223:(Le Car) conversions with 96 volt lead-acid traction batteries; the latter was sold as the "Electricar 1". In 1978, the Renault conversion was rebranded as the Lectric Leopard and the U.S. Electricar Corporation was formed as a division of Waterman Industries. The Lectric Leopard attracted attention at its launch thanks to its distributor, John Hoy Kauffmann, who was marketing the converted vehicle to government agencies. Previously, Kauffmann was a member of the ownership group that formerly held
287:
1776:
The simple layout was attractive to electric vehicle builder US Electricar Corp. of Athol, Mass., that turned stripped Le Cars into the
Lectric Leopard EV in 1979 and 1980. These primitive EVs were short on range, long on charging times, and best suited to commuting but, given their limitations, were
502:
The "Panther 60" drivetrain included an AC induction traction motor with 60 kW (80 hp) output, a DC/DC converter (1.2 kW), heat pump, and on-board 6.6 kW charger. It was used in the
Grumman LLV conversion. The traction motor was packaged as a unit with the
383:, abruptly laid off a third of its workforce and moved away from selling electric conversions, closing its conversion facilities in Florida and southern California. An interim loan from Itochu kept the company solvent, but CEO Ted Morgan stepped down and was succeeded by
1108:
Current-technology lead-acid-battery EVs are already operating in some government and commercial fleets where a daily driving range of 60 miles or less is sufficient. Like them, most of the EVs that can be brought to market in 1998 will simply be converted gasoline
1485:"Enova Systems (Symbol: ECAR) announced they have entered into a contract with Hyundai Motor Company of Korea, the world's seventh largest automobile manufacturer, to design and develop a new parallel-hybrid system for their production vehicles"
1467:"U.S. Electricar, Inc. (Symbol:ECAR) announced today at the 1999 North American Electric Vehicle and Infrastructure Conference and Exposition, held in Atlanta, Georgia, that the Company has selected Enova Systems as its new corporate identity"
410:. That year, the company announced it would change its name to Enova Systems. Enova developed production hybrid and fuel cell powertrains for Hyundai. Enova also announced partnerships with Ecostar Electric Drive Systems for the
1503:"Enova Systems (Symbol: ECAR) has been selected by Hyundai Motor Company ("HMC") to develop and supply the drive train and power management systems for their new high performance fuel cell Sport Utility Vehicle ("SUV")"
233: (equivalent to $ 36,900 in 2023), more than double the cost of the donor Renault due in part to the extra labor cost of having to remove the conventional drivetrain; U.S. Electricar signed an agreement with
354:
to market converted S-10 pickup and LLV delivery vans in Japan, with Itochu taking a 4.5% ownership stake for US$ 15 million. In late summer 1994, U.S. Electricar delivered 25 S-10 pickup conversions to
2148:
934:"Electric Car Buffs Shift Efforts Into Higher Gear: Smog: The DMV says 4,000 licensed vehicles are already humming along on batteries. Fear of interrupted oil supplies is a reason for the demand"
175:). After Electricar was acquired by Solar Electric Engineering, the company adopted the U.S. Electricar name in January 1994 and launched a short-lived new line of conversions, including the
398:; Hyundai would invest $ 3.6 million and purchased a $ 2 million license for its Panther 60 kW electric motor drivetrain technology. By November, the company had relocated to
439:
Enova
Systems was declared essentially defunct in August 2014, with few assets, significant losses, and only a single employee, CEO John Micek. The last filing by Enova Systems with the
229:. In 1979, U.S. Electricar was the largest producer of battery-electric automobiles in the United States, with 79 completed. The Lectric Leopard had a suggested retail price in 1981 of
1208:"Joint Venture Targets Tokyo for U.S.-Made Electric Trucks : Autos: Under terms of the deal, trader Itochu Corp. will invest $ 15 million in U.S. Electricar, a California company"
1449:"U.S. Electricar, Inc. (Symbol: ECAR) announces that they have developed, under contract with Hyundai Motor Company of Korea, a parallel Hybrid system for their vehicle applications"
1675:"Order instituting administrative proceedings and notice of hearing pursuant to Section 12(j) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Administrative Proceeding File No. 3-21036"
962:"California Firm to Build Electric-Powered Van: Autos: Solar Electric Engineering of Santa Rosa thinks utilities will be key customers. The vehicle will meet new pollution laws"
793:
490:
Waterman's
Lectric Leopard conversions used a simple pedal-operated motor controller that varied the voltage to the DC traction motor through a finite series of detents.
1575:"Joint Venture dissolution and termination agreement between Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Enova Systems Inc., and Hyundai-Enova Innovative Technology Center, Inc"
1234:
1069:
1018:"State Is Driving Force Behind Emission-Free Cars : Technology: Despite drawbacks, practical applications and program incentives could generate thousands of jobs"
391:
rolled back its electric vehicle mandate, which would have required that two percent of cars sold in
California have no tailpipe emissions, further depressing demand.
323:
delivery trucks. At the time, the electric vehicle market consisted mostly of conversions using lead-acid batteries. U.S. Electricar signed an agreement in 1993 with
301:, a dealership which planned to sell exclusively electric cars converted by Solar Electric or using parts sourced from them. Meurer first sold a Destiny to actor
335:, and were more efficient than the DC motors that Electricar had used previously. That August, Solar Electric acquired the electric vehicle manufacturing arm of
297:
By 1992, the company had converted 140 vehicles, mostly Ford
Escorts and Chevrolet S-10 pickups. That year, William Meurer opened Green Motor Works Inc. in
1841:
247:
Solar
Electric began electric car conversions in approximately 1989 and had completed 40 electric car conversions by 1991, marketing the Electron at
990:"All-Electric Auto Showroom to Open : Environment: Green Motor Works will be a pioneer in the Southland. It will sell converted gasoline cars"
24:
1760:
215:; he was a self-admitted "assembler using off-the-shelf components". Waterman's eponymous company, C.H. Waterman Industries, moved on to market
1260:
905:
316:
After Solar
Electric acquired U.S. Electricar in the early 1990s, the company launched new conversions and took on a pilot program to convert
327:
to purchase 1,100 AC traction motors and motor controllers, which would be used to convert
Chevrolet S-10 pickup and Geo Prizm sedans in a
436:, first unveiled in July 2006. In May 2008, Enova entered a long-term supply agreement with IC Bus for the parallel hybrid drivetrain.
1898:
440:
195:
Enova trace their origins to Clover Solar, founded July 30, 1976. The company and its successor, Solar
Electric Engineering, based in
1940:
857:
744:
199:, initially specialized in products harnessing solar energy, including garden lights, photovoltaic panels, and hot water heaters.
1345:
360:
1285:
402:
and CEO Kusumoto announced his resignation, succeeded by Carl D. Perry. U.S. Electricar partnered with Hyundai to develop the
388:
877:
376:
317:
298:
1556:
1538:
825:(Report). Energy Research and Development Administration, Division of Transportation Energy Conservation. NASA TM-73756
1520:
1502:
1484:
1466:
1448:
280:
160:
1649:
819:
2103:
675:
2085:
1574:
328:
1044:
196:
134:
54:
2035:
764:
507:
and parking pawl. Various outputs were available, including 90 and 120 kW (120 and 160 hp) units.
443:
was for the quarter ending September 30, 2015, reporting a loss of US$ 188,000 over the prior three months.
1421:
380:
310:
142:
2007:
1372:
1179:
1150:
1017:
336:
1207:
1123:
1045:
United States Postal Service Electric Carrier Route Vehicle Program: 500 Vehicle Fleet Deployment Report
989:
698:
632:
395:
1924:
1871:
961:
933:
1063:
399:
340:
241:
156:
107:
1398:
495:
225:
1726:
459:
364:
351:
347:
324:
1981:
1956:
1622:
309:
neighborhood electric vehicle. Solar Electric Engineering had moved to a larger headquarters in
1936:
1734:
1092:
853:
740:
1346:"Sputtering U.S. Electricar Hits a Cash Wall / Company reports loss, layoffs, need for money"
1084:
255: (equivalent to $ 62,600 in 2023); the firm sold its first cars to celebrities including
415:
407:
2060:
1789:
23:
1872:"New Buzz in Automobiles: The industry as a Whole Is Beginning to Plug Into Electric Cars"
425:
Hyundai and Enova entered a joint venture in March 2003 and dissolved it six years later.
403:
356:
268:
212:
1674:
2041:(Report). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center. TM-73759
1315:
846:
818:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center (September 1977).
733:
504:
433:
379:
had a chilling effect on potential investors. In March 1995, the company, now based in
302:
291:
286:
207:
Chandler H. Waterman built his first electric vehicle conversion in 1968, based on the
184:
2142:
1929:
474:
272:
260:
155:
was a company founded contemporaneously in the late 1970s by Chandler H. Waterman in
1521:"Enova Systems to provide Powertrain Components for Ford Motor Company's TH!NK City"
1557:"Gillig Corporation and Enova Systems announce series hybrid development agreement"
653:
384:
1596:
1837:
728:
320:
276:
208:
176:
1812:
1811:
Dowgiallo, Edward J. Jr.; Snellings, Ivan R.; Chapman, Robert D. (April 1982).
1700:
1623:"Enova Systems and IC Bus Execute Long Term Agreement For Hybrid School Buses"
429:
411:
264:
238:
172:
1818:(Report). U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command. 2358
1738:
1706:(Report). U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command. 2312
1096:
1560:
1542:
406:
vehicle drivetrain used in the FGV-II concept car which debuted at the 1999
332:
256:
220:
180:
168:
1524:
1506:
1488:
1470:
1452:
1899:"DC Auto Show: Destiny 2000 used to be a Fiero, now it's a solar electric"
279:
was another one of the first customers, purchasing an Electron (converted
2110:
2036:
Baseline tests of the C. H. Waterman Renault 5 electric passenger vehicle
1124:"Clean Machines : Deal With Hughes Gives Electric Cars a Jump Start"
2131:
635:, a competing Massachusetts-based commercial electric vehicle converter
331:
facility. The AC traction motors were derived from the one used in the
2089:
1923:
Schiffer, Michael Brian; Butts, Tamara C.; Grimm, Kimberly K. (1994).
1935:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 175–190.
1813:
Verification tests of the U.S. Electricar Corporation Lectric Leopard
906:"U.S. Electricar Corp. has contracted to buy Fiat chassis and bodies"
419:
216:
187:. The company's final name change was to Enova Systems in July 2000.
164:
1733:. Vol. 138, no. 2. Rotary International. pp. 30–33.
2034:
Sargent, Noel B; McBrien, Edward F; Slavik, Ralph (October 1977).
1451:(Press release). U.S. Electricar. October 26, 1999. Archived from
1091:. New York, New York: Times Mirror Magazines. pp. 62–64, 78.
306:
285:
1701:
Verification tests of the U.S. Electricar Corp. 'Lectric Leopard'
1539:"Enova Systems and Capstone announce a joint marketing agreement"
1469:(Press release). Enova Systems. November 17, 1999. Archived from
350:
in May 1994. That June, U.S. Electricar signed an agreement with
137:
powertrains and components. The company was founded initially as
2008:"HARBOR CITY : Post Office Is 1st With Electric-Run Trucks"
1559:(Press release). Enova Systems. October 16, 2000. Archived from
1541:(Press release). Enova Systems. October 16, 2000. Archived from
234:
1487:(Press release). Enova Systems. March 30, 2000. Archived from
305:; by 1993, Green Motor Works was concentrating on selling the
163:
of regular production automobiles in the 1970s, including the
1699:
Dowgiallo, Edward J. Jr.; Snellings, Ivan R. (October 1980).
1523:(Press release). Enova Systems. July 26, 2000. Archived from
1261:"Plant Assembling Electric Vehicles to Open in Syracuse Area"
211:, as a hobbyist in Athol, working part-time after his job at
1505:(Press release). Enova Systems. May 25, 2000. Archived from
367:. Most of its sales were to public electric utility fleets.
133:
was a United States corporation which designed and supplied
820:
State-of-the-art assessment of electric and hybrid vehicles
283:) and driving it cross-country from California to Vermont.
119:
678:. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2012
656:. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 1997
1680:. Securities and Exchange Commission. September 7, 2022
739:. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
699:"Rohnert Park Firm Joins in Solar Cell Production Plan"
394:
In 1997, U.S. Electricar announced an agreement with
251: (equivalent to $ 35,100 in 2023) and Destiny at
1286:"Utilities coalition buys 38 more electric vehicles"
2149:
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United States
1597:"IC Corporation and Enova unveil hybrid school bus"
1577:. Securities and Exchange Commission. April 6, 2009
346:The southern California assembly plant opened near
114:
102:
87:
69:
61:
50:
30:
2063:(Press release). U.S. Electricar. February 3, 1999
2006:
1928:
1870:
1420:
1371:
1206:
1178:
1149:
1122:
1016:
988:
960:
932:
845:
732:
697:
387:in April. During the following spring (1996), the
1931:Taking Charge: The electric automobile in America
1151:"Van Nuys Firm Sells Its Electrical-Vehicle Unit"
1043:Ryerson, Master and Associates, Inc. (May 2003).
1292:. United Press International. February 11, 1995
2080:
2078:
8:
1068:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16:
1864:
1862:
1727:"The electric car: Plugging in an old idea"
1790:"1980 Lectric Leopard by U. S. Electricar"
794:"From Newspaper Owner To New Car Salesman"
509:
470:Electron (Ford Escort conversion, 1989–94)
22:
15:
1309:
1307:
931:Colvin, Richard Lee (February 11, 1991).
900:
898:
787:
785:
758:
756:
1259:Van Gelder, Lawrence (August 26, 1994).
871:
869:
723:
721:
493:A Destiny 2000 was featured in the film
480:Pickup (Chevrolet S-10 conversion, 1994)
375:The new Republican majority in Congress
1235:"Virginia Power expands electric fleet"
645:
455:953 (Renault LeCar conversion, 1974–80)
1897:Blanco, Sebastian (February 2, 2009).
1725:Bartholomew, Douglas (February 1981).
1061:
1050:(Report). United States Postal Service
959:Parrish, Michael (November 23, 1992).
848:The Complete Book of Electric Vehicles
1869:Parrish, Michael (December 2, 1991).
1650:"Electric Vehicles' Latest Breakdown"
1344:Marshall, Jonathan (March 21, 1995).
1180:"Electric Cars Touted as Plant Opens"
852:. Northbrook, Illinois: Domus Books.
765:"Athol's answer to the energy crisis"
428:Separately, Enova developed a hybrid
244:without drivetrains, reducing costs.
7:
1925:"12: Prognosis for the electric car"
1233:Brown, Warren (September 13, 1994).
465:964A (Fiat Strada conversion, 1981+)
40:Solar Electric Engineering (1979–94)
1792:. U.S. Electricar Corporation. 1980
1370:Parrish, Michael (April 26, 1995).
1015:Parrish, Michael (August 9, 1993).
987:Gollner, Philipp (March 17, 1992).
1205:Parrish, Michael (June 10, 1994).
1121:Parrish, Michael (June 24, 1993).
1083:Brown, Stuart F. (February 1995).
792:Knight, Jerry (October 12, 1978).
483:Sedan (Geo Prizm conversion, 1994)
441:Securities and Exchange Commission
14:
2104:"EDM : Electric Drive Motor"
2061:"US Electricar's USPS EV Program"
1987:. Idaho National Laboratory. 1994
1962:. Idaho National Laboratory. 1994
654:"U.S. Electricar, Inc. Form 10-K"
363:to build an assembly facility in
359:and entered a joint venture with
1648:Fine, Howard (August 31, 2014).
1401:(Press release). U.S. Electricar
361:Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation
2109:. Enova Systems. Archived from
2088:. Enova Systems. Archived from
876:Metz, Robert (March 10, 1981).
735:Solo: Life with an Electric Car
676:"Enova Systems, Inc. Form 10-K"
1759:Meltzer, Eric (June 1, 2021).
389:California Air Resources Board
1:
1177:Feldman, Paul (May 7, 1994).
763:Sherman, Don (October 1973).
511:Panther Electric Drive Units
486:Grumman LLV conversion (1995)
2086:"Electric Drive Units (EDU)"
1654:Los Angeles Business Journal
878:"Electric Cars: The Outlook"
844:Shacket, Sheldon R. (1979).
325:Hughes Power Control Systems
318:United States Postal Service
161:electric vehicle conversions
2132:"Brian's Electric Leopard!"
1777:little more than a novelty.
1314:Cech, Scott (May 5, 1996).
1085:"It's the Battery, Stupid!"
57:conversions and powertrains
43:U.S. Electricar (1994–2000)
2165:
371:Licensing and partnerships
237:in 1980, who would supply
147:Solar Electric Engineering
145:, and changed its name to
1957:"U. S. Electricar Pickup"
1842:"Have Plug, Will Commute"
543:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
329:South Central Los Angeles
91:August 31, 2014
65:U.S. Electricar (1978–93)
21:
1982:"U. S. Electricar Sedan"
197:Rohnert Park, California
139:Clover Solar Corporation
135:battery electric vehicle
55:battery electric vehicle
1350:San Francisco Chronicle
2092:on September 30, 2000.
1527:on September 30, 2000.
1509:on September 30, 2000.
1491:on September 30, 2000.
1455:on September 30, 2000.
1323:San Francisco Examiner
311:Sebastopol, California
294:
143:Santa Rosa, California
75:; 48 years ago
37:Clover Solar (1976–79)
1325:. Medill News Service
633:Solectria Corporation
396:Hyundai Motor Company
289:
213:Simplex Time Recorder
167:and Lectric Leopard (
141:on July 30, 1976, in
1765:The Conway Daily Sun
477:conversion, 1989–94)
157:Athol, Massachusetts
108:Torrance, California
1846:The Washington Post
1840:(August 25, 1991).
1429:. November 20, 1997
1239:The Washington Post
798:The Washington Post
512:
496:The Naked Gun 2 1/2
337:Nordskog Industries
226:The Washington Star
18:
1627:Green Car Congress
1545:on April 12, 2001.
1473:on April 11, 2001.
1316:"Picking Up Speed"
1265:The New York Times
912:. October 10, 1980
882:The New York Times
510:
462:conversion, 1980?)
365:Syracuse, New York
352:Itochu Corporation
295:
73:July 30, 1976
2116:on June 22, 2006.
2013:Los Angeles Times
1877:Los Angeles Times
1563:on March 4, 2001.
1427:Los Angeles Times
1378:Los Angeles Times
1213:Los Angeles Times
1185:Los Angeles Times
1158:. August 10, 1993
1156:Los Angeles Times
1129:Los Angeles Times
1023:Los Angeles Times
995:Los Angeles Times
967:Los Angeles Times
939:Los Angeles Times
704:Los Angeles Times
624:
623:
505:reduction gearbox
191:Corporate history
159:, best known for
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615:480 lbf⋅ft
605:at 1800 RPM
588:176 lbf⋅ft
578:at 3600 RPM
561:117 lbf⋅ft
551:at 3600 RPM
513:
452:Lectric Leopard
416:Capstone Turbine
408:Seoul Motor Show
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1399:"March 3, 1997"
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2134:. Econogics.
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648:
620:216 lb
613:650 N⋅m
593:143 lb
586:239 N⋅m
566:123 lb
559:159 N⋅m
556:30.2 hp
554:22.5 kW
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603:160 hp
601:120 kW
576:120 hp
321:Grumman LLV
281:Ford Escort
277:Noel Perrin
209:Datsun 1200
203:Conversions
177:Grumman LLV
173:Fiat Strada
62:Predecessor
1054:6 February
640:References
618:98 kg
610:87 hp
608:65 kW
591:65 kg
583:40 hp
581:30 kW
574:90 kW
564:56 kg
549:80 hp
547:60 kW
460:Bradley GT
430:school bus
412:Think City
381:Santa Rosa
290:Converted
265:Ted Danson
253:US$ 28,000
249:US$ 15,700
231:US$ 11,000
95:2014-08-31
80:1976-07-30
1739:0035-838X
1601:DieselNet
1422:"Also..."
1109:vehicles.
1097:0161-7370
422:in 2000.
333:GM Impact
257:Alan Alda
221:Renault 5
181:Geo Prizm
2143:Category
1903:Autoblog
1373:"PEOPLE"
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627:See also
447:Products
400:Torrance
341:Redlands
51:Industry
31:Formerly
1796:1 March
598:EDM120
528:Weight
242:gliders
115:Website
93: (
88:Defunct
78: (
70:Founded
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536:Cont.
525:Torque
420:Gillig
418:, and
348:Carson
271:, and
239:Strada
217:DAF 46
183:, and
165:DAF 46
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