Geography of South Africa

550: 844: 685:, whose rocks were laid down 510 – 350 million years ago, and were then crumpled into a series of parallel folds by the collision of the Falkland Plateau into the south of what was to become Africa when it was part of Gondwana. These series of parallel folds are in the form of an "L", with the western section running north–south, and the eastern section running east–west, for a total length of about 800 km. The right angle of the "L" occurs in the south-western corner of the country, just inland from the 427: 1835: 1722: 579: 810:, and an adjoining strip of the Provinces to the north of it. It receives between 400 and 1200 mm of rain annually, and is largely a flat grassland plain. Much of the area is devoted to commercial farming, but it also contains South Africa's largest conurbation in Gauteng Province, the centre of the gold mining industry. But there are also important coal mines on the Highveld which are associated with South Africa's major electricity generating power stations. 755: 1297: 489: 607: 1162:, both on the surface and deep below the surface between the sedimentary strata. The resultant bulging of what later became Southern Africa heralded the break-up of Gondwana. Since this massive extrusion of lava, Southern Africa has undergone a prolonged period of erosion exposing the older softer rocks, except where they were protected by a cap of dolerite. This photograph was taken in the western region of the Upper Karoo near 1143: 1595: 148: 141: 1171: 2176: 674: 35: 1587: 1431:, further inland, in the Tugela River Valley, reaches 30 °C in the summer, but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy winter snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand coastal region, in the north of the province, has a tropical climate with high humidities, supporting many 1250: 1731: 1477: 1016: 1493: 1407: 1964:, during winter. The Cape Peninsula has a reputation for its wind: the dry "South-Easter" which blows almost incessantly in summer (December–February), and the "North-Wester" which accompanies the cold fronts that roll in from the Atlantic during winter (June–August). The vegetation of the Cape area consists of 1685:

Namaqualand in 1685, which still can be seen near the disused Carolusberg mine a few kilometers east of Springbok. However commercial mining was only started in 1859, and over the next 140 years vast quantities of ore have been extracted from 23 mines in the area. Springbok and its surrounding towns (

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to the north-east, its rainfall is the most highly variable (in percentage deviation from the annual average), and its temperature range the greatest (difference between the average temperature in January and in July) in South Africa. Its wildlife however, both fauna and flora, though sparse, is full

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The coastal plain, which varies in width from about 60 km in the north-west to over 250 km in the north-east, generally slopes gently downwards from the foot of the escarpment to the coast. Numerous relatively small rivers drain the area, being more numerous in the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern

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The copper bangles worn by the Khoikhoi aroused the interests of the Dutch officials of the Dutch settlement established by Jan van Riebeeck in the Cape in 1652. Several expeditions were consequently mounted to find the source of this copper. A mineshaft was dug in the "Copper Mountains" in northern

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South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily due to overpopulation, sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century. South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with

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The courses of the warm Agulhas current (red) along the east coast of South Africa, and the cold Benguela current (blue) along the west coast. Note that the Benguela current does not originate from Antarctic waters in the South Atlantic Ocean, but from upwelling of water from the cold depths of the

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on the coast has an average annual rainfall of 1010 mm. The average midday temperature during summer (January–March) is 28 °C, with the minimum temperatures in the early morning averaging 21 °C. In winter (June–August) the average maximum temperature is 23 °C, and the minimum is

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is a South African Province that lies entirely below the Great Escarpment, which forms its western and south-western boundaries. It therefore constitutes part of the South African "Coastal Belt", which is, over much of this region, more than 220 km wide. The region can be subdivided into three

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Namaqualand is popular with both local and international tourists during early springtime (August - September), when for a short period this normally arid area becomes covered with a kaleidoscope of colour during the flowering season. This is known throughout South Africa as the Namaqualand daisy

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The Central Plateau is divided into several distinctly different regions (though with very vague boundaries), largely as a result of the rainfall distribution across South Africa: wet in the east and increasingly drier and more arid in the west. The wettest and most fertile portion of the Central

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South Africa is largely a dry country, with most of its western regions being semi-desert. The rainfall increases in the east, (the Highveld, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Midlands), and falls primarily in summer. The narrow southern coastal strip receives all-year rainfall in the east (the

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South Africa's coastline is remarkably smooth, with very few natural harbours. The reason is that Southern Africa has been continuously uplifted for the past 180 million years, and especially so during the past 20 million years. The present coastline was therefore once part of the

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grow in these fertile waters, and support large numbers of fish, and therefore a prosperous (in the past) fishing industry. Over-fishing has, however, reduced the importance of this fishing industry both for the local as well as the country's economy. The east coast has the north-to-south

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The central plateau (apart from the Lesotho Highlands) forms a largely flat, tilted surface which, as indicated above, is highest in the east, sloping gently downwards to the west (at about 1,000 m above sea level). The downward slope to the south is less pronounced (the southern and

1693:) were the center of this mining activity. But, in the early 2000s the last mine was closed. However, about 115 km further inland, in Bushmanland (see above), a large new mine is extracting copper, lead, zinc, and silver from the "Black Mountain" (originally "Swartberg") deposits at 500:, the highest section of the Great Escarpment. Here the Escarpment is capped by a 1,400 m layer of erosion-resistant lava, which once covered most of Southern Africa 182 million years ago. Only a small remnant of this lava layer remains on the plateau, covering only part of 855:

The South African portion of the coastal strip between the Limpopo and Mpumalanga Drakensberg and the ocean, together with the Limpopo River valley, is called the Lowveld. These lowlands, below about 500 m (1,640 ft) altitude, form South Africa's northern border with

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The chlorophyll concentration (or plankton density) in the oceans surrounding Southern Africa. Note the very high plankton density (the red colour) in the cold waters off the western coast. The temperature of the water and its fertility is due to its upwelling, along the

1520:. Sociable weaver nests are highly characteristic of Bushmanland, but usually on the telephone poles along the roads. In the absence of telephone poles in the treeless plains of Bushmanland quiver trees are favourite nesting sites for sociable weavers. 1196:

with peaks exceeding 2,200 metres. The mountains of the Cape Fold Belt form the southern and western boundaries of the Great Karoo. The other boundaries of the Great Karoo are arbitrary and ill-defined. To the north the Karoo grades into even more arid

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In the southwest, running parallel to the coastline, the mountains of the Cape Fold Belt form a series of ranges that run in the form of an "L" by a series running north–south, and another set running east–west, with the junction between the two at the

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is better watered, with an annual rainfall of 760 mm (29.9 in) and a high altitude (around 1,750 m (5,741 ft)) which mitigates the extremes of heat of an inland area at this latitude. Winters are cold, though snow is rare.

1806:, however, prevented permanent settlement here until relatively recently. The Bay of Natal looks, on the map, like a good natural harbour, but, in its natural state, it was dry at low tide. Nevertheless, busy harbours now exist at Cape Town, 1455:

coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including

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on the right. Diagrammatic and only roughly to scale. It shows the major geological structures (coloured layers) that dominate the southern and eastern parts of the country, as well as the relationship between the Central Plateau, the

1933:, which occupies a large part of the western Central Plateau, has a climate which is extremely hot in summer and bitterly cold in winter. In contrast, the eastern coastline on the Indian Ocean is lush, well watered and warmed by the 472:

In South Africa the plateau is at its highest in the east where its edge varies in altitude between 2,000 m and 3,300 m. This edge of the plateau, as the land drops sharply to the coastal plain, forms a very high, steep

726:(not to be confused with the "Little Karoo") at an altitude of about 600–800 m above sea level. Geologically and geographically the Cape Fold Mountains and the Great Escarpment are quite different and independent entities. 1223:

The Little Karoo is separated from the Great Karoo by the Swartberg mountain range. It lies in a 290 km long, narrow (40–60 km wide) valley in of the Cape Fold Mountains, with the Swartberg range to the north and the

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underwater continental shelf, which contains very few deep ravines or gorges. In contrast, a subsiding coastline, like Norway's, tends to become deeply indented where the sea has flooded old river gorges and glacial valleys.

715:). Agriculture, which includes viniculture and fruit-growing, therefore depends on irrigation from rivers with sources in the mountains, which are frequently covered in snow during winter. The Little Karoo is famous for its 598:. The colour code for the geological layers is the same as those used in the diagram on the left. The heavy black line flanked by opposing arrows is the fault that runs for nearly 300 km along the southern edge of the 1645:

is another mining town along this coast, situated in Namibia, but very much on the border. As the name suggests, it is at the mouth of the Orange River which forms the border between South Africa and Namibia. The town of

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south-western edges of the plateau are at about 1600 to 1900 m above sea level). The plateau also slopes downwards, northwards from about the 25° 30' S line of latitude, into a 150‑million-year-old failed

1606:. The region extends into Namibia, north of the Orange River, where it is known as "Great Namaqualand", or "Namaland". The South African portion of Namaqualand is known as "Little Namaqualand", and falls within the 1438:

Beaches of KwaZulu-Natal are of world-class quality. The warm coastal climate means that visitors are attracted to them all year round. Some of the visitors, however, come for the annual late-autumn or early-winter

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several kilometres thick on top of which the lava was poured out 182 million years ago. Only a small patch of this lava remains and covers much of Lesotho. It has been deeply eroded by the tributaries of the

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Several small rivers run into the sea along the coastline, but none is navigable and none provides useful natural harbours. The coastline itself, being fairly smooth, provides only one good natural harbour at

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Flat topped hills (called Karoo Koppies) are highly characteristic of the southern and southwestern Great Karoo landscape (especially on the Central Plateau). These hills are capped by hard, erosion resistant

693:. These folds lie along the coastline in the south and are not much more than 100 km wide in total along most of their length. In the west they are separated from the coast by a pronounced coastal plain. 1042:, a basin characterized by open grasslands with scattered trees and bushes. Elevation varies between 600 metres and about 900 metres above sea level. The Bushveld is one of the largest and best known layered 485:), in spite of being parts of an escarpment whose top is the central plateau, such as Groenberg Mountain. From the coastal plain the escarpment does, however, look like a range of mountains, hence the names. 1929:), and winter rainfall in the west (on the Cape Peninsula and its surrounds). The summers are warm to hot, while the winter temperatures can vary, depending on locality from bitterly cold to cool. Thus the 1174:

Karoo landscape, showing the shrubland that characterizes most of the Karoo. The mountain range in the far distance is the Nuweberg section of the Great Escarpment. The view is from the Lower Karoo looking

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range to the south. It is as arid as the Great Karoo, except along the foothills of the Swartberg, which are well-watered by streams that cascade down the mountains. The Little Karoo is the centre of the

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region, national NGO Living Lands had in cooperation with an agricultural insurance company, planted 3.7 million trees as of late 2015, in order to restore the water catchment system and halt erosion.

1512:). Quiver trees only occur in Bushmanland, and neighbouring Namaqualand, and Southern Namibia, usually widely scattered across the arid landscape, but occasionally in dense enough stands to qualify as 2530: 1549:

of interest. Although the veld is too arid to bloom like that of the West Coast of Namaqualand, even when there is some spring rain, what does appear is highly unusual and often hauntingly beautiful.

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A great number of rivers arise in the Drakensberg. These have cut fairly deep valleys, and occasionally gorges, into the KwaZulu-Natal landscape giving the province a very hilly appearance. The

2479: 2360: 2421: 2079:, is predicted to be hit very hard by climate change. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction. 1468:. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event. 2203: 659:

Midlands regions, where they arise on the well watered slopes of the high escarpment, than elsewhere. In the west there are very few such rivers because of the aridity of the region.

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parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about one degree Celsius along the coast to more than four degrees Celsius in the already hot hinterland such as the

783:, which occupies the central eastern portion of the Plateau. It is generally between 1,500 – 2,100 m above sea level, highest on the edge of the Escarpment to the east (the 626:. None of the regions indicated on the map have sharp well-defined borders, except where the Escarpment, or a range of mountains forms a clear dividing line between two regions. 3423: 1701:

season, when orange and white daisies, as well as hundreds of other flowering species, spring up from a previously barren landscape. A part of Little Namaqualand, known as the

481:. The southern and western extents of the escarpment are not so high as Drakensberg, but also are known by a wide variety of local names, all termed "mountains" (or "berge" in 2026:, with minimum midwinter temperatures as low as −15 °C. The deep interior provides the hottest temperatures: in 1948 the mercury hit 51.7 °C (125.06 °F) in the 3860: 4512: 4282: 642:

at less than 500 m above sea level. The rivers which drain the plateau therefore run west, ultimately, via the Orange River, into the Atlantic Ocean. North of the

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This is the arid region along the north-western coastline (northwards from approximately the 31°S line of latitude) of South Africa, partly above and partly below the

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descent. The original Nama and Khoikhoi languages are spoken in only a few remote areas. The main economic activities are mining, and fishing along the coast.

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The eastern and southern coastal regions are drained by numerous shorter rivers. There are very few coastal rivers along the arid west coast north of 31°30′S.

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The northern edge of the Bushveld, where the plains rise to a series of high plateaus and low mountain ranges, form the southern edge of the Lowveld and the

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farming, initially, in the late 1800s, for their feathers, but today includes ostrich leather and ostrich meat, which is very lean and particularly tasty.

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mountains, on either side of the valleys. However, the rainfall is, in general, low, bordering on the semiarid (or frankly semiarid in, for instance, the

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which drain these highlands towards the south-west (i.e. away from the Escarpment). This gives this high region its very rugged, mountainous appearance.

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which welled up and spread across most of Southern Africa when it was still part of Gondwana. Most of this lava has eroded away together with a layer of

211: 52: 1089:. The Soutpansberg Range reaches an elevation of 1,700 meters before dropping off into the Limpopo River Valley and the border between South Africa and 3040: 4267: 3643: 602:

Mountains. The Swartberg Mountain range owes some of its great height to upliftment along this fault line. The subsurface structures are not to scale.

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This is a list of the extreme points of South Africa, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location in the country.

1544:. It is probably the most inhospitable area in South Africa, because of its aridity, infertile soil and highly saline groundwater. Together with the 3900: 3547: 2629: 1488:

of unknown, but probably very ancient, age which have partially withstood the erosion of the rest of Bushmanland over the past 150 million ago.

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into the Upper Karoo (at an elevation of 1,100–1,600 m) and the Lower Karoo (at an elevation of 600–800 m). Separated from the Great Karoo by the

1960:, with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers (becoming hotter in interior valleys). Snow commonly falls in winter on the higher ground of the 4634: 4287: 3998: 1681:, (or Dogstonebay), so called because of a large boulder outside the town which, when viewed correctly, looks vaguely like a dog sitting down. 696:

The floors of the long valleys between the parallel mountains ranges consist of fertile soils composed of weathered mudstones belonging to the

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found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained. Currently, South African hardwood trees like

1154:. This is solidified lava that was forced under high pressure between the horizontal strata of the sedimentary rocks that make up most of the 2132: 2099: 1443:" along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline, south of Durban. Referred to as "the greatest shoal on earth", the sardine run occurs when millions of 1001:, along almost the entire border with Mozambique. But many private game farms and game reserves can also be found elsewhere in the Lowveld. 4717: 3660: 3633: 3537: 3146: 1158:. This occurred about 182 million years ago, when huge volumes of lava were extruded over most of Southern Africa and adjoining regions of 1220:

of the Upper Karoo, with midwinter temperatures as low as −15 °C, and is thought to be the coldest inhabited place in South Africa.

3507: 2942: 2350: 922:, carried by mosquitoes, was endemic to almost the entire area. Before the middle of the 20th century, the Lowveld was also home to the 807: 176: 99: 5046: 3701: 2753: 1312:. The midlands are covered in moist grasslands with isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north consists, in the main, of moist 71: 681:

In the south and south-west the coastal plain contains a series of mountain ranges that run parallel to the coastline. These are the

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and have peaks close to 2,000 metres high. The east–west ranges, paralleling the southern coastline, include the Swartberg and the

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form a localized high spot on the Central Plateau. This is because it is capped by a 1,400 m thick layer of erosion resistant

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mineral complexes in the world. Covering an area roughly 350 kilometres by 150 kilometres, the Bushveld has extensive deposits of

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since 1977. High grade granite is mined in several places (e.g. near Kamieskroon, and Concordia) in this granite-rich landscape.

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Atlantic Ocean against the west coast of the continent. The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa.

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they rise to over 3,000 m. The Lebombo mountains are a long narrow range, not much higher than 700 m, that runs along

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which has very large zinc deposits, but the ore is low-grade and, therefore, at present, unprofitable to large scale mining.

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The portion of the Great Escarpment that could be designated a "mountain" is where it forms the international border between

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The Cape Fold Mountains are separated from the Great Escarpment by an approximately 100–150 km wide plain known as the

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The eastern section of the Karoo does not extend as far north as the western part, giving way to the flat landscape of the

85: 4968: 4585: 4581: 4018: 3895: 3845: 3716: 3527: 3353: 3346: 400:) which runs with a variable flow across the central landscape from east to west, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean at the 4732: 4190: 4010: 3958: 3928: 3759: 3618: 3588: 3485: 3294: 2299: 2193: 1647: 1285:, rising to 1,500 m towards the west, at the foot of the Great Escarpment. The Great Escarpment, known here as the 3106:"A Level I River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Report No. N/0000/00/REQ0104" 369:

in the east, a greater distance separates the coast from the escarpment. Although much of the country is classified as

5015: 5011: 4594: 3855: 3835: 3686: 3112: 1574:, a nuclear waste repository, has been sited between Bushmanland and the north-west of the Great Karoo, and acts as a 1377: 67: 1777:

current, which flows away to the north along the western coastline, after having come up from the cold depths of the

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which cuts into the central plateau and locally obliterates the Great Escarpment, forming what is today known as the

806:, beyond which lies the Kalahari desert. This boundary is very vague. The Highveld therefore encompasses the entire 677:

Folded rock formations of the Swartberg. This extreme folding is characteristic of all the Cape Fold Mountain ranges

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to try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats and numerous species.

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The region has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to its diverse, complex topography. Generally, the coast is

2131:) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. The original 1418:

with inland regions becoming progressively cooler in winter, but hotter in summer (except on the Escarpment).

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Most of the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg are at an altitude of 2,000 m, but where they form the border with

3111:. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Archived from 2725:

McCarthy, T.S. (2013) The Okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa.

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Bridge. Other links crossing the river further upstream are a reintroduced pontoon at Sendelingsdrift in the

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is located on the opposite side of the river mouth (i.e. in South Africa) and is linked to Oranjemund by the

618:. The Escarpment rises to its highest point, at over 3,000 m, where the Drakensberg forms the border between 5007: 4882: 4872: 4677: 4568: 4517: 4437: 4402: 4387: 4372: 4327: 4262: 4157: 4150: 3920: 3890: 3865: 3754: 3691: 3674: 3490: 3329: 3321: 3048: 1843: 989:. The bird life is also astoundingly abundant and varied. This wildlife is particularly concentrated in the 927: 378: 45: 4887: 4777: 4707: 4392: 3938: 3870: 3825: 3711: 3593: 3191: 1607: 1278: 813:

The land is generally flat or gently undulating. Only a few rocky ridges protrude from this flatness: the

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coast is extremely narrow in the south, widening in the northern part of the province, while the central

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https://web.archive.org/web/20071129042702/http://academic.sun.ac.za/botzoo/mucina/ProcIAVS_Bushveld.pdf

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The vast majority of South Africa's border consists of the ocean—or two oceans, which, according to the

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and the Goegap Nature Reserve are located short distances from Kamieskroon and Springbok, respectively.

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Like much of the African continent south of the Sahara, South Africa's landscape is dominated by a high

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A vibrant fishing industry is found along this stretch of the South African west coast, especially in

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A diagrammatic 400 km north–south cross-section through the southern portion of the country near

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Further north and to the east, especially where a drop in altitude beyond the escarpment gives the

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flatness. The hills in the background are formed by dolerite-like, erosion-resistant intrusions or

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which is often included in the Highveld. To the west the Highveld fades into the dry savannah of

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which edges the central plateau. The eastern portion of this line, coloured red, is known as the

365:) that separates the coast from the high inland plateau. In some places, notably the province of 3150: 2465: 1834: 945:

The Lowveld is known for its high concentration of big game, including the larger animals, like

337:, its coastline stretching more than 2,850 kilometres (1,770 miles) from the desert border with 2757: 790:), and sloping downwards to the south and west. Its southern boundary is often taken to be the 754: 4917: 4912: 4852: 4807: 4767: 4662: 4643: 4472: 4382: 4272: 3933: 3398: 3373: 3363: 3234: 3169: 3131: 2842: 2838: 2806: 2520: 2060: 1400: 1296: 1290: 1030:, and is therefore more extensive than the geographical region generally termed the Bushveld. 915:

to the west. This region is generally hotter and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld.

525: 493: 455: 377:. The total land area is 1,220,813 km (471,359 sq mi). It has the 23rd largest 2950: 1564:

exploits an ore rich in zinc, lead, copper, and silver since 1977. Close by, to the east, is

1338:. From Eswatini the range continues south-eastwards for about 40 km into KwaZulu-Natal. 4972: 4892: 4842: 4797: 4782: 4762: 4752: 4727: 4667: 2830: 2197: 2052: 1770: 1673:, which is also a major resort town for people living in the interior of South Africa (e.g. 1427:

are similar to those in Durban, but it is considerably cooler in winter. The temperature in

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Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). pp. 13, 192, 195. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town

2152: 2136: 2106: 1969: 1787: 1662:(the main border crossing between the two countries) and at the remote border crossing of 1545: 1541: 1497: 1448: 1094: 954: 803: 345:(western) coast southwards around the tip of Africa and then northeast to the border with 3215:

https://web.archive.org/web/20070206131850/http://www.plantzafrica.com/frames/vegfram.htm

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The Times comprehensive atlas of the world (1999). pp. 88–89. Times Books Group, London.

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Important geographical regions in South Africa. The thick line traces the course of the

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Multiple entities are working to combat the effects of degradation and drought. In the

1961: 1953: 1807: 1778: 1485: 1392: 1387:. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, are 1317: 1181: 1151: 1142: 814: 701: 697: 686: 668: 567: 558: 554: 342: 1790:, which provides warm waters. These two currents have a major effect on the country's 1594: 5040: 4119: 4048: 4043: 2831: 2473: 2303: 2244: 2068: 2027: 1760: 1748: 1678: 1358: 1265: 1078: 935: 877: 818: 647: 643: 619: 562: 517: 509: 385: 366: 314: 2014:

that form the eastern escarpment along the KwaZulu-Natal/Lesotho border, and on the

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The province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. The

934:

to animals, especially the horses of the travelers trying to reach the Highveld and

586:

in the Little Karoo (approximately 21° 30' E), showing the relationship between the

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in northeastern South Africa. Being defined botanically, it includes much of the

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thickets, while the deeper ravines and steep slopes of the river valleys host

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is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already

1979:, which – though still semi-arid – receives somewhat more rain. North of the 907:. This southern limb of the Lowveld is bounded by South Africa's border with 191: 178: 4104: 3428: 3273: 3192:"THE PROTEROZOIC BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA: PLUME, ASTROBLEME OR BOTH?" 2127: 2056: 1949: 1871: 1774: 1756: 1590:

Ventilation shaft erected by the Cape Copper Mining Company in 1880 in Okiep

1586: 1481: 1457: 1320: 1225: 1193: 1185: 1132: 1059: 1035: 986: 708: 690: 599: 482: 370: 1999:

slices through the extreme north. Here one finds the typical South African

1610:. The region is sparsely populated, mainly by Afrikaans speaking people of 1249: 1209:. To the east the Karoo fades into the grasslands of the Eastern Midlands. 1093:. West of the Bushveld, Highveld, and Lowveld is the southern basin of the 1730: 1184:. The north–south ranges, paralleling the Atlantic coastline, include the 4075: 3383: 2469: 2055:, with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as 2031: 2000: 1984: 1910: 1782: 1694: 1686: 1634: 1626: 1615: 1571: 1557: 1553: 1517: 1388: 1362: 1335: 1206: 1163: 1159: 1148: 1102: 1090: 1051: 1047: 1039: 1020: 1010: 978: 974: 904: 861: 857: 826: 780: 771: 749: 389: 269: 264: 244: 3286: 2892:

Van Deventer, L. & McLennan, B. (eds) (2010). "The Little Karoo" in

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The South African central plateau contains only two major rivers: the

357:

is narrow for much of that distance, soon giving way to a mountainous

2164: 1965: 1884: 1815: 1419: 1381: 1346: 1067: 1055: 939: 931: 705: 451: 334: 280: 4612: 2691:. (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa. 1480:

Typical Bushmanland landscape, emphasising its aridity and overall

1166:. Note the general flatness of the arid plains between the koppies. 2174: 2115: 1930: 1729: 1720: 1690: 1593: 1585: 1537: 1491: 1475: 1461: 1405: 1295: 1248: 1169: 1141: 1136: 1124: 1114: 1023: 1014: 982: 950: 842: 795: 753: 723: 712: 672: 605: 577: 548: 487: 425: 2801:

Palgrave, Keith Coates; Drummond, R.B. (1977). Moll, E.J. (ed.).

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to supplement the water supply to the large industrial cities of

825:

just north of Pretoria, from where the Highveld gives way to the

553:

An approximate SW-NE cross section through South Africa with the

1451:

grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the

1353:, is particularly spectacular. The largest of the rivers is the 1071: 1063: 958: 884:

run from the central African highlands via the Lowveld into the

838: 639: 504:, and accounting for the Great Escarpment's great height on the 4616: 4186: 3290: 3277: 2018:

of the Cape Fold Belt, but the coldest place in the country is

1822:. Saldanha Bay is today an important harbour at the end of the 2007: 1119:

The western section of South Africa on the inland side of the

442:

surrounded by coastal lowlands. This plateau is rimmed by the

28: 794:, from where the continuation of the plateau is known as the 1747:, the most southern point of Africa. Its territory includes 1536:. In the south it grades into the north-western part of the 1293:

in the north form the mountainous regions of the province.

3029:, London, 23 December 2015. Retrieved on 11 February 2017. 1081:

Valley in Northern Province. These mountains include the

2998: 2059:, flooding and drought. According to computer generated 1205:

is often regarded as the boundary between Karoo and the

918:

The Lowveld used to be known as "fever country" because

446:

which extends northwards to about 10° south of the

2864:. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town 2159:) are under government protection. Statistics from the 1838:

South Africa map of Köppen climate classification zones

2407:

Northernmost Point: Over Vlakte farm, Limpopo Province

704:, as opposed to the nutrient-poor, sandy soils on the 373:, it has considerable variation in climate as well as 2689:

Geological Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

2461:

Westernmost Point: Orange River Mouth, Northern Cape

1316:

habitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostly

4956: 4931: 4650: 4526: 4501: 4220: 4009: 3919: 3787: 3673: 3575: 3472: 3447: 3328: 2805:. Cape Town: C. Struik Publishers. pp. 78–79. 320: 310: 298: 288: 276: 233: 225: 217: 207: 170: 162: 154: 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1944:The southern coast, part of which is known as the 1621:Some of the more prominent towns in this area are 1281:consist of an undulating hilly, 1,000 m high 430:The Southern African Central Plateau edged by the 3104:Kleynhans, CJ, Thirion, C and Moolman, J (2005). 1641:, deposited along the coast by the Orange River. 2713:. p. 192, 209-269. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 2609:South-Easternmost point of mainland South Africa 2558:South-Westernmost point of mainland South Africa 1755:, nearly 2,000 km (1,243 mi) south of 1237:farming industry, especially around the town of 414:are extremely important: the largest dam is the 381:of 1,535,538 km (592,875 sq mi). 2999:"South African National Biodiversity Institute" 2880:. p. 217, 270-273. Struik Publishers, Cape Town 2010:in winter in the high mountainous regions: the 1625:, being the capital of this region, as well as 1304:The coastal regions are typically covered with 1034:The Lowveld partly overlaps with a dry savanna 911:to the east, and the north-eastern part of the 3088:Some material in this article is adapted from 2888: 2886: 2161:South African Environmental Affairs department 1826:for the export of Iron ore from the interior. 1127:, a semi-desert region that is divided by the 4628: 4198: 3302: 3256:"South Africa - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 2282:Southernmost point of South African territory 2065:South African National Biodiversity Institute 1105:at an elevation of 600 meters to 900 meters. 8: 3136:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2896:. pp. 190–192. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 2837:. Cape Town: C. Struik Publishers. pp. 2388:Easternmost point of South African territory 133: 2721: 2719: 2449:Southernmost point of mainland South Africa 2071:in late spring and summertime by 2050. The 1552:A highly productive base metal mine on the 324:1,535,538 km (592,875 sq mi) 221:1,220,813 km (471,359 sq mi) 4635: 4621: 4613: 4205: 4191: 4183: 3793: 3679: 3581: 3478: 3334: 3309: 3295: 3287: 3274: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2507:Easternmost point of mainland South Africa 1853: 1528:(see below). Its northern boundary is the 132: 3039:Environmental Affairs (22 January 2015). 2975:. p. 33. Sharp Sharp Media, Johannesburg. 2872: 2870: 798:, except for a small strip just south of 590:(and their geological structure) and the 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 2824: 2822: 2630:List of vegetation types of South Africa 1833: 1524:Bushmanland is an arid area inland from 993:located in the eastern Lowveld areas of 892:Lowveld extends southwards, east of the 2833:Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa 2739: 2737: 2672: 2096:Environmental issues in Southern Africa 1741:International Hydrographic Organization 1423:11 °C. The summer temperatures in 3243: 3232: 3178: 3167: 3129: 3041:"Progress in the war against poaching" 2894:South Africa by Road, a Regional Guide 2829:Van Wyk, Braam; Van Wyk, Piet (1997). 2192:Northernmost Point: Over Vlakte farm, 1556:Farm close to the N14 highway between 1300:Upland savannah near Pietermaritzburg. 864:, where a 180‑million-year-old failed 766:. The hills in the background are the 650:and from there into the Indian Ocean. 2876:Norman, N & Whitfield, G. (2006) 2100:Environmental justice in South Africa 1995:its name, the temperature rises. The 1633:, both private mining towns owned by 977:, while the slow-flowing streams and 592:geology of the Little and Great Karoo 7: 4019:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 2780:"Lowveld & Kruger National Park" 2709:McCarthy t. & Rubidge B. (2005) 2179:South Africa's cities and main towns 57:adding citations to reliable sources 2660:Summary of South Africa's Geography 2187:Including the Prince Edward Islands 2024:Roggeveld region of the Upper Karoo 1516:, for instance on the outskirts of 981:of the Lowveld are a haven for the 388:(a stretch of which is shared with 2756:. Saexplorer.co.za. Archived from 2231:Northernmost point of South Africa 2075:, identified as one of the global 25: 2986:The South African Book of Records 2650:List of mountains in South Africa 2337:Westernmost point of South Africa 870:Southern Africa's central plateau 594:, as well as the position of the 468:Great Escarpment, Southern Africa 4943:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4713:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4513:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4283:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2973:Footing with Sir Richard's Ghost 2728:South African Journal of Geology 1391:of international importance for 1334:'s border with South Africa and 839:Veld § Highveld and Lowveld 410:In such a dry country, dams and 306:2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) 146: 139: 33: 2464:Easternmost Point: beach below 1399:. South Africa signed the 1971 1395:species, and are designated as 1269:distinct geographic areas. The 353:(eastern) coast. The low-lying 44:needs additional citations for 3047:. South Africa. Archived from 3001:. Sanbi.org. 30 September 2011 2988:. Cape Town, Don Nelson, 1999. 2655:List of rivers of South Africa 2645:Municipalities of South Africa 2049:Climate change in South Africa 2044:Climate change in South Africa 1802:north of Cape Town. A lack of 1357:, portion of whose waters are 1: 2711:The Story of Earth & Life 1598:Spring flowers in Namaqualand 561:) on left, and north-eastern 456:Muchinga Escarpment in Zambia 333:occupies the southern tip of 284:3,450 metres (11,320 ft) 229:2,798 km (1,739 mi) 2194:Vhembe District Municipality 1824:Sishen–Saldanha railway line 1054:and significant reserves of 903:and ultimately into eastern 872:and locally obliterates the 1855:Average temperatures in °C 1705:, is a national park and a 1378:uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park 68:"Geography of South Africa" 18:Environment of South Africa 5063: 2093: 2041: 1847: 1841: 1709:, while the often-visited 1656:Richtersveld National Park 1359:pumped over the escarpment 1343:Valley of a Thousand Hills 1112: 1008: 836: 747: 666: 465: 5047:Geography of South Africa 4144: 3796: 3682: 3584: 3481: 3337: 3284: 3279:Links to related articles 2640:Districts of South Africa 2635:Provinces of South Africa 2570:South Easternmost Point: 2519:South-Westernmost Point: 1939:Southern Africa mangroves 1818:in the Bay of Natal, and 1374:iSimangaliso Wetland Park 1201:. To the north-east, the 936:Witwatersrand Gold Fields 396:(with its tributary, the 138: 134:Geography of South Africa 4698:Central African Republic 4268:Central African Republic 2862:Atlas of Southern Africa 2803:Trees of Southern Africa 1637:. This area is rich in 973:, and a wide variety of 3740:State-owned enterprises 3439:Democratic South Africa 2547:34.833235°S 19.998571°E 1941:grow along this coast. 1844:Climate of South Africa 534:Karoo sedimentary rocks 422:Topographical divisions 379:Exclusive Economic Zone 321:Exclusive economic zone 2943:"Where the two oceans 2402:South African mainland 2180: 1839: 1736: 1727: 1658:, and road bridges at 1635:De Beers Diamond Mines 1608:Northern Cape Province 1599: 1591: 1521: 1489: 1411: 1301: 1262: 1176: 1167: 1135:mountain range is the 1031: 852: 775: 758:Highveld in winter in 678: 627: 603: 575: 513: 435: 4858:São Tomé and Príncipe 4718:Republic of the Congo 4428:São Tomé and Príncipe 4288:Republic of the Congo 3359:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 3045:Environmental Affairs 2598:32.57222°S 28.55111°E 2552:-34.833235; 19.998571 2496:26.85833°S 32.89167°E 2438:34.83333°S 20.00000°E 2377:46.64028°S 38.00139°E 2355:Prince Edward Islands 2326:28.63056°S 16.45000°E 2271:46.98194°S 37.82917°E 2249:Prince Edward Islands 2220:22.12778°S 29.65556°E 2178: 2167:were killed in 2014. 2151:), and South African 2141:Podocarpus latifolius 2094:Further information: 2077:biodiversity hotspots 2042:Further information: 2012:Drakensberg mountains 1968:, some grassland and 1958:Mediterranean climate 1956:and surrounds have a 1850:South Africa: Climate 1837: 1753:Prince Edward Islands 1743:, officially meet at 1733: 1724: 1711:Namaqua National Park 1597: 1589: 1514:quiver tree "forests" 1495: 1479: 1409: 1299: 1252: 1173: 1145: 1018: 846: 757: 676: 609: 581: 552: 491: 479:Drakensberg Mountains 454:in the west, and the 429: 418:on the Orange River. 3994:World Heritage Sites 3770:Water and sanitation 3379:Mthethwa Paramountcy 3190:Wolfgang E. ELSTON. 2410:Southernmost Point: 2351:Prince Edward Island 2243:Southernmost Point: 2090:Environmental issues 1385:World Heritage Sites 1289:, together with the 1123:is dominated by the 991:Kruger National Park 849:Kruger National Park 53:improve this article 4933:States with limited 4503:States with limited 4214:Geography of Africa 3156:on 29 November 2007 3145:. 29 November 2007 2953:on 15 February 2015 2878:Geological Journeys 2782:. Wheretostay.co.za 2760:on 14 February 2013 2603:-32.57222; 28.55111 2593: / 2542: / 2501:-26.85833; 32.89167 2491: / 2443:-34.83333; 20.00000 2433: / 2382:-46.64028; 38.00139 2372: / 2349:Easternmost Point: 2331:-28.63056; 16.45000 2321: / 2294:Westernmost Point: 2276:-46.98194; 37.82917 2266: / 2225:-22.12778; 29.65556 2215: / 2163:show a record 1215 2111:Port Jackson willow 2073:Cape Floral Kingdom 2016:Hex River Mountains 1997:Tropic of Capricorn 1962:Cape Fold Mountains 1856: 1707:World Heritage Site 1540:. To the west lies 1447:migrate from their 1380:have been declared 1121:Cape Fold Mountains 901:Mpumalanga Province 847:An elephant in the 819:Witwatersrand Ridge 683:Cape Fold Mountains 663:Cape Fold Mountains 588:Cape Fold Mountains 568:Cape Fold Mountains 188: / 135: 4644:Climate of Africa 3404:Transvaal Republic 3221:on 6 February 2007 3213:. 6 February 2007 3090:the World Factbook 3051:on 23 January 2015 2923:on 8 November 2006 2181: 1935:Mozambique Current 1854: 1840: 1773:is a mineral-rich 1737: 1728: 1717:Surrounding oceans 1652:Ernest Oppenheimer 1600: 1592: 1532:beyond which lies 1522: 1502:Philetairus socius 1490: 1412: 1310:Afromontane Forest 1302: 1263: 1216:is located in the 1177: 1168: 1087:Soutpansberg Range 1032: 926:, which transmits 853: 776: 762:Province north of 739:Regional divisions 679: 628: 604: 576: 514: 436: 238:Total land borders 218: • Total 5034: 5033: 4960:other territories 4733:Equatorial Guinea 4610: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4530:other territories 4303:Equatorial Guinea 4180: 4179: 4140: 4139: 3783: 3782: 3775:Wealth inequality 3722:Income inequality 3669: 3668: 3644:Political parties 3609:Foreign relations 3571: 3570: 3468: 3467: 3399:Orange Free State 3374:Dutch Cape Colony 3364:Kingdom of Mutapa 3242:Missing or empty 3177:Missing or empty 2521:Cape of Good Hope 2061:climate modelling 1922: 1921: 1639:alluvial diamonds 1410:San Lameer Resort 1401:Ramsar Convention 1291:Lebombo Mountains 1273:region along the 999:Limpopo Provinces 947:African elephants 928:sleeping sickness 888:to the east. The 526:Lesotho Highlands 328: 327: 192:29.000°S 24.000°E 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 5054: 5021: 5020:(United Kingdom) 5016:Tristan da Cunha 5012:Ascension Island 5004: 4991: 4982: 4958:Dependencies and 4651:Sovereign states 4637: 4630: 4623: 4614: 4591: 4590:(United Kingdom) 4586:Tristan da Cunha 4582:Ascension Island 4574: 4561: 4552: 4528:Dependencies and 4221:Sovereign states 4207: 4200: 4193: 4184: 4160: 4153: 3979:National symbols 3901:Social movements 3794: 3735: 3707:Economic history 3680: 3582: 3548:Populated places 3479: 3419:Great Depression 3335: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3288: 3275: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3217:. Archived from 3209: 3207: 3205: 3199:Mantleplumes.org 3196: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3149:. Archived from 3141: 3135: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3080: 3079: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3036: 3030: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2971:Glyn, P. (2006) 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2949:. Archived from 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2916:. Archived from 2911: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2836: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2754:"Map of Lowveld" 2750: 2744: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2707: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2198:Limpopo Province 2133:temperate forest 2063:produced by the 2053:semi-arid region 1857: 1771:Benguela current 1604:Great Escarpment 1578:nature reserve. 1508:(or kokerboom) ( 1498:sociable weavers 1464:, dolphins, and 1425:Pietermaritzburg 1351:Pietermaritzburg 1218:Roggeveld region 1190:Groot Winterhoek 1129:Great Escarpment 1097:, which borders 957:, the big cats ( 874:Great Escarpment 612:Great Escarpment 596:Great Escarpment 492:Panorama of the 462:Great Escarpment 444:Great Escarpment 432:Great Escarpment 363:Great Escarpment 203: 202: 200: 199: 198: 193: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 150: 143: 136: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5002: 4989: 4980: 4961: 4959: 4952: 4936: 4934: 4927: 4646: 4641: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4572: 4559: 4550: 4531: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4504: 4497: 4216: 4211: 4181: 4176: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4136: 4005: 3984:Public holidays 3915: 3881:Sexual violence 3861:Life expectancy 3779: 3733: 3727:Mining industry 3665: 3629:Law enforcement 3567: 3533:Mountain ranges 3464: 3443: 3414:Second Boer War 3324: 3315: 3280: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3241: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3176: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3128: 3121: 3119: 3118:on 3 March 2012 3115: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3084: 3083: 3070:Team, AirPano. 3069: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2884: 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2724: 2717: 2708: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2625: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2173: 2157:Olea laurifolia 2137:real yellowwood 2102: 2092: 2046: 2040: 2022:in the western 1970:Albany thickets 1952:and green. The 1852: 1846: 1832: 1788:Agulhas Current 1719: 1584: 1546:Kalahari Desert 1542:Griqualand West 1474: 1247: 1156:Karoo's geology 1117: 1111: 1095:Kalahari Desert 1013: 1007: 955:African buffalo 841: 835: 804:Griqualand West 779:Plateau is the 752: 746: 741: 732: 702:Cape Supergroup 698:Bokkeveld Group 671: 665: 656: 547: 545:Central plateau 470: 464: 440:Central Plateau 424: 305: 293: 283: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 241: 197:-29.000; 24.000 196: 194: 190: 187: 182: 179: 177: 175: 174: 166:Southern Africa 145: 144: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025:Western Sahara 5022: 5005: 4992: 4983: 4969:Canary Islands 4965: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595:Western Sahara 4592: 4575: 4562: 4553: 4539:Canary Islands 4535: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4110:Cape Coloureds 4102: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4015: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3999:heritage sites 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3886:Slum clearance 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3745:Stock exchange 3742: 3737: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3702:Communications 3699: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3661:State security 3658: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3543:National parks 3540: 3538:Municipalities 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496:Climate change 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409:First Boer War 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3260:Whc.unesco.org 3252: 3210: 3187: 3142: 3099: 3098:External links 3096: 3095: 3094: 3082: 3081: 3062: 3031: 3019:Barbee, Jeff. 3012: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2934: 2914:ioc.unesco.org 2898: 2882: 2866: 2854: 2847: 2818: 2811: 2793: 2771: 2745: 2733: 2715: 2693: 2681: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2568: 2517: 2462: 2459: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2347: 2292: 2241: 2189: 2188: 2172: 2171:Extreme points 2169: 2153:black ironwood 2149:Ocotea bullata 2091: 2088: 2084:Port Elizabeth 2039: 2038:Climate change 2036: 2030:Kalahari near 1954:Cape Peninsula 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1842:Main article: 1831: 1828: 1808:Port Elizabeth 1779:Atlantic Ocean 1718: 1715: 1583: 1580: 1510:Aloe dichotoma 1473: 1470: 1279:Natal Midlands 1253:A view of the 1246: 1243: 1182:Cape Peninsula 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1009:Main article: 1006: 1003: 930:to humans and 851:in the Lowveld 837:Main article: 834: 831: 829:to the north. 815:Vredefort Dome 748:Main article: 745: 742: 740: 737: 731: 728: 687:Cape Peninsula 669:Cape Fold Belt 667:Main article: 664: 661: 655: 652: 559:Table Mountain 555:Cape Peninsula 546: 543: 496:region of the 494:Giant's Castle 466:Main article: 463: 460: 458:in the east.) 423: 420: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 278: 274: 273: 247:1,840 km, 242:4,862 km 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5059: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4966: 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4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896:Social issues 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:Land invasion 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3717:Foreign trade 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354:Early history 3352: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3171: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2848:1-86825-922-6 2844: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812:0-86977-081-0 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2577: 2573: 2572:Shebeen Point 2569: 2564: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2475: 2474:KwaZulu-Natal 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2305: 2304:Northern Cape 2301: 2300:Alexander Bay 2297: 2293: 2288: 2250: 2246: 2245:Marion Island 2242: 2237: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:Northern Cape 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2028:Northern Cape 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1937:; patches of 1936: 1932: 1928: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1845: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761:sub-antarctic 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1679:Hondeklipbaai 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:Alexander Bay 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 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Retrieved 3259: 3244:|title= 3223:. Retrieved 3219:the original 3202:. Retrieved 3198: 3179:|title= 3158:. Retrieved 3151:the original 3120:. Retrieved 3113:the original 3087: 3075: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3049:the original 3044: 3034: 3026:The Guardian 3024: 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2993: 2985: 2984:Lew Leppan: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2955:. Retrieved 2951:the original 2944: 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2918:the original 2913: 2901: 2893: 2877: 2861: 2857: 2832: 2802: 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2758:the original 2748: 2726: 2710: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2576:Eastern Cape 2525:Western Cape 2416:Western Cape 2412:Cape Agulhas 2298:Mouth (near 2296:Orange River 2182: 2156: 2148: 2140: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2107:black wattle 2103: 2081: 2047: 2005: 1990: 1974: 1946:Garden Route 1943: 1927:Garden Route 1923: 1898:Johannesburg 1820:Richards Bay 1800:Saldanha Bay 1796: 1768: 1764:Indian Ocean 1745:Cape Agulhas 1738: 1703:Richtersveld 1699: 1683: 1671:Port Nolloth 1668: 1620: 1601: 1575: 1570: 1551: 1530:Orange River 1523: 1509: 1504:) nest in a 1501: 1453:Eastern Cape 1437: 1413: 1397:Ramsar sites 1371: 1340: 1325: 1303: 1275:Indian Ocean 1264: 1259:Howick Falls 1257:valley near 1255:Mngeni River 1222: 1212:The town of 1211: 1203:Orange River 1178: 1137:Little Karoo 1118: 1076: 1033: 971:plains zebra 944: 917: 886:Indian Ocean 854: 823:Magaliesberg 812: 792:Orange River 777: 768:Magaliesberg 764:Johannesburg 733: 721: 713:Little Karoo 695: 680: 657: 629: 574:escarpment. 539:Orange River 515: 471: 437: 409: 406: 383: 355:coastal zone 331:South Africa 329: 311:Largest lake 303:Orange River 289:Lowest point 267:430 km, 262:967 km, 257:491 km, 252:909 km, 130: 115: 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 26: 4935:recognition 4888:South Sudan 4778:Ivory Coast 4505:recognition 4458:South Sudan 4348:Ivory Coast 4115:Cape Malays 3836:Immigration 3687:Agriculture 3508:Earthquakes 3389:Cape Colony 3369:Kaditshwene 2601: / 2550: / 2499: / 2441: / 2380: / 2329: / 2274: / 2223: / 2105:many (e.g. 1812:East London 1804:fresh water 1786:Mozambique/ 1582:Namaqualand 1538:Great Karoo 1526:Namaqualand 1506:quiver tree 1472:Bushmanland 1441:sardine run 1416:subtropical 1306:subtropical 1287:Drakensberg 1199:Bushmanland 1175:northwards. 1125:Great Karoo 913:Drakensberg 894:Drakensberg 882:Save rivers 866:rift valley 796:Great Karoo 788:Drakensberg 724:Lower Karoo 633:rift valley 616:Drakensberg 572:Drakensberg 498:Drakensberg 450:(i.e. into 392:), and the 272:225 km 212:Ranked 25th 195: / 171:Coordinates 4990:(Portugal) 4948:Somaliland 4868:Seychelles 4833:Mozambique 4818:Mauritania 4803:Madagascar 4758:The Gambia 4693:Cape Verde 4560:(Portugal) 4518:Somaliland 4438:Seychelles 4403:Mozambique 4388:Mauritania 4373:Madagascar 4328:The Gambia 4263:Cape Verde 4093:Afrikaners 4081:San people 3964:Literature 3911:Xenophobia 3831:Healthcare 3811:Disability 3734:(currency) 3639:Parliament 3614:Government 3599:Corruption 3434:Border War 3122:18 January 3055:22 January 3005:30 October 2957:2 February 2927:2 February 2786:31 October 2764:31 October 2731:116: 1-54. 2667:References 2607: ( 2585:32°34′20″S 2556: ( 2537:19°59′55″E 2534:34°50′00″S 2505: ( 2486:32°53′30″E 2483:26°51′30″S 2466:Monte Ouro 2447: ( 2386: ( 2364:46°38′25″S 2335: ( 2313:28°37′50″S 2280: ( 2261:37°49′45″E 2258:46°58′55″S 2229: ( 2210:29°39′20″E 2020:Sutherland 1981:Vaal River 1977:Free State 1848:See also: 1664:Onseepkans 1660:Vioolsdrif 1643:Oranjemund 1631:Koiingnaas 1566:Ghaamsberg 1433:sugar cane 1361:on to the 1345:, between 1332:Mozambique 1239:Oudtshoorn 1214:Sutherland 1085:, and the 995:Mpumalanga 987:crocodiles 924:tsetse fly 909:Mozambique 897:escarpment 868:cuts into 808:Free State 785:Mpumalanga 706:quartzitic 584:Calitzdorp 570:, and the 475:escarpment 412:irrigation 375:topography 359:escarpment 347:Mozambique 255:Mozambique 79:newspapers 4823:Mauritius 4393:Mauritius 4105:Coloureds 3851:Languages 3816:Education 3765:Transport 3697:Companies 3649:President 3604:Elections 3553:Provinces 3513:Estuaries 3503:Districts 3474:Geography 3429:Apartheid 3265:10 August 3225:10 August 3204:10 August 3160:10 August 2588:28°33′4″E 2425:34°50′0″S 2316:16°27′0″E 2207:22°7′40″S 2145:stinkwood 2128:Jacaranda 2057:heatwaves 2006:There is 1950:temperate 1872:Cape Town 1775:upwelling 1769:The cold 1757:Cape Town 1623:Springbok 1562:Springbok 1482:peneplain 1458:game fish 1429:Ladysmith 1393:migratory 1321:grassland 1230:Outeniqua 1226:Langeberg 1194:Langeberg 1186:Cederberg 1133:Swartberg 1083:Waterberg 1060:fluorspar 1036:ecoregion 730:Coastline 709:sandstone 691:Cape Town 600:Swartberg 483:Afrikaans 371:semi-arid 292:Sea level 226:Coastline 155:Continent 5041:Category 5014: / 5010: / 5003:(France) 4997: / 4975: / 4971: / 4923:Zimbabwe 4898:Tanzania 4748:Ethiopia 4743:Eswatini 4723:Djibouti 4688:Cameroon 4673:Botswana 4584: / 4580: / 4573:(France) 4567: / 4545: / 4541: / 4493:Zimbabwe 4468:Tanzania 4318:Ethiopia 4313:Eswatini 4293:Djibouti 4258:Cameroon 4243:Botswana 4167:Category 4076:Khoekhoe 3954:HIV/AIDS 3876:Religion 3841:Intersex 3821:Feminism 3801:Cannabis 3750:Taxation 3654:timeline 3634:Military 3577:Politics 3563:Wildlife 3460:Military 3448:By topic 3384:Ndwandwe 3342:Timeline 3322:articles 3235:cite web 3170:cite web 3132:cite web 2623:See also 2470:Kosi Bay 2428:20°0′0″E 2367:38°0′5″E 2032:Upington 2001:Bushveld 1985:Highveld 1911:Pretoria 1783:Plankton 1695:Aggeneys 1687:Nababeep 1627:Kleinzee 1616:Khoikhoi 1576:de facto 1572:Vaalputs 1558:Upington 1554:Aggeneys 1518:Kenhardt 1466:seabirds 1449:spawning 1445:sardines 1389:wetlands 1376:and the 1363:Highveld 1336:Eswatini 1207:Highveld 1188:and the 1164:Calvinia 1160:Gondwana 1149:dolerite 1103:Botswana 1091:Zimbabwe 1052:chromium 1048:platinum 1040:Bushveld 1021:Bushveld 1011:Bushveld 1005:Bushveld 979:wetlands 975:antelope 967:cheetahs 963:leopards 905:Eswatini 899:through 862:Zimbabwe 858:Botswana 827:Bushveld 821:and the 781:Highveld 772:Bushveld 750:Highveld 744:Highveld 404:border. 402:Namibian 390:Zimbabwe 343:Atlantic 270:Zimbabwe 265:Eswatini 245:Botswana 109:May 2017 4999:Réunion 4995:Mayotte 4986:Madeira 4981:(Spain) 4977:Melilla 4908:Tunisia 4878:Somalia 4863:Senegal 4848:Nigeria 4838:Namibia 4828:Morocco 4793:Liberia 4788:Lesotho 4738:Eritrea 4708:Comoros 4683:Burundi 4658:Algeria 4569:Réunion 4565:Mayotte 4556:Madeira 4551:(Spain) 4547:Melilla 4478:Tunisia 4448:Somalia 4433:Senegal 4418:Nigeria 4408:Namibia 4398:Morocco 4363:Liberia 4358:Lesotho 4308:Eritrea 4278:Comoros 4253:Burundi 4228:Algeria 4151:Outline 4132:Chinese 4127:Indians 4120:Griquas 4098:British 4071:Khoisan 4024:Ndebele 3944:Cuisine 3921:Culture 3891:Smoking 3866:Poverty 3789:Society 3755:Tourism 3692:Banking 3675:Economy 3523:Islands 3518:Forests 3491:Climate 3455:Economy 3330:History 3076:AirPano 2122:Lantana 1993:Lowveld 1866:Winter 1830:Climate 1792:climate 1759:in the 1677:), and 1675:Gauteng 1534:Namibia 1435:farms. 1367:Gauteng 1328:Lesotho 1314:savanna 1283:plateau 1271:lowland 1235:Ostrich 1099:Namibia 1044:igneous 1028:Lowveld 969:), the 920:malaria 890:Limpopo 878:Limpopo 833:Lowveld 800:Lesotho 774:beyond. 760:Gauteng 717:ostrich 700:of the 640:Lowveld 637:Limpopo 624:Lesotho 522:Lesotho 512:border. 506:Lesotho 502:Lesotho 448:Equator 386:Limpopo 349:on the 341:on the 339:Namibia 260:Namibia 250:Lesotho 234:Borders 183:24°00′E 180:29°00′S 93:scholar 5018: 5001: 4988: 4918:Zambia 4913:Uganda 4853:Rwanda 4808:Malawi 4768:Guinea 4663:Angola 4588: 4571: 4558: 4488:Zambia 4483:Uganda 4423:Rwanda 4378:Malawi 4338:Guinea 4233:Angola 4172:Portal 4088:Whites 4049:Tswana 4044:Tsonga 3989:Sports 3939:Cinema 3871:Racism 3826:Health 3712:Energy 3594:Courts 3558:Rivers 3320: 2945:really 2845: 2809: 2468:(near 2165:rhinos 2008:skiing 1966:fynbos 1885:Durban 1863:Summer 1816:Durban 1749:Marion 1735:coast. 1614:, and 1462:sharks 1420:Durban 1382:UNESCO 1355:Tugela 1347:Durban 1318:alpine 1070:, and 1068:nickel 1056:copper 983:hippos 965:, and 940:Maputo 932:nagana 876:. The 817:, the 557:(with 524:. 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