820:, which involves obvious changes in behavior and appearance, including a reduced appetite, retraction of skin around the eyes giving them a more pronounced appearance, increased activity in uncoordinated patterns, and white lesions all over the body. While the duration of this stage is variable, it typically lasts about one to two months. Despite active senescence primarily occurring over this period immediately following reproduction, research has shown that changes related to senescence may begin as early as the onset of reproductive behavior. In early stages of senescence, which begins as the octopus enters the stage of reproduction, hyper-sensitivity is noted where individuals overreact to both noxious and non-noxious touch. As they enter late senescence, insensitivity is observed along with the dramatic physical changes described above. Changes in sensitivity to touch are attributed to decreasing cellular density in nerve and epithelial cells as the nervous system degrades. Death is typically attributed to starvation, as the females have stopped hunting in order to protect their eggs; males often spend more time in the open, making them more likely to be preyed upon.
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very few survive to adulthood. Their growth rate is quite rapid: starting from 0.03 g (0.0011 oz) and growing to 20–40 kg (44–88 lb) at adulthood, which is an increase of around 0.9% per day. The giant
Pacific octopus' growth over the course of a year has two sections: a faster section, from July to December, and a slower section, from January to June. Because they are cool-blooded, they are able to use most of their consumed energy for body mass, respiration, physical activity, and reproduction. During reproduction, the male octopus deposits a
570:) up to 1.2 m (4 ft) in length while in captivity. Additionally, consumed carcasses of this same shark species have been found in giant Pacific octopus middens in the wild, providing strong evidence of these octopuses preying on small sharks in their natural habitat. In May 2012, amateur photographer Ginger Morneau was widely reported to have photographed a wild giant Pacific octopus attacking and drowning a seagull, demonstrating that this species is not above eating any available source of food within its size range, even birds.
1038:. Lower trophic levels include all prey items, and may fluctuate inversely with octopus abundance. Higher trophic levels include all predators of octopuses, and may fluctuate with octopus abundance, although many may prey upon a variety of organisms. Protection of other threatened species may affect octopus populations (the sea otter, for example), as they may rely on octopuses for food. Some research suggests that fishing other species has aided octopus populations, by taking out predators and competitors.
510:
235:
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943:. Normal levels are measured at 7–9 ppm. Fish and octopuses move from the deep towards the shallow water for more oxygen. Females do not leave, and die with their eggs at nesting sites. Warming seawater temperatures promote phytoplankton growth, and annual dead zones have been found to be increasing in size. To avoid these dead zones, octopuses must move to shallower waters, which may be warmer in temperature and less oxygen-rich, trapping them between two low-oxygen zones.
737:
106:
50:
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967:, where they are often preyed upon by birds, fish, and other plankton feeders. Quicker hatching time may also affect critical timing for food availability. One study found that higher water temperatures accelerated all aspects of reproduction and even shortened lifespan by up to 20%. Other studies concur that warming climate scenarios should result in higher embryo and paralarvae mortalities.
894:, in order to accurately identify these species and help to prevent seafood fraud. Combined with lack of assessment and mislabeling, tracking the species's abundance is nearly impossible. Scientists have relied on catch numbers to estimate stock abundance, but the animals are solitary and difficult to find. Sites like The Monterey Bay Aquarium
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water, changing body texture, and other behaviors that are consistently demonstrated to specific individuals. They have the ability to solve simple puzzles, open childproof bottles, and use tools. The octopus brain has folded lobes (a distinct characteristic of complexity) and visual and tactile memory centers. They have about 300 million
1003:). Calcifying organisms use calcium carbonate to produce shells, skeletons, and tests. The prey base that octopuses prefer (crab, clams, scallops, mussels, etc.) are negatively impacted by ocean acidification, and may decrease in abundance. Shifts in available prey may force a change in octopus diets to other, nonshelled organisms.
788:(specialized arm) in the female's mantle. The hectocotylus is found on the third arm of male octopuses and occupies the last four inches of the arm. This part of the male arm anatomy contains no suckers. Large spermatophores are characteristic of octopuses in this genus. The female stores the spermatophore in her
920:) and not an efficient oxygen carrier, octopuses favor and move toward cooler, oxygen-rich water. This dependency limits octopus habitat, typically to temperate waters 8–12 °C (46–54 °F). If seawater temperatures continue to rise, these organisms may be forced to move to deeper, cooler water.
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are den dwellers, which serve as a central point from when they forage while also providing protection, shelter, and privacy. After hunting, they bring food back to the den to feed in a safer environment and avoid predators. Shells, bones, and other feeding debris pile up outside of the den, creating
828:
Octopuses are ranked as the most intelligent invertebrates. Giant
Pacific octopuses are commonly kept on display at aquariums due to their size and interesting physiology, and have demonstrated the ability to recognize humans with whom they frequently come in contact. These responses include jetting
815:
in giant
Pacific octopuses, where males and females mate with multiple partners. This multiple paternity potentially allows females to increase the odds of at least one of the males she mates with producing fit offspring. After mating, both the males and females stop eating and ultimately die. After
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the female stays close to her spawn, never leaving to feed, leading to her death soon after the young have hatched. The female's death is the result of starvation, as she subsists on her own body fats during this period of approximately 6 months. Hatchlings are about the size of a grain of rice, and
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are also confirmed predators of this species. In addition, the octopus (along with cuttlefish and squid) is a significant source of protein for human consumption. About 3.3 million tonnes (3.6 million short tons) are commercially fished, worth $ 6 billion annually. Over thousands of years,
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Dens range across depth and substratum type including caves, holes dug beneath rock, and even trash on the ocean floor such as bottles, tires, pipes, and barrels. Den selection is greatly influenced by foraging behavior and preferred prey. Dens made of soft substrata may be preferred in areas where
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cover and rocky terrain suggesting a sophisticated level of habitat selection, likely optimizing foraging efficiency and minimizing exposure to predators. Furthermore, their movement patterns include direct relocations to new areas and central-tendency movements to return to familiar habitats. This
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Octopuses have been found to migrate for a variety of reasons. Using tag and recapture methods, scientists found they move from den to den in response to decreased food availability, change in water quality, increase in predation, or increased population density (or decreased available habitat/den
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is an issue in the seafood industry, with species names being switched by accident or on purpose, as in the case of using the name of a more expensive species for a cheaper one. Cephalopods, in particular, lose distinguishing characteristics during food processing, making them much harder to
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In Puget Sound, the
Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted rules for protecting the harvest of giant Pacific octopuses at seven sites, after a legal harvest caused a public outcry. Populations in Puget Sound are not considered threatened.
854:. DNA techniques have assisted in genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the species' evolutionary past. Following its DNA analysis, the giant Pacific octopus may actually prove to be three subspecies (one in Japan, another in Alaska, and a third in
1026:. These crabs bury themselves in contaminated sediments and eat prey that live nearby. What effects these toxins have on octopuses are unknown, but other exposed animals have been known to show liver damage, changes in immune systems, and death.
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may affect these organisms in different ways. Climate change is complex, with predicted biotic and abiotic changes to multiple processes including oxygen limitation, reproduction, ocean acidification, toxins, effects on other trophic levels, and
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remain stationary or in hiding 94% of the time, usually concealed within dens, kelp, or camouflaged in their environment. Otherwise, they exhibit activity throughout the day, increasingly so from midnight to the early morning. While stationary,
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Unlike most other octopus species, whose lifespans normally span only one year, the giant
Pacific octopus has a lifespan of three to five years. They reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Gonadal maturation has been linked to the
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prefer to occupy same shelter for at least one month, often longer if possible. It is common for these octopus to leave their den for short periods of time and eventually return to re-use the same den. However, over longer periods of time,
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can help people to responsibly consume seafood, including the giant
Pacific octopus. Seafood Watch lists giant Pacific octopus in either the "Buy" or "Buy, but be aware of concerns" categories depending on the geographical location of the
533:
found that the largest suckers on a giant
Pacific octopus are about 6.4 cm (2.5 in) and can support 16 kg (35 lb) each. The only other possible contender for the largest species of octopus is the
1205:
833:. They have been known to open tank valves, disassemble expensive equipment, and generally wreak havoc in labs and aquaria. Some researchers even claim that they are capable of motor play and having personalities.
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are capable of moving vast distances to occupy new areas or habitats, with large octopuses moving further than smaller ones. Their movements are not random; they demonstrate a preference for habitats with dense
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are abundant while dens near rocky areas might be chosen in areas with higher crab populations. The size of the den is small, usually being just large enough for the octopus to fit inside and turn around.
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migrate to shallower waters in the early summer and winter and offshore in the late summer and winter. There is no evidence of these migration patterns in the
Alaskan and northeast Pacific populations of
764:. When removed, females no longer brood their eggs, resume feeding, increase in weight, and experience longer lifespans compared to sexually mature, brooding females who still retain their optic glands.
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Because octopuses have hemocyanin as copper-based blood, a small change in pH can reduce oxygen-carrying capacity. A pH change from 8.0 to 7.7 or 7.5 will have life-or-death effects on cephalopods.
1608:
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migration patterns vary depending on the population. In the eastern
Pacific waters off the coast of Japan, migration coincides with seasonal temperature changes in the winter and summer. Here,
2668:"Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of big blue octopus (Octopus cyanea), giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), and common octopus (Octopus vulgaris)"
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preys on shrimp, crabs, scallops, abalones, cockles, snails, clams, lobsters, fish, squid, and other octopuses. Food is procured with its suckers and then bitten using its tough beak of
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Scheel, D.; Anderson, R. (2012). "Variability in the diet specialization of
Enteroctopus dofleini (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the eastern Pacific examined from midden contents".
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Scavengers and other organisms often attempt to eat octopus eggs, even when the female is present to protect them. Giant Pacific octopus paralarvae are preyed upon by many other
2365:"Multiple Paternity and Preliminary Population Genetics of Giant Pacific Octopuses, Enteroctopus dofleini, in Oregon, Washington and the Southeast Coast of Vancouver Island, BC"
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identify. One study developed a multiplex PCR assay to distinguish between three prevalent octopus species in the Eastern Pacific, namely, the giant Pacific octopus, the
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span up to 4.3 m (14 ft). Some larger individuals have weighed-in at 50 kg (110 lb), with a radial span of 6 m (20 ft). American zoologist
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is intensively cared for exclusively by the female, who continuously blows water over it and grooms it to remove algae and other growths. While she fulfills her duty of
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Holst, Meghan M.; Hauver, Camille M.; Stein, Rachel S.; Milano, Bianca L.; Levine, Lindsey H.; Zink, Andrew G.; Watters, Jason V.; Crook, Robyn J. (September 2022).
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until she is ready to fertilize her eggs. One female at the Seattle Aquarium was observed to retain a spermatophore for seven months before laying fertilized eggs.
639:, creating a powerful thrust and propelling the octopus through the water at a high speed. When moving on the seafloor, however, the octopus crawls using its arms.
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2409:"Behavioral changes in senescent giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) are associated with peripheral neural degeneration and loss of epithelial tissue"
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939:. As these micro-organisms decompose, oxygen is used up in the process and has been measured to be as low as 2 parts per million (ppm). This is a state of
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To help compensate for its relatively short lifespan, the octopus is extremely prolific. It can lay between 120,000 and 400,000 eggs which are coated in
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Increased seawater temperatures also increase metabolic processes. The warmer the water, the faster octopus eggs develop and hatch. After hatching, the
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is distinguished from other species by its large size. It is the largest octopus species. Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an
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move through the open water using jet propulsion, which is achieved by drawing water into its body cavity and then forcefully expelling it through a
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2050:"Design of experimental food patches to measure foraging intensity for octopus: a case study with the giant Pacific octopus Enteroctopus dofleini"
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1229:"Characterization of Current Husbandry and Veterinary Care Practices of the Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) Using an Online Survey"
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beak size determines the size of the space it can fit inside, with its body being able to compress through tiny spaces as small as two inches.
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475:. He describes the species' morphology in detail, and mentions that there seems to be much variation within the species. The specific name
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play an important role in maintaining the health and biodiversity of deep sea ecosystems, cognitive research, and the fishing industry.
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Repolho, Tiago (2014). "Developmental and physiological challenges of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) early life stages under ocean warming".
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Andre, J; Haddon, M.; Pecl, G.T. (2010). "Modeling climate-change induced nonlinear thresholds in cephalopod population dynamics".
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down to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and is best-adapted to colder, oxygen- and nutrient-rich waters. It is the largest
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1292:. Vol. Bd.3:1 (1910). München: Verlag der K.B. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission des G. Franzschen Verlags.
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Sigler, M. F.; L. B. Hulbert; C. R. Lunsford; N. H. Thompson; K. Burek; G. O'Corry-Crowe; A. C. Hirons (24 July 2006).
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cause increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The ocean absorbs an estimated 30% of emitted anthropogenic CO
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identified in octopuses, and their secretions have been found to contribute to behaviors linked with reproduction and
542:), based on a 61-kilogram (134-pound), incomplete carcass estimated to have a live mass of 75 kg (165 lb).
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Mather, J. A.; Kuba, M. J. (2013). "The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning and cognition".
2090:
608:
807:, meaning they only go through one breeding cycle in their life. Analysis of egg clutches has shown evidence of
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humans have caught them using lures, spears, pot traps, nets, and bare hands. The octopus is parasitized by the
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Guinotte, J. M.; Fabry, V. J. (2008). "Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems".
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Mather, J. A.; Resler, S.; Cosgrove, J. A. (1985). "Activity and Movement patterns of Octopus dofleini".
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1911:
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1912:"Some Aspects of Diet and Foraging Behavior of Octopus dofleini Wülker , 1910 in its Northernmost Range"
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1645:"Diet of Pacific sleeper shark, a potential Steller sea lion predator, in the north-east Pacific Ocean"
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species on earth and can often be found in aquariums and research facilities in addition to the ocean.
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Anderson, R. C.; Wood, J. B.; Byrne, R. A. (2002). "Octopus Senescence: The Beginning of the End".
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Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel
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2848:"Effect of temperature on laboratory growth, reproduction, and life span of Octopus bimaculoides"
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2280:"Analysis of growth based on tag-recapture of the Giant Pacific octopus Octopus dofleini martini"
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The giant Pacific octopus was first described in 1910 by Gerhard Wülker of Leipzig University in
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Gazeau, F.; Quiblier, C.; Jansen, J. M.; Gattuso, J. P.; Middelburg, J. J.; Heip, C. H. (2007).
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2122:"Hormonal Inhibition of Feeding and Death in Octopus : Control by Optic Gland Secretion"
1340:. Vol. 8. Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. pp. 203–208.
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in tissues and digestive glands, which may have come from these octopus' preferred prey, the
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relocate to new dens situated relatively nearby, within an average distance of 13.2 meters.
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showing one of the eyes, the longitudinal folds on the body and the paddle-like papillae
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Wülker, 1910 new combination". In Valentich Scott, Paul; Blake, James A. (eds.).
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Chancellor, Stephanie; Scheel, David; Brown, Joel S (13 February 2021).
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navigation behavior is influenced by the use of familiar cliff edges,
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Alves, Christelle; Boal, Jean G.; Dickel, Ludovic (1 November 2008).
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Potential changes in octopus populations will affect upper and lower
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1626:"PHOTOS: Pacific Octopus Eats Seagull, First Time Ever Photographed"
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of octopuses which has been compared functionally to the vertebrate
694:"den litter" that is commonly used by scientists and divers to find
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2003:"Short-distance navigation in cephalopods: a review and synthesis"
1372:. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums. p. 5.
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Giant Pacific octopuses are not currently under the protection of
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784:(or sperm packet) more than 1 m (3.3 ft) long using his
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family. Its spatial distribution encompasses much of the coastal
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2528:"Octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) Recognize Individual Humans"
1406:"Giant Pacific Octopus Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society"
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Researchers have found high concentrations of heavy metals and
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lowers available carbonate ions, which is a building block for
1964:"Den utilization and the movements of tagged Octopus dofleini"
2623:
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Regardless of these data gaps in abundance estimates, future
2666:
Lee, Yu-Min; Lee, Ga-Young; Kim, Hae-Yeong (1 April 2022).
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depend upon the giant Pacific octopus as a source of food.
1910:
Vincent, T. L. S.; Scheel, D.; Hough, K. R. (March 1998).
479:
was chosen by Gerhard Wülker in honor of German scientist
408:(California, Oregon, Washington and Alaska, including the
2620:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2"
1305:"Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names. D."
2507:
Anderson, R. C. (2005). "How smart are octopuses?".
771:, and attached to a hard surface by the female. The
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3002:"Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification"
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3035:20.500.11755/a8941c6a-6d0b-43d5-ba0d-157a7aa05668
1452:(Mollusca : Octopoda) in New Zealand waters"
916:space) Because their blue blood is copper-based (
803:Both male and female giant Pacific octopuses are
1206:"Giant Pacific octopus rescued at Haystack Rock"
1178:
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1308:Biographical Etymology of Marine Organism Names
2322:"Giant Pacific Octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini"
2179:"Giant Pacific Octopus | California Sea Grant"
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979:, deforestation, industrialization, and other
3139:
2777:Octopus: The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate
2173:
2171:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1117:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T162958A958049.en
416:, Canada; across the northern Pacific to the
8:
2315:
2313:
1746:Furuya, Hidetaka; Tsuneki, Kazuhiko (2003).
650:hide, groom, eat, sleep, and maintain dens.
2207:. Alaska Pacific University. Archived from
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1328:Hochberg, Frederick (Eric) George (1998). "
991:, it becomes more acidic and lowers in pH.
4076:
3886:
3777:
3538:
3165:
3146:
3132:
3124:
2941:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2646:"Giant Pacific Octopus Rulemaking Process"
2253:"Giant Pacific Octopus (Octopus dofleini)"
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1385:"Name Change of the Giant Pacific Octopus"
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1092:Allcock, L.; Taite, M.; Allen, G. (2018).
233:
79:
48:
31:
3033:
2960:
2750:Journal of Marine Behavior and Physiology
2699:
2532:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
2467:
2456:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
2380:
1763:
1671:
1523:"ADW: Enteroctopus dofleini: INFORMATION"
1467:
1286:Wülker, Gerhard; Wülker, Gerhard (1910).
1262:
1244:
1115:
2798:
2796:
2779:. Portland. London.: J.B. Timber Press.
2231:"Giant Pacific Octopus by Shawn Laidlaw"
1157:Super Suckers, The Giant Pacific octopus
64:, at a depth of 65 m (213 ft)
1410:Northwest Wildlife Preservation Society
1184:"Giant Pacific Octopus Species Profile"
1063:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1957:
1955:
1953:
444:'s Pacific east coast, and around the
2846:Forsythe, J.W.; Hanlon, R.T. (1988).
2724:"Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch"
2402:
2400:
1866:Scheel, D.; Bisson, L. (April 2012).
1303:Hansson, Hans G. (14 November 1997).
1199:
1197:
727:Takoyaki stall in Nishi-Magome, Tokyo
562:. It has also been observed to catch
7:
4371:Western North American coastal fauna
2120:Wodinsky, Jerome (2 December 1977).
1428:Smithsonian National Zoological Park
1383:Anderson, Roland C. (January 2001).
4336:IUCN Red List least concern species
2898:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1806:High, William L. (September 1976).
1521:Hartis, Colleen (2 February 2011).
1497: – a giant gelatinous octopus"
1103:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2345:. Hackenheim, ConchBooks, p. 214.
2329:National Sea Grant College Program
2296:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03611.x
1936:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1998.tb00450.x
1721:Courage, Katherine Harmon (2013).
1188:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
963:swim to the surface to join other
756:. These optic glands are the only
25:
3108:"CephBase: Giant Pacific octopus"
404:, north along the United States'
2825:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02223.x
1682:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01096.x
927:, a habitat for many octopuses,
104:
3071:American Malacological Bulletin
2575:"Through the Eye of an Octopus"
1968:Marine Behaviour and Physiology
1748:"Biology of Dicyemid Mesozoans"
1030:Effects on other trophic levels
837:Conservation and climate change
2672:Food Science and Biotechnology
1624:Young, Gayne C. (8 May 2012).
1583:. Google Video. Archived from
1549:Giant Pacific Octopus - Oceana
1456:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
799:Hectocotylus arm of an octopod
668:as well as visual navigation.
1:
4346:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
1563:"Giant Pacific octopus facts"
1469:10.1080/03014223.2004.9518353
1204:Graves, Mark (23 June 2023).
4356:Cephalopods of North America
3006:Geophysical Research Letters
2544:10.1080/10888705.2010.483892
2478:10.1207/S15327604JAWS0504_02
2146:10.1126/science.198.4320.948
2054:Journal of Molluscan Studies
400:, from the Mexican state of
2594:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2205:"Giant Octopus: Fact Sheet"
1880:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.02.004
1808:"The Giant Pacific Octopus"
1394:. Vol. 32. p. 46.
609:Dicyemodeca anthinocephalum
448:. It can be found from the
377:North Pacific giant octopus
4392:
4376:Molluscs described in 1910
2684:10.1007/s10068-022-01051-w
2425:10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111263
2343:Cephalopods: A World Guide
1725:. USA: The Penguin Group.
1159:. BC: Harbour Publishing.
923:Each fall in Washington's
586:. Marine mammals, such as
489:by Eric Hochberg in 1998.
4064:
3648:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
2910:10.1007/s00360-013-0783-y
2762:10.1080/10236248509387055
2019:10.1007/s10339-007-0192-9
1980:10.1080/10236248409387038
987:. As the ocean absorbs CO
816:reproduction, they enter
732:Lifespan and reproduction
305:Octopus dofleini apollyon
289:Octopus dofleini dofleini
261:
254:
241:
232:
206:
199:
101:Scientific classification
99:
77:
68:
56:
47:
34:
3519:Placopecten magellanicus
3363:New Zealand green-lipped
1363:"Giant Pacific Octopus (
1155:Cosgrove, James (2009).
867:climate change scenarios
483:. It was moved to genus
353:Octopus dofleini martini
244:
4351:Marine molluscs of Asia
4024:Acanthopleura granulata
3593:(group of four species)
2971:10.1196/annals.1439.013
1833:"Giant Pacific Octopus"
1815:Marine Fisheries Review
1652:Journal of Fish Biology
1611:14 January 2009 at the
1545:"Giant Pacific Octopus"
1424:"Giant Pacific Octopus"
62:Point Piños, California
4017:Acanthopleura echinata
3927:Atlantic white-spotted
3378:Asian/Philippine green
2775:Mather, J. A. (2010).
2320:Flory, Eileen (2007).
2255:. NPCA. Archived from
2066:10.1093/mollus/eyaa039
1246:10.3390/vetsci10070448
956:
907:
800:
744:
728:
600:Pacific sleeper sharks
514:
506:
4134:Enteroctopus_dofleini
4120:Enteroctopus dofleini
4090:Enteroctopus dofleini
3953:Amphioctopus fangsiao
3597:South African abalone
3469:("true oyster" genus)
3235:California butterclam
2805:Global Change Biology
2606:10.1139/cjz-2013-0009
1837:Monterey Bay Aquarium
1821:(9) – via NOAA.
1525:. Animaldiversity.org
1365:Enteroctopus dofleini
1334:Enteroctopus dofleini
1096:Enteroctopus dofleini
954:
906:Giant Pacific octopus
905:
798:
741:Enteroctopus dofleini
739:
726:
620:, which lives in its
512:
500:
481:Franz Theodor Doflein
375:), also known as the
372:Enteroctopus dofleini
367:giant Pacific octopus
246: range of
210:Enteroctopus dofleini
35:Giant Pacific octopus
27:Species of cephalopod
18:Enteroctopus dofleini
3678:Ribbed Mediterranean
3193:Grooved carpet shell
3083:10.4003/006.030.0206
3026:10.1029/2006gl028554
2728:www.seafoodwatch.org
2007:Cognitive Processing
1581:"Octopus Eats Shark"
1495:Haliphron atlanticus
1450:Haliphron atlanticus
1434:on 23 February 2014.
1110:: e.T162958A958049.
878:The seafood industry
850:or evaluated in the
540:Haliphron atlanticus
379:, is a large marine
321:Octopus gilbertianus
313:Polypus gilbertianus
4366:Fauna of California
3673:Rayed Mediterranean
3267:Japanese littleneck
3119:The Cephalopod Page
3050:on 12 November 2012
3018:2007GeoRL..34.7603G
2953:2008NYASA1134..320G
2867:1988MarBi..98..369F
2817:2010GCBio..16.2866A
2259:on 21 November 2008
2211:on 15 November 2012
2183:caseagrant.ucsd.edu
2138:1977Sci...198..948W
2095:www.adfg.alaska.gov
1928:1998MarEc..19...13V
1664:2006JFBio..69..392S
1569:. 21 February 2018.
1504:Biodiversity Update
1491:O'Shea, S. (2002).
1448:"The giant octopus
1446:O'Shea, S. (2004).
1233:Veterinary Sciences
993:Ocean acidification
971:Ocean acidification
513:Close-up of suckers
71:Conservation status
4046:Land snail farming
3460:Gillardeau oysters
3178:Atlantic jackknife
3114:on 17 August 2005.
2875:10.1007/bf00391113
2581:on 26 August 2020.
2284:Journal of Zoology
1874:. 416–417: 21–31.
1765:10.2108/zsj.20.519
1752:Zoological Science
1587:on 7 February 2006
957:
908:
801:
745:
729:
515:
507:
4361:Molluscs of Japan
4323:
4322:
4282:Open Tree of Life
4082:Taxon identifiers
4073:
4072:
4051:Gastropod anatomy
4010:Chiton magnificus
3995:
3994:
3972:New Zealand arrow
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3747:Kelletia lischkei
3712:Littorina sitkana
3658:Yellow-foot opihi
3528:
3527:
3422:Colchester native
2811:(10): 2866–2875.
2786:978-1-60469-067-5
2341:Norman, M. 2000.
2233:. 3 November 2020
2132:(4320): 948–951.
1732:978-1-59184-527-0
1166:978-1-55017-466-3
1048:Octopus wrestling
997:calcium carbonate
935:die and create a
911:Oxygen limitation
628:Movement patterns
568:Squalus acanthias
536:seven-arm octopus
383:belonging to the
363:
362:
357:
349:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
265:Octopus punctatus
94:
16:(Redirected from
4383:
4316:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4198:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4160:
4159:
4147:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4077:
3887:
3801:Chorus giganteus
3778:
3539:
3502:Pecten jacobaeus
3209:Mactra stultorum
3166:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3110:. Archived from
3095:
3094:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3046:. Archived from
3037:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2964:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:. Archived from
2616:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:. Archived from
2573:Tzar, Jennifer.
2570:
2564:
2563:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2471:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2382:10.3390/d7020195
2360:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1803:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1718:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1684:. Archived from
1675:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1430:. Archived from
1420:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:Drum And Croaker
1389:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1248:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1216:on 24 June 2023.
1212:. Archived from
1201:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1022:Cancer productus
981:land-use changes
888:big blue octopus
758:endocrine glands
622:renal appendages
619:
446:Korean Peninsula
428:), south to the
418:Russian Far East
414:British Columbia
410:Aleutian Islands
394:Enteroctopodidae
355:
348:Akimushkin, 1963
347:
345:Paroctopus asper
339:
331:
329:Octopus apollyon
323:
315:
307:
299:
297:Polypus apollyon
291:
283:
281:Polypus dofleini
275:
273:Octopus dofleini
267:
250:
245:
237:
226:
212:
192:E. dofleini
168:Enteroctopodidae
109:
108:
88:
83:
82:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4142:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4060:
4056:Bivalve anatomy
4029:
3991:
3977:Japanese flying
3958:
3908:
3868:
3845:
3811:
3767:
3717:
3687:
3668:Common European
3634:
3606:
3524:
3508:Peruvian calico
3472:
3393:
3390:(mussel family)
3339:
3296:
3241:Senilia senilis
3155:
3154:Edible mollusks
3152:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2962:10.1.1.316.7909
2938:
2937:
2933:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2626:on 27 June 2014
2618:
2617:
2613:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2469:10.1.1.567.3108
2453:
2452:
2448:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2203:Scheel, David.
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1909:
1908:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1789:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1719:
1696:
1691:on 29 May 2010.
1688:
1673:10.1.1.330.8593
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1613:Wayback Machine
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:Cephalopod size
1044:
1032:
1020:red rock crab (
1012:
1002:
990:
986:
975:The burning of
973:
949:
913:
880:
844:
839:
826:
754:pituitary gland
734:
688:
630:
613:
576:
553:
548:
520:
495:
470:Über Japanische
466:
450:intertidal zone
402:Baja California
337:Octopus madokai
243:
242:
228:
220:
214:
208:
195:
103:
95:
84:
80:
73:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4265:
4252:
4239:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4138:
4125:
4110:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Oyster farming
4037:
4035:
4034:Related topics
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3826:Cornu aspersum
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3335:Giant Atlantic
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Triangle shell
3254:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3102:
3101:External links
3099:
3097:
3096:
3077:(2): 267–279.
3061:
2992:
2947:(1): 320–342.
2931:
2888:
2861:(3): 369–379.
2855:Marine Biology
2838:
2792:
2785:
2767:
2740:
2715:
2678:(4): 497–504.
2658:
2637:
2611:
2600:(6): 431–449.
2584:
2565:
2538:(3): 261–272.
2518:
2509:Coral Magazine
2499:
2462:(4): 275–283.
2446:
2396:
2375:(2): 195–205.
2355:
2334:
2309:
2290:(4): 559–572.
2270:
2244:
2222:
2195:
2167:
2107:
2079:
2040:
2013:(4): 239–247.
1993:
1949:
1916:Marine Ecology
1893:
1849:
1824:
1787:
1758:(5): 519–532.
1738:
1731:
1694:
1658:(2): 392–405.
1635:
1616:
1598:
1572:
1554:
1536:
1513:
1483:
1438:
1415:
1397:
1375:
1367:) Care Manual"
1353:
1346:
1320:
1295:
1278:
1219:
1193:
1172:
1165:
1130:
1084:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1036:trophic levels
1031:
1028:
1011:
1008:
1000:
988:
984:
972:
969:
948:
945:
912:
909:
892:common octopus
879:
876:
843:
840:
838:
835:
825:
822:
733:
730:
687:
684:
629:
626:
584:filter feeders
575:
572:
552:
549:
547:
544:
519:
516:
494:
491:
465:
462:
430:East China Sea
426:Sea of Okhotsk
361:
360:
359:
358:
356:Pickford, 1964
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
292:(Wülker, 1910)
286:
278:
270:
259:
258:
252:
251:
239:
238:
230:
229:
215:
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
97:
96:
78:
75:
74:
69:
66:
65:
54:
53:
45:
44:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4388:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Pacific giant
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3840:Helix pomatia
3837:
3835:
3834:
3833:Helix lucorum
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3453:Ostra chilena
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Mediterranean
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:(razor genus)
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Pacific razor
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Atlantic surf
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:(7): L07603.
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2756:(4): 301–14.
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2351:3-925919-32-5
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:(2): 95–110.
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1347:0-936494-13-1
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1210:The Oregonian
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
982:
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:phytoplankton
926:
921:
919:
910:
904:
900:
897:
896:Seafood Watch
893:
889:
884:
877:
875:
873:
868:
863:
859:
857:
853:
852:IUCN Red List
849:
841:
836:
834:
832:
823:
821:
819:
814:
810:
806:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
782:spermatophore
778:
777:parental care
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
742:
738:
731:
725:
721:
719:
714:
710:
705:
699:
697:
692:
685:
683:
682:
677:
673:
669:
667:
663:
658:
653:
649:
644:
640:
638:
634:
627:
625:
623:
617:
612:
610:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
564:spiny dogfish
561:
557:
550:
545:
543:
541:
537:
532:
528:
524:
517:
511:
504:
499:
492:
490:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:North Pacific
395:
391:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
354:
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
332:(Berry, 1913)
330:
327:
322:
319:
314:
311:
308:(Berry, 1912)
306:
303:
298:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
274:
271:
266:
263:
262:
260:
257:
253:
249:
240:
236:
231:
224:
219:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
102:
98:
92:
87:
86:Least Concern
76:
72:
67:
63:
60:observed off
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4089:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3951:
3942:Southern red
3838:
3831:
3824:
3799:
3773:Other snails
3745:
3710:
3517:
3500:
3486:Atlantic bay
3464:
3452:
3417:Southern mud
3289:
3281:
3239:
3220:Ocean quahog
3207:
3112:the original
3074:
3070:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:the original
3009:
3005:
2995:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2904:(1): 55–64.
2901:
2897:
2891:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2808:
2804:
2776:
2770:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:
2718:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2614:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2579:the original
2568:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2416:
2412:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2342:
2337:
2328:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:the original
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:the original
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2129:
2125:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2082:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1971:
1967:
1922:(1): 13–29.
1919:
1915:
1871:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1722:
1686:the original
1655:
1651:
1638:
1630:Outdoor Life
1629:
1619:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1432:the original
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1378:
1364:
1356:
1337:
1333:
1330:Enteroctopus
1329:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1288:
1281:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1214:the original
1209:
1187:
1156:
1121:. Retrieved
1107:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1066:
1033:
1021:
1013:
1005:
977:fossil fuels
974:
958:
947:Reproduction
922:
914:
881:
864:
860:
845:
842:Conservation
827:
824:Intelligence
802:
786:hectocotylus
766:
746:
740:
717:
712:
708:
700:
695:
690:
689:
681:E. dofleini.
680:
675:
671:
670:
651:
647:
642:
641:
632:
631:
607:
596:sperm whales
588:harbor seals
577:
567:
555:
554:
539:
531:G. H. Parker
522:
521:
502:
501:Close-up of
486:Enteroctopus
484:
476:
473:Cephalopoden
472:
469:
467:
457:
438:Sea of Japan
389:Enteroctopus
387:
376:
371:
370:
366:
364:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
284:Wülker, 1910
280:
276:Wülker, 1910
272:
264:
247:
209:
207:
191:
190:
179:Enteroctopus
178:
57:
29:
4341:Octopodidae
4295:SeaLifeBase
4243:NatureServe
4191:iNaturalist
4114:Wikispecies
3987:Neon flying
3693:Periwinkles
3653:Turtle/talc
3586:Green ormer
3496:New Zealand
3466:Crassostrea
3447:Sydney rock
3325:New Zealand
3247:Smooth clam
3215:Blunt gaper
2263:13 November
2215:13 November
1591:13 November
1567:Animal Spot
1462:(1): 7–13.
872:RNA editing
856:Puget Sound
805:semelparous
790:spermatheca
750:optic gland
718:E. dofleini
713:E. dofleini
709:E. dofleini
696:E. dofleini
691:E. dofleini
676:E. dofleini
672:E. dofleini
652:E. dofleini
648:E. dofleini
643:E. dofleini
633:E. dofleini
614: [
580:zooplankton
556:E. dofleini
523:E. dofleini
503:E. dofleini
493:Description
458:E. dofleini
340:Berry, 1921
324:Berry, 1912
316:Berry, 1912
300:Berry, 1912
248:E. dofleini
221: [
148:Cephalopoda
58:E. dofleini
40:Pleistocene
4330:Categories
3904:Bottletail
3891:Cuttlefish
3851:Freshwater
3795:Korean mud
3758:Pear whelk
3534:Gastropods
3491:Great/king
3437:Windowpane
3432:Portuguese
3368:California
3272:Razor clam
3252:Soft-shell
2419:: 111263.
1313:9 December
1239:(7): 448.
1123:30 October
1059:References
961:paralarvae
955:Hatchlings
933:macroalgae
925:Hood Canal
918:hemocyanin
890:, and the
818:senescence
762:senescence
666:topography
662:substrates
592:sea otters
434:Yellow Sea
406:West Coast
381:cephalopod
268:Gabb, 1862
4248:2.1130693
3899:Spineless
3763:Lightning
3731:Channeled
3388:Mytilidae
3277:Pod razor
3198:Hard clam
3044:130190489
2957:CiteSeerX
2692:2092-6456
2464:CiteSeerX
2433:1531-4332
2391:1424-2818
2369:Diversity
2304:0952-8369
2154:0036-8075
2074:0260-1230
2027:1612-4790
1988:0091-181X
1944:0173-9565
1888:0022-0981
1668:CiteSeerX
1255:2306-7381
937:dead zone
813:polyandry
574:Predators
464:Etymology
422:Kamchatka
186:Species:
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
42:to recent
4209:11295688
4141:BioLib:
4099:Wikidata
4067:Category
3982:Humboldt
3932:Big blue
3790:Mud-flat
3741:Kellet's
3581:Greenlip
3576:Blacklip
3478:Scallops
3161:Bivalves
3091:86739608
2987:15009920
2979:18566099
2918:24100467
2883:83708339
2833:83960161
2710:35464245
2560:21910661
2552:20563906
2515:: 44–48.
2494:28355735
2486:16221078
2441:35753604
2237:28 March
2188:21 March
2162:17787564
2100:19 March
2035:17932698
1842:19 March
1782:29839345
1774:12777824
1723:Octopus!
1609:Archived
1478:84954869
1273:37505853
1264:10385140
1042:See also
965:plankton
809:polygyny
743:spawning
704:bivalves
605:mesozoan
477:dofleini
256:Synonyms
164:Family:
158:Octopoda
138:Mollusca
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
91:IUCN 3.1
4183:2289485
4105:Q912404
4001:Chitons
3914:Octopus
3882:Inkfish
3864:Nerites
3753:Knobbed
3640:Limpets
3625:Elegant
3612:Conches
3602:Chilean
3543:Abalone
3427:Pacific
3412:Olympia
3407:Eastern
3399:Oysters
3345:Mussels
3302:Cockles
3291:Paphies
3188:Geoduck
3014:Bibcode
2949:Bibcode
2926:8647158
2863:Bibcode
2813:Bibcode
2733:3 April
2701:8994793
2134:Bibcode
2126:Science
1924:Bibcode
1660:Bibcode
1529:4 April
1077:4 April
941:hypoxia
831:neurons
769:chorion
686:Shelter
611:
546:Ecology
454:octopus
412:), and
227:, 1910)
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
4313:342305
4287:123064
4274:342305
4261:267067
4235:162958
4222:557227
4170:486386
4157:160577
4144:135075
3922:Common
3807:Bailer
3736:Common
3723:Whelks
3706:Banded
3701:Common
3683:Rustic
3455:/Bluff
3330:Sydney
3320:Goolwa
3310:Common
3262:Tuatua
3089:
3054:12 May
3042:
2985:
2977:
2959:
2924:
2916:
2881:
2831:
2783:
2708:
2698:
2690:
2651:12 May
2630:12 May
2558:
2550:
2492:
2484:
2466:
2439:
2431:
2389:
2349:
2302:
2160:
2152:
2072:
2033:
2025:
1986:
1942:
1886:
1780:
1772:
1729:
1670:
1476:
1344:
1271:
1261:
1253:
1163:
1010:Toxins
899:catch.
664:, and
637:siphon
594:, and
560:chitin
436:, the
432:, the
218:Wülker
4308:WoRMS
4300:58006
4204:IRMNG
4196:48863
3964:Squid
3947:Mimic
3859:Apple
3663:China
3620:Queen
3566:Green
3561:Black
3551:White
3513:Yesso
3373:Brown
3315:Blood
3283:Ensis
3230:Venus
3203:Horse
3170:Clams
3087:S2CID
3040:S2CID
2983:S2CID
2922:S2CID
2879:S2CID
2851:(PDF)
2829:S2CID
2556:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2325:(PDF)
2060:(1).
1811:(PDF)
1778:S2CID
1689:(PDF)
1648:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1474:S2CID
1388:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
999:(CaCO
883:Fraud
773:spawn
618:]
442:Japan
385:genus
225:]
4269:OBIS
4256:NCBI
4230:IUCN
4217:ITIS
4178:GBIF
4152:BOLD
3817:Land
3591:Pāua
3571:Pink
3442:Rock
3383:Date
3353:Blue
3056:2014
2975:PMID
2945:1134
2914:PMID
2781:ISBN
2735:2024
2706:PMID
2688:ISSN
2653:2014
2632:2014
2548:PMID
2482:PMID
2437:PMID
2429:ISSN
2387:ISSN
2347:ISBN
2300:ISSN
2265:2012
2239:2021
2217:2012
2190:2024
2158:PMID
2150:ISSN
2102:2024
2070:ISSN
2031:PMID
2023:ISSN
1984:ISSN
1940:ISSN
1884:ISSN
1844:2024
1770:PMID
1727:ISBN
1593:2012
1531:2022
1510:: 1.
1342:ISBN
1315:2022
1269:PMID
1251:ISSN
1161:ISBN
1125:2022
1108:2018
1079:2022
1016:PCBs
931:and
811:and
657:kelp
582:and
551:Diet
518:Size
392:and
365:The
4165:EoL
4129:ADW
3782:Sea
3630:Dog
3556:Red
3079:doi
3030:hdl
3022:doi
2967:doi
2906:doi
2902:184
2871:doi
2821:doi
2758:doi
2696:PMC
2680:doi
2602:doi
2540:doi
2474:doi
2421:doi
2417:271
2377:doi
2292:doi
2288:209
2142:doi
2130:198
2062:doi
2015:doi
1976:doi
1932:doi
1876:doi
1760:doi
1678:doi
1464:doi
1259:PMC
1241:doi
1112:doi
858:).
527:arm
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