577:. National Tea Party leader Michael Johns has said that progressives often "see the Constitution as an impediment to their statist agenda. In almost all cases, though, there is very little thought or dialogue given to what should be the first and foremost question asked with every legislative or administrative governmental action: Is this initiative empowered to our federal government by the document's seven articles and 27 amendments? In many cases, the answer is no." "For this reason," Johns said, "we also strongly support the Enumerated Powers Act, which will require Congress to justify the Constitutional authority upon which all legislation is based."
395:, on the other hand, believe it is largely up to Congress and not the courts to determine what means are "necessary and proper" in executing one of its enumerated powers. It is often known as the "elastic clause" because of the great amount of leeway in interpretation it allows; depending on the interpretation, it can be "stretched" to expand the powers of Congress, or allowed to "contract", limiting Congress. In practical usage, the clause has been paired with the
510:
377:
carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the
Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.
367:
This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it
491:
he statute reads more naturally as a command to buy insurance than as a tax, and I would uphold it as a command if the
Constitution allowed it. It is only because the Commerce Clause does not authorize such a command that it is necessary to reach the taxing power question. And it is only because we
376:
We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the
Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be
202:
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the
Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline
242:
New States may be admitted by the
Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as
269:
The
Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice
246:
The
Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
281:
The
Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice
857:
420:, Maryland. In an effort to tax the bank out of business, the government of Maryland imposed a tax on the federal bank. James William McCulloch, a cashier at the bank, refused to pay the tax. Eventually the case was heard before the U.S. Supreme Court. Chief Justice
415:
in 1819. The United States
Constitution says nothing about establishing a national bank. The U.S. government established a national bank that provided part of the government's initial capital. In 1819 the federal government opened a national bank in
390:
has been controversial, especially during the early years of the republic. Strict constructionists interpret the clause to mean that
Congress may make a law only if the inability to do so would cripple its ability to apply one of its enumerated powers.
851:
218:
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer
117:
To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United
1547:
1365:
1302:
492:
have a duty to construe a statute to save it, if fairly possible, that §5000A can be interpreted as a tax. Without deciding the Commerce Clause question, I would find no basis to adopt such a saving construction.
1403:
544:
is a proposed law that would require all bills introduced in the U.S. Congress to include a statement setting forth the specific constitutional authority under which each bill is being enacted. From the
1772:
477:. However, since the court ruled that Congress's taxing authority was sufficient to enact the mandate, some constitutional lawyers have argued that the commerce clause discussion should be treated as
424:
held that the power of establishing a national bank could be implied from the U.S. Constitution. Marshall ruled that no state could use its taxing power to tax an arm of the national government.
1542:
2489:
830:
2504:
258:
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
1375:
1259:
1059:
991:
1245:
231:
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
2023:
1230:
1220:
327:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1215:
332:
322:
1195:
804:
469:
2535:
1205:
1200:
1169:
1164:
317:
307:
302:
464:
of enumerated powers." For the first time in sixty years the Court found that in creating a federal statute, Congress had exceeded the power granted to it by the Commerce Clause.
1210:
1190:
1174:
312:
274:
262:
251:
1767:
1141:
779:
2018:
1146:
1110:
943:
208:
such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States
2422:
1115:
1095:
1085:
162:
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries
1862:
1827:
1557:
1125:
1120:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1080:
70:
761:
73:: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
1948:
1670:
1049:
1029:
984:
224:
2433:
1872:
1039:
1034:
235:
139:
210:, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts,
1857:
1852:
1842:
1822:
1802:
1747:
1044:
1024:
1019:
108:
59:
2240:
1292:
2530:
1953:
1752:
824:
1488:
1014:
977:
707:
2540:
1727:
1697:
1483:
1448:
1428:
2525:
1732:
631:
1943:
51:
2033:
1702:
1580:
562:
372:
Another school of thought is referred to as loose construction. They often refer to different comments by Justice Marshall from the same case:
2255:
1345:
1340:
1267:
745:
343:
There are differences of opinion on whether current interpretation of enumerated powers as exercised by Congress is constitutionally sound.
1988:
1782:
2364:
1983:
1575:
1620:
351:
287:
193:
77:
1325:
1000:
775:
55:
931:
2468:
2463:
1807:
1812:
1797:
885:
2219:
65:
In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it, subject to the individual rights listed in the
906:
1933:
1522:
135:
473:, the Supreme Court held that the Commerce Clause did not give Congress the authority to require individuals to purchase
2483:
2281:
1712:
1585:
1390:
1272:
1072:
558:
550:
546:
168:
66:
199:
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
2497:
2401:
2359:
2354:
1757:
1443:
1408:
387:
217:
2451:
1898:
1867:
1717:
1590:
1355:
1350:
123:
116:
183:
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
2199:
2079:
1878:
1610:
1433:
1310:
1156:
174:
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
2168:
2038:
1902:
1762:
1527:
1517:
1385:
449:
89:
69:. Moreover, the Constitution expresses various other limitations on Congress, such as the one expressed by the
1958:
1906:
1832:
1660:
1537:
1532:
1468:
1438:
1380:
711:
81:
452:
because it exceeded the power of Congress to "regulate commerce...among the several states". Chief Justice
2121:
1993:
1640:
1565:
1512:
1463:
1287:
611:
440:
347:
293:
178:
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water
47:
635:
2328:
1707:
1675:
1506:
1335:
1282:
688:
591:
557:
introduced the Enumerated Powers Act, although it has not been passed into law. At the beginning of the
541:
411:
392:
359:
298:" is used with slight variations, granting to Congress the power to enforce the following amendments:
152:
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
2473:
2028:
1742:
1737:
1692:
1665:
1615:
1360:
211:
960:
2456:
2245:
1973:
1837:
1625:
1570:
1473:
1330:
130:
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes
2158:
2142:
2003:
1817:
1792:
1777:
1687:
1655:
1645:
1605:
1595:
755:
574:
461:
187:
149:, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
694:
2478:
2224:
2209:
2189:
2063:
1938:
1917:
1681:
1493:
1320:
741:
606:
453:
177:
93:
810:
2100:
1847:
1722:
1650:
1635:
1370:
1315:
1277:
565:
incorporated the substantive requirement of the Enumerated Powers Act into the House rules.
474:
457:
445:
207:
161:
2385:
2333:
2214:
2173:
2084:
2008:
1912:
1894:
1630:
1600:
1458:
433:
396:
129:
97:
523:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2323:
2302:
2286:
2250:
2194:
2163:
1978:
734:
596:
586:
85:
399:
in particular to provide the constitutional basis for a wide variety of federal laws.
2519:
2428:
2349:
2307:
2276:
2204:
2126:
1998:
1968:
1884:
1787:
1498:
1453:
421:
354:
155:
969:
910:
877:
554:
484:
96:
that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are to be contrasted with
409:
The defining example of the Necessary and Proper Clause in U.S. history was
2380:
2260:
601:
17:
2105:
1889:
2013:
939:
417:
194:
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces
140:
and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States
350:. Strict constructionists refer to a statement on the enumerated powers by
2048:
1478:
964:
732:
Schmidt, Barbara A.; Bardes, Mack C.; Shelley, Steffen W. (2011–2012).
296:
shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation
146:
282:
President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
496:
No other justice joined this segment of the Chief Justice's opinion.
88:
from them. The enumerated powers listed in Article One include both
932:"Interview with National Tea Party Founder and Leader Michael Johns"
826:
Did Chief Justice Roberts Craft a New, More Limited Commerce Clause?
517:
Parts of this article (those related to documentation) need to be
479:
206:
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over
973:
368:
necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted.
655:
Gardbaum, Stephen. "Congress's Power to Pre-Empt the States",
573:
The Enumerated Powers Act is supported by leaders of the U.S.
503:
275:
Amendment XX, Section 4 of the United States Constitution
263:
Amendment XX, Section 3 of the United States Constitution
214:, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; And
225:
Article III, Section 3 of the United States Constitution
805:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
470:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
236:
Article IV, Section 3 of the United States Constitution
736:
American government and politics today: the essentials
670:
American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials
109:
Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution
104:
List of enumerated powers of the federal constitution
2442:
2414:
2394:
2373:
2342:
2316:
2295:
2269:
2233:
2182:
2151:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2072:
2056:
2047:
1926:
1556:
1421:
1301:
1258:
1183:
1155:
1134:
1071:
1058:
1007:
84:the enumerated powers, especially by deriving many
2423:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
853:Dicta in the NFIB v. Sebelius (Obamacare) Decision
733:
323:Amendment XXIII of the United States Constitution
333:Amendment XXVI of the United States Constitution
328:Amendment XXIV of the United States Constitution
303:Amendment XIII of the United States Constitution
318:Amendment XIX of the United States Constitution
308:Amendment XIV of the United States Constitution
279:
267:
256:
252:Amendment XVI of the United States Constitution
240:
229:
113:
2434:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
313:Amendment XV of the United States Constitution
2536:Article One of the United States Constitution
985:
434:Commerce Clause § United States v. Lopez
136:To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization
8:
760:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
124:To borrow on the credit of the United States
740:. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
682:
680:
678:
286:Additionally, several amendments include a
2053:
1068:
1064:
992:
978:
970:
878:"Enumerated Powers Act (2005 - H.R. 2458)"
632:"Exploring Constitutional Conflicts, UMKC"
27:Powers granted to the government of the US
2490:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
708:"UMKC "The Necessary and Proper Clause""
487:, in his majority opinion, stated that:
156:To establish Post Offices and Post Roads
623:
52:federal government of the United States
798:
796:
753:
58:. Most of these powers are listed in
7:
2457:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1984:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2531:Legal history of the United States
1548:Drafting and ratification timeline
1293:District of Columbia Voting Rights
288:Congressional power of enforcement
25:
1001:Constitution of the United States
823:Schwinn, Steven D. (2012-06-29),
2541:United States constitutional law
1404:Convention to propose amendments
961:Annotations on enumerated powers
946:from the original on 2012-11-19.
850:Zadorozny, George (2012-07-11),
508:
346:One school of thought is called
270:President shall have qualified.
2526:Federalism in the United States
888:from the original on 2016-09-11
860:from the original on 2016-03-16
833:from the original on 2013-03-04
782:from the original on 2011-10-26
76:Historically, Congress and the
2019:Separation of church and state
115:The Congress shall have Power
100:that only the states possess.
50:are the powers granted to the
1:
1523:Virginia Ratifying Convention
460:. The Constitution creates a
169:constitute Tribunals inferior
2484:National Constitution Center
2282:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1581:Assemble and Petition Clause
813: (S.Ct. 2012-06-28).
697: (S.Ct. 1819-03-06).
2355:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
1409:State ratifying conventions
1346:Equal Opportunity to Govern
1341:Electoral College abolition
1268:Congressional Apportionment
388:Necessary and Proper Clause
382:Necessary and Proper Clause
2557:
431:
186:To provide and maintain a
56:United States Constitution
1808:Privileges and Immunities
1621:Congressional enforcement
1543:Rhode Island ratification
1434:Articles of Confederation
1399:
1376:Parental Rights amendment
1067:
936:usconservatives.about.com
672:(Cengage Learning, 2008).
243:well as of the Congress.
2039:Unitary executive theory
1813:Privileges or Immunities
1528:New York Circular Letter
1518:Massachusetts Compromise
668:Bardes, Barbara et al.
659:, Vol. 33, p. 39 (2005).
563:House of Representatives
553:, U.S. Congressman
450:Gun Free School Zone Act
339:Political interpretation
203:prescribed by Congress;
90:exclusive federal powers
1959:Dormant Commerce Clause
1803:Presidential succession
1538:Fayetteville Convention
1533:Hillsborough Convention
1469:Three-fifths Compromise
1449:Philadelphia Convention
1439:Mount Vernon Conference
1326:Campaign finance reform
290:in which the language "
2122:William Samuel Johnson
1994:Nondelegation doctrine
1566:Admission to the Union
1513:Anti-Federalist Papers
1464:Connecticut Compromise
612:Strict constructionism
456:wrote, "We start with
441:United States v. Lopez
393:Loose constructionists
386:Interpretation of the
379:
370:
348:strict constructionism
284:
272:
260:
249:
233:
222:
171:to the supreme Court;
48:United States Congress
2329:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1798:Presidential Electors
1773:Original Jurisdiction
1713:Full Faith and Credit
1586:Assistance of Counsel
1507:The Federalist Papers
1336:Crittenden Compromise
689:McCulloch v. Maryland
657:Pepperdine Law Review
592:Constitution in exile
542:Enumerated Powers Act
500:Enumerated Powers Act
432:Further information:
412:McCulloch v. Maryland
404:McCulloch v. Maryland
374:
365:
360:McCulloch v. Maryland
2498:A More Perfect Union
2474:Constitution Gardens
2395:Convention Secretary
2057:Convention President
2029:Symmetric federalism
2024:Separation of powers
1758:Necessary and Proper
1753:Natural-born citizen
1698:Freedom of the Press
1636:Copyright and Patent
1626:Contingent Elections
1444:Annapolis Convention
60:Article I, Section 8
2505:Worldwide influence
2246:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1974:Executive privilege
1954:Criminal sentencing
1877:Title of Nobility (
1868:Taxing and Spending
1768:Oath or Affirmation
1728:House Apportionment
1591:Case or Controversy
1474:Committee of Detail
1366:"Liberty" amendment
1331:Christian amendment
547:104th Congress
82:broadly interpreted
2159:William Livingston
2143:Alexander Hamilton
1949:Criminal procedure
1944:Constitutional law
1879:Foreign Emoluments
1843:State of the Union
1828:Self-Incrimination
1818:Recess appointment
1611:Compulsory Process
1273:Titles of Nobility
811:567 US ___
575:Tea Party movement
462:Federal Government
2513:
2512:
2479:Constitution Week
2464:Independence Mall
2452:National Archives
2410:
2409:
2225:Gouverneur Morris
2210:Thomas Fitzsimons
2190:Benjamin Franklin
2064:George Washington
1964:Enumerated powers
1939:Concurrent powers
1934:Balance of powers
1763:No Religious Test
1703:Freedom of Speech
1494:Independence Hall
1417:
1416:
1321:Bricker amendment
1254:
1253:
747:978-0-538-49719-0
695:17 US 316
569:Tea Party support
538:
537:
483:. Chief Justice
454:William Rehnquist
94:concurrent powers
32:enumerated powers
16:(Redirected from
2548:
2469:Constitution Day
2360:Charles Pinckney
2169:William Paterson
2101:Nathaniel Gorham
2054:
1833:Speech or Debate
1661:Equal Protection
1371:Ludlow amendment
1356:Flag Desecration
1351:Federal Marriage
1316:Blaine amendment
1278:Corwin Amendment
1069:
1065:
994:
987:
980:
971:
948:
947:
928:
922:
921:
919:
918:
909:. Archived from
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
874:
868:
867:
866:
865:
847:
841:
840:
839:
838:
820:
814:
808:
800:
791:
790:
788:
787:
772:
766:
765:
759:
751:
739:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
710:. Archived from
704:
698:
692:
684:
673:
666:
660:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
634:. Archived from
628:
533:
530:
524:
512:
511:
504:
475:health insurance
458:first principles
446:unconstitutional
44:delegated powers
36:expressed powers
21:
18:Enumerated power
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2444:
2438:
2406:
2402:William Jackson
2390:
2386:Abraham Baldwin
2369:
2338:
2334:Hugh Williamson
2312:
2291:
2265:
2256:Richard Bassett
2229:
2215:Jared Ingersoll
2178:
2174:Jonathan Dayton
2147:
2131:
2110:
2089:
2085:Nicholas Gilman
2068:
2043:
2009:Reserved powers
1989:Judicial review
1922:
1718:General Welfare
1641:Double Jeopardy
1552:
1479:List of Framers
1459:New Jersey Plan
1413:
1395:
1391:Victims' Rights
1311:Balanced budget
1297:
1250:
1179:
1151:
1130:
1054:
1003:
998:
957:
952:
951:
930:
929:
925:
916:
914:
905:
904:
900:
891:
889:
876:
875:
871:
863:
861:
849:
848:
844:
836:
834:
822:
821:
817:
802:
801:
794:
785:
783:
774:
773:
769:
752:
748:
731:
730:
726:
717:
715:
706:
705:
701:
686:
685:
676:
667:
663:
654:
650:
641:
639:
630:
629:
625:
620:
583:
571:
534:
528:
525:
522:
513:
509:
502:
480:judicial dictum
436:
430:
407:
397:Commerce Clause
384:
341:
106:
98:reserved powers
71:Tenth Amendment
40:explicit powers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2343:South Carolina
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:William Blount
2320:
2318:
2317:North Carolina
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2287:Daniel Carroll
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:John Dickinson
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Thomas Mifflin
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:David Brearley
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:Taxation power
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Implied powers
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1927:Interpretation
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Recommendation
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Fugitive Slave
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1676:Excessive Bail
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Appropriations
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1386:Single subject
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:Reconstruction
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:Bill of Rights
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
968:
967:
956:
955:External links
953:
950:
949:
923:
907:"John Shadegg"
898:
869:
842:
815:
792:
776:"514 U.S. 549"
767:
746:
724:
699:
674:
661:
648:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
609:
607:States' rights
604:
599:
597:New federalism
594:
589:
587:Compact theory
582:
579:
570:
567:
559:105th Congress
551:111th Congress
536:
535:
516:
514:
507:
501:
498:
494:
493:
429:
426:
406:
401:
383:
380:
340:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
105:
102:
86:implied powers
67:Bill of Rights
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Jacob Shallus
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2365:Pierce Butler
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:John Rutledge
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2308:James Madison
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:James McHenry
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:George Clymer
2203:
2201:
2200:Robert Morris
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2127:Roger Sherman
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:Massachusetts
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:New Hampshire
2071:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Plenary power
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Equal footing
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Trial by Jury
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Ineligibility
1741:
1739:
1738:Import-Export
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Free Exercise
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:Ex Post Facto
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:Establishment
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Confrontation
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:Syng inkstand
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Virginia Plan
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:School Prayer
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
972:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
945:
941:
937:
933:
927:
924:
913:on 2010-02-18
912:
908:
902:
899:
887:
883:
879:
873:
870:
859:
855:
854:
846:
843:
832:
828:
827:
819:
816:
812:
807:
806:
799:
797:
793:
781:
777:
771:
768:
763:
757:
749:
743:
738:
737:
728:
725:
714:on 2011-01-11
713:
709:
703:
700:
696:
691:
690:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
665:
662:
658:
652:
649:
638:on 2010-06-27
637:
633:
627:
624:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
532:
520:
515:
506:
505:
499:
497:
490:
489:
488:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:in 1995 held
443:
442:
435:
427:
425:
423:
422:John Marshall
419:
414:
413:
405:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
381:
378:
373:
369:
364:
363:
361:
356:
353:
352:Chief Justice
349:
344:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
297:
295:
289:
283:
278:
276:
271:
266:
264:
259:
255:
253:
248:
244:
239:
237:
232:
228:
226:
221:
220:
215:
213:
209:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
189:
184:
181:
179:
175:
172:
170:
165:
163:
159:
157:
153:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
125:
121:
119:
112:
110:
103:
101:
99:
95:
92:, as well as
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:Supreme Court
74:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:(also called
33:
19:
2496:
2488:
2421:
2220:James Wilson
2183:Pennsylvania
2080:John Langdon
1963:
1838:Speedy Trial
1680:
1571:Appointments
1505:
1288:Equal Rights
1184:20th century
935:
926:
915:. Retrieved
911:the original
901:
890:. Retrieved
881:
872:
862:, retrieved
852:
845:
835:, retrieved
825:
818:
803:
784:. Retrieved
770:
735:
727:
716:. Retrieved
712:the original
702:
687:
669:
664:
656:
651:
640:. Retrieved
636:the original
626:
572:
555:John Shadegg
539:
526:
518:
495:
485:John Roberts
478:
468:
466:
439:
438:The case of
437:
410:
408:
403:
385:
375:
371:
366:
358:
357:in the case
345:
342:
291:
285:
280:
273:
268:
261:
257:
250:
245:
241:
234:
230:
223:
216:
205:
201:
198:
192:
185:
182:
176:
173:
166:
160:
154:
151:
144:
134:
128:
122:
114:
107:
75:
64:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
2381:William Few
2261:Jacob Broom
2241:George Read
2115:Connecticut
2049:Signatories
1899:Legislative
1873:Territorial
1793:Presentment
1778:Origination
1733:Impeachment
1688:Extradition
1656:Engagements
1646:Due Process
1596:Citizenship
1283:Child Labor
882:GovTrack.us
602:Originalism
2520:Categories
2493:(painting)
2445:and legacy
2303:John Blair
2152:New Jersey
2106:Rufus King
2004:Preemption
1918:War Powers
1853:Suspension
1671:Exceptions
1361:Human Life
1260:Unratified
1060:Amendments
917:2010-06-29
892:2019-01-15
864:2013-01-20
837:2013-01-20
786:2005-09-07
718:2019-01-15
642:2010-06-29
618:References
147:coin Money
2014:Saxbe fix
1903:Executive
1858:Take Care
1848:Supremacy
1723:Guarantee
1651:Elections
1422:Formation
1135:1795–1804
940:About.com
756:cite book
529:June 2017
418:Baltimore
212:Magazines
46:) of the
2296:Virginia
2270:Maryland
2234:Delaware
2136:New York
1913:Vicinage
1907:Judicial
1631:Contract
1601:Commerce
1489:Printing
1303:Proposed
1015:Preamble
1008:Articles
944:Archived
886:Archived
858:archived
831:archived
780:Archived
581:See also
428:Case law
355:Marshall
294:Congress
219:thereof.
2443:Display
2415:Related
2374:Georgia
1895:Vesting
1863:Takings
1748:Militia
1606:Compact
1558:Clauses
1484:Signing
1429:History
965:FindLaw
549:to the
519:updated
54:by the
2501:(film)
1885:Treaty
1788:Postal
1783:Pardon
809:,
744:
693:,
561:, the
118:States
963:from
80:have
762:link
742:ISBN
540:The
448:the
292:The
188:Navy
30:The
1050:VII
1030:III
467:In
167:To
145:To
42:or
2522::
1905:/
1901:/
1246:27
1241:26
1236:25
1231:24
1226:23
1221:22
1216:21
1211:20
1206:19
1201:18
1196:17
1191:16
1175:15
1170:14
1165:13
1147:12
1142:11
1126:10
1045:VI
1035:IV
1025:II
942:.
938:.
934:.
884:.
880:.
856:,
829:,
795:^
778:.
758:}}
754:{{
677:^
277::
265::
254::
238::
227::
196:;
190:;
180:;
164:;
158:;
142:;
138:,
132:;
126:;
120:;
111::
62:.
38:,
1909:)
1897:(
1881:)
1121:9
1116:8
1111:7
1106:6
1101:5
1096:4
1091:3
1086:2
1081:1
1040:V
1020:I
993:e
986:t
979:v
920:.
895:.
789:.
764:)
750:.
721:.
645:.
531:)
527:(
521:.
362::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.