127:
790:
865:, converted a weak and disunited republic into a strong but limited monarchy. The estates could assemble only when summoned by him; he could dismiss them whenever he thought fit; and their deliberations were to be confined exclusively to the propositions which he laid before them. But these extensive powers were subjected to important checks. Thus, without the previous consent of the estates, no new law could be imposed, no old law abolished, no offensive war undertaken, no extraordinary war subsidy levied. The estates alone could tax themselves; they had the absolute control of the
432:
1206:
81:
949:
67:
873:
with which he enforced the prerogative plainly showed that he meant to remain so. But it was not till after eight years more had elapsed that actual trouble began. The
Riksdag of 1778 had been obsequious; the Riksdag of 1786 was mutinous. It rejected nearly all the royal measures outright, or so modified them that Gustav himself withdrew them. When he dismissed the estates, the speech from the throne held out no prospect of their speedy revocation.
474:
957:
407:
1113:
1322:
1192:
714:
885:(July) had paralysed all military operations at the very opening of the campaign; and the sudden invasion of his western provinces by the Danes, almost simultaneously (September), seemed to bring him to the verge of ruin. But the contrast, at this crisis, between his self-sacrificing patriotism and the treachery of the
1014:
Russia, which had broken off diplomatic relations with Sweden, was frustrated by the refusal of the king to accept as his bride the
Russian grand duchess Alexandra, whom Reuterholm had provided. This was Reuterholm's last official act. On 1 November 1796, Gustav IV at age 18 took the government into his own hands.
872:
In Sweden, the change was most popular. But Gustav's first
Riksdag, that of 1778, opened the eyes of the deputies to the fact that their political supremacy had departed. The king was now their sovereign lord; and, for all his courtesy and gentleness, the jealousy with which he guarded and the vigour
1097:
had undertaken to compel "Russia's geographical enemy," as
Napoleon designated Sweden, to accede to the newly established "Continental Russian System". Gustav IV rejected all the proposals of Alexander to close the Baltic against the English, but he took no measures to defend Finland against Russia.
889:
aristocracy was so striking that, when the
Riksdag assembled, Gustav found that the three lower estates were ultra-royalist, and with their aid he succeeded, not without running great risks in crushing the opposition of the nobility by a second coup d'Ă©tat on 16 February 1789 and passing the famous
1013:
to protect their merchantmen from the
British cruisers. The French republic was officially recognized by the Swedish government on 23 April 1795. In return, Sweden received a subsidy and a treaty between the two powers was signed on 14 September 1795. But an attempt to regain the friendship of
981:
on 21 January 1793, Sweden recognized the new French republic, and secret negotiations for contracting an alliance were begun in May of the same year until the protests of
Catherine of Russia, supported by all the other European powers, finally induced Sweden to suspend them.
876:
Nevertheless, within three years, the king was obliged to summon another
Riksdag, which met at Stockholm on 26 January 1789. His attempt in the interval to rule without a parliament had been disastrous. It was only by a breach of his own constitution that he had been able to
126:
1053:
that when a general coalition was formed against the French emperor he was one of the first to join it (3 December 1804), pledging himself to send an army corps to cooperate with the
English and Russians in driving the enemy out of the Netherlands and
917:
if Gustav were to reestablish monarchical rule in Sweden. Moreover, France agreed to pay its outstanding subsidies to Sweden, amounting to 1.5 million livres annually, beginning from
January 1772. What's more,
910:, in which the Swedish revolution was described as "an act of violence" justifying both powers in seizing the first favourable opportunity for intervention to restore the Swedish constitution of 1720.
1085:
Napoleon attempted to win over Sweden, but Gustav rejected every overture. The result was the total loss of Swedish Pomerania, and the Swedish army was saved from destruction only by the ingenuity of
808:
of the peasantry the Caps majority was merely nominal, while the mass of the nobility was dead against them. Nothing could be done, however, till the return of the new king, Gustav III, from Paris.
834:
All through 1771 the estates wrangled over the clauses. An attempt of the king to mediate foundered on the suspicions of the estate of burgesses, and on 24 February 1772. the nobility yielded.
827:
together, as heretofore, but by that of the majority only, with the view of enabling the actually dominant lower estates (in which there was a large Cap majority) to rule without the nobility.
850:, the last stronghold of the Hats, and, on 25 April of that year, it succeeded in ousting them. It was now, for the first time, that Gustav began to consider the possibility of
1009:
kingdoms during the revolutionary wars. Thus, on 27 March 1794, a neutrality compact was formed between with Denmark and Sweden; and their united squadrons patrolled the
894:
which gave the king an absolutely free hand as regards foreign affairs and the command of the army, and made further treason impossible. The nobility never forgave him.
985:
The negotiations with the French Jacobins exacerbated the hatred which Gustav's supporters felt for the Jacobin counselors of Charles, the duke-regent, later
1855:
1342:
742:
2069:
2034:
1219:
2039:
1372:
1224:
789:
2064:
1980:
1493:
1510:
659:
2074:
1567:
1690:
1473:
1229:
919:
610:
1613:
1505:
1500:
1418:
1413:
1045:, directed against Great Britain. Hitherto Sweden had kept aloof from continental complications, but the arrest and execution of the
653:
647:
544:
525:
1337:
1042:
913:
Unknown to party leaders, Gustav had renewed the Swedish alliance with France and had received solemn assurances of assistance from
1403:
513:
2059:
2054:
1572:
1059:
80:
1468:
2049:
2044:
1463:
858:
830:
The third clause required him, in all cases of preferment, to be guided not "principally" as heretofore, but "solely" by merit.
735:
604:
594:
425:
348:
1098:
On 21 February 1808, a Russian army crossed the Finnish border. On 2 April, the king ordered a general levy of 30,000 men.
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1650:
1165:
878:
678:
1769:
1129:
1840:
1731:
1628:
1478:
1365:
704:
598:
1041:
A notable change took place in Sweden's foreign policy in December 1800 when Denmark, Sweden and Russia acceded to a
1081:
In 1806, a rupture between Sweden and Prussia was prevented only by Napoleon's assault upon the latter power. After
1793:
1488:
728:
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688:
641:
635:
453:
1965:
1665:
1552:
1483:
1035:
891:
797:
616:
1582:
1542:
1532:
189:
66:
1744:
1557:
974:
843:
820:
The first aimed at making abdications in the future impossible by binding the king to reign uninterruptedly.
1754:
1960:
1913:
1898:
1865:
1835:
1820:
1633:
1618:
1443:
1358:
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1137:
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271:
112:
86:
1845:
1830:
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1638:
1094:
1055:
17:
1124:
on 13 March 1809, and the exclusion of his whole family from the succession. On 5 June 1809, the duke
948:
1940:
1810:
1675:
1645:
1075:
824:
805:
784:
764:
1850:
1825:
1774:
1655:
1623:
1577:
1520:
1023:
978:
943:
768:
1970:
1945:
1805:
1764:
1685:
1680:
1601:
1587:
1537:
1448:
1428:
1398:
970:
914:
851:
488:
292:
174:
1141:
1120:
The immediate consequence of the Russian invasion was the deposition of Gustav IV Adolf by the
1999:
1893:
1885:
1870:
1779:
1704:
1547:
1390:
1063:
882:
866:
756:
462:
366:
182:
151:
1908:
1759:
1726:
1046:
322:
226:
162:
147:
47:
956:
2008:
1975:
1955:
1950:
1930:
1918:
1875:
1815:
1562:
1234:
1145:
923:
473:
1161:
101:
800:
died on 12 February 1771. The elections afterward resulted in a partial victory for the
1935:
1433:
1423:
1112:
931:
569:
550:
412:
166:
72:
1128:
was proclaimed king, under the title of Charles XIII, after accepting the new liberal
2028:
2013:
1736:
1660:
1333:
1328:
1211:
1197:
1071:
1031:
927:
718:
378:
179:
1923:
1749:
1458:
1438:
1408:
1149:
1121:
801:
519:
335:
257:
1903:
1006:
886:
1187:
1070:
district, the third coalition had already been dissipated by the victories of
994:
494:
318:
305:
211:
1346:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–221.
869:– the Bank of Sweden, and the right of controlling the national expenditure.
1010:
137:
993:, which was to have been supported by a Russian fleet and a rising of the
1157:
1050:
373:
1160:
islands, "the fore-posts of Stockholm," as Napoleon described them, and
1670:
1153:
907:
1860:
1381:
1173:
1169:
1125:
1090:
1066:, and when at last in December 1805 he led his 6,000 men towards the
1350:
1327:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1111:
1034:
in March 1800, the nobility were compelled to ratify Gustav III's
955:
947:
788:
1082:
1067:
823:
The second obliged him to abide, not by the decision of all the
1354:
989:. They formed a conspiracy to overthrow the government, led by
816:
The new coronation oath contained three revolutionary clauses:
969:
The new king Gustav IV, still a minor, was brought up among
997:. The conspiracy was discovered and vigorously suppressed.
922:, was to be sent to Stockholm to circumvent the designs of
1287:
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1250:
902:
Abroad, the Swedish revolution made a great sensation.
842:
The non-noble Cap majority now proceeded to attack the
1136:
the same day. Peace negotiations had been opened at
861:
of 20 August 1772 which Gustav III imposed upon the
1884:
1792:
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1519:
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188:
173:
158:
143:
133:
34:
1148:on 19 and 20 August 1809, broke the spirit of the
1152:; and peace was obtained by the surrender of all
1049:in 1804 inspired Gustav IV with such a hatred of
804:, especially among the lower orders; but in the
1026:was almost a pure autocracy. At his very first
977:virtually ruled Sweden. After the execution of
1366:
736:
39:
8:
1140:, but the war carried on. Defeats of at the
27:Period of Swedish history from 1772 to 1809
1798:
1709:
1606:
1525:
1373:
1359:
1351:
743:
729:
447:
125:
31:
759:from 1772 to 1809 is better known as the
1303:
1291:
1264:
1220:Category:Sweden during the Gustavian era
1246:
1225:Category:Early modern history of Sweden
1005:A rapprochement took place between the
703:
461:
450:
18:Enlightened Absolute Monarchy in Sweden
926:just as he had previously done in the
344:
331:
314:
301:
288:
284:
247:
243:
235:
216:
201:
197:
187:
7:
1230:Category:Finland under Swedish rule
920:Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes
25:
1043:second League of Armed Neutrality
906:concluded a secret alliance with
2070:1809 disestablishments in Sweden
1320:
1204:
1190:
1060:Frederick William III of Prussia
712:
472:
430:
405:
349:Constitutional monarchy restored
79:
65:
2035:Sweden during the Gustavian era
771:, as well as the reign of King
426:Union between Sweden and Norway
2040:Early modern history of Sweden
973:. During the king's minority,
1:
2065:1772 establishments in Sweden
679:History of the Jews in Sweden
336:King Gustav IV Adolph deposed
258:Charles, Duke of Södermanland
1132:, which was ratified by the
2075:History of Sweden by period
306:Assassination of Gustav III
2091:
1419:Rise to become Great Power
1105:
960:Gustav IV at the age of 19
941:
879:declare war against Russia
782:
694:Economic history of Sweden
689:Military history of Sweden
1993:
1801:
1712:
1609:
1528:
1036:Act of Union and Security
952:Gustav IV at the age of 7
892:Act of Union and Security
798:Adolf Frederick of Sweden
384:
358:
285:
263:
244:
232:
198:
124:
95:
61:
56:
1180:, on 17 September 1809.
1168:as far as the rivers of
2060:19th century in Finland
2055:18th century in Finland
1614:Administrative division
1343:Encyclopædia Britannica
1058:. But his quarrel with
654:Second half of Cold War
2050:19th century in Sweden
2045:18th century in Sweden
1444:December Crisis (1768)
1178:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
1134:Riksdag of the Estates
1117:
1108:Charles XIII of Sweden
1087:Johan Christopher Toll
991:Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt
987:Charles XIII of Sweden
961:
953:
904:Catherine II of Russia
863:Riksdag of the Estates
794:
773:Charles XIII of Sweden
684:LGBT history in Sweden
272:Riksdag of the Estates
40:
1115:
1095:Alexander I of Russia
959:
951:
792:
144:Common languages
1981:World Heritage Sites
1018:Gustavian government
883:Conspiracy of Anjala
785:Gustav III of Sweden
545:Emerging Great Power
41:Konungariket Sverige
1722:Automotive industry
1469:Famine of 1867–1869
1464:Sweden–Norway union
1024:Gustav IV of Sweden
979:Louis XVI of France
944:Gustav IV of Sweden
881:in April 1788; the
113:Bevare Gud vĂĄr kung
1770:Telecommunications
1755:Rehn–Meidner model
1568:Metropolitan areas
1449:Revolution of 1772
1429:Great Northern War
1118:
1022:The government of
962:
954:
795:
321:and Succession of
293:Revolution of 1772
2022:
2021:
1989:
1988:
1841:Human trafficking
1788:
1787:
1732:Income inequality
1699:
1698:
1691:Political parties
1629:Foreign relations
1596:
1595:
1479:Industrialization
975:Gustaf Reuterholm
757:history of Sweden
753:
752:
719:Sweden portal
611:Industrialization
576:Age of Absolutism
491:(12000 BC–800 AD)
446:
445:
442:
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250:• 1792–1796
222:
219:• 1792–1809
207:
204:• 1772–1792
183:absolute monarchy
120:
119:God Save Our King
109:
36:Kingdom of Sweden
16:(Redirected from
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2002:
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317:• Death of
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1336:, ed. (1911). "
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1142:Battle of Sävar
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898:Foreign affairs
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812:Coronation oath
793:King Gustav III
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1334:Chisholm, Hugh
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1306:, p. 210.
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662:(1991–present)
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656:(1967–1991)
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547:(1611–1648)
539:Great Power
528:(1521–1611)
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516:(1050–1397)
514:Middle Ages
483:Prehistoric
463:History of
390:Preceded by
354:6 June 1809
268:Legislature
116:(1805–1809)
105:(1772–1792)
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1946:Literature
1941:Irreligion
1831:Healthcare
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1739:(currency)
1686:Neutrality
1646:Government
1511:Since 1991
1399:Prehistory
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1076:Austerlitz
1032:Norrköping
1030:, held at
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942:See also:
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783:See also:
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73:State flag
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1826:Education
1775:Transport
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1011:North Sea
938:Gustav IV
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848:RiksrĂĄdet
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763:of Kings
367:Riksdaler
159:Religion
138:Stockholm
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2009:Category
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1494:timeline
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1184:See also
1166:Lappland
1051:Napoleon
971:Jacobins
915:Louis XV
867:Riksbank
857:The new
705:Timeline
454:a series
452:Part of
363:Currency
167:official
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2000:Outline
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1919:Cuisine
1886:Culture
1871:Welfare
1794:Society
1780:Tourism
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1553:Islands
1548:Forests
1391:History
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1314:Sources
1176:at the
1154:Finland
1056:Hanover
1028:Riksdag
908:Denmark
825:estates
673:Topical
347:•
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278:History
252:(first)
206:(first)
180:Unitary
148:Swedish
134:Capital
97:Anthem:
48:Swedish
2014:Portal
1909:Cinema
1894:Anthem
1861:People
1737:Krona
1727:Energy
1583:Rivers
1533:Cities
1382:Sweden
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1174:Muonio
1170:TorneĂĄ
1156:, the
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1091:Tilsit
924:Russia
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465:Sweden
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221:(last)
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1976:Sport
1956:Music
1951:Media
1876:Women
1816:Crime
1563:Lands
1558:Lakes
1158:Ă…land
1089:. At
599:Union
1936:Flag
1924:Wine
1172:and
1164:and
1144:and
1083:Jena
1074:and
1068:Elbe
767:and
755:The
597:and
190:King
1904:Art
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