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accelerated his efforts. The specific recommendations he submitted to
Congress, most of which were subsequently adopted, included greater safeguards for the accused, changes in the composition and powers of special courts-martial, and the addition of an authority in the President to reverse or alter any court-martial sentence found to have been adjudged erroneously.
452:, Major John H. Wigmore, Major Charles B. Warren, Captain M. C. Cramer, and Lieutenant Colonel E. A. Kreger. Although offered a promotion to the rank of lieutenant general in 1918, General Crowder, mindful of public and Congressional opposition to “swivel chair” generals, refused the promotion, seeking instead a field command.
486:
issued the "work or fight" order, and
Crowder became in charge of executing the order which mandated that virtually every activity in the country support the war effort. Crowder was also instrumental in ensuring that the United States applied the laws of war to German prisoners of war, and he sought
513:
After the war, General
Crowder found himself, along with the entire military justice system, the center of a storm of controversy, stemming from charges that the military justice system was "un-American." Crowder, a perceptive critic of the system who had already commenced work on needed reform, now
587:
The
President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General Enoch Herbert Crowder, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the
542:
before a U.S. bank would make a critical loan to the Cuban government. Once the loan was made, Zayas undid those reforms and appointments. Nevertheless, Crowder retired from the army on
February 14, 1923, and on the same day was appointed the first Ambassador from the United States to Cuba, a post
357:
with his legal acumen. Taft had
Crowder serve as a de facto advisor to the Vatican's counsel regarding the transfer of "friars' lands" to Philippine nationals in an attempt to create a system of indigenous land ownership in the hopes that the people of the Philippines would have a stake in their
380:
In 1910, he represented the United States at the Fourth Pan
American Conference in Buenos Aires and in that capacity made official visits to Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama. On February 11, 1911, after studying the military justice and penal systems of France and England on a European
396:
As Judge
Advocate General, General Crowder initiated a number of innovations, including the regular publication of Judge Advocate General opinions; the issuance of a new digest (published in 1912) of all JAG opinions issued since 1862; and a program for the legal education of line officers at
538:, Crowder went to Cuba to advise on revisions to the election laws which he had helped write years earlier. He stayed for several years with the U.S. title Special Representative of the President and imposed reforms and appointments on the government of President
361:
Impressed with the ability
Crowder had demonstrated in the Philippines, Judge Advocate General Davis in 1901 called him to Washington to serve as deputy judge advocate general. In this capacity, Crowder assisted in the prosecution of the then noteworthy Deming
321:
Upon completion of this detail, Lieutenant
Crowder returned to the 8th Cavalry at Fort Yates, Dakota Territory, where he participated in the final campaign against Sitting Bull. In 1891, upon his promotion to captain he accepted a position as the acting
942:
Joshua Kastenberg, To Raise and Discipline an Army: Major General Enoch Crowder, the Judge Advocate General's Office, and the Realignment of Civil and Military Relations in World War I. DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press,
2112:
479:. As Judge Advocate General, he supervised the administration of military justice in the army during the period when the number of general courts-martial rose from 6,200 in 1917 to over 20,000 in 1918. In 1918, the offices of
1803:
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349:. He also served on the commission which arranged the Spanish surrender of the Philippines. During his service in the Philippines, he filled many important posts in the military government of the Islands, specializing in
1928:
397:
government expense. He additionally supervised the revision of the Articles of War for the first time since 1874, revised the Manual for Courts-Martial and took an active part in prison reform in the army.
2102:
625:
His record as Judge Advocate General and his later record as Provost Marshal General have constituted a page in the history of our Army upon which we can all look with deep satisfaction and admiration.
353:. In 1899, he headed the Board of Claims, served on the Philippine Supreme Court, and drafted the new Philippine criminal code. While in the Philippines, Crowder impressed then Governor General
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445:
and supervised the draft – the registration, classification, and induction – of all American men who were 18–30 years of age into the armed services – over 2,800,000 men during the war.
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2092:
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United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, as Provost Marshal General in the preparation and operation of the draft laws of the Nation during the war.
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1549:
1274:
551:
From 1927 until his death in 1932, General Crowder was engaged in the private practice of law in Chicago. Crowder died in Washington, D.C., on May 7, 1932. He was buried at
448:
The officers who served under General Crowder during this period are legion. Among these are the following: Major Hugh S. Johnson, Major Cassius Dowell, Lieutenant Colonel
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1625:
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To Raise and Discipline an Army: Major General Enoch Crowder, the Judge Advocate General's Office, and the Realignment of Civil and Military Relations in World War I
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1223:
1828:
2087:
1973:
564:
216:
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274:. During this tour he studied law and received a license to practice law in Texas in 1884. The same year, Crowder obtained a transfer to the
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he was senior American observer with the Japanese Army. From 1906 to 1909, while serving on the staff of the provisional governors in
266:
on the advice of his mother, Mary Crowder. He entered West Point in 1877, graduating in 1881. Lieutenant Crowder was assigned to the
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Perhaps the most apt description of the service to his country by Enoch H. Crowder is contained in the words of the late
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313:. Following the campaign's conclusion in September 1886, he resumed teaching at the University of Missouri until 1889.
1953:
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The beginning of the Spanish–American War marked his promotion to lieutenant colonel. From 1898 to 1901, while in the
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334:, Nebraska. In January 1895, this temporary branch transfer became final and Crowder was promoted to major.
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286:
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1933:
1908:
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341:, he served as a judge advocate, and later served as secretary to the island governors, one of whom was
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from 1911 to 1923. Crowder is most noted for implementing and administering the United States
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649:, Crowder Hall, is also named in his honor. He has been the subject of biographical studies.
301:. While at Missouri, he obtained a law degree and became a member of the Zeta Phi chapter of
2008:
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in May 1917. General Crowder, as he became known, was also responsible for directing of the
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in 1902, became a member of the general staff, and attained the rank of colonel. In the
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2015:
1988:
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373:, he oversaw the Cuban elections in 1908, and later helped draft a body of laws for
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in his honor and through the designation of the World War II training center at
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His name is memorialized in his home state of Missouri through the naming of
234:(April 11, 1859 – May 7, 1932) was an American Army lawyer who served as the
728:
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The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War
471:, just before starting the drawing of the second draft, June 27, 1918.
1479:
290:
1804:
1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series
467:
and Major General Enoch Crowder standing outside a Senate building,
2113:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
521:
454:
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and ordered to rejoin his regiment as a troop commander in the
567:, the Cuban Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, the Japanese
297:
cadet band in the United States, which later became known as
534:
In the spring of 1919, at the invitation of Cuban President
490:
On September 26, 1918, in response to newspaper reports of
831:. The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from
498:, Crowder cancelled the military draft calls for October.
784:
The United States in the First World War: an Encyclopedia
305:. Soon after graduating in 1886, Crowder was promoted to
258:
at 16, he taught at local schools until applying for the
1929:
Cuban football players who defected to the United States
2103:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
872:"Provost Marshall General Enoch H. Crowder (1859-1932)"
487:
to limit military jurisdiction to uniformed personnel.
583:. The citation for his Army DSM states the following:
281:
In 1885, Lieutenant Crowder was assigned Professor of
976:
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972:
50:
13th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army
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1839:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
1023:
381:tour, he returned to Washington to be promoted to
1626:1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft
1330:United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations
1323:Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana)
955:"Societal Events Influenced Our Ancestors' Lives"
1734:Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act
761:Enoch H. Crowder: Soldier, Lawyer, and Statesman
236:Judge Advocate General of the United States Army
2128:United States Army personnel of the Indian Wars
623:
585:
2001:United Nations Security Council Resolution 144
1275:Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement
1265:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
1160:
433:of the Army, Crowder led the drafting of the
8:
938:
936:
526:The grave of Major General Enoch Crowder at
427:United States officially entered World War I
2093:United States Army Provost Marshal Generals
1979:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
2083:United States Army generals of World War I
1577:Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents
1167:
1153:
1145:
1108:
1071:Enoch H. Crowder Soldier, Lawyer Statesman
1030:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p.
563:Among his honors and decorations were the
42:
31:
1352:United States Military Government in Cuba
1255:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934)
1245:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)
1224:United States Interests Section in Havana
1077:: Curators of the University of Missouri.
475:In October 1917, Crowder was promoted to
2078:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
1829:Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
1219:Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
1209:Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States
1056:"Valor awards for Enoch Herbert Crowder"
895:
893:
860:Military Law Review, vol. 32, April 1966
667:(established on the grounds of the fort)
815:
2108:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1676:Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
1614:Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage
1550:Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings
854:
852:
850:
289:. Here he instructed two companies of
2048:Category:Cuba–United States relations
1869:Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil
980:
7:
1428:Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
1229:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
1214:Embassy of the United States, Havana
901:"The Military and Mizzou: 1861-1946"
759:Lockmiller, David Alexander (1955).
2133:People from Grundy County, Missouri
1834:Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus
1540:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1026:Cuba, Castro, and the United States
953:Morgan, George G. (June 17, 2005).
786:. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor and Francis.
573:Order of St. Michael and St. George
48:Major General Enoch Herbert Crowder
2098:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1844:Cuban American National Foundation
1502:United States embargo against Cuba
742:Northern Illinois University Press
571:, Knight Commander of the British
25:
1497:United States invasion of Grenada
1204:Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C.
1092:E. H. Crowder letters, MSS SC 349
858:Department of the Army Pamphlet:
2123:People of the Russo-Japanese War
2043:
2042:
1702:Cuban Assets Control Regulations
1186:
1176:
1127:United States Ambassador to Cuba
1096:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
705:Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998).
690:. University Press of Kentucky.
577:Commander of the Legion of Honor
211:
154:
131:
112:
1560:Trans World Airlines Flight 106
1362:Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)
621:, who said of General Crowder:
503:The Spirit of Selective Service
393:, a post he held for 12 years.
367:Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
254:in 1859. After graduating from
2088:University of Missouri faculty
1340:Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
782:Venzon, Anne Cipriano (2013).
736:Kastenberg, Joshua E. (2017).
613:in the cabinets of Presidents
260:United States Military Academy
1:
1797:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
1724:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act
1570:Cubana de AviaciĂłn Flight 455
1518:Cubana de AviaciĂłn Flight 493
1069:Lockmiller, David A. (1955).
240:Selective Service Act of 1917
1879:Fair Play for Cuba Committee
1183:Cuba–United States relations
876:American College of Surgeons
765:University of Missouri Press
605:in the cabinet of President
2118:United States Army generals
1974:State Sponsors of Terrorism
1954:Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame
1492:Jamaican political conflict
1433:Cuban Revolutionary Council
565:Distinguished Service Medal
553:Arlington National Cemetery
528:Arlington National Cemetery
217:Distinguished Service Medal
96:Arlington National Cemetery
2149:
1884:Friends of Democratic Cuba
1671:American fugitives in Cuba
1565:Southern Airways Flight 49
1022:Bonsal, Philip W. (1971).
581:Italian Order of the Crown
543:which he held until 1927.
250:Enoch Crowder was born in
2039:
1792:Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
1712:Wet feet, dry feet policy
1357:Second Occupation of Cuba
1133:
1124:
1116:
1111:
903:. Muarchives.missouri.edu
823:Harper, Kimberly (n.d.).
501:He wrote a book entitled
385:and assume the duties as
41:
1904:Radio y TelevisiĂłn MartĂ
1849:Cuban dissident movement
1765:Cuban migration to Miami
1609:1994 Cuban rafter crisis
1280:Tripartite Accord (1988)
1104:Brigham Young University
994:"Crowder to Advise Cuba"
496:Great Influenza Pandemic
437:Act which was passed by
328:Department of the Platte
246:Early life and education
2030:638 Ways to Kill Castro
1969:Third Border Initiative
1939:NOAAS Oregon II (R 332)
711:Raleigh, North Carolina
579:, and Commander of the
569:Order of the Rising Sun
358:eventual independence.
1819:Brothers to the Rescue
647:University of Missouri
627:
590:
531:
494:being overcome by the
472:
425:On April 6, 1917, the
422:
387:Judge Advocate General
324:Judge Advocate General
317:Judge Advocate General
293:and created the first
287:University of Missouri
180:Judge Advocate General
1934:Filibuster (military)
1909:US-Cuba Democracy PAC
1854:Cuban Liberty Council
1814:Antonio Maceo Brigade
1100:Harold B. Lee Library
661:(a.k.a. Camp Crowder)
619:Franklin D. Roosevelt
525:
458:
408:
401:Selective Service Act
228:Enoch Herbert Crowder
143:Years of service
36:Enoch Herbert Crowder
1984:Luis Posada Carriles
1777:Cuban–American lobby
1770:Havana on the Hudson
1707:Cuban Adjustment Act
1528:Cuban Missile Crisis
1487:Operation Northwoods
1453:Bay of Pigs Monument
1418:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1308:Spanish–American War
1260:Good Neighbor policy
965:on October 22, 2006.
835:on September 4, 2014
829:Historic Missourians
547:Retirement and death
343:Arthur MacArthur Jr.
264:West Point, New York
194:Spanish–American War
190:American Indian Wars
27:American Army lawyer
1729:Cuban Democracy Act
1587:Garcia-Mir v. Meese
1523:Matthew Edward Duke
1465:Operation Peter Pan
1396:La Coubre explosion
1137:Noble Brandon Judah
959:Ancestry Daily News
923:"The Beta Theta Pi"
615:William Howard Taft
355:William Howard Taft
270:, stationed around
256:Grand River College
1996:Cuba–OAS relations
1964:Straits of Florida
1944:Silver certificate
1919:Venceremos Brigade
1859:CubaOne Foundation
1475:Operation Mongoose
1458:Bay of Pigs Museum
1448:José Antonio Llama
1379:Sugar Intervention
1335:The Paquete Habana
1290:JetBlue Flight 387
1250:Hay-Quesada Treaty
1075:Columbia, Missouri
713:: Pentland Press.
684:Coffman, Edward M.
671:Crowder State Park
603:Secretary of State
532:
518:Ambassador to Cuba
473:
423:
415:Roscoe S. Conkling
391:United States Army
276:Jefferson Barracks
272:Brownsville, Texas
252:Edinburg, Missouri
198:Russo-Japanese War
137:United States Army
69:Edinburg, Missouri
2055:
2054:
1949:Troika of tyranny
1750:Americans in Cuba
1592:Cuban boat people
1555:Pan Am Flight 281
1143:
1142:
1134:Succeeded by
1112:Diplomatic posts
878:. August 28, 2008
793:978-1-135-68453-2
707:Generals in Khaki
697:978-0-8131-0955-8
559:Awards and honors
443:Selective Service
435:Selective Service
383:brigadier general
347:Douglas MacArthur
311:Geronimo campaign
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
2140:
2046:
2045:
1899:Radio Free Dixie
1719:Helms–Burton Act
1692:Teller Amendment
1438:Operation Ortsac
1386:Cuban Revolution
1313:Ostend Manifesto
1197:Diplomatic posts
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1117:Preceded by
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961:. Archived from
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927:Google.com/books
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645:building at the
635:Neosho, Missouri
611:Secretary of War
599:Henry L. Stimson
509:Post–World War I
481:Secretary of War
469:Washington, D.C.
450:Allen W. Gullion
307:First Lieutenant
283:Military Science
215:
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85:Washington, D.C.
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18:Enoch H. Crowder
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1582:Mariel boatlift
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1374:Negro Rebellion
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1003:. March 1, 1919
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825:"Enoch Crowder"
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665:Crowder College
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561:
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484:Newton D. Baker
465:Newton D. Baker
461:Peyton C. March
431:Provost Marshal
411:Hugh S. Johnson
403:
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299:Marching Mizzou
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1959:BoquerĂłn, Cuba
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1914:Varela Project
1911:
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1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1646:Carlos Alvarez
1643:
1638:
1636:Elián González
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1595:
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1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
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1562:
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1537:
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1508:
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1198:
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1174:
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1157:
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1086:External links
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1001:New York Times
985:
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94:
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57:
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2010:
2006:
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1989:Orlando Bosch
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1604:Regan v. Wald
1602:
1600:
1599:Sandy Pollack
1597:
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1545:Zemel v. Rusk
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1207:
1205:
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1199:
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995:
989:
986:
983:, p. 89.
982:
977:
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969:
964:
960:
956:
949:
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933:
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918:
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873:
867:
864:
861:
855:
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826:
819:
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799:
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770:
766:
762:
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739:
734:
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689:
685:
681:
680:
676:
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620:
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612:
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592:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
546:
544:
541:
540:Alfredo Zayas
537:
529:
524:
517:
515:
508:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:major general
470:
466:
462:
457:
453:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
416:
412:
407:
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388:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
303:Beta Theta Pi
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
278:in Missouri.
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
225:Major General
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
161:
160:Major General
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
124:
121:
120:United States
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
91:Resting Place
89:
86:
77:
73:
70:
58:
54:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2041:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1651:Elsa Alvarez
1470:Operation 40
1423:Brigade 2506
1411:Golden exile
1401:Cuban exodus
1125:
1119:
1070:
1064:
1050:
1025:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
1000:
988:
963:the original
958:
948:
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
880:. Retrieved
875:
866:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
828:
818:
783:
760:
737:
706:
687:
677:Bibliography
659:Fort Crowder
639:Camp Crowder
631:a state park
628:
624:
596:
586:
562:
550:
533:
512:
502:
500:
489:
474:
463:, Secretary
447:
424:
409:Crowder and
395:
379:
360:
351:military law
345:, father of
336:
320:
280:
249:
227:
223:
186:Battles/wars
80:(1932-05-07)
29:
2073:1932 deaths
2068:1859 births
1874:Engage Cuba
1864:Cuban Power
1685:Legislation
1443:Polita Grau
1406:Cuban exile
1369:Banana Wars
1007:January 28,
339:Philippines
268:8th Cavalry
202:World War I
78:May 7, 1932
2062:Categories
1889:Havana Jam
1661:Alan Gross
1641:Ana Montes
1631:Cuban Five
1621:Bill Gaede
1533:Crateology
1345:Propaganda
1285:Cuban thaw
1270:El Diálogo
1131:1923–1927
1120:new office
981:Davis 1998
882:August 27,
839:August 27,
810:References
720:1571970886
419:Camp Upton
262:(USMA) at
108:Allegiance
102:, Virginia
62:1859-04-11
2009:Overthrow
1511:Incidents
1391:Aftermath
1318:USS Maine
1301:Conflicts
1238:Diplomacy
802:865332376
146:1881–1923
100:Arlington
2023:Balseros
1924:ZunZuneo
1824:Balseros
1809:Alpha 66
1787:Timeline
907:June 19,
729:40298151
686:(1998).
653:See also
459:General
439:Congress
421:in 1917.
176:Commands
126:Service/
1894:Omega 7
1743:Related
929:. 1917.
641:. The
536:Menocal
389:of the
326:of the
285:at the
1480:JMWAVE
1038:
800:
790:
771:
748:
727:
717:
694:
593:Legacy
291:cadets
208:Awards
128:branch
117:
997:(PDF)
637:, as
429:. As
332:Omaha
1036:ISBN
1009:2016
909:2012
884:2014
841:2014
798:OCLC
788:ISBN
769:ISBN
746:ISBN
725:OCLC
715:ISBN
692:ISBN
643:ROTC
617:and
609:and
413:and
375:Cuba
371:Cuba
362:case
295:ROTC
171:0-10
151:Rank
75:Died
56:Born
1094:at
1032:254
417:at
330:in
232:USA
2064::
1102:,
1098:,
1073:.
1034:.
999:.
971:^
957:.
935:^
925:.
892:^
874:.
849:^
827:.
796:.
767:.
763:.
744:.
740:.
723:.
709:.
601:,
575:,
555:.
505:.
377:.
230:,
1168:e
1161:t
1154:v
1058:.
1044:.
1011:.
911:.
886:.
843:.
804:.
777:.
754:.
731:.
700:.
530:.
64:)
60:(
20:)
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