304:
323:. To form an active fusion protein, SU gp120 and TM gp41 polypeptides remain non-covalently bound together, but this interaction is often not stable, leading to shed, soluble gp120 and membrane-bound, gp41 'stumps'. Separately, cleavage by furin is inefficient, and virions often are released with inactive, uncleaved gp160. Because of the high prevalence of these inactive forms, the immune system often produces
258:) also has a trimeric structure of heterodimers. It is believed that the intracellular transport of the nascent protein depends, to some extent, on the oligomerization of Env precursors, which allows hydrophobic sequences to be buried inside the protein structure. This oligomerization has also been implicated in fusion initiation with the membrane of the target cell.
282:
has only 4 sites for oligosaccharide addition (two on gp52 and two on gp37). The addition of oligosaccharides is believed to play a role in the proper folding of Env, presumably by stabilizing the protein structure. Without proper folding, protein transport and function can be severely compromised.
664:
gene codes for precursor protein known as Pr95. This precursor is cleaved by host cell enzymes to yield the surface protein subunit, gp85, and the transmembrane protein subunit, gp37, which heterodimerize and then form a trimer. The virus cannot infect cells before the processing of the envelope
569:
research. These efforts have been hampered by the fusion mechanism used by HIV, which makes neutralization by antibodies extremely difficult. Prior to binding the host cell, gp120 remains effectively hidden from antibodies because it is buried in the protein and shielded by sugars. Gp120 is only
1263:
Labrijn AF, Poignard P, Raja A, Zwick MB, Delgado K, Franti M, Binley J, Vivona V, Grundner C, Huang CC, Venturi M, Petropoulos CJ, Wrin T, Dimitrov DS, Robinson J, Kwong PD, Wyatt RT, Sodroski J, Burton DR (October 2003).
245:
after the translation of the glycosylated Env precursor. The arrangement of these heterodimers determines the 3D structure of the knobbed spike on the viral surface. The Env proteins of the Avian
Sarcoma and Leukosis virus
223:
of the virus is determined by the SU protein domain because it is responsible for the receptor-binding function of the virus. The SU domain therefore determines the specificity of the virus for a single receptor molecule.
628:) that is cleaved to yield the surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) Env products. Gp52 is the SU subunit in MMTV and gp36 is the TM subunit. Gp52 is a 52,000-dalton glycoprotein and gp36 is a 36,000-dalton glycoprotein.
561:
was found to have seven mutations in the sequence coding for gp120 and it is proposed that these mutations induce conformational changes in gp120 that allow the virus to directly interact with the co-receptor.
929:
Kamps CA, Lin YC, Wong PK (October 1991). "Oligomerization and transport of the envelope protein of
Moloney murine leukemia virus-TB and of ts1, a neurovirulent temperature-sensitive mutant of MoMuLV-TB".
266:
Env can be modified by the addition of mannose-rich oligosaccharides, a process that takes place in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is carried out by the enzymes of the host cell. Cotranslational
1163:
Malim MH, Hauber J, Le SY, Maizel JV, Cullen BR (March 1989). "The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA".
1960:
1955:
570:
exposed when in close proximity to a host cell and the space between the viral and host cell membranes is small enough to sterically hinder the binding of antibodies.
96:
1266:"Access of antibody molecules to the conserved coreceptor binding site on glycoprotein gp120 is sterically restricted on primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1"
545:. Strains of HIV-1 have been isolated that are able to enter host cells that are CD4 negative. This CD4-independence is associated with spontaneous mutation in the
2012:
632:
442:
1557:
DeLarco J, Todaro GJ (July 1976). "Membrane receptors for murine leukemia viruses: characterization using the purified viral envelope glycoprotein, gp71".
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2487:
2482:
477:
2862:
2520:
2515:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1705:
1216:"Spontaneous mutations in the env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 NDK isolate are associated with a CD4-independent entry phenotype"
3243:
631:
MMTV Env is of particular interest to researchers because of the discovery that it encodes an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (I
283:
The importance of glycosylation of Env in HIV-1 was ascertained by synthesizing the glycoprotein in the presence of a glycosylation inhibitor,
3006:
762:
174:
inserts itself in the host cell membrane and brings the host cell membrane very close to the viral membrane to facilitate membrane fusion.
685:(MLV) codes for the 71,000-dalton glycoprotein, gp71. This membrane receptor was isolated from Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV).
1360:"Detection and characterization of mouse mammary tumor virus cell surface antigens: estimation of antigen abundance by protein A assay"
270:
take place at the asparagine in the Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr motifs. Different retroviruses vary widely in N-linked glycosylation sites:
3377:
1818:
1510:"Low pH is required for avian sarcoma and leukosis virus Env-dependent viral penetration into the cytosol and not for viral uncoating"
2976:
2910:
2137:
2604:
2272:
435:
1673:
219:
gene is the viral spike protein, which has two main parts: the surface protein (SU) and the transmembrane protein (TM). The
116:
3123:
2597:
2592:
1698:
657:
247:
592:
the cell. It is originally buried within the viral envelope, but when gp120 binds to a CD4 receptor, gp120 changes its
3225:
3160:
2832:
2808:
2615:
2500:
2406:
2332:
2257:
2152:
2036:
1971:
1891:
1857:
1808:
697:
and is expressed in placental tissue, where it facilitates fusion of fetal and maternal cells. The protein is called
1901:
1828:
1793:
1412:"MMTV Env encodes an ITAM responsible for transformation of mammary epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture"
2783:
2587:
1788:
615:
279:
3282:
3170:
3096:
3034:
2986:
2938:
2890:
2842:
2721:
2570:
2465:
2226:
2132:
2112:
2095:
1945:
1833:
1768:
1677:
1667:
965:
Tran EE, Borgnia MJ, Kuybeda O, Schauder DM, Bartesaghi A, Frank GA, Sapiro G, Milne JL, Subramaniam S (2012).
735:
710:
315:
gene codes for the gp160 protein which forms a homotrimer, and is cleaved into gp120 and gp41 by the host cell
104:
414:
1691:
538:
1935:
565:
Since CD4 receptor binding is the most obvious step in HIV infection, gp120 was among the first targets of
3345:
3181:
3066:
1906:
187:
1067:"Glycosylation is necessary for the correct folding of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 in CD4 binding"
354:
mRNA in the cell cytoplasm were significantly diminished. However, when total cellular RNA was analyzed,
3315:
3206:
3086:
2958:
2818:
682:
636:
593:
251:
242:
163:
1612:
Lavialle C, Cornelis G, Dupressoir A, Esnault C, Heidmann O, Vernochet C, Heidmann T (September 2013).
1600:
1461:"Mutational analysis of the subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus putative fusion peptide domain"
778:
Caffrey M, Cai M, Kaufman J, Stahl SJ, Wingfield PT, Covell DG, Gronenborn AM, Clore GM (August 1998).
100:
3117:
3055:
2742:
2186:
2177:
2099:
2046:
1867:
1758:
1319:"Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection in North and South America"
1172:
1018:"Multimeric CD4 binding exhibited by human and simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein dimers"
883:
643:
acinar structures, thereby changing the phenotype of the cells and causing them to become cancerous.
2788:
2182:
2172:
2091:
694:
660:) have ten subgroups (A through J). The envelope glycoprotein of subgroup A is called EnvA and its
3310:
3187:
1582:
1214:
Dumonceaux J, Nisole S, Chanel C, Quivet L, Amara A, Baleux F, Briand P, Hazan U (January 1998).
1196:
852:
731:
162:. Type 1 fusion machines initially bind a receptor on the target cell surface, which triggers a
827:
Colman PM, Lawrence MC (April 2003). "The structural biology of type I viral membrane fusion".
2762:
2510:
2449:
2214:
1643:
1574:
1539:
1490:
1441:
1410:
Katz E, Lareef MH, Rassa JC, Grande SM, King LB, Russo J, Ross SR, Monroe JG (February 2005).
1389:
1340:
1295:
1245:
1188:
1145:
1096:
1047:
998:
947:
911:
844:
809:
758:
91:
665:
precursor protein is completed. For the virus to penetrate the cytosol of a host cell, a low
3024:
2630:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2321:
1633:
1625:
1566:
1529:
1521:
1480:
1472:
1431:
1423:
1379:
1371:
1330:
1314:
1285:
1277:
1235:
1227:
1180:
1135:
1127:
1086:
1078:
1037:
1029:
988:
978:
939:
901:
891:
836:
799:
791:
599:
159:
1313:
Lalezari JP, Henry K, O'Hearn M, Montaner JS, Piliero PJ, Trottier B, Walmsley S, Cohen C,
254:) are both trimers of SU-TM heterodimers. The Env protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (
83:
3254:
2711:
2701:
2454:
497:
1663:
1618:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1176:
887:
3328:
3211:
2756:
2581:
2476:
2082:
2002:
1638:
1614:"Paleovirology of 'syncytins', retroviral env genes exapted for a role in placentation"
1613:
1525:
1436:
1411:
1317:, Eron JJ, Chung J, DeMasi R, Donatacci L, Drobnes C, Delehanty J, Salgo M (May 2003).
1281:
993:
966:
804:
779:
303:
171:
167:
132:
1534:
1509:
1485:
1460:
1384:
1359:
1290:
1265:
1240:
1215:
1140:
1115:
1091:
1066:
1042:
1017:
906:
871:
3371:
3277:
2928:
2389:
2026:
1743:
1718:
1714:
1570:
1114:
Hammarskjöld ML, Heimer J, Hammarskjöld B, Sangwan I, Albert L, Rekosh D (May 1989).
943:
585:
542:
394:
gene of HIV-1 to initiate export of incompletely spliced HIV-1 RNA from the nucleus.
267:
220:
205:
144:
1586:
1476:
1131:
1033:
856:
45:
2997:
2949:
2901:
2853:
2774:
2559:
2395:
2072:
1881:
1748:
1722:
1200:
1116:"Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus env expression by the rev gene product"
557:, is sufficient for this mutant strain to infect human cells. The strain with this
531:
447:
209:
79:
1683:
1375:
1231:
1082:
596:
causing gp41 to become exposed, where it can assist in fusion with the host cell.
983:
237:
The retroviral glycoproteins are oligomeric complexes that are composed of SU-TM
57:
3337:
2880:
2200:
2163:
603:
589:
566:
507:
284:
238:
795:
327:
which target inactive gp160, rather than active forms of the envelope protein.
3151:
2748:
2554:
2385:
2381:
640:
550:
471:
454:
324:
182:
140:
3265:
3260:
3201:
3195:
2439:
2316:
2306:
2294:
2067:
1731:
896:
558:
342:
197:
1647:
1629:
1543:
1494:
1445:
1344:
1299:
1002:
848:
780:"Three-dimensional solution structure of the 44 kDa ectodomain of SIV gp41"
358:
RNA totals were not significantly different in the presence and absence of
291:. Receptor binding was only minimally affected, however, when the secreted
1393:
1249:
1192:
1149:
1100:
1051:
951:
915:
813:
287:. The synthesized protein was incorrectly folded and incapable of binding
143:
to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target
1847:
1427:
1335:
1318:
967:"Structural mechanism of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein activation"
698:
624:
459:
387:
316:
52:
1508:
Barnard RJ, Narayan S, Dornadula G, Miller MD, Young JA (October 2004).
1578:
3107:
3045:
2793:
2732:
2625:
2123:
1779:
1184:
430:
111:
1601:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/evolution/endogenous-retroviruses
840:
693:
The retroviral protein env has been captured multiple times during
2678:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2245:
2240:
2235:
525:
350:
resulted in the inability to detect the Env protein and levels of
320:
275:
271:
274:
can have as many as 30 sites glycosylated, 25 of which reside in
3230:
3061:
2673:
2658:
2087:
1823:
639:
human and murine mammary cell in culture. This ITAM depolarizes
579:
73:
40:
1687:
3291:
3287:
3270:
2416:
2267:
541:
on any target cell that has such a receptor, particularly the
535:
330:
288:
255:
872:"Oligomeric structure of a prototype retrovirus glycoprotein"
150:
Analysis of the structure and sequence of several different
666:
177:
While there are significant differences in sequence of the
757:. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
588:
bound to gp120, and provides the second step by which
131:
is a viral gene that encodes the protein forming the
1599:
Nova. 2016. Endogenous retroviruses. Retrieved from
3336:
3327:
3304:
3241:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3106:
3094:
3085:
3044:
3032:
3023:
2996:
2984:
2975:
2948:
2936:
2927:
2900:
2888:
2879:
2852:
2840:
2831:
2806:
2773:
2731:
2719:
2710:
2695:
2613:
2568:
2553:
2498:
2463:
2448:
2433:
2404:
2380:
2330:
2315:
2302:
2293:
2255:
2224:
2213:
2162:
2150:
2122:
2110:
2081:
2063:
2034:
2025:
2000:
1969:
1943:
1934:
1923:
1889:
1880:
1855:
1846:
1806:
1778:
1766:
1757:
1739:
1730:
503:
493:
488:
470:
465:
453:
441:
429:
421:
409:
404:
399:
366:expression, there was a marked increase in nuclear
110:
90:
72:
67:
51:
39:
31:
26:
18:
530:Exposed on the surface of the viral envelope, the
374:plays an important role in the nuclear export of
1674:env+Gene+Products,+Human+Immunodeficiency+Virus
1065:Li Y, Luo L, Rasool N, Kang CY (January 1993).
340:expression is regulated by the gene product of
382:was further elucidated when it was found that
1699:
1459:Balliet JW, Gendron K, Bates P (April 2000).
748:
746:
744:
606:block the fusion process by binding to gp41.
390:to target a specific sequence present in the
19:
8:
1405:
1403:
1016:Earl PL, Doms RW, Moss B (September 1992).
185:, the gene is always located downstream of
3333:
3324:
3165:
3156:
3103:
3091:
3041:
3029:
2993:
2981:
2945:
2933:
2897:
2885:
2849:
2837:
2728:
2716:
2707:
2565:
2460:
2445:
2401:
2327:
2312:
2299:
2221:
2159:
2119:
2107:
2078:
2031:
1940:
1931:
1886:
1852:
1775:
1763:
1754:
1736:
1706:
1692:
1684:
485:
295:product was enzymatically deglycosylated.
278:. At the other end of the spectrum, MMTV (
64:
2863:Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
1676:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1666:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1637:
1533:
1484:
1435:
1383:
1334:
1289:
1239:
1139:
1090:
1041:
992:
982:
905:
895:
803:
734:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
362:coexpression. It was found that without
302:
753:Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Vamus HE (1997).
724:
1358:Callis AH, Ritzi EM (September 1980).
396:
15:
3007:Respiratory syncytial virus G protein
870:Einfeld D, Hunter E (November 1988).
7:
656:Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses (
622:gene codes for a polyprotein gp70 (
1526:10.1128/JVI.78.19.10433-10441.2004
1282:10.1128/JVI.77.19.10557-10565.2003
14:
2911:Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
250:) and the Murine Leukemia Virus (
2273:Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase
400:env gp160; envelope glycoprotein
2104:(non-enveloped circular ds-DNA)
1477:10.1128/JVI.74.8.3731-3739.2000
1132:10.1128/JVI.63.5.1959-1966.1989
1034:10.1128/JVI.66.9.5610-5614.1992
614:The Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (
262:Post-translational modification
166:, allowing for binding of the
1:
3124:Vesiculovirus matrix proteins
1376:10.1128/JVI.35.3.876-887.1980
1232:10.1128/JVI.72.1.512-519.1998
1083:10.1128/JVI.67.1.584-588.1993
584:The glycoprotein gp41 is non-
68:Available protein structures:
1571:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90148-3
984:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002797
944:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90438-H
876:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
478:viral genome: 0.01 - 0.01 Mb
3161:Structure and genome of HIV
2218:(circular partially ds-DNA)
346:. Experimental deletion of
3394:
1794:Herpesvirus glycoprotein B
689:Env in mammalian evolution
577:
523:
215:The mature product of the
3378:Viral structural proteins
1789:HHV capsid portal protein
635:) that has been shown to
484:
370:RNA, which suggests that
280:Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus
63:
1678:Medical Subject Headings
1668:Medical Subject Headings
829:Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol
796:10.1093/emboj/17.16.4572
736:Medical Subject Headings
711:Viral structural protein
549:gene. The presence of a
331:Replication cycle of HIV
241:, which are made in the
135:. The expression of the
2784:Influenza hemagglutinin
897:10.1073/pnas.85.22.8688
3346:Gag-onc fusion protein
1630:10.1098/rstb.2012.0507
308:
160:type 1 fusion machines
3316:murine leukemia virus
3207:Reverse transcriptase
3087:Indiana vesiculovirus
2959:Measles hemagglutinin
683:Murine Leukemia Virus
307:Diagram of HIV virion
306:
243:endoplasmic reticulum
164:conformational change
22:/ENV coat polyprotein
2047:Early 35 kDa protein
1428:10.1084/jem.20041471
1336:10.1056/NEJMoa035026
154:genes suggests that
1177:1989Natur.338..254M
888:1988PNAS...85.8688E
695:mammalian evolution
534:gp120 binds to the
3311:Rous sarcoma virus
1624:(1626): 20120507.
732:Gene+Products,+env
378:mRNA. The role of
309:
228:Physical structure
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3300:
3299:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2827:
2826:
2802:
2801:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2549:
2548:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2376:
2375:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2146:
2145:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2021:
2020:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1876:
1875:
1842:
1841:
1802:
1801:
764:978-0-87969-497-5
517:
516:
513:
512:
126:
125:
122:
121:
117:structure summary
3385:
3334:
3325:
3166:
3157:
3104:
3092:
3042:
3030:
3025:Zaire ebolavirus
2994:
2982:
2946:
2934:
2898:
2886:
2850:
2838:
2729:
2717:
2708:
2631:3C-like protease
2566:
2461:
2446:
2402:
2328:
2322:Duplornaviricota
2313:
2300:
2222:
2160:
2120:
2108:
2079:
2032:
1941:
1932:
1887:
1853:
1776:
1764:
1755:
1737:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1520:(19): 10433–41.
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1276:(19): 10557–65.
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1185:10.1038/338254a0
1160:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1013:
1007:
1006:
996:
986:
962:
956:
955:
926:
920:
919:
909:
899:
867:
861:
860:
824:
818:
817:
807:
775:
769:
768:
750:
739:
729:
627:
600:Fusion inhibitor
486:
417:
397:
212:for expression.
65:
21:
16:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3349:
3296:
3255:transactivators
3237:
3130:
3073:
3011:
2963:
2915:
2867:
2823:
2798:
2769:
2712:Influenza virus
2702:Negarnaviricota
2699:
2697:
2683:
2609:
2557:
2545:
2494:
2455:Kitrinoviricota
2452:
2437:
2435:
2421:
2393:
2372:
2319:
2304:
2277:
2251:
2217:
2205:
2192:
2142:
2103:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2051:
2017:
1996:
1965:
1927:
1926:(Duplodnaviria,
1925:
1924:circular ds-DNA
1911:
1872:
1838:
1798:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1712:
1660:
1655:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1329:(22): 2175–85.
1323:N. Engl. J. Med
1312:
1311:
1307:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1171:(6212): 254–7.
1162:
1161:
1157:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1015:
1014:
1010:
977:(7): e1002797.
964:
963:
959:
928:
927:
923:
882:(22): 8688–92.
869:
868:
864:
841:10.1038/nrm1076
826:
825:
821:
790:(16): 4572–84.
777:
776:
772:
765:
752:
751:
742:
730:
726:
722:
716:
707:
691:
675:
654:
649:
623:
612:
582:
576:
556:
528:
522:
413:
301:
264:
235:
233:Oligomerization
230:
12:
11:
5:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3331:
3329:Fusion protein
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3212:HIV-1 protease
3209:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3175:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3118:matrix protein
3113:
3111:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3056:matrix protein
3051:
3049:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2991:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2943:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2895:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2757:viral envelope
2753:
2752:
2751:
2743:matrix protein
2738:
2736:
2726:
2714:
2705:
2698:negative-sense
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2582:viral envelope
2577:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2477:viral envelope
2472:
2470:
2458:
2443:
2436:positive-sense
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2399:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2325:
2310:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2105:
2083:Polyomaviridae
2076:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1938:
1929:
1928:Varidnaviria?)
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1761:
1759:Herpes simplex
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1715:Viral proteins
1713:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1659:
1658:External links
1656:
1654:
1653:
1604:
1592:
1549:
1500:
1451:
1399:
1350:
1305:
1255:
1206:
1155:
1126:(5): 1959–66.
1106:
1057:
1008:
957:
921:
862:
819:
770:
763:
740:
723:
721:
718:
714:
713:
706:
703:
690:
687:
674:
671:
669:is necessary.
653:
650:
648:
645:
611:
608:
602:drugs such as
578:Main article:
575:
572:
554:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
482:
481:
474:
468:
467:
463:
462:
457:
451:
450:
445:
439:
438:
433:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
411:
407:
406:
402:
401:
300:
297:
263:
260:
234:
231:
229:
226:
172:fusion peptide
168:fusion protein
133:viral envelope
124:
123:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
94:
88:
87:
77:
70:
69:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
43:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3390:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Parainfluenza
2830:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Neuraminidase
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2694:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2432:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Baculoviridae
2024:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:Duplodnaviria
1740:linear ds-DNA
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:(3): 365–71.
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:(8): 3731–9.
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:(3): 876–87.
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:(9): 5610–4.
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:(2): 687–94.
937:
933:
925:
922:
917:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:(4): 309–19.
834:
830:
823:
820:
815:
811:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
766:
760:
756:
749:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
725:
719:
717:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
700:
696:
688:
686:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
663:
659:
651:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
581:
573:
571:
568:
563:
560:
552:
548:
544:
543:helper T-cell
540:
537:
533:
527:
519:
509:
506:
502:
499:
496:
492:
487:
483:
480:
479:
475:
473:
469:
464:
461:
458:
456:
452:
449:
446:
444:
443:RefSeq (Prot)
440:
437:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
398:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
334:
332:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:glycosylation
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
232:
227:
225:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:gene between
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:proteins are
157:
153:
148:
146:
145:cell membrane
142:
139:gene enables
138:
134:
130:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
47:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
17:
3253:
3242:
3219:
3218:
3194:
3180:
3169:
3116:
3095:
3054:
3033:
2998:glycoprotein
2985:
2950:glycoprotein
2937:
2902:glycoprotein
2889:
2854:glycoprotein
2841:
2807:
2775:glycoprotein
2755:
2741:
2720:
2614:
2605:Nucleocapsid
2580:
2569:
2560:Pisuviricota
2499:
2475:
2464:
2405:
2396:Pisuviricota
2331:
2256:
2225:
2151:
2111:
2073:Monodnaviria
2035:
2001:
1970:
1944:
1936:Epstein–Barr
1890:
1882:Adenoviridae
1856:
1807:
1767:
1749:Varidnaviria
1621:
1617:
1607:
1595:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1422:(3): 431–9.
1419:
1415:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1326:
1322:
1315:Kuritzkes DR
1308:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1226:(1): 512–9.
1223:
1219:
1209:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1077:(1): 584–8.
1074:
1070:
1060:
1025:
1021:
1011:
974:
970:
960:
935:
931:
924:
879:
875:
865:
832:
828:
822:
787:
783:
773:
755:Retroviruses
754:
727:
715:
701:in mammals.
692:
678:
676:
661:
655:
630:
619:
613:
598:
594:conformation
583:
564:
546:
532:glycoprotein
529:
476:
391:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
341:
337:
336:
328:
312:
310:
292:
265:
239:heterodimers
236:
216:
214:
202:
196:
192:
186:
183:retroviruses
178:
176:
155:
151:
149:
141:retroviruses
136:
128:
127:
3338:oncoprotein
2450:Hepatitis C
2215:Hepatitis B
2201:Agnoprotein
2164:oncoprotein
2138:VP2 and VP3
1416:J. Exp. Med
971:PLOS Pathog
647:Env in ASLV
610:Env in MMTV
604:enfuvirtide
567:HIV vaccine
551:co-receptor
498:Swiss-model
448:NP_057856.1
405:Identifiers
285:tunicamycin
27:Identifiers
2763:M2 protein
2749:M1 protein
2555:SARS-CoV-2
1664:Genes,+env
720:References
673:Env in MLV
652:Subgroup A
641:epithelial
590:HIV enters
586:covalently
494:Structures
489:Search for
472:Chromosome
466:Other data
325:antibodies
80:structures
3305:Multiple
3202:Integrase
2440:Riboviria
2317:Rotavirus
2307:Riboviria
2068:Riboviria
681:gene of
637:transform
559:phenotype
58:IPR018154
3372:Category
2598:Membrane
2593:Envelope
2187:SV40 Tag
1848:Vaccinia
1648:23938756
1587:45192638
1544:15367609
1514:J. Virol
1495:10729148
1465:J. Virol
1446:15684322
1364:J. Virol
1345:12637625
1300:12970440
1270:J. Virol
1220:J. Virol
1120:J. Virol
1071:J. Virol
1022:J. Virol
1003:22807678
932:Virology
857:31703688
849:12671653
705:See also
699:syncytin
539:receptor
508:InterPro
410:Organism
388:in trans
317:protease
208:must be
97:RCSB PDB
53:InterPro
35:TLV_coat
2929:Measles
2382:Rhinov.
1829:ICP34.5
1639:3758191
1437:2213037
1394:6252344
1250:9420253
1201:4367958
1193:2784194
1173:Bibcode
1150:2704072
1101:8416385
1052:1501294
994:3395603
952:1887590
916:2847170
884:Bibcode
814:9707417
805:1170787
504:Domains
455:UniProt
221:tropism
210:spliced
46:PF00429
3108:capsid
3046:capsid
2794:HA-tag
2733:capsid
2696:ss-RNA
2626:ORF1ab
2434:ss-RNA
2394:etc. (
2303:ds-RNA
2124:capsid
1992:EBNA-3
1987:EBNA-2
1982:EBNA-1
1780:capsid
1680:(MeSH)
1670:(MeSH)
1646:
1636:
1585:
1577:
1542:
1535:516436
1532:
1493:
1486:111882
1483:
1444:
1434:
1392:
1385:288881
1382:
1343:
1298:
1291:228502
1288:
1248:
1241:109402
1238:
1199:
1191:
1165:Nature
1148:
1141:250609
1138:
1099:
1092:237399
1089:
1050:
1043:289124
1040:
1001:
991:
950:
914:
907:282525
904:
855:
847:
812:
802:
784:EMBO J
761:
738:(MeSH)
625:P10259
553:, CXCR
460:P04578
436:155971
431:Entrez
422:Symbol
299:In HIV
201:. The
195:, and
170:. The
112:PDBsum
86:
76:
32:Symbol
3244:VRAPs
3226:gp120
2881:Mumps
2679:ORF9b
2669:ORF7b
2664:ORF7a
2654:ORF3d
2649:ORF3c
2644:ORF3b
2639:ORF3a
2633:(NS5)
2588:Spike
2390:Hep A
2386:Polio
2246:HBeAg
2241:HBcAg
2236:HBsAg
2100:HaPyV
2096:MCPyV
2064:other
2003:ncRNA
1961:LMP-2
1956:LMP-1
1834:ICP47
1819:vmw65
1719:early
1583:S2CID
1197:S2CID
853:S2CID
526:gp120
520:gp120
415:HIV 1
386:acts
321:furin
276:gp120
272:HIV-1
3231:gp41
3171:VSPs
3097:VSPs
3067:VP24
3062:VP40
3035:VSPs
2987:VSPs
2939:VSPs
2891:VSPs
2843:VSPs
2809:VNPs
2722:VSPs
2674:ORF8
2659:ORF6
2616:VNPs
2571:VSPs
2541:NS5B
2536:NS5A
2531:NS4B
2526:NS4A
2501:VNPs
2466:VSPs
2407:VNPs
2368:NSP6
2363:NSP5
2358:NSP4
2353:NSP3
2348:NSP2
2343:NSP1
2333:VNPs
2258:VNPs
2227:VSPs
2183:LTag
2178:MTag
2173:STag
2153:VNPs
2113:VSPs
2092:MPyV
2088:SV40
2037:VNPs
2013:EBER
1972:VNPs
1946:VSPs
1892:VNPs
1868:B13R
1858:VNPs
1824:ICP8
1809:VNPs
1769:VSPs
1723:late
1721:and
1644:PMID
1579:8213
1575:PMID
1559:Cell
1540:PMID
1491:PMID
1442:PMID
1390:PMID
1341:PMID
1296:PMID
1246:PMID
1189:PMID
1146:PMID
1097:PMID
1048:PMID
999:PMID
948:PMID
912:PMID
845:PMID
810:PMID
759:ISBN
677:The
658:ASLV
616:MMTV
580:gp41
574:gp41
329:See
311:The
248:ASLV
206:mRNA
105:PDBj
101:PDBe
84:ECOD
74:Pfam
41:Pfam
3292:Vpx
3290:or
3288:Vpu
3283:Vif
3278:Nef
3271:Vpr
3266:Rev
3261:Tat
3220:env
3196:pol
3188:p24
3182:gag
2977:RSV
2819:NS1
2521:NS3
2516:NS2
2417:VPg
2295:RNA
2268:HBx
2133:VP1
1907:E1B
1902:E1A
1732:DNA
1634:PMC
1626:doi
1622:368
1567:doi
1530:PMC
1522:doi
1481:PMC
1473:doi
1432:PMC
1424:doi
1420:201
1380:PMC
1372:doi
1331:doi
1327:348
1286:PMC
1278:doi
1236:PMC
1228:doi
1181:doi
1169:338
1136:PMC
1128:doi
1087:PMC
1079:doi
1038:PMC
1030:doi
989:PMC
979:doi
940:doi
936:184
902:PMC
892:doi
837:doi
800:PMC
792:doi
679:env
662:env
633:TAM
620:env
547:env
536:CD4
425:env
392:env
384:rev
380:rev
376:env
372:rev
368:env
364:rev
360:rev
356:env
352:env
348:rev
343:rev
338:Env
313:env
293:env
289:CD4
256:HIV
252:MLV
217:env
203:env
198:pol
193:pro
188:gag
179:env
156:Env
152:env
137:env
129:Env
92:PDB
20:TLV
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3152:RT
2511:P7
2488:E2
2483:E1
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