Environmental impacts of beavers

905: 41: 180: 1164: 960: 1245: 921:. Reduction of fuel loads by beaver removal of riparian trees, increased moisture content in riparian vegetation by beaver-raised water tables, and water held in beaver ponds all act as barriers to wildfires. A study of vegetation after five large wildfires in the western United States found that riparian corridors within 330 feet (100 m) of beaver ponds were buffered from wildfires when compared to similar riparian corridors without beaver dams. One month after the Sharps Fire burned 65,000 acres (260 km) in Idaho's 29: 760: 587:

populations primarily by improving habitat (building ponds) both for rearing and overwintering and that this conclusion was based over half the time on scientific data. In contrast, the most often cited negative impact of beavers on fishes were barriers to migration, although that conclusion was based on scientific data only 22% of the time. They also found that when beaver dams do present barriers, these are generally short-lived, as the dams are overtopped, blown out, or circumvented by storm surges.

107:, found that the mammals were associated with a 9-fold increase in openwater area. Beavers returned to the area in 1954 after a long absence since their extirpation by the fur trade in the 19th century. During drought years, where beavers were present, 60% more open water was available than those same areas during previous drought periods when beavers were absent. The authors concluded that beavers have a dramatic influence on the creation and maintenance of wetlands even during extreme drought. 829:

occupied a larger portion of the floodplain. Although black cottonwood and thinleaf alder did not generally resprout after beaver cutting, they frequently grew from seeds landing on freshly exposed alluvial deposits subsequent to beaver activity. Therefore, beaver appear to increase riparian vegetation given enough years to aggrade sediments and pond heights sufficiently to create widened, well-watered riparian zones, especially in areas of low summer rainfall. Beavers play an important role in

1047: 1325: 405: 131:, was putatively carried by beavers, the term "beaver fever" was coined by the American press in the 1970s. Further research has shown that many animals and birds carry this parasite, and the major source of water contamination is by humans. Recent concerns point to domestic animals as a significant vector of giardia, with young calves in dairy herds testing as high as 100% positive for giardia. 118:, beaver ponds have been shown to remove sediment and pollutants, including total suspended solids, total nitrogen, phosphates, carbon, and silicates, thus improving stream water quality. In addition, fecal coliform and streptococci bacteria excreted into streams by grazing cattle are reduced by beaver ponds, where slowing currents lead to settling of the bacteria in bottom sediments. 987:. When required, the city of Calgary will use a combination of methods to prevent beaver damage to trees and river parks. Methods of damage prevention includes the placement of a mesh wire fence around the tree trunk, planting trees less palatable to beavers near shorelines, placing under-dam drainage systems to control water levels; and placing traps designed to kill instantly, as 768: 566:), and sockeye salmon are able to cross beaver dams. In southeast Alaska, coho jumped dams as high as two meters, were found above all beaver dams and had their highest densities in streams with beaver. In Oregon coastal streams, beaver dams are ephemeral and almost all wash out in high winter flows only to be rebuilt every summer. Migration of adult Atlantic salmon ( 1355:. Although the fur enterprise failed, 25 pairs of beavers were released into the wild. Having no natural predators in their new environment, they quickly spread throughout the main island, and to other islands in the archipelago, reaching some 100,000 individuals within 50 years. Although they have been considered an 751:. Capture of these species of Drosophila for research is significantly more successful near beaver residences. The preference of beavers for birch, willow, and alder corresponds with oviposition site preferences of the Drosophila virilis species group, leading to commensalism between beavers and these species. 574:. Downstream migration of Atlantic salmon smolts was similarly unaffected by beaver dams, even in periods of low flows. Two-year-old Atlantic salmon parr in beaver ponds in eastern Canada showed faster summer growth in length and mass and were in better condition than parr upstream or downstream from the pond. 1375:). It is not known whether the shrubbier Antarctic beech will be succeeded by the originally dominant and larger Lengo beech; however, the beaver wetlands are readily colonized by non-native plant species. In contrast, areas with introduced beaver were associated with increased populations of the native 1102:. The city of Toronto government does not have any plans to either control the spread, or contain the number of beavers in the city. The city's urban forestry department will occasionally install heavy mesh wire fences around the trunks of trees to prevent them from being damaged by beavers. In 2013, 212:

Beavers may benefit birds frequenting their ponds in several additional ways. Removal of some pondside trees by beavers increases the density and height of the grass–forb–shrub layer, which enhances waterfowl nesting cover adjacent to ponds. Both forest gaps where trees had been felled by beavers and

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In a second study of riparian vegetation based on observations of Bridge Creek over a 17-year period, although portions of the study reach were periodically abandoned by beaver following heavy utilization of streamside vegetation, within a few years, dense stands of woody plants of greater diversity

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The importance of winter habitat to salmonids afforded by beaver ponds may be especially important in streams without deep pools or where ice cover makes contact with the bottom of shallow streams. Enos Mills wrote in 1913, "One dry winter the stream ... ran low and froze to the bottom, and the

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Most beaver dams do not pose barriers to trout and salmon migration, although they may be restricted seasonally during periods of low stream flows. In a meta-review of studies claiming that beaver dams act as fish passage barriers, Kemp et al. found that 78% of these claims were not supported by any

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Conservancy, which was concerned over damage to trees in the area. In March 2009, they hired an exterminator to remove a beaver family using live traps, and accidentally killed the mother when she got caught in a snare and drowned. Relocation costs $ 4,000–$ 4,500 per animal. Scott Garrow, District

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have been placed. Beavers may be encouraged to build dams by the creation of a "beaver dam analog (BDA)". Initially, these were made by felling fir logs, pounding them upright into the stream bed, and weaving a lattice of willow sticks through the posts, which beavers would then expand. To minimize

1410:. They have also been found to cross saltwater to islands northward; and reached the Chilean mainland in the 1990s. On balance, most favour their removal because of their landscape-wide modifications to the Fuegian environment and because biologists want to preserve the unique biota of the region. 852:

in projects to stop soil erosion by streams in Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, and Utah. At the time, each beaver, whose initial cost was about $ 5, completed work worth an estimated $ 300. In 2014, a review of beaver dams as stream restoration tools proposed that an ecosystem approach using riparian

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Beaver ponds increase stream flows in seasonally dry streams by storing run-off in the rainy season, which raises groundwater tables via percolation from beaver ponds. In a recent study using 12 serial aerial photo mosaics from 1948 to 2002, the impact of the return of beavers on openwater area in

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to evaluate its projections that if 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of suitable habitat were repopulated, then 650 trillion gallons of spring runoff would be held back for release in the arid autumn season. Beavers were nearly exterminated in the Methow watershed by the early 1900s by fur trappers.

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of waterside willows and cottonwoods by beavers leads to dense shoot production which provides important cover for birds and the insects on which they feed. Widening of the riparian terrace alongside streams is associated with beaver dams and has been shown to increase riparian bird abundance and

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built a dam 30 feet wide and at one time 6 feet high, and chewed through half the willows and other creekside landscaping the city planted as part of its $ 9.7 million 1999 flood-improvement project. When the City Council wanted to remove the beavers because of fears of flooding, local residents

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and the Botanical Gardens. Though beaver pelts were once important to the city's economy and a pair of beavers appears on the city's official seal and flag, beavers had not lived in New York City since the early 19th century, when trappers extirpated them completely from the city. The return of

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side of the Ottawa River, the park is home to one of North America's densest populations of beavers, with more than 1,100 beavers in 272 beaver colonies according to a 2011 aerial inventory of the park. The beaver population at Gatineau Park is monitored by the National Capital Commission in an

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spp.) responded by regrowing vigorously in most reaches. He further speculated that without control of beaver populations, aspen and cottonwood could go extinct on the Truckee River. Not only have aspen and cottonwood survived ongoing beaver colonization, but a recent study of ten Sierra Nevada

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in streams to slow flows and create pools for young salmonids. Research in Washington found that the average summer smolt production per beaver dam ranges from 527 to 1,174 fish, whereas the summer smolt production from a pool formed by instream large woody debris is about 6–15 individuals,

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were noted to overwinter in Montana beaver ponds, brook trout congregated in winter in New Brunswick and Wyoming beaver ponds, and coho salmon in Oregon beaver ponds. In 2011, a meta-analysis of studies of beaver impacts on salmonids found that beaver were a net benefit to salmon and trout

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from the Bronx, has been seen as evidence that efforts to restore the river have been successful. In the summer of 2010, a second beaver named "Justin" joined José, doubling the beaver population in New York City. In February 2013, what appears to be both José and Justin were caught on

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basin using aerial multispectral videography has also shown that deciduous, thick herbaceous, and thin herbaceous vegetation are more highly concentrated near beaver dams, whereas coniferous trees are decreased. These findings are consistent with those of Pollock, who reported that in

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By creating additional channel network complexity, including ponds and marshes laterally separated from the main channel, beavers may play a role in the creation and maintenance of fish biodiversity. In off-mainstem channels restored by beaver on the middle section of Utah's

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burned 256,000 acres (1,040 km) in north central Washington State, have shown that beaver dams reduced the negative impacts of wildfire on sediment runoff, reduced post-wildfire sediment and nutrient loads, and preserved both plant and macroinvertebrate communities.

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The surface of beaver ponds is typically at or near bank-full, so even small increases in stream flows cause the pond to overflow its banks. Thus, high stream flows spread water and nutrients beyond the stream banks to wide riparian zones when beaver dams are present.

1111:, beavers were given a score of L4. The score was given to species whose populations were secure in the rural portions of Greater Toronto, but whose populations in the urban areas of Greater Toronto remained vulnerable to potential long-term decline of its habitats. 450:

that off-channel beaver ponds were preferentially populated by coho salmon over other salmonids and provided overwintering protection, protection from high summer snowmelt flows and summer coho rearing habitat. Beaver-impounded tidal pools on the Pacific Northwest's

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Beavers help waterfowl by creating increased areas of water, and in northerly latitudes, they thaw areas of open water, allowing an earlier nesting season. In a study of Wyoming streams and rivers, watercourses with beavers had 75-fold more ducks than those without.

546:) in Utah, both of these fish species crossed beaver dams in both directions, including dams up to 6.6 feet (2 m) high. Rainbow, brown, and brook trout have been shown to cross as many as 14 consecutive beaver dams. Both adults and juveniles of coho salmon, 1305:

melted releasing large volumes of water. Increased open water in ponds may increase warming and rapid ecological changes may disrupt fish populations and the harvests of indigenous hunter-gatherers. Increases in beaver and beaver dams interact intimately with

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Riparian resilience in the face of interacting disturbances: understanding complex interactions between wildfire, erosion, and beaver (Castor canadensis) in grazed dryland riparian systems of low order streams in north central Washington State,

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John M. Romansic; Nicolette L. Nelson; Kevan B. Moffett; Jonah Piovia-Scott (December 5, 2020). "Beaver dams are associated with enhanced amphibian diversity via lengthened hydroperiods and increased representation of slow-developing species".

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Billman, E. J.; Kreitzer, J. D.; Creighton, J. C.; Habit, E.; McMillan, B.; Belk, M. C. (2012). "Habitat enhancement and native fish conservation: Can enhancement of channel complexity promote the coexistence of native and introduced fishes?".

595:, native fish species persist even when they have been extirpated in the mainstem channel by competition from introduced non-native fish. Efforts to restore salmonid habitat in the western United States have focused primarily on establishing 879:

tributaries to retain storm-season runoff. As of January, 2016, 240 beavers released into the upper Methow River at 51 sites had built 176 beaver ponds, storing millions of gallons of water in this semiarid east region. One beaver that was

678:). Beaver-dammed ponds were also found to provide breeding habitat for R. draytonii adults and rearing habitat for their tadpoles. The report recommended that beaver "be treated as critical to the survival" of California red-legged frogs. 1106:

were installed along the Rouge River, to prevent beaver dams from flooding the river. Prior to their installation, beavers whose dams caused the river to flood were trapped. In a 2017 TRCA report on local occurrences of fauna in

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numbered around 100 in 2019, and live along the city's rivers and streams. After receiving complaints for beaver-related damages in 2012, the city of Winnipeg has placed mesh wire fence around tree trunks along the shore of the

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Photo of Baugh Creek, Idaho, illustrates how a string of beaver ponds in a barren, post-wildfire landscape, serves as wildlife refugia and potentially as firebreaks. Beaver dam visible at bottom of image. Courtesy of Prof. Joe

209:) often depend on beaver lodges as nesting sites. Canada's small trumpeter swan population was observed not to nest on large lakes, preferring instead to nest on the smaller lakes and ponds associated with beaver activity. 1150:

do not allow for the live capture and relocation of beavers. The city employs one contractor 10 times a year to manage the beaver population in Winnipeg, who is authorized to remove beavers with a firearm under Manitoba's

1897:"Prevalence of Giardia spp. in Beaver and Muskrat Populations in Northeastern States and Minnesota: Detection of Intestinal Trophozoites at Necropsy Provides Greater Sensitivity than Detection of Cysts in Fecal Samples" 3350:

Blake R. Hossack; Michael J. Adams; Christopher A. Pearl; Kristine W. Wilson; Evelyn L. Bull; Kristin Lohr; Debrat Patla; David S. Pilliod; Jason M. Johnes; Keven K. Wheeler; Samuel P. McKay; Paul Stephen Corn (2013).

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Beaver ponds have been shown to have a beneficial effect on trout and salmon populations. Many authors believe that the decline of salmonid fishes is related to the decline in beaver populations. Research in the

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a "gradual edge" described as a complex transition from pond to forest with intermixed grasses, forbs, saplings, and shrubs are strongly associated with greater migratory bird species richness and abundance.

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Erlandsen, S. L. & Bemrick, W. J. (1988). "Waterborne giardiasis: sources of Giardia cysts and evidence pertaining to their implication in human infection". In Wallis, P. M. & Hammond, B. R. (eds.).

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so that the pond's water level could not become excessive. Now protected, the beavers have transformed Alhambra Creek from a trickle into multiple dams and beaver ponds, which in turn, led to the return of

162:. Concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were significantly higher in these ponds than farther upstream of this site. These results indicate that the beavers' activity contributes to reducing the effects of 3044: 904: 3844:

Michael M. Pollock; Timothy J. Beechie; Joseph M. Wheaton; Chris E. Jordan; Nick Bouwes; Nicholas Weber & Carol Volk (April 4, 2014). "Using Beaver Dams to Restore Incised Stream Ecosystems".

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Kemp, Paul S.; Worthington, Tom A.; Langford, Terence E. L.; Tree, Angus R. J. & Gaywood, Martin J. (June 2011). "Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish".

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Fire burned 11,200 acres (45 km), ponds built by translocated beaver created firebreaks as evidenced by burns on one side of the river but not the other. A study of 29 beaver ponds in the

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Basin found that they store an average of 1.1 million gallons of water, suggesting that beaver ponds may provide a water source for firefighters in remote areas. Lastly, two studies of the

86:, fish, mammal, and bird diversities are also expanded. Effects of beaver recolonization on native and non-native species in streams where they have been historically absent, particularly 2793: 825:, a stream in semiarid eastern Oregon, the width of riparian vegetation on stream banks was increased several-fold as beaver dams watered previously dry terraces adjacent to the stream. 2901: 2386:

Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine & Muller-Schwarze, Dietland (February 2007). "Management by Assertion: Beavers and Songbirds at Lake Skinner (Riverside County, California)".

1204:, opined that relocating the beavers may be "a waste of time", as beaver recolonizing North Pond in Lincoln Park has been recorded in 1994, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2014, and 2018 4608: 4133: 442:. This study also found that beaver ponds increased smolt salmon production 80 times more than the placement of large woody debris. Swales and Leving had previously shown on the 2681: 859:

Utah published a Beaver Management Plan which includes reestablishing beavers in ten streams per year for the purpose of watershed restoration each year from 2010 through 2020.

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As of 2022 rapidly increasing temperatures in northern latitudes had resulted in increasingly favorable conditions for beaver as availability of woody vegetation increased and

1359:, it has been more recently shown that the beaver has some beneficial ecological effects on native fish and should not be considered wholly detrimental. Although the dominant 1310:

ponds and lakes. Beavers sometimes build dams at the outlets of thermokarst lakes and in the dried beds of thermokarst depressions as well as in beaded form along streams.

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By perennializing streams in arid deserts, beavers can create habitat which increases abundance and diversity of riparian-dependent species. For example, such as the upper

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As trees are drowned by rising beaver impoundments, they become ideal nesting sites for woodpeckers, which carve cavities that attract many other bird species, including

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with an extensive network of channels, 13 ponds and dams. Survey results showed that the created ponds hold 6.50–22.74 pounds per square foot (31.75–111.05 kg/m) of

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Skinner, Quentin D.; Speck, John E.; Smith, Michael & Adams, John C. (March 1984). "Stream Water Quality as Influenced by Beaver within Grazing Systems in Wyoming".

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trees and vegetation, but the opposite appears to be true when studies are conducted longer-term. In 1987, Beier reported that beavers had caused local extinction of

5288:. Resiliency and Vulnerability of Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems to Environmental Change: Advances and Outcomes of ABoVE (the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment). 4442: 5229: 404: 655:

of the western and northwestern United States, establishment of beaver ponds has been used as a successful management strategy to accelerate population growth of

3055: 146:, consisting of a 4.4 acres (1.8 ha) large enclosure with a 600 feet (183 m) long channel and one pond. Within five years, the pair created a complex 4876: 4079: 1587:

Polly P. Gibson; Julian D. Olden (2014). "Ecology, management, and conservation implications of North American beaver (Castor canadensis) in dryland streams".

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Bulluck, Jason F. & Rowe, Matthew P. (2006). "The Use of Southern Appalachian Wetlands by Breeding Birds, with a Focus on Neotropical Migratory Species".

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as early as 2000, although they did not move into the other areas of Vancouver until later in that decade. After an 80-year absence, a beaver was spotted in

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Sigourney, D. B.; Letcher, B. H. & Cunjak, R. A. (2006). "Influence of Beaver Activity on Summer Growth and Condition of Age-2 Atlantic Salmon Parr".

5334:"Do introduced North American beavers Castor canadensis engineer differently in southern South America? An overview with implications for restoration" 1067: 917:, provides an early description of a string of beaver ponds serving as a firebreak, saving the home of his pioneer family from a wildfire in interior 510:

sections, and that beaver ponds provide habitat for larger trout in small streams during periods of drought. Similarly, brook trout, coho salmon, and

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Anderson, Christopher B.; Pastur, Guillermo Martinez; Lencinas, Maria Vanessa; Wallem, Petra K.; Moorman, Michelle C. & Rosemond, Amy D. (2009).

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Aerial Multispectral Videography for Vegetation Mapping and Assessment of Beaver Distribution within Selected Riparian Areas of the Lake Tahoe Basin

1201: 651:) were found almost exclusively in beaver-dammed locations, suggesting that these amphibians depend on beaver-engineered microhabitats. In the arid 1521: 5545: 1987:

Nygård, Karin; Schimmer, Barbara; Søbstad, Øystein; Walde, Anna; Tveit, Ingvar; Langeland, Nina; Hausken, Trygve & Aavitsland, Preben (2006).

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was observed, (see image) illustrating how a string of beaver ponds resists wildfires, creating an "emerald refuge" for wildlife. After the 2015

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found that prevalence of slow-developing amphibian populations was 2.7 times higher in the former, because beaver ponds were deeper with longer

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Niles, J. M.; Hartman, K. J.; Keyser, P. (2013). "Short-Term Effects of Beaver Dam Removal on Brook Trout in an Appalachian Headwater Stream".

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Correll, David L.; Jordan, Thomas E. & Weller, Donald E. (June 2000). "Beaver pond biogeochemical effects in the Maryland Coastal Plain".

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has plenty of beavers, but had no giardia outbreaks until recently (in a southern part of Norway densely populated by humans but no beaver).

5282:"Increase in beaver dams controls surface water and thermokarst dynamics in an Arctic tundra region, Baldwin Peninsula, northwestern Alaska" 3649:"Geomorphic changes upstream of beaver dams in Bridge Creek, an incised stream channel in the interior Columbia River basin, eastern Oregon" 2916: 179: 4690: 5414:

Moorman, Michelle C.; Eggleston, David B.; Anderson, Christopher B.; Mansilla, Andres & Szejner, Paul (2009). "Implications of Beaver

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Demmer, Rick & Beschta, Robert L. (September 2008). "Recent History (1988–2004) of Beaver Dams along Bridge Creek in Central Oregon".

1074:, although an estimate from 2001 places the local beaver population at several hundred. Beavers are commonly found along the shoreline of 4742: 1437:

Wright, J.P.; Jones, C.G.; Flecker, A.S. (2002). "An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale".

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Bryant, M. D. (1984). Walton, J.M.; Houston, D.B. (eds.). "The Role of Beaver Dams as Coho Salmon Habitat in southeast Alaska Streams".

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Wallem, P. K.; Jones, C. G.; Marquet, P. A. & Jaksic, F. M. (2007). "Identificación de los mecanismo subyacentes a la invasión de

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spp.), as related to their influence on stream ecosystems and riparian habitats, and the subsequent effects on fish – a review".

2689: 1238: 443: 380:

Beaver modifications to streams in Poland have been associated with increased bat activity. While overall bat activity was increased,

353:) and belted kingfisher appeared more frequently in New York wetlands where beaver were active than at sites with no beaver activity. 3733:

Mitchell, John D.; Eastman, John (1997). "The Book of Swamp and Bog: Trees, Shrubs, and Wildflowers of Eastern Freshwater Wetlands".

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McKinstry, M. C.; Caffrey, P.; Anderson, S. H. (2001). "The Importance of Beavers to Waterfowl and Wetlands Habitats in Wyoming".

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Beaver and their associated ponds and wetlands may be overlooked as effective wildfire-fighting tools. Eric Collier's 1959 book,

872: 1293:. The animals were caught and removed, but not before damaging 14 cherry trees, including some of the largest and oldest trees. 4468: 3413:

Jeff A. Alvarez; Mary A. Shea; Sarah M. Foster (2013). "Rana Draytonii (California Red-legged Frog). Association with Beaver".

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labor further, newer postless designs have been used, which in smaller streams, beavers can still expand into sequential dams.

664: 570:) may be limited by beaver dams, but the presence of juveniles upstream from the dams suggests that the dams are penetrated by 741:

The fallen trees and stripped bark produced by beaver activity provides popular sites for oviposition of the virilis group of

365: 4374: 4244: 2556:"Reintroduction of beavers Castor fiber may improve habitat quality for vespertilionid bats foraging in small river valleys" 5333: 4027: 4004: 3296: 1163: 988: 822: 667:, both beaver dams and burrows associated with bank-lodges were found to provide refuge microhabitat for federally listed 466:

The presence of beaver dams has also been shown to increase either the number of fish, their size, or both, in a study of

4902: 3434:"Beaver (Castor canadensis) as a surrogate species for conserving anuran amphibians on boreal streams in Alberta, Canada" 2527:) on riparian bird community structure along the upper San Pedro River, southeastern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico" 3480:"Interactions between climate, beaver activity, and pond occupancy by the cold-adapted mink frog in New York State, USA" 1841: 1122:'s Beaver Lake in 2008. In 2016, five beavers inhabited Beaver Lake. In the same year, a pair of beavers built a dam in 4267: 3953: 3045:"Beaver Dam Locations and Their Effects on Distribution and Abundance of Coho Salmon Fry in Two Coastal Oregon Streams" 1367:) forest can regenerate from stumps, most of the newly created beaver wetlands are being colonized by the rarer native 4662:"Annual Local Occurrence Score and Local Rank Update: Terrestrial Fauna and Flora Species, and Vegetation Communities" 1403: 1015: 849: 4521: 4321:

Beavers Buffering Blazes: The Potential Role of Castor canadensis in Mitigating Wildfire Impacts on Stream Ecosystems

3196:"The River Discontinuum: Applying Beaver Modifications to Baseline Conditions for Restoration of Forested Headwaters" 853:

plants and beaver dams could accelerate repair of incised, degraded streams versus physical manipulation of streams.

733:, possibly because the colder, deeper water associated with large beaver ponds buffers this heat-intolerant species. 3195: 2440: 1244: 975:

Several Canadian cities have seen a resurgence in its beaver population in recent decades. The beaver population in

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Beier, Paul & Barrett, Reginald H. (1987). "Beaver Habitat Use and Impact in Truckee River Basin, California".

3297:"An Overlooked Ecological Web: Sweetgale, Beaver, Salmon, and Large Woody Debris in the Skagit River Tidal Marshes" 1146:

during the winter; as well as laid down traps designed to kill the beavers. Like Alberta, provincial guidelines in

1063: 671: 531: 3353:"Roles of Patch Characteristics, Drought Frequency, and Restoration in Long-Term Trends of a Widespread Amphibian" 856:

The province of Alberta published a booklet in 2016 providing information on using beaver for stream restoration.

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Thompson, R. C. A. (November 2000). "Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential".

1275: 357: 4939: 4769: 4237:

Beaver reintroduction a watershed success—Busy mammals support clean water, fire protection and climate response

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Grover, A.M.; Baldassarre, G.A. (1995). "Bird species richness within beaver ponds in south-central New York".

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organized to protect them, forming an organization called "Worth a Dam". Resolution included installation of a

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tagged and released in the upper part of the Methow Valley, swam to the mouth of the Methow River, then up the

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Benjamin M Jones; Ken D Tape; Jason A Clark; Ingmar Nitze; Guido Grosse (June 30, 2020). Disbrow, Jeff (ed.).

2456: 3270: 5530: 2594:"The Importance of Beaver Ponds to Coho Salmon Production in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, USA" 1270: 1079: 1055: 964: 644: 551: 28: 4826:

Tales from an Urban Wilderness: Wildlife's Struggle for Survival in a Park Where City & Wilderness Meet

4193:"Smokey the Beaver: beaver-dammed riparian corridors stay green during wildfire throughout the western USA" 2980: 364:, reintroduced beavers have created willow and pool habitat which has extended the range of the endangered 3479: 3433: 2395: 2267: 1087: 619:

A study of mid-elevation (1,840 feet (560 m) - 3,310 feet (1,010 m)) beaver-dammed vs. undammed

1766:) Dam Removal on Total Phosphorus Concentration in Taylor Creek and Wetland, South Lake Tahoe, California 1179:

Several cities in the United States have seen the reintroduction of beavers within their city limits. In

1562: 1368: 1192: 1168: 1095: 1091: 682: 656: 5203: 4661: 5427: 5293: 5105: 3982: 3810: 3662: 3491: 3445: 3364: 3133: 2995: 2766: 2649:

Swales, S. & Levings, C. D. (1989). "Role of Off-Channel Ponds in the life Cycle of Coho Salmon (

2608: 2487: 2149: 2114: 2051: 1908: 1650: 1596: 1446: 1253: 1208: 1131: 1127: 1108: 1003: 942: 922: 804: 730: 526:. In a recent study on a headwater Appalachian stream, brook trout were also larger in beaver ponds. 499: 495: 438:) smolt summer production and an almost equally detrimental 86% reduction in critical winter habitat 5256:"Beavers Are Flooding the Warming Alaskan Arctic, Threatening Fish, Water and Indigenous Traditions" 5230:"Eager beavers: Furry buck-toothed visitors have been munching on Tidal Basin's famous cherry trees" 3352: 2400: 3927: 2593: 2272: 1989:"A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area" 1674: 1188: 1083: 491: 423: 5040: 5033:"Manhattan Before New York: When Henry Hudson first looked on Manhattan in 1609, what did he see?" 4999: 4080:"Beaver dams without beavers? Artificial logjams are a popular but controversial restoration tool" 5443: 5311: 5180: 5063: 5013: 3801:

Ruedemann, Rudolf & Schoonmaker, W. J. (December 2, 1938). "Beaver-Dams as Geologic Agents".

3758: 3715: 3680: 3600: 3592: 3557: 3549: 3388: 3332: 3251: 3215: 3149: 3106: 2961: 2879: 2739: 2731: 2624: 2503: 2460: 2421: 2368: 2285: 2207: 2165: 1822: 1814: 1742: 1734: 1691: 1666: 1636:) mitigate the effects of climate on the area of open water in boreal wetlands in western Canada" 1612: 1470: 1360: 1023: 926: 747: 694: 668: 632: 624: 596: 559: 427: 413: 388: 5154: 2757:

Hägglund, Å.; Sjöberg, G. (1999). "Effects of beaver dams on the fish fauna of forest streams".

2441:"Influence of Beaver Dam Density on Riparian Areas and Riparian Birds in Shrubsteepe of Wyoming" 1130:

approved a strategy that included plans to promote the growth of the beaver population near the

759: 5390: 5255: 4849: 4716: 1324: 4829: 4347: 4319: 4214: 4168: 3881: 3826: 3781: 3750: 3541: 3380: 3174: 2413: 2331: 2079: 2020: 1969: 1934: 1875: 1462: 1143: 1046: 628: 439: 322: 1018:'s conservation team are typically brought to a wildlife centre, and later released near the 5535: 5525: 5435: 5356: 5348: 5301: 4204: 4104: 3853: 3818: 3742: 3707: 3670: 3584: 3533: 3499: 3453: 3372: 3324: 3243: 3207: 3141: 3098: 3003: 2953: 2871: 2844: 2774: 2723: 2662: 2616: 2567: 2495: 2452: 2405: 2360: 2277: 2199: 2157: 2122: 2069: 2059: 2010: 2000: 1961: 1924: 1916: 1804: 1796: 1769: 1726: 1658: 1604: 1552: 1544: 1454: 1356: 1340: 1282: 1260:

After 200 years, a lone beaver returned to New York City in 2007, making its home along the

1216: 918: 792: 718: 447: 346: 330: 298: 270: 250: 67: 392:, activity may be hampered in locations where beaver ponds allow for increased presence of 5480: 2522: 1386:). Furthermore, the beavers did not seem to have a highly beneficial impact on the exotic 1379: 1329: 1230: 1114:

Several dozen beavers were estimated to inhabit Vancouver in 2016. Beavers have inhabited

1099: 1034:

neighbourhood. Ottawa is situated 2.5 miles (4 km) south of the southern entrance to

1027: 999: 995: 579: 547: 123: 600:

suggesting that re-establishment of beaver populations would be 80 times more effective.

518:) were significantly larger in beaver ponds than those in unimpounded stream sections in 5431: 5297: 4993: 3814: 3666: 3495: 3449: 3368: 3137: 2999: 2770: 2612: 2491: 2293: 2153: 2118: 2055: 1912: 1654: 1600: 1450: 862:

In a pilot study in Washington, the Lands Council is reintroducing beavers to the upper

4053: 3625: 2161: 2074: 2039: 2015: 1988: 1249: 1212: 934: 885: 876: 830: 779:

Conventional wisdom has held that beavers girdle and fell trees and that they diminish

604: 511: 456: 194: 79: 2778: 1965: 1929: 1896: 603:

Beaver have been discovered living in brackish water in estuarine tidal marshes where

5514: 5352: 5315: 4188: 3684: 3336: 3032:. Port Angeles, Washington: Peninsula College, Fisheries Technology program: 183–192. 2957: 2327: 2320: 2169: 1548: 1395: 1115: 1035: 1007: 867: 800: 784: 780: 475: 154:, which stores 13.19–18.11 long tons; 14.77–20.28 short tons (13.40–18.40 t) of 5447: 3880:. Lethbridge, Alberta: Cows and Fish - Alberta Riparian Habitat Management Society. 3719: 3604: 3561: 3392: 3255: 3219: 3153: 2965: 2883: 2743: 2628: 2507: 2464: 2425: 2372: 1670: 979:

was approximately 200 in 2016, with the majority of the population located near the

5418:

and Trout Introductions on Native Fish in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile".

3524:

Spieth, Herman T. (1979). "The Virilis Group of Drosophila and the Beaver Castor".

3110: 1826: 1746: 1616: 1474: 1196: 1184: 1119: 1075: 1019: 938: 863: 710: 230: 202: 183: 163: 83: 3503: 3457: 3168: 3007: 2126: 1662: 506:, that found that brown trout were larger in beaver ponds compared with those in 5364: 3822: 2902:"Hydrologic and geomorphic effects of beaver dams and their influence on fishes" 1920: 1895:

Erlandsen SL; Sherlock LA; Bemrick WJ; Ghobrial H; Jakubowski W (January 1990).

1418: 1387: 1376: 1307: 1290: 1261: 1221: 1103: 1031: 984: 930: 652: 592: 571: 539: 483: 467: 452: 431: 338: 314: 306: 132: 5391:"Ictiofauna en los sistema límnicos de la Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Chile" 5306: 5281: 3711: 1026:. In 2011, the city of Ottawa began to trap beavers taking up residence in the 5128:"Another beaver makes Bronx River home – doubles total beaver population" 3979:"The Beaver Solution: Solving our Water Storage Dilemma in Eastern Washington" 3432:

Cameron E. Stevensa; Cynthia A. Paszkowskia; A. Lee Footeb (January 1, 2007).

3247: 3102: 2827:

Murphy, M.L.; Heifetz, J.; Thedinga, J.F.; Johnson, S.W.; Koski, K.V. (1989).

2572: 2555: 2409: 1730: 1458: 1302: 1225: 1123: 817: 767: 742: 611:) densities were five times higher in beaver ponds than in neighboring areas. 583: 578:

only trout in it that survived were those in the deep holes of beaver ponds."

238: 143: 128: 115: 53: 3754: 3545: 3211: 875:

proposal to spend as much as $ 10 billion on construction of several dams on

3857: 2005: 1352: 1348: 1265: 1051: 980: 840:

Finally, beaver ponds may serve as critical firebreaks in fire-prone areas.

722: 702: 290: 258: 242: 222: 218:

diversity, an impact that may be especially important in semiarid climates.

214: 4218: 3830: 3384: 3271:"Scientist discovers beavers building prime salmon habitat in Skagit Delta" 2417: 2105:) to nesting habitat and areas of open water in Canada's boreal wetlands". 2083: 2024: 1973: 1874:. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press. pp. 227–236. 1466: 142:

In 2011, a Eurasian beaver pair was introduced to a beaver project site in

2714:

Gard R (1961). "Effects of beaver on trout in Sagehen Creek, California".

2653:) and Other Juvenile Salmonids in the Coldwater River, British Columbia". 1938: 891:

In efforts to 'rebeaver' areas of declined beaver populations, artificial

430:

found that extensive loss of beaver ponds resulted in an 89% reduction in

3043:

Leidholt-Bruner, Karen; Hibbs, David E. & McComb, William C. (1992).

2875: 2794:"Wildlife and environmental relationships of beavers in Colorado forests" 2234:

Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator). In The Birds of North America No. 105

1557: 1488: 1241:, which once held the largest concentration of beavers in North America. 1147: 1138: 663:), which also depend on ponds with longer hydroperiods. In a report from 519: 393: 159: 151: 111: 75: 71: 70:, increasing biodiversity in its territory through creation of ponds and 5360: 4636:"Beaver Baffler, invasive species grant help out Rouge Valley watershed" 4495:"Carry on, wayward beaver: Our national animal visits Major's Hill Park" 3647:

Pollock, Michael M.; Beechie, Timothy J. & Jordan, Chris E. (2007).

2289: 2281: 1809: 848:

In the 1930s, the U.S. government put 600 beavers to work alongside the

4770:"Winnipeg should stop killing problem beavers, St. James resident says" 4691:"Leave it to beavers: Toothy rodents fell dozens of trees in Vancouver" 3762: 3596: 3553: 3376: 2735: 2499: 2211: 1818: 1738: 1180: 1172: 1071: 976: 968: 892: 881: 686: 361: 147: 100: 87: 5465:(Kuhl 1820, Rodentia) en el archipiélago de Tierra del Fuego, Chile". 5439: 3328: 3145: 2620: 888:

almost to the Canada–US border, a journey of 120 miles (190 km).

4877:"Why are there signs that claim the Park District murdered a beaver?" 4209: 4192: 3675: 3648: 2364: 2064: 1608: 1054:, Toronto. Beavers make their way through the city by traversing the 1039: 1011: 808: 772: 690: 620: 523: 507: 503: 408: 382: 155: 136: 104: 63: 4743:"Winnipeg man stunned after beaver shot and killed outside his home" 3746: 3588: 2848: 2828: 2727: 2666: 2203: 1800: 1773: 1043:

effort to protect local infrastructure, and maintain public safety.

925:

in 2018, a lone surviving green ribbon of riparian vegetation along

158:

and 0.75–1.04 long tons; 0.84–1.17 short tons (0.76–1.06 t) of

56:

over a four month period. Beaver dams block rivers and create ponds.

5506:

Eager - The Surprising, Secret Life of Beavers and Why They Matter.

3537: 729:) were more abundant in larger ponds associated with beaver in the 3624:(Thesis). University of Nevada at Reno. p. 71. Archived from 1407: 1344: 1333: 1323: 1243: 1162: 1045: 958: 903: 766: 758: 403: 286: 278: 178: 4920: 4293: 2900:

Pollock, Michael M.; Heim, Morgan & Werner, Danielle (2003).

2682:"Beavers on the coast are helping salmon bounce back. Here's how" 502:. These findings are consistent with a study of small streams in 2038:

Puttock, A.; Graham, H. A.; Carless, D.; Brazier, R. E. (2018).

1234: 991:

does not allow the relocation of caught beavers to other areas.

4799: 4167:. Victoria, British Columbia: TouchWood Editions. p. 362. 689:

were also found to play a pre-eminent role in establishment of

4554:"NCC keeping a close eye on Gatineau Park's beaver population" 2554:

M. Ciechanowski; W. Kubic; A. Rynkiewicz; A. Zwolicki (2011).

2040:"Sediment and nutrient storage in a beaver engineered wetland" 1070:(TRCA) do not keep track of the number of beavers residing in 266: 4443:"Vancouver's urban-beaver plan focuses on enhancing habitats" 3085:

Collen P, Gibson RJ (2001). "The general ecology of beavers (

1402:) which have negative impacts on native stream fishes in the 4967:"Beavers and More in Martinez:New Habitat Thanks to Beavers" 3194:

Burchsted, D.; Daniels, M.; Thorson, R.; Vokoun, J. (2010).

2236:. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences. p. 10. 1840:

Gaywood, Martin; Batty, Dave & Galbraith, Colin (2008).

900:

Beaver ponds as wildlife refugia and firebreaks in wildfires

498:

at an altitude of 5,800 feet (1,800 m) in the northern

4375:"'He's quite shy': Beaver sightings on the rise in Calgary" 2979:

Ryan L. Lokteff; Brett B. Roper; Joseph M. Wheaton (2013).

1237:

in 2009. The Martinez beavers probably originated from the

4828:. Chicago, IL: Chicago Historical Bookworks. p. 140. 372:) with the southernmost verifiable nest recorded in 2005. 3874:

Caring for the Green Zone: Beaver - Our Watershed Partner

2592:

Pollock, M. M.; Pess, G. R. & Beechie, T. J. (2004).

2457:

10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[365:IOBDDO]2.0.CO;2

1183:, several beavers have returned and made a home near the 2097:

Bromley, Chantal K.; Hood, Glynnis A. (2013). "Beavers (

1768:(Thesis). Humboldt State University, Natural Resources. 4409:"Leave it to beavers, they're loving the big-city life" 2521:

Johnson, Glenn E. & van Riper III, Charles (2014).

4667:. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. July 2017 3780:. Victoria, British Columbia: Touchwood. p. 288. 1589:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

4134:"How beavers became North America's best firefighter" 5389:

Vila, I.; Fuentes, L. S. & Saavedra, M. (1999).

5064:"After 200 Years, a Beaver Is Back in New York City" 3954:"Beavers Sign up to Fight Effects of Climate Change" 2142:

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

5089:"Beaver Returns to New York City After 200 Years." 2837:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2655:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2319: 1630:Hood, Glynnis A. & Bayley, Suzanne E. (2008). 1351:for commercial fur production and introduced near 833:for the water lily populations that they consume. 4587:Mammals of Toronto: A Guide to a remarkable world 4028:"Beavers may be part of answer to climate change" 4005:"Beavers may be part of answer to climate change" 3478:Viorel D. Popescu; James P. Gibbs (May 5, 2009). 2829:"Habitat utilisation by juvenile Pacific salmon ( 2534:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1121 2326:. Interlaken, New York: Windswept Press. p. 2249:"The Status and Distribution of Trumpeter Swans ( 2232:Mitchell, C.D. (1994). A. Poole; F. Gill (eds.). 1328:Beaver damage on the north shore of Robalo Lake, 871:This project was developed in response to a 2003 82:colonize newly available watery habitat. Insect, 2587: 2585: 2583: 771:A protective net against beavers on a tree in a 5104:Design Trust for Public Space (June 17, 2009). 4522:"City of Ottawa joins fight against the beaver" 3981:. The Lands Council. March 2010. Archived from 1520:Rosell F; Bozser O; Collen P; Parker H (2005). 1289:included a family of beavers that lived in the 530:data. In a 2013 study of radiotelemetry-tagged 135:has giardia outbreaks, but no beavers, whereas 5420:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 3126:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 2988:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 2981:"Do Beaver Dams Impede the Movement of Trout?" 2833:) in the glacial Taku River, southeast Alaska" 2601:North American Journal of Fisheries Management 1842:"Reintroducing the European Beaver in Britain" 4580:"Featured Mammal: Beaver (Castor canadensis)" 4127: 4125: 3926:. January 6, 2010. p. 25. Archived from 2939: 2937: 8: 5327: 5325: 4850:"Park District Kills Beaver in Lincoln Park" 2247:McKelvey RW; Denningtonz MC; Mossop (1983). 5409: 5407: 4995:Life, adventures, and travels in California 4589:. City of Toronto. January 2011. p. 32 4268:"Beaver restoration would reduce wildfires" 4230: 4228: 2439:Cooke, Hilary A. & Zack, Steve (2008). 2101:) facilitate early access by Canada geese ( 455:delta support three times as many juvenile 5481:"Argentina eager to rid island of beavers" 5204:"Beaver Chomps Into Cherry Blossom Season" 5181:"Beaver is bad guy at cherry blossom time" 4921:"Beavers, water, & the learning curve" 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 2895: 2893: 166:and pollution in agricultural landscapes. 5305: 4793: 4791: 4736: 4734: 4208: 3674: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3030:Proceeding, Olympic Wild Fish Conferences 2571: 2399: 2271: 2073: 2063: 2014: 2004: 1928: 1808: 1556: 1068:Toronto and Region Conservation Authority 799:) on 4–5% of stream reaches on the lower 763:North American beaver chewing down a tree 94:Effects on stream flows and water quality 4684: 4682: 4609:"Trees in parks & ravines - beavers" 4547: 4545: 4543: 4488: 4486: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 2185:"Canada geese nesting on a beaver lodge" 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1202:Illinois Department of Natural Resources 994:Beavers have occasionally wandered into 755:Effects on riparian trees and vegetation 4804:Inside at Your News Chicago, IL Edition 4441:McCutcheon, Andrew (February 2, 2016). 4299:(Thesis). Eastern Washington University 4191:; Whittle, Andrew (September 2, 2020). 3735:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 2709: 2707: 1530:and their ability to modify ecosystems" 1429: 1191:" has not been as well received by the 5228:Augenstein, Neal (November 22, 2023). 5155:"Beaver Gets Busy at Botanical Garden" 5062:O'Connor, Anahad (February 23, 2007). 4903:"Moment of truth for Martinez beavers" 4407:Mittelstaedt, Martin (March 5, 2001). 4241:Washington State Department of Ecology 4007:. Methow Valley News. January 23, 2016 1954:International Journal for Parasitology 1901:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1339:In the 1940s, beavers were brought to 1320:Beaver eradication in Tierra del Fuego 1211:, a male and female beaver arrived in 1010:. Beavers caught in the urban core of 5126:Paddock, Barry (September 19, 2010). 4798:Boehm, Kiersten (November 14, 2008). 3654:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 3173:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 280. 3091:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2560:European Journal of Wildlife Research 2044:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 121:Following findings that the parasite 7: 4520:McMahon, Tamsin (November 2, 2011). 4235:Heather Simmons (December 2, 2015). 2909:American Fisheries Society Symposium 2322:Beavers, Water, Wildlife and History 1692:"Busy Beavers Can Help Ease Drought" 1078:, and make their way throughout the 5467:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 5398:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 5254:David Hasemyer (January 31, 2022). 4875:Greenfield, John (May 7–13, 2009). 4776:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4327:(Thesis). University of Puget Sound 4132:Ben Goldfarb (September 22, 2020). 3924:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 1269:"José", named after Representative 1098:adjacent to the waterways, and the 4992:Farnham, Thomas Jefferson (1857). 4266:Ralph Maughan (October 25, 2013). 2162:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03660.x 1264:, having spent time living at the 1248:A beaver grooming itself near the 1239:Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta 681:Beaver-engineered wetlands in the 14: 5292:(7). IOP Publishing Ltd: 075005. 5179:Aiken, Jonathan (April 7, 1999). 5153:Newman, Andy (February 7, 2013). 4901:Jones, Carolyn (April 16, 2008). 4346:Campbell, Meagan (July 5, 2017). 4052:Ben Goldfarb (November 9, 2015). 4026:Ann McCreary (January 24, 2016). 3952:Groc, Isabelle (April 19, 2010). 2680:Starre Vartan (August 13, 2019). 2523:"Effects of reintroduced beaver ( 2445:Western North American Naturalist 2353:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 329:), use beaver ponds for fishing. 90:streams, is not well-researched. 5353:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2008.00136.x 5202:Wheeler, Linda (April 7, 1999). 5031:Miller, Peter (September 2009). 4768:Glowacki, Laura (July 8, 2018). 4634:Adler, Mike (December 9, 2013). 3269:Mapes, Lynda V. (May 18, 2009). 2958:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00421.x 1549:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x 1274:motion-sensitive cameras at the 873:Washington Department of Ecology 635:. Specifically, slow developing 39: 27: 4800:"Lincoln Park Beaver Relocated" 4741:Scarpelli, Joe (May 30, 2019). 4493:Douglas, Kayla (May 25, 2019). 3236:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1760:Muskopf, Sarah (October 2007). 665:Contra Costa County, California 5546:Environmental impact by source 5286:Environmental Research Letters 5014:"New York City Beaver Returns" 4078:Goldfarb, Ben (June 7, 2018). 3618:Benson Ayers, Michael (1997). 3577:Journal of Wildlife Management 2716:Journal of Wildlife Management 1522:"Ecological impact of beavers 1080:waterway corridors of the city 882:passive integrated transponder 366:Southwestern willow flycatcher 1: 4998:. Blakeman & Co. p. 4689:Judd, Amy (January 4, 2016). 2779:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00404-6 2759:Forest Ecology and Management 1966:10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00127-2 1233:and river otter in 2008, and 989:Alberta Environment and Parks 963:A tree felled by a beaver at 74:. As wetlands are formed and 4552:Butler, Don (May 20, 2014). 4165:Three Against the Wilderness 3778:Three Against the Wilderness 3504:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.001 3458:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.017 3008:10.1080/00028487.2013.797497 2127:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.02.009 1872:Advances in Giardia research 1663:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.003 1200:Wildlife Biologist with the 915:Three Against the Wilderness 175:Bird abundance and diversity 4373:Smith, Kim (June 7, 2016). 3917:Utah Beaver Management Plan 3823:10.1126/science.88.2292.523 1921:10.1128/AEM.56.1.31-36.1990 1789:Journal of Range Management 1404:Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve 1016:National Capital Commission 850:Civilian Conservation Corps 463:) as pools without beaver. 269:(Tytonidae, Strigidae) and 5562: 5508:Chelsea Green Publishing. 4965:DeRobertis-Theye, Nicola. 3712:10.3955/0029-344X-82.4.309 3299:. Skagit River Cooperative 1317: 1064:city of Toronto government 941:watershed, after the 2014 745:, including the fruit fly 672:California red-legged frog 532:Bonneville cutthroat trout 386:bat species, particularly 4749:. Corus Entertainment Inc 4719:. City of Vancouver. 2019 4697:. Corus Entertainment Inc 4381:. Corus Entertainment Inc 4348:"Canada's beaver problem" 4292:Alexa S. Whipple (2019). 3295:Hood, W. Gregory (2009). 3248:10.1007/s10641-012-0041-2 2915:: 213–233. Archived from 2804:: 803–806. Archived from 2792:Rutherford, W.H. (1955). 2573:10.1007/s10344-010-0481-y 2410:10.1007/s00267-005-0204-4 1459:10.1007/s00442-002-0929-1 1276:New York Botanical Garden 637:northern red-legged frogs 556:Oncorhyncus clarki clarki 370:Empidonax trailii extimus 277:). Piscivores, including 5307:10.1088/1748-9326/ab80f1 4824:Holingue, Scott (1994). 4449:. The Woodbridge Company 4415:. The Woodbridge Company 3212:10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.7 2388:Environmental Management 645:northwestern salamanders 609:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 536:Oncorhynchus clarki utah 461:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 4907:San Francisco Chronicle 4717:"Stanley Park wildlife" 4642:. Metroland Media Group 4615:. City of Toronto. 2018 4560:. Postmedia Network Inc 4528:. Postmedia Network Inc 4501:. Postmedia Network Inc 4471:. City of Calgary. 2018 4197:Ecological Applications 3526:The American Naturalist 3484:Biological Conservation 3438:Biological Conservation 3167:Mills, Enos A. (1913). 3103:10.1023/a:1012262217012 2864:Northeastern Naturalist 2318:Hilfiker, E.L. (1991). 2006:10.1186/1471-2458-6-141 1731:10.1023/A:1006330501887 1643:Biological Conservation 1287:Cherry Blossom Festival 494:, which flows into the 5504:Goldfarb, Ben (2019). 5106:"Bronx River Crossing" 5092:World Environment News 4973:. Bay Nature Institute 4946:. Bay Nature Institute 4938:George, Aleta (2008). 4354:. Rogers Digital Media 4054:"The beaver whisperer" 3776:Collier, Eric (1959). 2183:Brenner, F.J. (1960). 1762:The Effect of Beaver ( 1336: 1257: 1176: 1059: 972: 910: 776: 764: 693:species including the 564:Salvelinus malma malma 418: 187: 21:Beaver dam enlargement 4318:Erin Stewart (2020). 4163:Eric Collier (1959). 4144:on September 23, 2020 3858:10.1093/biosci/biu036 3415:Herpetological Review 1392:Salvelinus fontinalis 1373:Nothofagus antarctica 1327: 1247: 1193:Chicago Park District 1175:, in the fall of 2009 1166: 1050:A beaver swimming in 1049: 962: 907: 770: 762: 657:Columbia spotted frog 544:Salvelinus fontinalis 472:Salvelinus fontinalis 417:) jumping beaver dam 407: 335:Lophodytes cucullatus 186:nest on beaver lodge 182: 5020:. December 20, 2008. 4105:"Beaver Dam Analogs" 3357:Conservation Biology 3061:on December 24, 2013 2876:10.1656/045.020.0317 2651:Oncorhynchus kisutch 1960:(12–13): 1259–1267. 1254:Martinez, California 1209:Martinez, California 1187:'s North Pond. The " 1128:Vancouver Park Board 965:Prince's Island Park 943:Carlton Complex Fire 731:Adirondack Mountains 727:Rana septentrionalis 496:Little Truckee River 436:Oncorhynchus kisutch 303:Botaurus lentiginosa 110:From streams in the 5432:2009TrAFS.138..306M 5298:2020ERL....15g5005J 5260:Inside Climate News 5208:The Washington Post 5037:National Geographic 4925:martinezbeavers.org 4138:National Geographic 4109:Anabranch Solutions 3815:1938Sci....88..523R 3667:2007ESPL...32.1174P 3496:2009BCons.142.2059P 3450:2007BCons.134....1S 3369:2013ConBi..27.1410H 3138:2006TrAFS.135.1068S 3000:2013TrAFS.142.1114L 2798:Journal of Forestry 2771:1999ForEM.115..259H 2686:National Geographic 2613:2004NAMFM..24..749P 2492:1995Wetl...15..108G 2282:10.14430/arctic2245 2154:2001JAWRA..37.1571M 2119:2013MamBi..78...73B 2056:2018ESPL...43.2358P 1913:1990ApEnM..56...31E 1698:. February 26, 2008 1655:2008BCons.141..556H 1601:2014ACMFE..24..391G 1451:2002Oecol.132...96W 1400:Oncorhynchus mykiss 1189:Lincoln Park beaver 1082:, most notably the 864:Methow River Valley 807:mountains; however 797:Populus trichocarpa 789:Populus tremuloides 699:Pseudacris maculata 480:Oncorhynchus mykiss 424:Stillaguamish River 343:Butorides virescens 321:), mergansers, and 235:Tachycineta bicolor 78:habitats enlarged, 5159:The New York Times 5068:The New York Times 4940:"Martinez Beavers" 4447:The Globe and Mail 4413:The Globe and Mail 4032:Methow Valley News 3897:on October 4, 2016 3871:Fitch, L. (2016). 3377:10.1111/cobi.12119 3321:Freshwater Biology 2946:Fish and Fisheries 2692:on August 13, 2019 2500:10.1007/BF03160664 1384:Galaxias maculatus 1365:Nothofagus pumilio 1337: 1258: 1177: 1167:A beaver lodge in 1060: 973: 911: 844:Stream restoration 777: 765: 748:Drosophila montana 701:), North American 695:boreal chorus frog 597:large woody debris 560:Dolly Varden trout 516:Oncorhynchus nerka 419: 414:Oncorhynchus nerka 389:Myotis daubentonii 323:belted kingfishers 188: 170:Effects on animals 5463:Castor canadensis 5440:10.1577/T08-081.1 5416:Castor canadensis 5043:on March 17, 2018 4835:978-0-924772-25-2 4526:The National Post 4272:The Wildlife News 4174:978-1-894898-54-6 4058:High Country News 3887:978-0-9688541-6-7 3809:(2292): 523–525. 3787:978-1-894898-54-6 3700:Northwest Science 3490:(10): 2059–2068. 3329:10.1111/fwb.13652 3275:The Seattle Times 3180:978-0-7661-9387-1 3146:10.1577/T05-159.1 3052:Northwest Science 2843:(10): 1677–1685. 2621:10.1577/M03-156.1 2525:Castor canadensis 2337:978-1-55787-067-4 2299:on August 8, 2017 2251:Cygnus buccinator 2107:Mammalian Biology 2103:Branta canadensis 2099:Castor canadensis 2050:(11): 2358–2370. 1993:BMC Public Health 1881:978-0-919813-86-1 1764:Castor canadensis 1634:Castor canadensis 1528:Castor canadensis 1144:Assiniboine River 1038:. Located on the 1004:Major's Hill Park 661:Rana luteiventris 649:Ambystoma gracile 552:sea run cutthroat 440:carrying capacity 331:Hooded mergansers 327:Megaceryle alcyon 299:American bitterns 289:(Podicipedidae), 271:American kestrels 207:Branta canadensis 199:Cygnus buccinator 114:coastal plain to 5553: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5411: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5363:. Archived from 5341:Mammalian Review 5338: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5087:Trotta, Daniel. 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5039:. Archived from 5028: 5022: 5021: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4881:Time Out Chicago 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4549: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4404: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4326: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4247:on March 6, 2021 4243:. Archived from 4232: 4223: 4222: 4212: 4210:10.1002/eap.2225 4185: 4179: 4178: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4140:. Archived from 4129: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3933:on July 22, 2017 3932: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3890:. Archived from 3879: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3678: 3676:10.1002/esp.1553 3661:(8): 1174–1185. 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3628:on July 20, 2011 3615: 3609: 3608: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3363:(6): 1410–1420. 3347: 3341: 3340: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3132:(4): 1068–1075. 3121: 3115: 3114: 3082: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3054:. Archived from 3049: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2994:(4): 1114–1125. 2985: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2765:(2–3): 259–266. 2754: 2748: 2747: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2688:. Archived from 2677: 2671: 2670: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2598: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2403: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2365:10.1676/04-116.1 2348: 2342: 2341: 2325: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2298: 2292:. Archived from 2275: 2257: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2189: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2148:(6): 1571–1577. 2137: 2131: 2130: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2067: 2065:10.1002/esp.4398 2035: 2029: 2028: 2018: 2008: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1849:British Wildlife 1846: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1812: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1680:on May 13, 2013. 1679: 1673:. Archived from 1640: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1609:10.1002/aqc.2432 1584: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1568:on March 4, 2012 1567: 1561:. Archived from 1560: 1543:(3–4): 248–276. 1534: 1517: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1493:Regeneration.org 1485: 1479: 1478: 1434: 1357:invasive species 1341:Tierra del Fuego 1314:Invasive impacts 1283:Washington, D.C. 1217:Martinez beavers 1056:city's waterways 919:British Columbia 793:Black cottonwood 685:of west-central 683:Boreal Foothills 448:British Columbia 400:Trout and salmon 360:in southeastern 347:great blue heron 275:Falco sparverius 241:(Paridae spp.), 68:keystone species 43: 31: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5541:Systems ecology 5521:Aquatic ecology 5511: 5510: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5370:on June 5, 2013 5367: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5094:. Dec 26, 2007. 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4551: 4550: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4439: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4406: 4405: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3985:on July 4, 2009 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3877: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3747:10.2307/2996604 3732: 3731: 3727: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3589:10.2307/3801743 3574: 3573: 3569: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3206:(11): 908–922. 3193: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3170:In Beaver World 3166: 3165: 3161: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3084: 3083: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2922:on July 7, 2011 2919: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2849:10.1139/f89-213 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2808:on June 5, 2011 2791: 2790: 2786: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2728:10.2307/3797848 2713: 2712: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2667:10.1139/f89-032 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2581: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2401:10.1.1.580.5210 2385: 2384: 2380: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2255: 2253:) in the Yukon" 2246: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2204:10.2307/4082428 2187: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2037: 2036: 2032: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1801:10.2307/3898902 1786: 1785: 1781: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1719:Biogeochemistry 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1532: 1519: 1518: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1416: 1369:Antarctic beech 1330:Navarino Island 1322: 1316: 1299: 1231:steelhead trout 1161: 1132:Olympic Village 1109:Greater Toronto 1100:Toronto Islands 1028:stormwater pond 1022:, close to the 1000:Parliament Hill 996:Downtown Ottawa 957: 952: 902: 866:in the eastern 846: 816:streams in the 757: 739: 717:). In northern 715:Anaxyrus boreas 617: 580:Cutthroat trout 548:steelhead trout 444:Coldwater River 402: 378: 358:San Pedro River 195:Trumpeter swans 177: 172: 127:, which causes 124:Giardia lamblia 96: 60: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 47: 44: 36: 35: 32: 23: 22: 12: 11: 5: 5559: 5557: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5531:Forest ecology 5528: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5472: 5453: 5426:(2): 306–313. 5403: 5381: 5321: 5272: 5246: 5220: 5194: 5171: 5145: 5118: 5096: 5080: 5054: 5023: 5005: 4984: 4957: 4930: 4912: 4893: 4867: 4841: 4834: 4816: 4787: 4760: 4730: 4708: 4678: 4653: 4626: 4600: 4571: 4558:Ottawa Citizen 4539: 4512: 4499:Ottawa Citizen 4482: 4460: 4426: 4392: 4365: 4338: 4310: 4284: 4258: 4224: 4189:Emily, Fairfax 4180: 4173: 4155: 4121: 4096: 4084:Science | AAAS 4070: 4044: 4018: 3996: 3970: 3944: 3908: 3886: 3863: 3852:(4): 279–290. 3836: 3793: 3786: 3768: 3725: 3706:(4): 309–318. 3690: 3639: 3610: 3583:(4): 794–799. 3567: 3538:10.1086/283479 3532:(2): 312–316. 3516: 3470: 3424: 3405: 3342: 3310: 3287: 3261: 3242:(4): 555–566. 3225: 3186: 3179: 3159: 3116: 3097:(4): 439–461. 3072: 3035: 3020: 2971: 2952:(2): 158–181. 2933: 2889: 2870:(3): 540–551. 2854: 2819: 2784: 2749: 2722:(3): 221–242. 2703: 2672: 2661:(2): 232–242. 2641: 2607:(3): 749–760. 2579: 2566:(4): 737–747. 2546: 2513: 2486:(2): 108–118. 2470: 2451:(3): 365–373. 2431: 2394:(4): 460–471. 2378: 2359:(3): 399–410. 2343: 2336: 2310: 2273:10.1.1.581.427 2239: 2224: 2198:(4): 476–477. 2175: 2132: 2089: 2030: 1979: 1944: 1887: 1880: 1861: 1832: 1795:(2): 142–146. 1779: 1752: 1725:(3): 217–239. 1709: 1683: 1649:(2): 556–567. 1622: 1595:(3): 391–409. 1579: 1505: 1480: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1318:Main article: 1315: 1312: 1298: 1297:Arctic impacts 1295: 1250:Alhambra Creek 1213:Alhambra Creek 1160: 1157: 956: 953: 951: 948: 935:Columbia River 901: 898: 886:Okanogan River 877:Columbia River 845: 842: 831:seed dispersal 756: 753: 738: 735: 707:Rana sylvatica 676:Rana draytonii 616: 613: 605:Chinook salmon 512:sockeye salmon 457:Chinook salmon 401: 398: 377: 374: 351:Ardea herodias 176: 173: 171: 168: 95: 92: 80:aquatic plants 51: 50: 45: 38: 37: 34:September 2009 33: 26: 25: 24: 20: 19: 18: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5558: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5273: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5138:September 19, 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5018:Science Daily 5015: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4985: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4817: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4331:September 29, 4323: 4322: 4314: 4311: 4303:September 29, 4298: 4297: 4288: 4285: 4277:September 29, 4273: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4251:September 29, 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4203:(8): e02225. 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4148:September 29, 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4071: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4033: 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