:Major General
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
113:
110:
109:United States
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
80:Resting Place
78:
75:
66:
62:
59:
47:
43:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2030:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1640:Elsa Alvarez
1459:Operation 40
1412:Brigade 2506
1400:Golden exile
1390:Cuban exodus
1114:
1108:
1059:
1053:
1039:
1014:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
989:
977:
952:the original
947:
937:
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
869:. Retrieved
864:
855:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
817:
807:
772:
749:
726:
695:
676:
666:Bibliography
648:Fort Crowder
628:Camp Crowder
620:a state park
617:
613:
585:
575:
551:
539:
522:
501:
491:
489:
478:
463:
452:, Secretary
436:
413:
398:Crowder and
384:
368:
349:
340:military law
334:, father of
325:
309:
269:
238:
216:
212:
175:Battles/wars
69:(1932-05-07)
18:
2062:1932 deaths
2057:1859 births
1863:Engage Cuba
1853:Cuban Power
1674:Legislation
1432:Polita Grau
1395:Cuban exile
1358:Banana Wars
996:January 28,
328:Philippines
257:8th Cavalry
191:World War I
67:May 7, 1932
2051:Categories
1878:Havana Jam
1650:Alan Gross
1630:Ana Montes
1620:Cuban Five
1610:Bill Gaede
1522:Crateology
1334:Propaganda
1274:Cuban thaw
1259:El Diálogo
1120:1923–1927
1109:new office
970:Davis 1998
871:August 27,
828:August 27,
799:References
709:1571970886
408:Camp Upton
251:(USMA) at
97:Allegiance
91:, Virginia
51:1859-04-11
1998:Overthrow
1500:Incidents
1380:Aftermath
1307:USS Maine
1290:Conflicts
1227:Diplomacy
791:865332376
135:1881–1923
89:Arlington
2012:Balseros
1913:ZunZuneo
1813:Balseros
1798:Alpha 66
1776:Timeline
896:June 19,
718:40298151
675:(1998).
642:See also
448:General
428:Congress
410:in 1917.
165:Commands
115:Service/
1883:Omega 7
1732:Related
918:. 1917.
630:. The
525:Menocal
378:of the
315:of the
274:at the
1469:JMWAVE
1027:
789:
779:
760:
737:
716:
706:
683:
582:Legacy
280:cadets
197:Awards
117:branch
106:
986:(PDF)
626:, as
418:. As
321:Omaha
1025:ISBN
998:2016
898:2012
873:2014
830:2014
787:OCLC
777:ISBN
758:ISBN
735:ISBN
714:OCLC
704:ISBN
681:ISBN
632:ROTC
606:and
598:and
402:and
364:Cuba
360:Cuba
351:case
284:ROTC
160:0-10
140:Rank
64:Died
45:Born
1083:at
1021:254
406:at
319:in
221:USA
2053::
1091:,
1087:,
1062:.
1023:.
988:.
960:^
946:.
924:^
914:.
881:^
863:.
838:^
816:.
785:.
756:.
752:.
733:.
729:.
712:.
698:.
590:,
564:,
544:.
494:.
366:.
219:,
1157:e
1150:t
1143:v
1047:.
1033:.
1000:.
900:.
875:.
832:.
793:.
766:.
743:.
720:.
689:.
519:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
