44:
347:
surgery can cause soreness and swelling at wound site, red, warm skin around wounds, and fluid leakage. Urinary tract infections can cause frequent or intense urges to urinate, pain or burning sensations while urinating, fatigue, and lower back or abdominal pain. Bloodstream infections can cause fever, chills, body aches, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea.
228:
in virulence (enzymes capable of breaking down fibrin, protein and carbohydrates to regulate adherence bacteria to inhibit competitive bacteria). The enterococcal surface protein (Esp) allows the bacteria to aggregate and form biofilms. Additional virulence factors include aggregation substance (AS),
346:
infections, including VRE infections, cause a range of different symptoms depending on the location of the infection. This includes infections of the bloodstream, urinary tract infections (UTI), and wound infections associated with catheters or surgery. Wound infections associated with catheters and
312:
Persons infected or colonized with VRE are more likely to transmit the organism. Transmission depends primarily on which body site(s) harbor the bacteria, whether the body fluids are excreted and how frequently health care providers touch these body sites. Patients infected or colonized with VRE may
367:
in a hospital setting. The study found that isolates of the bacterium from after 2010 were 10 times more tolerant of the alcohol-based disinfectants than older isolates. However, the isopropanol solutions tested in this study used isopropanol concentrations lower than those used in most hand
298:
in the United States. Approximately 40% of medical intensive care units reportedly found that the majority, respectively 80% and 90.4%, of device-associated infections (namely, infections due to central lines, urinary drainage catheters, and ventilators) were due to vancomycin- and
865:
Zerbato, Verena; Pol, Riccardo; Sanson, Gianfranco; Suru, Daniel
Alexandru; Pin, Eugenio; Tabolli, Vanessa; Monticelli, Jacopo; Busetti, Marina; Toc, Dan Alexandru; Crocè, Lory Saveria; Luzzati, Roberto; Di Bella, Stefano (2024-06-27).
728:
Siepert B, Reinhardt N, Kreuzer S, Bondzio A, Twardziok S, Brockmann G, et al. (January 2014). "Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 supplementation affects intestinal immune-associated gene expression in post-weaning piglets".
1057:
Chewning JH (July 2011). "Vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus faecium bacteremia successfully treated with high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam in a pediatric patient after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation".
368:
disinfectants and the authors also stated that hand disinfectants using 70% isopropanol were effective in full strength even against tolerant strains. However, a mouse gut colonization model of
1184:
2126:
259:
Strain NCIMB 10415 is being used as a probiotic in animal feed. However, the constant exposure to high levels of this microbe result in immunosuppression by reducing expression of
536:
Agudelo
Higuita NI, Huycke MM (2014). "Enterococcal Disease, Epidemiology, and Implications for Treatment". In Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Yasuyoshi S, Shankar N (eds.).
984:
673:"Feeding the probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain NCIMB 10415 to piglets specifically reduces the number of Escherichia coli pathotypes that adhere to the gut mucosa"
2100:
1177:
2139:
1605:
1170:
313:
be cared for in any patient care setting with minimal risk of transmission to other patients provided appropriate infection control measures are taken.
1099:"Drug-resistant and hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium from wastewater, riverine estuary and anthropogenically impacted marine catchment basin"
2087:
2113:
1461:
791:
229:
cytosolin, and gelantinase. AS allows the microbe to bind to target cells and it facilitates the transfer of genetic material between cells.
1595:
2195:
1831:
1212:
453:
209:
376:
resisted standard 70% isopropanol surface disinfection, resulting in greater mouse gut colonization compared to alcohol-sensitive
1436:
1416:
1384:
1365:
797:. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Office of Public Health, Louisiana Dept of Health & Hospitals. 8 September 2008.
2118:
1339:
359:
exhibiting tolerance to alcohol-based solutions. The authors speculated about this being an explanation to an increase of
1974:
1648:
1257:
1010:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of tigecycline for treatment of infectious disease"
380:
This research has led some to question whether it may be possible for microbes to become entirely tolerant of alcohol.
43:
1356:
1162:
309:
since not many antimicrobial solutions are available. In the United States infections by VRE occurs more frequently.
1634:
251:
reducing gastrointestinal disease in hosts. As an alternative to adding antibiotics to livestock feed, which risks
2144:
1389:
404:
1869:
1863:
1570:
1477:
1430:
1276:
252:
221:
163:
1820:
1531:
1326:
2003:
1926:
1719:
1378:
1333:
1282:
497:"Genotyping and preemptive isolation to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium"
186:(innocuous, coexisting organism) in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, but it may also be
2190:
1947:
1940:
1779:
1589:
1525:
1300:
810:"Small RNAs in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium involved in daptomycin response and resistance"
671:
Bednorz C, Guenther S, Oelgeschläger K, Kinnemann B, Pieper R, Hartmann S, et al. (December 2013).
294:
128:
20:
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1953:
1932:
1600:
1319:
1312:
821:
684:
85:
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38:
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1965:
1696:
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1075:
1039:
966:
889:
847:
773:
746:
710:
653:
598:
543:
518:
495:
Mascini EM, Troelstra A, Beitsma M, Blok HE, Jalink KP, Hopmans TE, et al. (March 2006).
449:
808:
Sinel C, Augagneur Y, Sassi M, Bronsard J, Cacaci M, Guérin F, et al. (September 2017).
305:
The rapid increase of VRE has made it difficult for physicians to fight infections caused by
2167:
1917:
1120:
1110:
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1029:
1021:
956:
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879:
837:
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588:
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246:
225:
939:
Pidot SJ, Gao W, Buultjens AH, Monk IR, Guerillot R, Carter GP, et al. (August 2018).
1690:
1404:
1231:
95:
764:
Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, Agudelo
Higuita NI, Huycke MM (February 2014).
561:
Zommiti M, Cambronel M, Maillot O, Barreau M, Sebei K, Feuilloley M, et al. (2018).
473:
902:
867:
825:
688:
1848:
1125:
1098:
1034:
1009:
842:
809:
705:
672:
648:
617:
593:
562:
400:
264:
2184:
1485:
1394:
1247:
868:"Risk Factors for 30-Day Mortality in Nosocomial Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections"
408:
260:
159:
2131:
2053:
1826:
1511:
195:
178:
105:
1071:
961:
940:
917:
742:
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infections, indicating that alternate methods are required to slow the spread of
1980:
1755:
1725:
884:
765:
537:
445:
396:
237:
833:
1908:
1893:
1882:
1745:
1626:
1554:
1399:
1373:
1199:
392:
292:
has been a leading cause of multi-drug resistant enterococcal infections over
273:
201:
191:
2026:
893:
638:
583:
2074:
1853:
1760:
1617:
1580:
1425:
1203:
1195:
1115:
985:"Some Bacteria Are Becoming 'More Tolerant' Of Hand Sanitizers, Study Finds"
388:
321:
233:
183:
170:
167:
65:
1134:
1079:
1043:
970:
851:
777:
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602:
547:
522:
770:
Enterococci: From
Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection
539:
Enterococci: From
Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection
2020:
1785:
1709:
1666:
1559:
1266:
1236:
1025:
696:
187:
55:
2092:
2035:
1799:
1682:
1222:
75:
2040:
407:) can have activity against VRE. VRE can be successfully treated with
420:
1997:
766:"Enterococcal Disease, Epidemiology, and Implications for Treatment"
2079:
513:
496:
174:
268:
2066:
2001:
1166:
324:
are linked to the antibiotic resistance and stress response.
622:: Between Probiotic Potential and Safety Concerns-An Update"
331:
have a higher mortality rate compared to those caused by
355:
A study published in 2018 showed multi drug-resistant
567:
Isolated From
Artisanal Tunisian Meat "Dried Ossban""
2010:
1964:
1916:
1907:
1880:
1846:
1810:
1769:
1753:
1744:
1707:
1664:
1616:
1579:
1568:
1553:
1509:
1476:
1447:
1415:
1364:
1355:
1293:
1265:
1256:
1245:
1230:
1221:
1008:Cai Y, Wang R, Liang B, Bai N, Liu Y (March 2011).
423: – Six virulent antibiotic-resistant pathogens
563:"Evaluation of Probiotic Properties and Safety of
616:Hanchi H, Mottawea W, Sebei K, Hammami R (2018).
792:"Enterococcal Infections, Vancomycin Resistant"
542:. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.
327:Patients with bloodstream infections caused by
1178:
8:
476:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
244:can combat pathogenic gut microbes, such as
920:. United States Centers for Disease Control
768:. In Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y (eds.).
467:
465:
1998:
1913:
1766:
1750:
1576:
1565:
1361:
1262:
1253:
1242:
1227:
1185:
1171:
1163:
372:transmission showed that alcohol-tolerant
27:
1124:
1114:
1033:
960:
901:
883:
841:
731:Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
704:
647:
637:
592:
582:
512:
1060:Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
351:Tolerance to alcohol-based disinfectants
220:This bacterium has developed multi-drug
1462:Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection
772:. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.
432:
1158:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1097:Sadowy E, Luczkiewicz A (March 2014).
677:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1014:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
7:
2155:1d3a907e-78e5-48e8-9587-c31f698527de
1596:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
440:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris JC (2004).
190:, causing diseases such as neonatal
271:, predisposing livestock to severe
224:and uses colonization and secreted
941:"Increasing tolerance of hospital
14:
1832:Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
146:Schleifer & Kilpper-Bälz 1984
42:
1437:Group B streptococcal infection
1385:Group A streptococcal infection
320:sRNA study suggested that some
949:Science Translational Medicine
474:"Emerging Infectious Diseases"
1:
1975:Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
1072:10.1097/MPH.0b013e31820db7eb
962:10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6115
918:"VRE in Healthcare Settings"
743:10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.013
501:Clinical Infectious Diseases
442:Sherris Medical Microbiology
236:A, B, and P (genus-specific
885:10.3390/antibiotics13070601
2212:
2196:Bacteria described in 1984
834:10.1038/s41598-017-11265-2
18:
1390:Streptococcal pharyngitis
626:Frontiers in Microbiology
571:Frontiers in Microbiology
405:quinupristin/dalfopristin
134:
127:
39:Scientific classification
37:
30:
1870:Pseudomembranous colitis
1864:Clostridioides difficile
639:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01791
584:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01685
253:antimicrobial resistance
208:is often referred to as
19:Not to be confused with
1821:Clostridium perfringens
1532:Urinary tract infection
1116:10.1186/1471-2180-14-66
1927:Ureaplasma urealyticum
1720:Listeria monocytogenes
1424:bacitracin resistant,
1283:Pneumococcal infection
1948:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
1941:Mycoplasma genitalium
1780:Clostridium botulinum
1526:Enterococcus faecalis
1301:Viridans streptococci
945:to handwash alcohols"
333:Enterococcus faecalis
299:ampicillin-resistant
295:Enterococcus faecalis
281:Vancomycin-resistant
222:antibiotic resistance
216:Pathogenic properties
21:Enterococcus faecalis
2132:enterococcus-faecium
2012:Enterococcus faecium
1954:Mycoplasma pneumonia
1933:Ureaplasma infection
1643:novobiocin resistant
1601:Toxic shock syndrome
1540:Enterococcus faecium
1152:Enterococcus faecium
1026:10.1128/AAC.01402-10
943:Enterococcus faecium
697:10.1128/AEM.03138-13
565:Enterococcus faecium
290:Enterococcus faecium
242:Enterococcus faecium
155:Enterococcus faecium
138:Enterococcus faecium
32:Enterococcus faecium
16:Species of bacterium
1886:(non-spore forming)
1496:Streptococcus bovis
1456:Streptococcus iniae
1204:Infectious diseases
826:2017NatSR...711067S
689:2013ApEnM..79.7896B
1794:Clostridium tetani
1677:Bacillus anthracis
1294:optochin resistant
1209:Bacterial diseases
814:Scientific Reports
448:. pp. 294–5.
144:(Orla-Jensen 1919)
2178:
2177:
2163:Open Tree of Life
2004:Taxon identifiers
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1966:Anaeroplasmatales
1903:
1902:
1842:
1841:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1660:
1659:
1549:
1548:
1505:
1504:
1472:
1471:
1351:
1350:
955:(452): eaar6115.
683:(24): 7896–7904.
232:By producing the
151:
150:
2203:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2029:
1999:
1918:Mycoplasmataceae
1914:
1894:Finegoldia magna
1767:
1751:
1649:S. saprophyticus
1577:
1566:
1362:
1263:
1254:
1243:
1228:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1103:BMC Microbiology
1084:
1083:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1020:(3): 1162–1172.
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
981:
975:
974:
964:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
914:
908:
907:
905:
887:
862:
856:
855:
845:
805:
799:
798:
796:
788:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
725:
719:
718:
708:
668:
662:
661:
651:
641:
613:
607:
606:
596:
586:
558:
552:
551:
533:
527:
526:
516:
492:
486:
485:
483:
481:
469:
460:
459:
444:(4th ed.).
437:
247:Escherichia coli
140:
47:
46:
28:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1960:
1899:
1876:
1838:
1806:
1732:
1703:
1691:Bacillus cereus
1656:
1612:
1557:
1545:
1501:
1468:
1443:
1411:
1405:Rheumatic fever
1347:
1289:
1234:
1232:Lactobacillales
1217:
1191:
1150:Type strain of
1146:
1141:
1096:
1092:
1090:Further reading
1087:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1007:
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1002:
993:
991:
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978:
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911:
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807:
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794:
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727:
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670:
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615:
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494:
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471:
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463:
456:
439:
438:
434:
430:
417:
386:
353:
341:
287:
218:
164:gamma-hemolytic
147:
145:
142:
136:
123:
120:E. faecium
96:Enterococcaceae
86:Lactobacillales
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1989:
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1897:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
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1874:
1873:
1872:
1859:
1857:
1849:Clostridioides
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
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1697:Food poisoning
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1662:
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1658:
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1635:S. epidermidis
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1614:
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1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1571:Staphylococcus
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1144:External links
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737:(1–2): 65–77.
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514:10.1086/500322
507:(6): 739–746.
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431:
429:
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425:
424:
416:
413:
401:streptogramins
385:
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352:
349:
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337:
335:(37% vs 32%).
316:A genome-wide
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1431:S. agalactiae
1427:
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1398:
1396:
1395:Scarlet fever
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1376:susceptible:
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1277:S. pneumoniae
1274:
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1248:Streptococcus
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455:0-8385-8529-9
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409:sultamicillin
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161:
160:Gram-positive
157:
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129:Binomial name
126:
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2191:Enterococcus
2011:
1973:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1892:
1881:
1862:
1847:
1827:Gas gangrene
1819:
1811:
1792:
1778:
1770:
1754:
1718:
1708:
1689:
1675:
1665:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1625:
1588:
1569:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1512:Enterococcus
1510:
1494:
1454:
1429:
1377:
1341:S. anginosus
1340:
1332:
1327:S. sanguinis
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1275:
1246:
1155:
1151:
1106:
1102:
1063:
1059:
1052:
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992:. Retrieved
988:
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922:. Retrieved
912:
875:
871:
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820:(1): 11067.
817:
813:
803:
786:
769:
759:
734:
730:
723:
680:
676:
666:
629:
625:
620:Enterococcus
619:
611:
574:
570:
564:
556:
538:
531:
504:
500:
490:
478:. Retrieved
441:
435:
387:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
354:
344:Enterococcus
343:
342:
339:VRE symptoms
332:
328:
326:
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
293:
289:
288:
282:
277:infections.
272:
256:
245:
241:
238:bacteriocins
231:
219:
205:
200:
196:endocarditis
182:. It can be
179:Enterococcus
177:
154:
153:
152:
137:
135:
119:
118:
107:Enterococcus
106:
31:
25:
1981:Erysipeloid
1756:Clostridium
1726:Listeriosis
1629:susceptible
1379:S. pyogenes
1334:S. sobrinus
1269:susceptible
872:Antibiotics
618:"The Genus
472:Willem RJ.
446:McGraw Hill
397:tigecycline
378:E. faecium.
301:E. faecium.
283:Enterococci
204:-resistant
2185:Categories
1909:Mollicutes
1883:Finegoldia
1812:nonmotile:
1746:Clostridia
1627:novobiocin
1555:Bacillales
1400:Erysipelas
1374:bacitracin
1066:(5): 401.
994:2018-08-06
878:(7): 601.
480:23 October
428:References
393:daptomycin
374:E. faecium
370:E. faecium
365:E. faecium
361:E. faecium
357:E. faecium
329:E. faecium
318:E. faecium
307:E. faecium
274:Salmonella
257:E. faecium
234:enterocins
206:E. faecium
202:Vancomycin
192:meningitis
188:pathogenic
1856:-forming)
1763:-forming)
1590:S. aureus
1448:ungrouped
1426:CAMP test
1320:S. oralis
1313:S. mutans
1196:Bacillota
894:2079-6382
389:Linezolid
384:Treatment
184:commensal
171:bacterium
168:hemolytic
114:Species:
66:Bacillota
2106:10029995
2021:Wikidata
1786:Botulism
1710:Listeria
1667:Bacillus
1306:S. mitis
1267:optochin
1135:24629030
1080:21602724
1044:21173186
971:30068573
903:11273391
852:28894187
778:24649504
751:24246154
715:24123741
658:30123208
632:: 1791.
603:30127770
577:: 1685.
548:24649504
523:16477546
415:See also
399:and the
92:Family:
62:Phylum:
56:Bacteria
52:Domain:
2093:3227413
2036:BacDive
2027:Q140010
1800:Tetanus
1771:motile:
1683:Anthrax
1223:Bacilli
1126:4004213
1035:3067123
989:NPR.org
843:5593968
822:Bibcode
706:3837809
685:Bibcode
649:6085487
594:6088202
226:factors
173:in the
166:or non-
102:Genus:
82:Order:
76:Bacilli
72:Class:
2168:594429
2152:NZOR:
2119:961475
2080:ENCCFA
2067:976074
1154:at Bac
1133:
1123:
1109:: 66.
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924:23 May
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850:
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601:
591:
546:
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421:ESKAPE
403:(e.g.
267:, and
2101:IRMNG
2054:39Y26
1854:spore
1761:spore
1343:group
1198:(low-
795:(PDF)
322:sRNAs
285:(VRE)
265:IL-10
175:genus
158:is a
2145:1352
2140:NCBI
2127:LPSN
2114:ITIS
2088:GBIF
2075:EPPO
2041:5301
1606:MRSA
1560:Cat+
1237:Cat-
1156:Dive
1131:PMID
1076:PMID
1040:PMID
967:PMID
926:2017
890:ISSN
848:PMID
774:PMID
747:PMID
711:PMID
654:PMID
599:PMID
544:PMID
519:PMID
482:2017
450:ISBN
269:CD86
261:IL-8
2062:EoL
2049:CoL
1618:Cg-
1581:Cg+
1523:+:
1521:BEA
1493:+:
1491:BEA
1428:+:
1200:G+C
1121:PMC
1111:doi
1068:doi
1030:PMC
1022:doi
957:doi
898:PMC
880:doi
838:PMC
830:doi
739:doi
735:157
701:PMC
693:doi
644:PMC
634:doi
589:PMC
579:doi
509:doi
240:),
210:VRE
194:or
2187::
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