307:, in addition to the range of alternatives presented for study. The No Action Alternative identifies the expected environmental impacts in the future if existing conditions were left as is with no action taken by the lead agency. Analysis of the No Action Alternative is used to establish a baseline upon which to compare the proposed "Action" alternatives. Contrary to popular belief, the "No Action Alternative" doesn't necessarily mean that nothing will occur if that option is selected in the Record of Decision. For example, the "No Action Alternative" was selected for the I-69/Trans-Texas Corridor Tier-I Environmental Impact Statement. In that Record of Decision, the Texas Department of Transportation opted not to proceed with building its portion of I-69 as one of the Trans-Texas Corridors to be built as a new-terrain route (the Trans-Texas Corridor concept was ultimately scrapped entirely), but instead decided to proceed with converting existing US and state routes to I-69 by upgrading those roads to interstate standards.
92:(EA). The finding of the EA determines whether an EIS is required. If the EA indicates that no significant impact is likely, then the agency can release a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) and carry on with the proposed action. Otherwise, the agency must then conduct a full-scale EIS. Most EAs result in a FONSI. A limited number of federal actions may avoid the EA and EIS requirements under NEPA if they meet the criteria for a categorical exclusion (CATEX). A CATEX is usually permitted when a course of action is identical or very similar to a past course of action and the impacts on the environment from the previous action can be assumed for the proposed action, or for building a structure within the footprint of an existing, larger facility or complex. For example, two recently completed sections of
395:
from a re-evaluation report: (1) the action may proceed with no substantive changes to the FEIS, (2) significant impacts are expected with the change that can be adequately addressed in a
Supplemental EIS (SEIS), or (3) the circumstances force a complete change in the nature and scope of the proposed action, thereby voiding the pre-existing FEIS (and ROD, if applicable), requiring the lead agency to restart the NEPA process and prepare a new EIS to encompass the changes.
85:
statement should use an interdisciplinary approach so that it accurately assesses both the physical and social impacts of the proposed development. In many instances an action may be deemed subject to NEPA's EIS requirement even though the action is not specifically sponsored by a federal agency. These factors may include actions that receive federal funding, federal licensing or authorization, or that are subject to federal control.
2733:
402:
impacts. Supplemental EISs are also prepared when the size and scope of a federal action changes, when a significant period of time has lapsed since the FEIS was completed to account for changes in the surrounding environment during that time, or when all of the proposed alternatives in an EIS are deemed to have unacceptable environmental impacts and new alternatives are proposed.
2722:
482:
their involvement in the development process. Because an EIS requires expert skill and knowledge, agencies must hire environmental analysts. Unlike agencies who may have other priorities, analysts are often sympathetic to environmental issues. In addition, this feature introduces scientific procedures into the political process.
688:
113:
with its impacts on the surrounding human and natural environment, and provide opportunities for mitigating those impacts while keeping the cost and schedule for implementing the action under control. However, many activities require various federal permits to comply with other environmental legislation, such as the
490:
The differences that exist between science and politics limit the accuracy of an EIS. Although analysts are members of the scientific community, they are affected by the political atmosphere. Analysts do not have the luxury of an unlimited time for research. They are also affected by the different
420:
To avoid potential conflicts in securing required permits and approvals after the ROD is issued, the lead agency will often coordinate with stakeholders at all levels, and resolve any conflicts to the greatest extent possible during the EIS process. Proceeding in this fashion helps avoid interagency
448:
impacts along a general corridor, but would not identify the exact location of where the action would occur. A Tier I ROD would be issued approving the general area where the action would be implemented. Following the Tier I ROD, the approved Tier I area is further broken down into subareas, and a
80:
The purpose of the NEPA is to promote informed decision-making by federal agencies by making "detailed information concerning significant environmental impacts" available to both agency leaders and the public. The NEPA was the first piece of legislation that created a comprehensive method to assess
112:
NEPA does not prohibit the federal government or its licensees/permittees from harming the environment, instead it requires that the prospective impacts be understood and disclosed in advance. The intent of NEPA is to help key decisionmakers and stakeholders balance the need to implement an action
449:
Tier II EIS is then prepared for each subarea, that identifies the exact location of where the proposed action will take place. The preparation of Tier II EISs for each subarea proceeds at its own pace, independent from the other subareas within the Tier I area. For example, parts of the proposed
394:
Prepared following an approved FEIS or ROD when unforeseen changes to the proposed action or its impacts occurs, or when a substantial period of time has passed between approval of an action and the planned start of said action. Based on the significance of the changes, three outcomes may result
481:
By requiring agencies to complete an EIS, the act encourages them to consider the environmental costs of a project and introduces new information into the decision-making process. The NEPA has increased the influence of environmental analysts and agencies in the federal government by increasing
272:
for the proposed action identifying the sources of secured funding for the action. For example, the
Federal Highway Administration has started requiring states to include a financial plan showing that funding has been secured for major highway projects before it will approve an EIS and issue a
387:
Based on the comments on the Draft EIS, the agency writes a Final EIS, and announces its
Proposed Action. The public is not invited to comment on this, but if they are still unhappy, or feel that the agency has missed a major issue, they may protest the EIS to the Director of the agency. The
416:
Often, the agencies responsible for preparing an EA or EIS do not compile the document directly, but outsource this work to private-sector consulting firms with expertise in the proposed action and its anticipated effects on the environment. Because of the intense level of detail required in
401:
Typically prepared after either a Final EIS or Record of
Decision has been issued and new environmental impacts that were not considered in the original EIS are discovered, requiring the lead agency to re-evaluate its initial decision and consider new alternatives to avoid or mitigate the new
84:
In particular, an EIS acts as an enforcement mechanism to ensure that the federal government adheres to the goals and policies outlined in the NEPA. An EIS should be created in a timely manner as soon as the agency is planning development or is presented with a proposal for development. The
494:
Citizens often misunderstand the environmental assessment process. The public does not realize that the process is only meant to gather information relevant to the decision. Even if the statement predicts negative impacts of the project, decision makers can still proceed with the proposal.
685:
137:
to comply with federal, state, and local environmental laws that are ancillary to NEPA. In some instances, the result of NEPA analysis leads to abandonment or cancellation of the proposed action, particularly when the "No Action" alternative ends up being the LEDPA.
1222:
824:
356:
The first meetings are held to discuss existing laws, the available information, and the research needed. The tasks are divided up and a lead group is selected. Decision makers and all those involved with the project can attend the
363:
The public is notified that the agency is preparing an EIS. The agency also provides the public with information regarding how they can become involved in the process. The agency announces its project proposal with a notice in the
96:
were granted a CATEX from NEPA requirements as these portions of I-69 utilize existing freeways that required little more than minor spot improvements and a change of highway signage. Additionally, a CATEX can be issued during an
368:, notices in local media, and letters to citizens and groups that it knows are likely to be interested. Citizens and groups are welcome to send in comments helping the agency identify the issues it must address in the EIS (or EA).
81:
potential and existing environmental risks at once. It also encourages communication and cooperation between all the actors involved in environmental decisions, including government officials, private businesses, and citizens.
894:
411:
Once all the protests are resolved the agency issues a Record of
Decision which is its final action prior to implementation. If members of the public are still dissatisfied with the outcome, they may sue the agency in Federal
374:
Based on both agency expertise and issues raised by the public, the agency prepares a Draft EIS with a full description of the affected environment, a reasonable range of alternatives, and an analysis of the impacts of each
491:
motives behind the research of the EIS and by different perspectives of what constitutes a good analysis. In addition, government officials do not want to reveal an environmental problem from within their own agency.
1158:
417:
analyzing the alternatives presented in an EIS or EA, such documents may take years or even decades to compile, and often compose of multiple volumes that can be thousands to tens of thousands of pages in length.
2256:
1965:
878:
848:
1434:
1120:
1104:
956:
1238:
1028:
1578:
1675:
255:
for each alternative, including costs and timeline to mitigate expected impacts, to determine if the proposed action can be completed at an acceptable cost and within a reasonable amount of time
1206:
1190:
1174:
1166:
1112:
1854:
780:
315:
The NEPA process is designed to involve the public and gather the best available information in a single place so that decision makers can be fully informed when they make their choices.
1490:
886:
57:
of a proposed action, and it usually also lists one or more alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS. One of the primary authors of the act is
1958:
1916:
1833:
1821:
1668:
1128:
972:
2154:
1396:
2132:
1741:
1644:
2095:
1484:
444:
that cross long distances, the lead agency may use a two-tiered process prior to implementing the proposed action. In such cases, the Tier I EIS would analyze the potential
2792:
1614:
1596:
1951:
1254:
1214:
133:
and ordinances, requiring additional state and local permits before the action can proceed. Obtaining these permits typically requires the lead agency to implement the
88:
Not all federal actions require a full EIS. If the action may or may not cause a significant impact, the agency can first prepare a smaller, shorter document called an
53:(NEPA) for certain actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment". An EIS is a tool for decision making. It describes the positive and negative
1726:
948:
856:
2777:
2169:
2164:
2137:
1736:
980:
902:
732:
Taylor, Serge. 1984. "Making
Bureaucracies Think: The Environmental Impact Statement Strategy of Administrative Reform". Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA.
1746:
1718:
773:
101:
when time does not permit the preparation of an EA or EIS. An example of the latter is when the
Federal Highway Administration issued a CATEX to construct the
1681:
591:
2122:
2070:
1661:
964:
746:
2144:
2117:
2090:
2065:
1602:
918:
910:
561:
1004:
996:
30:
This article is about environmental impact statements under United States federal law. For worldwide perspective on environmental impact statements, see
2476:
2216:
1354:
331:
As discussed above, the government may exempt an agency from the process. The agency can then proceed with the project and skip the remaining steps.
2787:
2746:
2741:
2461:
2085:
1317:
766:
343:
Occurs when no significant impacts are identified in an EA. A FONSI typically allows the lead agency to proceed without having to complete an EIS.
2736:
2080:
1889:
1751:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
106:
2466:
1844:
1687:
1584:
1572:
1246:
1048:
2481:
2159:
1932:
1453:
1230:
646:
2576:
2424:
1632:
1590:
263:
While not required in the EIS, the following subjects may be included as part of the EIS or as separate documents based on agency policy.
337:
The proposal is analyzed in addition to the local environment with the aim to reduce the negative impacts of the development on the area.
2429:
2075:
2060:
1904:
1756:
1066:
1012:
926:
2526:
2340:
2330:
2251:
2174:
1626:
1390:
1150:
1088:
1058:
797:
717:
388:
Director may either ask the agency to revise the EIS, or explain to the protester why their complaints are not actually taken care of.
2751:
2360:
2345:
2179:
2127:
1459:
1402:
1366:
1198:
868:
700:
50:
2407:
2221:
2112:
2102:
1884:
1864:
1731:
1620:
1566:
1441:
102:
526:
2541:
2290:
2268:
2226:
2196:
2149:
2032:
2015:
1998:
1974:
1520:
1477:
789:
284:
54:
46:
31:
2772:
2725:
2246:
2241:
1791:
1502:
1447:
1329:
1096:
1078:
840:
667:
2412:
2350:
1420:
938:
712:
Eccleston, Charles H. (2014). The EIS Book: Managing and
Preparing Environmental Impact Statements. Chapter 6. CRC Press.
114:
2008:
1384:
2379:
2263:
2020:
1849:
1796:
1766:
1649:
1471:
537:
583:
1276:
2782:
2649:
2601:
2496:
2389:
2273:
1839:
1776:
1655:
1638:
1508:
1414:
1378:
381:
Affected individuals then have the opportunity to provide feedback through written and public hearing statements.
93:
553:
2654:
2609:
2511:
2236:
2052:
1927:
1922:
1859:
1182:
278:
325:
In this stage, the needs and objectives of a project have been decided, but the project has not been financed.
2701:
2639:
2042:
1707:
1514:
445:
2644:
2471:
122:
1372:
2027:
1827:
1816:
1701:
1694:
1408:
1284:
816:
1360:
181:
of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives. This section covers topics such as:
2629:
2397:
2037:
2003:
1993:
1910:
1036:
988:
294:
752:
2691:
2684:
2624:
2561:
2521:
2516:
2191:
1806:
1801:
1323:
808:
504:
242:
218:
126:
2706:
2664:
2659:
2619:
2571:
2335:
2107:
832:
638:
441:
406:
222:
194:
190:
58:
2581:
2456:
2402:
2201:
2186:
1869:
1496:
1426:
1342:
713:
696:
130:
2556:
2536:
2531:
2506:
2305:
2278:
1786:
365:
17:
2669:
2586:
2566:
2546:
2446:
2295:
1465:
1302:
1140:
1020:
692:
541:
530:
231:
118:
297:
laws and secure required federal, state, and local permits before the action can proceed.
755:
has one of the world's largest collections of hard copy environmental impact statements.
2696:
2591:
2491:
2419:
1879:
438:
287:(EPA) if substantial environmental impacts are expected from the preferred alternative.
238:
2766:
2679:
2634:
2614:
2436:
2211:
1894:
1874:
524:
The
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended, 42 USC Sections 4321-4347
523:
462:
450:
250:
214:
205:
686:
NEPA and
Environmental Planning: Tools, Techniques, and Approaches for Practitioners
2372:
2367:
2355:
2315:
2300:
1988:
1781:
1943:
758:
749:, provides a weekly round-up of recently released environmental impact statements.
2486:
2441:
2310:
2283:
1899:
671:
201:
2551:
1335:
1223:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
421:
conflicts and potential lawsuits after the lead agency reaches its decision.
2674:
2320:
1608:
1348:
1266:
174:
to the proposed action. Alternatives are considered the "heart" of the EIS.
98:
129:
to name a few. Similarly, many states and local jurisdictions have enacted
534:
235:
to local communities, often including consideration of attributes such as
2206:
434:
237:
impacts on the available housing stock, economic impacts to businesses,
2501:
2451:
2231:
470:
454:
430:
2325:
895:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
466:
458:
64:
Preliminary versions of these documents are officially known as a
1435:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
1947:
1121:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1105:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
762:
1239:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
1191:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1113:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1029:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
135:
Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative (LEDPA)
1207:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
1175:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
1167:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
1855:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
887:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
670:. U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. Archived from
1129:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
973:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
849:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
429:
On exceptionally large projects, especially proposed
1645:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
2600:
2388:
2051:
1981:
1765:
1717:
1485:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1299:
1265:
1139:
1077:
1047:
937:
867:
796:
1615:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
221:, particularly sites of significant importance to
1669:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
1727:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1491:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
857:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
473:are being studied through a two-tiered process
1737:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
981:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
903:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
753:Northwestern University Transportation Library
27:Assessment required under US environmental law
1959:
1747:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1397:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
774:
728:
726:
554:"DEIS - Draft Environmental Impact Statement"
152:An Introduction including a statement of the
8:
957:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1603:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
919:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
911:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
668:"Part 1502--Environmental Impact Statement"
614:Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council
1966:
1952:
1944:
1597:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1005:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
997:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
949:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
864:
781:
767:
759:
584:"Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR)"
2793:Environmental impact in the United States
2477:Environmental issues in the United States
1355:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1324:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
965:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
341:Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI):
2462:Effects of climate change on agriculture
1318:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
535:Council on Environmental Quality NEPAnet
1752:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
745:Knowledge Mosaic's environmental blog,
516:
107:I-35W Mississippi River Bridge Collapse
2778:Environmental law in the United States
2467:Effects of climate change on livestock
1845:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
1688:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
1585:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
1573:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1247:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1933:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
1454:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1231:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
841:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
558:Colorado Department of Transportation
385:Final EIS (FEIS) and Proposed Action:
49:, is a document required by the 1969
7:
2721:
2577:Tropical cyclones and climate change
1662:Energy Independence and Security Act
1633:National Environmental Education Act
146:An EIS typically has four sections:
66:draft environmental impact statement
2610:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
1905:Significant New Alternatives Policy
1757:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1067:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1013:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
927:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
649:from the original on April 24, 2019
303:Every EIS is required to analyze a
1682:America's Water Infrastructure Act
1672:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
1391:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1151:United States v. Riverside Bayview
1089:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
1059:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
25:
2257:pharmaceuticals and personal care
1698:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
1460:National Environmental Policy Act
1438:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
1199:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
1159:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
639:"Environmental Impact Assessment"
70:draft environmental impact report
51:National Environmental Policy Act
2732:
2731:
2720:
2408:decline in amphibian populations
2113:Deforestation and climate change
1885:Presidential Climate Action Plan
1865:New Source Performance Standards
1732:Council on Environmental Quality
1621:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
637:Felleman, John (April 5, 2013),
612:See the Supreme Court decision:
594:from the original on 9 June 2020
564:from the original on 9 June 2020
241:, public health, aesthetics and
2788:Environmental impact assessment
2542:Land surface effects on climate
1999:Environmental impact assessment
1975:Human impact on the environment
1521:Water Resources Development Act
1478:Coastal Zone Management Program
790:United States environmental law
293:to comply with state and local
285:Environmental Protection Agency
47:United States environmental law
32:Environmental impact assessment
1812:Environmental impact statement
1792:Corporate average fuel economy
1676:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
1097:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
684:Eccleston, Charles H. (2008).
348:Environmental Impact Statement
335:Environmental Assessment (EA):
329:Categorical Exclusion (CATEX):
39:environmental impact statement
1:
2413:decline in insect populations
461:, as well as portions of the
1591:Toxic Substances Control Act
1850:National Climate Assessment
1797:Discharge Monitoring Report
1650:Food Quality Protection Act
1472:Coastal Zone Management Act
616:, 490 U.S. 332, 349 (1989).
318:This is the process of EIS
18:Environmental Impact Report
2809:
1627:Global Change Research Act
1277:United States v. Bestfoods
533:(enacted 1970-01-01) from
283:is often requested by the
29:
2715:
2650:Environmental engineering
2497:Environmental degradation
2274:fishing down the food web
1900:Section 608 Certification
1840:Maximum contaminant level
1777:Best available technology
1423:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
1403:Air Pollution Control Act
1367:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
695:, pp 148-149. CRC Press.
643:The Encyclopedia of Earth
94:Interstate 69 in Kentucky
2655:Environmental mitigation
2512:Greenhouse gas emissions
2472:Environmental insecurity
1928:Toxicity category rating
1923:Total maximum daily load
1860:National Priorities List
1742:Office of Surface Mining
1567:Federal Noxious Weed Act
1468:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
1442:Solid Waste Disposal Act
1183:Rapanos v. United States
399:Supplemental EIS (SEIS):
291:Additional documentation
279:Environmental mitigation
246:within the affected area
125:and Section 4(f) of the
90:Environmental Assessment
2702:Sustainable consumption
2043:Social ecology (ethics)
1890:Renewable Fuel Standard
1708:Inflation Reduction Act
1515:Safe Drinking Water Act
2645:Ecological engineering
2425:runaway climate change
1503:Endangered Species Act
1448:Endangered Species Act
1330:Rivers and Harbors Act
879:United States v. SCRAP
825:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
123:Endangered Species Act
2773:Environmental science
2028:List of global issues
1828:Executive Order 13990
1822:Executive Order 13432
1817:Environmental justice
1702:CHIPS and Science Act
1409:Fish and Wildlife Act
1285:Guam v. United States
817:Sierra Club v. Morton
305:No Action Alternative
253:and Schedule Analyses
172:Range of Alternatives
163:A description of the
55:environmental effects
2630:Community resilience
2430:in the United States
2398:Biodiversity threats
2071:cannabis cultivation
2038:Planetary boundaries
2004:Environmental issues
1994:Ecological footprint
1911:State of the Climate
1579:Magnuson–Stevens Act
1385:McSweeney-McNary Act
1037:West Virginia v. EPA
989:Massachusetts v. EPA
295:environmental policy
165:Affected Environment
2692:Restoration ecology
2625:Climate engineering
2562:Ocean acidification
2552:Loss of green belts
2522:Holocene extinction
2517:Habitat destruction
2192:Environmental crime
1875:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
1807:Environmental crime
1802:Effluent guidelines
1563:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
1303:federal legislation
809:Missouri v. Holland
505:Natural environment
446:socio-environmental
273:Record of Decision.
127:Federal Highway Act
105:in the wake of the
2707:Waste minimization
2665:Mitigation banking
2660:Industrial ecology
2620:Cleaner production
2572:Resource depletion
2108:Corporate behavior
2066:animal agriculture
1695:Louisiana v. Biden
1609:CERCLA (Superfund)
1517:(1974, 1986, 1996)
833:Hughes v. Oklahoma
691:2021-10-01 at the
540:2008-10-10 at the
529:2008-10-17 at the
407:Record of Decision
223:indigenous peoples
195:endangered species
131:environmental laws
103:replacement bridge
59:Lynton K. Caldwell
2760:
2759:
2582:Water degradation
2457:Ecological crisis
2403:biodiversity loss
2202:Industrialisation
2187:Genetic pollution
2033:Impact assessment
1941:
1940:
1870:New Source Review
1656:Energy Policy Act
1639:Oil Pollution Act
1509:Oil Pollution Act
1497:Noise Control Act
1427:Acid Rain Program
1415:Oil Pollution Act
1379:Oil Pollution Act
1373:Clarke–McNary Act
1295:
1294:
1255:Sackett v. EPA II
372:Draft EIS (DEIS):
16:(Redirected from
2800:
2783:Statements (law)
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2557:Phosphorus cycle
2537:Land consumption
2532:Land degradation
2507:Freshwater cycle
2306:Overexploitation
2279:marine pollution
2086:cocoa production
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1787:Clean Power Plan
1719:Federal agencies
1361:Weeks–McLean Act
1215:Sackett v. EPA I
865:
783:
776:
769:
760:
733:
730:
721:
710:
704:
682:
676:
675:
664:
658:
657:
656:
654:
634:
617:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
580:
574:
573:
571:
569:
550:
544:
521:
366:Federal Register
232:economic impacts
154:Purpose and Need
21:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2711:
2670:Organic farming
2596:
2587:Water pollution
2567:Ozone depletion
2547:Loss and damage
2447:Desertification
2384:
2296:Overconsumption
2217:cleaning agents
2118:Energy industry
2081:meat production
2047:
1977:
1972:
1942:
1937:
1769:
1761:
1713:
1466:Clean Water Act
1310:
1309:and lower court
1308:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1261:
1135:
1073:
1043:
1021:Michigan v. EPA
933:
863:
800:
792:
787:
742:
737:
736:
731:
724:
711:
707:
693:Wayback Machine
683:
679:
666:
665:
661:
652:
650:
636:
635:
620:
611:
607:
597:
595:
582:
581:
577:
567:
565:
552:
551:
547:
542:Wayback Machine
531:Wayback Machine
522:
518:
513:
501:
488:
479:
427:
313:
239:property values
158:Proposed Action
144:
119:Clean Water Act
78:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2728:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:Sustainability
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2592:Water scarcity
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Nitrogen cycle
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Forest dieback
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2420:Climate change
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:nanotechnology
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:on marine life
2013:
2012:
2011:
2009:list of issues
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1917:Tailoring Rule
1914:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:PACE financing
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
969:
961:
953:
944:
942:
935:
934:
932:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
874:
872:
862:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
804:
802:
794:
793:
788:
786:
785:
778:
771:
763:
757:
756:
750:
747:The Green Mien
741:
740:External links
738:
735:
734:
722:
718:978-1466583634
705:
677:
674:on 2010-04-22.
659:
618:
605:
575:
545:
515:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
500:
497:
487:
484:
478:
475:
426:
423:
414:
413:
403:
396:
392:Re-evaluation:
389:
382:
376:
369:
358:
345:
344:
338:
332:
326:
312:
309:
301:
300:
299:
298:
288:
274:
270:Financial Plan
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
247:
227:
219:cultural sites
210:
198:
183:
182:
175:
168:
161:
143:
140:
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2805:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:Reforestation
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Cultured meat
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Birth control
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Deforestation
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:Manufacturing
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:nuclear power
2158:
2156:
2155:fracking (US)
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Right to know
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:Clean Air Act
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
990:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
943:
940:
936:
929:
928:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
873:
870:
866:
859:
858:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
803:
799:
798:Supreme Court
795:
791:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
761:
754:
751:
748:
744:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
706:
702:
701:9780849375590
698:
694:
690:
687:
681:
678:
673:
669:
663:
660:
648:
644:
640:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
609:
606:
593:
589:
588:www.metro.net
585:
579:
576:
563:
559:
555:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
520:
517:
510:
506:
503:
502:
498:
496:
492:
485:
483:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
463:Interstate 11
460:
456:
453:extension in
452:
451:Interstate 69
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
418:
410:
408:
404:
400:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
362:
359:
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
310:
308:
306:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
280:
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
254:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
234:
233:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
207:
206:water quality
203:
199:
197:
196:
192:
187:
186:
185:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
141:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Clean Air Act
110:
108:
104:
100:
95:
91:
86:
82:
75:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2373:urban sprawl
2368:Urbanization
2316:Particulates
2301:Overdrafting
2016:Human impact
1989:Anthropocene
1909:
1811:
1782:Citizen suit
1770:and concepts
1693:
1667:
1433:
1283:
1275:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1065:
1057:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
979:
971:
963:
955:
947:
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
855:
847:
839:
831:
823:
815:
807:
708:
680:
672:the original
662:
651:, retrieved
642:
613:
608:
596:. Retrieved
587:
578:
566:. Retrieved
557:
548:
519:
493:
489:
480:
465:corridor in
428:
419:
415:
405:
398:
391:
384:
378:
375:alternative.
371:
360:
353:
347:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
317:
314:
311:NEPA process
304:
302:
290:
277:
269:
262:
249:
236:
229:
213:
200:
189:
178:
171:
164:
157:
153:
145:
134:
111:
89:
87:
83:
79:
69:
65:
63:
42:
38:
36:
2487:Externality
2482:Coral reefs
2442:Defaunation
2311:Overgrazing
2284:overfishing
2264:Marine life
2138:electricity
2061:Agriculture
1767:Regulations
653:February 5,
486:Limitations
230:Social and
212:Impacts to
188:Impacts to
2767:Categories
2752:mitigation
2747:assessment
2742:by country
2640:Decoupling
2602:Mitigation
2331:Reservoirs
2252:pesticides
2197:Explosives
2175:reservoirs
2076:irrigation
1336:Refuse Act
511:References
191:threatened
68:(DEIS) or
2675:Recycling
2341:Transport
2326:Quarrying
2321:Pollution
2180:transport
2170:petroleum
2165:oil shale
2128:biodiesel
1349:Weeks Act
1343:Lacey Act
1311:decisions
1307:treaties,
801:decisions
477:Strengths
442:corridors
357:meetings.
323:Proposal:
99:emergency
45:), under
2737:Category
2361:shipping
2346:aviation
2232:plastics
2222:concrete
2207:Land use
2123:biofuels
2091:palm oil
1834:LDV Rule
689:Archived
647:archived
592:Archived
562:Archived
538:Archived
527:Archived
499:See also
435:railroad
379:Comment:
354:Scoping:
215:historic
179:analysis
72:(DEIR).
2726:Commons
2502:Erosion
2452:Ecocide
2390:Effects
2336:Tourism
2269:fishing
2227:fashion
2150:fashion
2103:Bitcoin
1982:General
1474:(1972)
1332:(1899)
471:Arizona
455:Indiana
439:utility
431:highway
425:Tiering
361:Notice:
209:impacts
156:of the
76:Purpose
2730:
2719:
2291:Mining
2145:energy
2053:Causes
1919:(2010)
1836:(2010)
1830:(2022)
1824:(2007)
1710:(2022)
1704:(2022)
1690:(2021)
1684:(2018)
1678:(2016)
1664:(2007)
1658:(2005)
1652:(1996)
1641:(1990)
1635:(1990)
1629:(1990)
1623:(1986)
1617:(1986)
1611:(1980)
1605:(1978)
1599:(1977)
1593:(1976)
1587:(1976)
1581:(1976)
1575:(1975)
1569:(1975)
1511:(1973)
1505:(1973)
1499:(1972)
1493:(1972)
1487:(1972)
1462:(1970)
1456:(1970)
1450:(1969)
1444:(1965)
1417:(1961)
1411:(1956)
1405:(1955)
1399:(1954)
1393:(1934)
1387:(1928)
1381:(1924)
1375:(1924)
1369:(1918)
1363:(1913)
1357:(1911)
1351:(1911)
1345:(1900)
1326:(1897)
1320:(1872)
1288:(2021)
1280:(1998)
1267:CERCLA
1258:(2023)
1250:(2020)
1242:(2018)
1234:(2016)
1226:(2013)
1218:(2012)
1210:(2009)
1202:(2009)
1194:(2007)
1186:(2006)
1178:(2006)
1170:(2004)
1162:(2001)
1154:(1985)
1132:(2021)
1124:(2018)
1116:(2007)
1108:(1995)
1100:(1992)
1092:(1978)
1070:(2012)
1062:(1978)
1040:(2022)
1032:(2021)
1024:(2015)
1016:(2014)
1008:(2011)
1000:(2007)
992:(2007)
984:(2004)
976:(2004)
968:(2001)
960:(1984)
952:(1975)
930:(2010)
922:(2008)
914:(2004)
906:(2004)
898:(1983)
890:(1983)
882:(1973)
860:(2021)
852:(2000)
844:(1990)
836:(1979)
828:(1978)
820:(1972)
812:(1920)
716:
699:
598:9 June
568:9 June
467:Nevada
437:, and
412:court.
409:(ROD):
142:Layout
117:, the
2685:urban
2356:roads
2247:paper
2242:paint
1300:Major
1269:cases
1143:cases
1081:cases
1051:cases
941:cases
871:cases
459:Texas
243:noise
2351:rail
2133:coal
2096:(US)
1561:2007
1557:2000
1553:1999
1549:1996
1545:1992
1541:1990
1537:1988
1533:1986
1529:1976
1525:1974
1049:RCRA
869:NEPA
714:ISBN
697:ISBN
655:2017
600:2020
570:2020
469:and
457:and
281:plan
251:Cost
217:and
204:and
2380:War
1141:CWA
1079:ESA
939:CAA
276:An
202:Air
193:or
177:An
43:EIS
37:An
2769::
1559:,
1555:,
1551:,
1547:,
1543:,
1539:,
1535:,
1531:,
1527:,
725:^
645:,
641:,
621:^
590:.
586:.
560:.
556:.
433:,
225:.
170:A
121:,
109:.
61:.
1967:e
1960:t
1953:v
1523:(
1305:,
782:e
775:t
768:v
720:.
703:.
602:.
572:.
167:.
160:.
41:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.