Environmental impact of fishing

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fisheries are commonly left unassessed and unmanaged. Unassessed fisheries are thought to represent about 80% of all fisheries. Some researchers believe that the stability and health of these unassessed fisheries are worse than the assessed fisheries, justifying the premise that traditional fisheries management techniques are ineffective. However, many scientists highlight that those fish populations are declining due to the fact that they have not been assessed and therefore adequate fisheries management techniques have not been applied. Further, most of the assessed fisheries (and hence managed fisheries) are biased towards large populations and commercially lucrative species. Assessments are often performed by nations that are able to afford the assessment process and implementation of fisheries management tools.

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for the fleet. Since these fishermen are not guaranteed compensation for part of the quota, they tend to resolve to the method of harvesting as many fish as possible. This competitiveness among fishermen and their fleets leads to the increased use of harmful fishing practices, extremely large harvests, periods of reduced stocks and the eventual collapse of the fishery. To eliminate the need for such competitiveness among fishermen, many scientists suggest the implementation of rights-based fisheries reforms. This can be done by granting

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required. These guidelines help tailor specific rules and regulations to specific species of fish in relation to their locations and mating and migration cycles. A metastudy in 2005 found that the average catch and release mortality rate was 18%, but varied greatly by species. While catch-and-release fishing has been wildly used in recreational fishing, it is also beneficial for maintaining fish populations at a stable level for commercial fisheries to receive social and economic benefits. Combining catch and release fishing with

1160:. Fish farms are usually located in coastal waters and can involve netpens or cages that are anchored to the sediment at the bottom. As many fisheries have been heavily depleted, farming profitable and commonly consumed fish species is a method used to supply larger quantities of seafood for human consumption. This is especially the case for marine aquatic species such as salmon and shrimp and freshwater species such as carp and tilapia. In fact, approximately 40% of seafood consumed by humans is produced in fish farms. 1084: 552: 30: 42: 5199: 535: 5739: 822:. Even sports fisherman discard a lot of non-target and target fish on the bank while fishing. For every pound of the target species caught, up to 5 pounds of unintended marine species are caught and discarded as bycatch. As many as 40% (63 billion pounds) of fish caught globally every year are discarded, and as many as 650,000 whales, dolphins and seals are killed every year by fishing vessels. 5188: 1198:. To mitigate the negative environmental impacts of fishing within marine environments, marine reserves are intended to create, enhance and re-introduce biodiversity within the area. As a result, the primary benefits arising from the implementation of this type of management effort include positive impacts towards habitat protection and species conservation. 431: 1164:

fish species, usually carnivores, tend require more fishmeal and fish oil to thrive. On the opposite end, farmed freshwater fish, usually herbivores and omnivores, are not as dependent on them. This can be problematic because the small fish used for the production of fishmeal also serve as food for predators living outside the enclosures.

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mortality. Release mortality in recreational fisheries is the same as the impacts of bycatch in commercial fisheries. Studies have suggested that improving recreational fisheries management on a global scale could generate substantial social benefits of the same scale as reforming commercial fisheries.

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serve to foster both environmental protection and marine wildlife safety. The reserves themselves are established via environmental protection plans or policies which designate a specific marine environment as protected. Coral reefs are one of the many examples which involve the application of marine

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Even though fish farming does not require a lot of space, they can have significant ecological impacts on the fish around them and marine resources. For instance, low trophic level, wild caught fish like anchovies, capelin and sardines are used to feed marine and freshwater farmed fish. Farmed marine

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techniques are effective at restoring fish populations is often seen as a debate in the fisheries science community. However, there are a few factors to consider when evaluating the efficiency of fisheries management techniques. For example, large fisheries are more likely to be managed whereas small

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fishing involves several practices that aim to reduce the negative environmental impacts of fishing. This refers to the duration, timing, and type of hook used during angling. To increase the effectiveness of catch and release fishing and mitigate its negative impacts, species-specific guidelines are

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Determining sustainable harvest quotas are another example of a traditional fisheries management technique. However, the intention behind harvest quotas are often not a big enough incentive for fishermen to adhere to them. This is because limiting individual harvests often leads to a smaller profit

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is the act of removing fins from sharks and discarding the rest of the shark. The sharks are often still alive when discarded, but without their fins. Unable to swim effectively, they sink to the bottom of the ocean and die of suffocation or are eaten by other predators. Though studies suggest that

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marine ecosystem resulted from a combination of overfishing and various other related human activities which adversely affected the marine environment and ecosystem. Ecological disruption can also occur due to the overfishing of critical fish species such as the tilefish and grouper fish, which can

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noted that there was an estimated mortality rate of 212,000–505,000 octopuses per year within the area's fishing grounds, due in large part to ghost fishing. Tracking garbage and monitoring the logistics of human waste disposal, especially waste materials primarily associated with fishing, is one

948:(where debris entangles or entraps animals), or ingestion of the debris (either intentionally or accidentally). Both are harmful to the animal. Marine debris consisting of old fishing nets or trawls can often be linked to phenomena such as ghost fishing, wherein the netting debris, referred to as 1126:

policies designed to curb the environmental impact of fishing. Fishing conservation aims to control the human activities that may completely decrease a fish stock or washout an entire aquatic environment. These laws include the quotas on the total catch of particular species in a fishery, effort

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of fisheries is another method used for fish conservation and impact remediation. Instead of solely focusing conservation efforts on a single species of marine life, ecosystem-based management is used across various species of fish within an environment. To improve the adoption of these types of

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In some cases, changing fishing gear can have an impact on habitat destruction. In an experiment with three different types of gears used for oyster harvesting, compared to dredging and tonging, hand-harvesting by divers resulted in the collection of 25-32% more oysters within the same amount of

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Fishing and pollution from fishing are the largest contributors to the decline in ocean health and water quality. Ghost nets, or nets abandoned in the ocean, are made of plastic and nylon and do not decompose, wreaking extreme havoc on the wildlife and ecosystems they interrupt. Overfishing and

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It is estimated that around 27% of global fisheries were classified as collapsed in 2003 and that by 2048, 100% of global fisheries would be considered collapsed. In a study compiling data from 11,135 fisheries around the world (some ITQ-managed, some non-ITQ managed), the potential impact of

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Though many assume recreational fishing does not have a large impact on fish, it actually accounts for almost a quarter of the fish caught in the United States, many of those being commercially valuable fish. Recreational fishing has its biggest impact on marine debris, overfishing, and fish

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on fisheries if they all implemented a rights-based management approach since 1970 was estimated. In that case, the percentage of collapsed fisheries in 2003 was projected as 9%, which remained fairly stable for the rest of the experiment's time period. Despite the projected success of the

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Worm, Boris; Hilborn, Ray; Baum, Julia K.; Branch, Trevor A.; Collie, Jeremy S.; Costello, Christopher; Fogarty, Michael J.; Fulton, Elizabeth A.; Hutchings, Jeffrey A.; Jennings, Simon; Jensen, Olaf P.; Lotze, Heike K.; Mace, Pamela M.; McClanahan, Tim R.; Minto, Cóilín (2009-07-31).

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Sala, Enric; Mayorga, Juan; Bradley, Darcy; Cabral, Reniel B.; Atwood, Trisha B.; Auber, Arnaud; Cheung, William; Costello, Christopher; Ferretti, Francesco; Friedlander, Alan M.; Gaines, Steven D.; Garilao, Cristina; Goodell, Whitney; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Hinson, Audra (2021-03-17).

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refers to the practice of using cyanide to stun fish for collection. These two practices are commonly used for the aquarium trade and the live fish food trade. These practices are destructive because they impact the habitat that the reef fish live on after the fish have been removed.

471:, removes around 5 to 25% of an area's seabed life on a single run. This method of fishing tends to cause a lot of bycatch. A study of La Fonera Canyon compared trawled versus non-trawled areas. The results show that areas at 500 to 2000 meters depth that is non-trawled have more 89:

report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. There is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to

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It is not uncommon for farmed fish to escape their enclosures. This can lead to the introduction of non-native species to a new environment. Farmed species breeding with wild fish species of the same type, called interbreeding, can cause offspring to have reduced fitness.

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Fisheries-induced evolution or evolutionary impact of fishing is the various evolutionary effects of the fishing pressure, such as on size or growth. It is manly caused by selective fishing on size, bigger fish being more frequently caught. Moreover, policy of

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73 million sharks are finned each year, scientists have noted that the numbers may actually be higher, with roughly 100 million sharks being killed by finning each year. The deaths of millions of sharks has caused catastrophic damage to the

758:, thus reducing the food supply for the predators. Disrupting these types of wasp-waist species may have effects throughout the ecosystem. It may also cause the increase of prey species when the target fishes are predator species, such as 1060:

ITQ-managed fisheries, the results of this study may not be a completely accurate representation of the true impact of right-based management. This is due to the fact that the data used to create these results was limited to one type of

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is the portion of the catch that is not the target species. Unintentional bycatch occurs when fishing gear with poor selectivity is used. These are either kept to be sold or discarded. In some instances the discarded portion is known as

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was shown to decrease the amount of hooks ingested by loggerheads. Further, with the target species being swordfish, the use of both circle hooks and mackerel for bait had no negative impact on the amount of swordfish caught.

730:. Fishing can cause several negative physiological and psychological effects for fish populations including increased stress levels and bodily injuries resulting from lodged fish hooks. Often, when this threshold is crossed, 2948:

Laist, David W. (1997). "Impacts of Marine Debris: Entanglement of Marine Life in Marine Debris Including a Comprehensive List of Species with Entanglement and Ingestion Records". In Coe, James M.; Rogers, Donald (eds.).

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Recreational fishing is fishing done for sport or competition, whereas commercial fishing is catching seafood, often in mass quantities, for profit. Both can have different environmental impacts when it comes to fishing.

695:, the collateral capture of unintended species in the course of fishing, is typically returned to the ocean only to die from injuries or exposure. Bycatch represents about a quarter of all marine catch. In the case of 4722: 4431: 1023:, involving communities with conservation efforts and defining areas closed to fishing. In order to implement any of these tactics on a fishery, ample data collection and statistical analysis are necessary. 3980:

McGinnity, Philip; Prodöhl, Paulo; Ferguson, Andy; Hynes, Rosaleen; Maoiléidigh, Niall ó; Baker, Natalie; Cotter, Deirdre; O'Hea, Brendan; Cooke, Declan; Rogan, Ger; Taggart, John; Cross, Tom (2003-12-07).

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species that do not recover quickly, and that provide a habitat for commercial fisheries species. This destruction alters the functioning of the ecosystem and can permanently alter species' composition and

910:. Queensland's shark culling program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective". The shark culling program in New South Wales (which uses nets) has killed thousands of sharks, turtles, dolphins and 2893:

Jang, Yong Chang; Lee, Jongmyoung; Hong, Sunwook; Lee, Jong Su; Shim, Won Joon; Song, Young Kyoung (2014-07-06). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

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systems. Traditional fisheries management techniques can signify restricting certain types of fishing gear, reducing the total allowable catch, decreasing fishing efforts as a whole, implementing

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Naylor, Rosamond L.; Goldburg, Rebecca J.; Primavera, Jurgenne H.; Kautsky, Nils; Beveridge, Malcolm C. M.; Clay, Jason; Folke, Carl; Lubchenco, Jane; Mooney, Harold; Troell, Max (June 2000).

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for global collapses of fish populations. One method for increasing fish population numbers and reduce the severity of adverse environmental impacts and ecological disturbances is the use of

498:. The practice has shown to often have harmful effects on sea habitat and, hence, on fish populations, yet no further action was taken (Vivek). The sea animal's aquatic ecosystem may also 705:

in 2020 stated that "in 2017, 34 percent of the fish stocks of the world's marine fisheries were classified as overfished". Mitigation options include: Government regulation, removal of

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habitat sustained damage to its height during the use of all three gear types. Specifically, dredging cut the height of the reef by 34%, tonging by 23% and diver hand-harvesting by 6%.

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Schindler, Daniel E.; Essington, Timothy E.; Kitchell, James F.; Boggs, Chris; Hilborn, Ray (2002). "Sharks and Tunas: Fisheries Impacts on Predators with Contrasting Life Histories".

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Cooke, Steven J.; Suski, Cory D. (2005-05-01). "Do we need species-specific guidelines for catch-and-release recreational angling to effectively conserve diverse fishery resources?".

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data collection methods allows for researchers to study the biological effects of catch and release fishing on fish in order to better suit future conservation efforts and remedies.

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method to reduce marine debris. Using technological or mechanical innovations such as marine debris-clearing drones can further serve to reduce the amount of debris within oceans.

4620: 647:, where other equilibrium energy flows involve species compositions different from those that had been present before the depletion of the original fish stock. For example, once 2324:

Mariani, Gaël; Cheung, William W. L.; Lyet, Arnaud; Sala, Enric; Mayorga, Juan; Velez, Laure; Gaines, Steven D.; Dejean, Tony; Troussellier, Marc; Mouillot, David (2020-10-30).

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Eriksen, Marcus; Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; Carson, Henry S.; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J.; Borerro, Jose C.; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G.; Reisser, Julia (2014-12-10).

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Overfishing and pollution of the oceans also affect their carbon storage ability and thus contribute to the climate crisis. Carbon stored in seafloor sediments risk release by

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Recent research has shown that, by mass, fishing debris, such as buoys, lines, and nets, account for more than two-thirds of large plastic debris found in the oceans. In the

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Polacheck, T (2006). "Tuna longline catch rates in the Indian Ocean: did industrial fishing result in a 90% rapid decline in the abundance of large predatory species?".

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occurs when a net, such as a gill net or trawl, is lost or discarded at sea and drifts within the oceans and can still act to capture marine organisms. According to the

940:, fishing nets alone comprise at least 46% of the debris. Similarly, fishing debris has been shown to be a major source of plastic debris found on the shores of Korea. 5250: 3306: 3209: 3046: 2210: 1612: 6085: 5711: 1426: 135:

and other environmental factors that were reducing the population of fisheries at the same time as their ecosystems were being annihilated. Many countries, such as

4635: 4630: 4603: 2590:"Even Jaws deserves to keep his fins: outlawing shark finning throughout global waters". Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 24 (2): 409–438. 1119:

fisheries management, it is important to reduce barriers to entry for management scenarios in order to make these methods more accessible to fisheries globally.

5758: 475:, biomass, and variation of meiofauna than trawled areas at 500 meters depth. Most of the impacts are due to commercial fishing practices. A 2005 report of the 1357: 4588: 4536: 1374: 1127:

quotas (e.g., number of days at sea), the limits on the number of vessels allowed in specific areas, and the imposition of seasonal restrictions on fishing.

483:, recommended the elimination of bottom trawling on the high seas by 2006 to protect seamounts and other ecologically sensitive habitats. This was not done. 1399: 5861: 5706: 4610: 4583: 4556: 4531: 1217: 1891: 4153:

Hampton, J.; Sibert, J. R.; Kleiber, P.; Maunder, M. N.; Harley, S. J. (2005). "Changes in abundance of large pelagic predators in the Pacific Ocean".

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Phillips, Jack (September 4, 2018). "Video: Endangered Hammerhead Sharks Dead on Drum Line in Great Barrier Reef". ntd.tv. Retrieved January 1, 2019.

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Donaldson, Michael R.; Arlinghaus, Robert; Hanson, Kyle C.; Cooke, Steven J. (2008-03-01). "Enhancing catch-and-release science with biotelemetry".

1282: 3108:"Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions" 1375:"Global population growth, wild fish stocks, and the future of aquaculture | Shark Research & Conservation Program (SRC) | University of Miami" 5994: 5202: 4546: 4378: 1103:. Using 18/0 circle hooks and mackerel for bait has been shown to greatly reduce the amount of leatherback sea turtles and loggerheads caught as 2744:

Action for Dolphins. Queensland's Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals. Thom Mitchell. November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2019.

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Bartholomew, Aaron; Bohnsack, James A. (2005-02-01). "A Review of Catch-and-Release Angling Mortality with Implications for No-take Reserves".

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FAO Fisheries Department. (2002). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

4947: 4625: 1947: 1325: 890:. Queensland's "shark control" program killed roughly 50,000 sharks between 1962 and 2018 — Queensland's program uses lethal devices such as 2753: 2730:

https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/aussie-shark-population-is-staggering-decline/news-story/49e910c828b6e2b735d1c68e6b2c956e

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Suuronen, Petri; Chopin, Francis; Glass, Christopher; Løkkeborg, Svein; Matsushita, Yoshiki; Queirolo, Dante; Rihan, Dominic (May 2012).

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Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio; Erisman, Brad; Galland, Grantly R.; Mascareñas-Osorio, Ismael; Sala, Enric; Ezcurra, Exequiel (2011-08-12).

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Pusceddua, Antonio; Bianchellia, Silvia; Martínb, Jacobo; Puigb, Pere; Palanquesb, Albert; Masquéd, Pere; Danovaroa, Roberto (2014).

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populations. On top of the overfishing, there is a seafood shortage resulting from the mass amounts of seafood waste, as well as the

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Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, States should act to minimize the amount of lost and abandoned gear and work to minimize

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after the 1950s, intensive fishing has spread from a few concentrated areas to encompass nearly all fisheries. The scraping of the

2741: 2652: 2520: 792:, based on the idea that it spares young fishes, have many negative impacts on a population by selecting slow growth individuals. 5299: 4873: 4687: 4578: 4568: 2587: 1212: 643:

and the variety of ecological conditions are suitable for the recovery. Dramatic changes in species composition can result in an

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published a four-year study in November 2006, which predicted that, at prevailing trends, the world would run out of wild-caught

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reserves in establishing marine protected areas. There have also been marine reserve initiatives located in the United States,

870:— however, environmentalists say that they do not reduce the risk of shark attacks; they also say that shark culling harms the 1827: 5354: 5191: 4712: 4707: 2720:"Man Who Devoted Life To Sharks, Killed Off The Coast Of Reunion". nzherald.co.nz. April 30, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019. 1591: 1043:, a set portion of a scientifically calculated total allowable catch, to individual fishermen, communities and cooperatives. 5989: 5979: 5886: 5384: 4878: 4816: 1247: 1083: 4388: 6060: 5969: 5464: 5419: 4474: 4053:

Roberts, Callum M.; Polunin, Nicholas V. C. (1993). "Marine Reserves: Simple Solutions to Managing Complex Fisheries?".

1502: 2775:"Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea" 4845: 4729: 4486: 937: 928: 782: 106:

that are polluting the seafood consumed by the public. The latter is largely caused by plastic-made fishing gear like

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Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".

895: 555: 34: 3869: 3852: 3776: 3186: 3169: 2686:"Shark Culling". marineconservation.org.au. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved January 1, 2019. 2667:

Schetzer, Alana. "Sharks: How a cull could ruin an ecosystem". puruit.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved January 1, 2019.

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is the killing of sharks in government-run "shark control" programs. These programs exist to reduce the risk of

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equilibria and take over in a way that makes it impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.

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Aussie shark population in staggering decline. Rhian Deutrom. December 14, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2018.

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destruction of marine ecosystems may have a significant impact on other aspects of the environment such as

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https://www.ntd.tv/2018/09/04/video-endangered-hammerhead-sharks-dead-on-drum-line-in-great-barrier-reef/

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https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102324/https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/shark-culling.html

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Major, Robert N.; Taylor, David I.; Connor, Stephen; Connor, Geoffrey; Jeffs, Andrew G. (February 2017).

5954: 5828: 5454: 5349: 4493: 3300: 3203: 2204: 1606: 1177: 806: 656: 628:, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the 476: 4278:

Sibert; et al. (2006). "Biomass, Size, and Trophic Status of Top Predators in the Pacific Ocean".

1156:, has been proposed as a more sustainable alternative or as a supplement to the traditional capture of 636:. Types of overfishing include growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing. 4168:"Interpreting catch-per-unit-of-effort data to assess the status of individual stocks and communities" 2655:"Can governments protect people from killer sharks?". ABC News. 2013-12-22. Retrieved January 1, 2019. 734:

may occur within the environment. More specifically, some ecological disturbances observed within the

5813: 5793: 5753: 5723: 5670: 5095: 4863: 4503: 4469: 4459: 4287: 4255: 4210: 4179: 4093: 3910: 3692: 3628: 3552: 3383: 3329: 3260: 3061: 3003: 2903: 2849: 2788: 2451: 2337: 2274: 2228: 2106: 2051: 1987: 1706: 1642: 1531: 1459: 1123: 1073: 1027: 1016: 1006: 966: 789: 625: 66: 3396: 5974: 5964: 5897: 5866: 5851: 5678: 5674: 5638: 5394: 5364: 5157: 5150: 5090: 5027: 4987: 4982: 4657: 2708:"Shark Nets". sharkangels.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved January 1, 2019. 1507: 1450:

Worm, Boris; et al. (2006-11-03). "Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services".

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by targeting specific, in-demand species. There might be too much fishing of prey species such as

17: 6159: 5935: 5778: 5172: 5130: 5125: 5085: 5037: 4801: 4573: 4340: 4311: 4234: 4062: 3942: 3761:"How Habitat Degradation Through Fishery Disturbance Enhances Impacts of Hypoxia on Oyster Reefs" 3734: 3660: 3594: 3353: 3247:

Joshua K. Abbott, Patrick Lloyd-Smith, Daniel Willard, and Wiktor Adamowicz (September 4, 2018).

3223: 3085: 3027: 2927: 2840: 2698: 2443: 2306: 2075: 1976:"Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts" 1953: 1777: 1732: 1630: 1563: 1483: 1331: 740: 714: 617: 499: 468: 151:, and international management bodies have taken steps to appropriately manage marine resources. 70: 2326:"Let more big fish sink: Fisheries prevent blue carbon sequestration—half in unprofitable areas" 1770:"Destructive Fishing Practices and Bycatch - Ocean Threats | Slow Fish - Local Sustainable Fish" 2989:"The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions" 2742:

http://www.afd.org.au/news-articles/queenslands-shark-control-program-has-snagged-84000-animals

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http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-22/can-governments-protect-people-from-killer-sharks/5158880

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Daskalov, Georgi M.; Grishin, Alexander N.; Rodionov, Sergei; Mihneva, Vesselina (2007-06-19).

1695:"Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning" 6040: 6025: 5508: 5474: 5429: 5359: 5304: 5289: 5273: 5047: 4922: 4868: 4667: 4652: 4303: 4226: 4201:

Myers, Ransom; Worm, Boris (2003). "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities".

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Tacon, AGJ (April 2003). "Sustainable aquaculture feeds: an overview and global perspective".

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http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bcic24&div=22&id=&page=

2569: 2528: 2371: 2353: 2298: 2290: 2236: 2146:(2002). "Overexploiting marine ecosystem engineers: potential consequences for biodiversity". 2143: 2124: 2067: 2015: 1943: 1846: 1750: 1724: 1555: 1547: 1475: 1321: 984: 945: 727: 706: 640: 629: 621: 119: 82: 6121: 5925: 5920: 5628: 5548: 5344: 5329: 5324: 5022: 5002: 4997: 4972: 4771: 4744: 4332: 4295: 4263: 4218: 4187: 4119: 4101: 4014: 3998: 3918: 3864: 3810: 3772: 3708: 3700: 3636: 3568: 3560: 3510: 3401: 3337: 3278: 3268: 3181: 3137: 3121: 3069: 3011: 2954: 2911: 2865: 2857: 2806: 2796: 2561: 2459: 2361: 2345: 2282: 2190: 2155: 2114: 2059: 2005: 1995: 1935: 1927: 1838: 1740: 1714: 1650: 1539: 1467: 1313: 914:. KwaZulu-Natal's shark culling program killed more than 33,000 sharks in a 30-year period. 871: 846: 663: 633: 581: 163: 111: 91: 1307: 551: 45:

Greenhouse gas emissions (kg / kg edible weight) of wild-caught and farmed seafood products

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Maunder, M.N.; Sibert, J.R.; Fonteneau, A.; Hampton, J.; Kleiber, P.; Harley, S. (2006).

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Walters, C. J. (2003). "Folly and fantasy in the analysis of spatial catch rate data".

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type can make fishing practices less dangerous and lead to less

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Thousands of other animals, such as 3322:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1590:Erdmann, Pet-Soede, Cabanban (2000). 1425:Magazine, Smithsonian; Kindy, David. 7: 5717:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 5187: 5043:Tropical cyclones and climate change 1087:A 9/0 J hook and a 18/0 circle hook. 906:, have been killed in Queensland as 874:. Shark culling currently occurs in 5892:Future of Marine Animal Populations 5769:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 5759:Monitoring control and surveillance 5076:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 1501:Juliet Eilperin (2 November 2006). 4359:Pelagic Fisheries Research Program 2519:Goldenberg, Suzanne (2014-03-20). 1837:. Vol. 34. pp. 201–352. 154:Reefs are also being destroyed by 25: 18:Environmental impacts of fisheries 6091:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 5824:National Marine Fisheries Service 5819:European Fisheries Control Agency 4723:pharmaceuticals and personal care 3106:Gregory, Murray R. 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According to a 2019 1: 5990:European Environmental Agency 5980:Grey nurse shark conservation 5887:Destructive fishing practices 5385:Pop-up satellite archival tag 4879:decline in insect populations 4193:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.05.008 3681:"Rebuilding Global Fisheries" 3541:"Rebuilding Global Fisheries" 2464:10.1016/j.fishres.2011.12.009 2414:McVeigh, Karen (2021-03-17). 2160:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02330-8 1843:10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60212-6 1655:10.1016/j.fishres.2016.08.005 1379:sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu 1248:Destructive fishing practices 1064:and that the true effects of 709:, minimizing fishing impact, 244:Non-recirculating aquaculture 166:of many species is at stake. 5970:Marine conservation activism 5420:Climate change and fisheries 4268:10.1016/j.marpol.2005.06.016 4107:10.1371/journal.pone.0023601 2959:10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_10 2802:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 2093:Daskalov, Georgi M. (2002). 1671:. 2017-01-29. Archived from 961:Recreational fishing impacts 655:might exploit the change in 467:along the sea bottom behind 463:, the practice of pulling a 1026:Whether or not traditional 938:Great Pacific Garbage Patch 783:Fisheries-induced evolution 777:Fisheries-induced evolution 662:Since the growth of global 77:. These issues are part of 69:; as well as the impact of 6215: 6016:Marine Stewardship Council 5809:EU Common Fisheries Policy 2862:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w 2287:10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z 1835:Advances in Marine Biology 1175: 1134: 1116:Ecosystem-based management 1004: 964: 921: 856: 834: 799: 780: 525: 411: 6170:Glossary of fishery terms 6165:Index of fishing articles 6155: 5882:Fishing down the food web 5857:Maximum sustainable yield 5735: 5685: 5660: 5481: 5415:Match/mismatch hypothesis 5284: 5267: 5181: 5116:Environmental engineering 4963:Environmental degradation 4740:fishing down the food web 3964:. Stirling, Scotland, UK. 3342:10.1007/s11160-005-2175-1 3016:10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6 2916:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 2064:10.1007/s10531-004-7845-0 1318:10.1007/978-3-030-83225-4 826:Shark finning and culling 682:and other slower-growing 556:Fishing down the food web 408:Effects on marine habitat 386: 370: 354: 338: 322: 306: 290: 274: 258: 242: 226: 212:Recirculating aquaculture 210: 194: 181: 174:for different food types 35:Fishing down the food web 6056:Save Our Seas Foundation 5789:Individual fishing quota 5764:Vessel monitoring system 5410:Hydrographic containment 5121:Environmental mitigation 4978:Greenhouse gas emissions 4938:Environmental insecurity 1896:National Geographic News 1243:Individual fishing quota 172:greenhouse gas emissions 5702:Exclusive economic zone 5380:GIS and aquatic science 5335:Standard weight in fish 5168:Sustainable consumption 4509:Social ecology (ethics) 4300:10.1126/science.1135347 3765:Ecological Applications 3705:10.1126/science.1173146 3641:10.1126/science.1229965 3565:10.1126/science.1173146 3274:10.1073/pnas.1809549115 2554:Ecological Applications 2001:10.1073/pnas.0701100104 1720:10.1073/pnas.1405454111 1472:10.1126/science.1132294 1091:Opting for a different 81:, and are addressed in 5931:Turtle excluder device 5604:Shoaling and schooling 5111:Ecological engineering 4891:runaway climate change 4003:10.1098/rspb.2003.2520 3516:10.1093/icesjms/fsu034 3126:10.1098/rstb.2008.0265 2350:10.1126/sciadv.abb4848 2196:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0712 1146: 1088: 933: 811: 651:have been overfished, 558: 548: 435: 46: 38: 5955:Marine protected area 5829:Regional fishery body 5455:Census of Marine Life 5350:Catch per unit effort 4494:List of global issues 4404:Global Fishing Fleets 2896:Ocean Science Journal 2390:"Seafloor Protection" 2142:Coleman, Felicia C.; 1178:Marine protected area 1176:Further information: 1144: 1086: 931: 809: 722:Ecological disruption 630:overfishing of sharks 554: 537: 486:In mid-October 2006, 477:UN Millennium Project 433: 44: 32: 5794:Minimum landing size 5754:Fisheries management 5729:Magnuson–Stevens Act 5724:Fisheries Convention 5475:Fisheries scientists 5096:Community resilience 4896:in the United States 4864:Biodiversity threats 4537:cannabis cultivation 4504:Planetary boundaries 4470:Environmental issues 4460:Ecological footprint 4406:Project Regeneration 2600:Urbina, Ian (2016). 2450:. 119–120: 135–146. 1431:Smithsonian Magazine 1124:fisheries management 1074:habitat conservation 1028:fisheries management 1017:fisheries management 1007:Fisheries management 1001:Fisheries management 967:Recreational fishing 790:minimum landing size 746:Fishing may disrupt 626:critical depensation 616:, and can result in 580:naturally (i.e. the 308:Non-trawling fishery 67:fisheries management 6071:Defying Ocean's End 5975:Salmon conservation 5965:Marine conservation 5905:The End of the Line 5898:The Sunken Billions 5867:Sustainable seafood 5852:Sustainable fishery 5465:Fisheries databases 5395:Age class structure 5365:Fisheries acoustics 5158:Restoration ecology 5091:Climate engineering 5028:Ocean acidification 5018:Loss of green belts 4988:Holocene extinction 4983:Habitat destruction 4658:Environmental crime 4292:2006Sci...314.1773S 4286:(5806): 1773–1776. 4260:2006MarPo..30..470P 4223:10.1038/nature01610 4215:2003Natur.423..280M 4184:2006ICJMS..63.1373M 4098:2011PLoSO...623601A 3997:(1532): 2443–2450. 3915:2000Natur.405.1017N 3909:(6790): 1017–1024. 3697:2009Sci...325..578W 3633:2012Sci...338..474P 3557:2009Sci...325..578W 3388:2008AqFF....9...79D 3334:2005RFBF...15..129B 3265:2018PNAS..115.8948A 3120:(1526): 2013–2025. 3066:2005FisSc..71..691M 3008:2014WASP..225.2184S 2908:2014OSJ....49..151J 2854:2018NatSR...8.4666L 2793:2014PLoSO...9k1913E 2586:Spiegel, J. 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In terms of 934: 812: 739:be referred to as 728:ecosystem services 715:consumer awareness 674:is devastating to 618:resource depletion 559: 549: 436: 169: 71:industrial fishing 47: 39: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6142:Threatened sharks 6041:Ocean Conservancy 6026:Friend of the Sea 5656: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5564:Lobster fisheries 5509:Diversity of fish 5305:Shifting baseline 5274:Fisheries science 5226: 5225: 5048:Water degradation 4923:Ecological crisis 4869:biodiversity loss 4668:Industrialisation 4653:Genetic pollution 4499:Impact assessment 4331:(12): 1433–1436. 3962:SEAfeeds Workshop 3691:(5940): 578–585. 3627:(6106): 474–475. 3551:(5940): 578–585. 3259:(36): 8948–8953. 3054:Fisheries Science 2273:(7854): 397–402. 1949:978-92-5-132692-3 1705:(24): 8861–8866. 1530:(7528): 518–522. 1458:(5800): 787–790. 1327:978-3-030-83224-7 985:Catch and release 980:Catch and Release 641:carrying capacity 634:marine ecosystems 402: 401: 83:fisheries science 16:(Redirected from 6206: 6122:Marine pollution 5926:Cetacean bycatch 5921:Incidental catch 5741: 5687: 5662: 5629:Humboldt current 5487: 5405:Trophic cascades 5345:Data storage tag 5330:Fish measurement 5325:Stock assessment 5286: 5269: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5023:Phosphorus cycle 5003:Land consumption 4998:Land degradation 4973:Freshwater cycle 4772:Overexploitation 4745:marine pollution 4552:cocoa production 4434: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4348: 4319: 4271: 4242: 4197: 4195: 4178:(8): 1373–1385. 4162: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4109: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4050: 4033: 4032: 4022: 3977: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3923:10.1038/35016500 3894: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3848: 3827: 3826: 3794: 3781: 3780: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3716: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3576: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3518: 3509:(5): 1040–1046. 3494: 3463: 3451: 3418: 3417: 3399: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3296: 3286: 3276: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3189: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3035: 2993: 2984: 2973: 2972: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2770: 2764: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2394:Project Drawdown 2386: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2336:(44): eabb4848. 2330:Science Advances 2321: 2315: 2314: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2050:(5): 1195–1209. 2039: 2024: 2023: 2013: 2003: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1932:10.4060/ca9229en 1918: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1898:. Archived from 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1776:. Archived from 1765: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1722: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1626: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1572: 1571: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1303: 872:marine ecosystem 847:marine ecosystem 582:overexploitation 397: 396: 381: 380: 365: 364: 349: 348: 333: 332: 317: 316: 301: 300: 285: 284: 269: 268: 253: 252: 237: 236: 228:Trawling fishery 221: 220: 205: 204: 176: 164:ecological niche 92:world population 21: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6174: 6151: 6147:Threatened rays 6127:Mercury in fish 6100: 5999: 5985:Shark sanctuary 5943: 5840: 5774:Catch reporting 5742: 5733: 5681: 5648: 5554:Krill fisheries 5519:Coral reef fish 5504:Ocean fisheries 5495: 5488: 5479: 5320:Condition index 5291: 5280: 5263: 5257: 5227: 5222: 5177: 5136:Organic farming 5062: 5053:Water pollution 5033:Ozone depletion 5013:Loss and damage 4913:Desertification 4850: 4762:Overconsumption 4683:cleaning agents 4584:Energy industry 4547:meat production 4513: 4443: 4438: 4355: 4337:10.1139/f03-152 4322: 4277: 4245: 4209:(6937): 280–3. 4200: 4165: 4152: 4146: 4144:Further reading 4141: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4052: 4051: 4036: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3896: 3895: 3886: 3850: 3849: 3830: 3815:10.1139/f05-004 3796: 3795: 3784: 3758: 3757: 3746: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3618: 3617: 3606: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3496: 3495: 3466: 3452: 3421: 3397:10.1.1.589.1499 3373: 3372: 3365: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3297: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3200: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3105: 3104: 3097: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3039: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2969: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2787:(12): e111913. 2772: 2771: 2767: 2761:Wayback Machine 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2706:Wayback Machine 2697: 2690: 2682: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2620: 2613: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2201: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2041: 2040: 2027: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1950: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1603: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1575: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1328: 1309:Applied Ecology 1305: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1204: 1183:Marine reserves 1180: 1174: 1172:Marine reserves 1139: 1133: 1009: 1003: 998: 996:Countermeasures 982: 969: 963: 926: 920: 876:New South Wales 861: 855: 839: 833: 828: 804: 798: 785: 779: 771:bottom-trawling 724: 719: 718: 672:bottom dragging 645:ecosystem shift 531: 523: 461:Bottom trawling 456:Cyanide fishing 448:cyanide fishing 428: 422:Bottom trawling 418:Cyanide fishing 412:Main articles: 410: 404: 398: 394: 393: 382: 378: 377: 366: 362: 361: 350: 346: 345: 334: 330: 329: 318: 314: 313: 302: 298: 297: 286: 282: 281: 270: 266: 265: 254: 250: 249: 238: 234: 233: 222: 218: 217: 206: 202: 201: 190:per g protein) 189: 185: 37: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6212: 6210: 6202: 6201: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6117:Fish slaughter 6114: 6108: 6106: 6105:Related issues 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Ocean Outcomes 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5960:Marine reserve 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5845:Sustainability 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5675:sustainability 5665: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609:Marine habitat 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5569:Shrimp fishery 5566: 5561: 5559:Kelp fisheries 5556: 5551: 5546: 5544:Crab fisheries 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5425:Marine biology 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5375:Coded wire tag 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315:Fish mortality 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5282: 5281: 5278:wild fisheries 5272: 5265: 5264: 5262:science topics 5258: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5194: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5163:Sustainability 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5058:Water scarcity 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4993:Nitrogen cycle 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4958:Forest dieback 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4886:Climate change 4883: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4703:nanotechnology 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4487:on marine life 4479: 4478: 4477: 4475:list of issues 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4353:External links 4351: 4350: 4349: 4320: 4275: 4272: 4254:(5): 470–482. 4243: 4198: 4163: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4072: 4061:(6): 363–368. 4034: 3967: 3952: 3884: 3828: 3809:(5): 965–981. 3782: 3744: 3670: 3604: 3530: 3464: 3419: 3363: 3328:(1): 129–154. 3312: 3239: 3215: 3157: 3095: 3037: 2974: 2967: 2937: 2902:(2): 151–162. 2885: 2826: 2765: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2688: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2639:Ocean.si.edu. 2629: 2611: 2592: 2579: 2544: 2511: 2493: 2469: 2431: 2406: 2381: 2316: 2252: 2227:(2019-12-04). 2216: 2189:(3): 603–618. 2165: 2134: 2085: 2025: 1963: 1948: 1913: 1882: 1858: 1851: 1815: 1790: 1760: 1685: 1660: 1618: 1573: 1514: 1493: 1442: 1417: 1390: 1366: 1341: 1326: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1274: 1273: 1265: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1173: 1170: 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1005:Main article: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 981: 978: 965:Main article: 962: 959: 922:Main article: 919: 916: 857:Main article: 854: 851: 835:Main article: 832: 829: 827: 824: 800:Main article: 797: 794: 781:Main article: 778: 775: 723: 720: 594:underpopulated 532: 524: 522: 519: 492:George W. Bush 409: 406: 400: 399: 392: 390: 384: 383: 376: 374: 368: 367: 360: 358: 352: 351: 344: 342: 336: 335: 328: 326: 320: 319: 312: 310: 304: 303: 296: 294: 288: 287: 280: 278: 272: 271: 264: 262: 256: 255: 248: 246: 240: 239: 232: 230: 224: 223: 216: 214: 208: 207: 200: 198: 192: 191: 187: 183: 180: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6211: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137:Shark finning 6135: 6133: 6132:Shark culling 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:Sea Around Us 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Seafood Watch 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5937:Shrimp-Turtle 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Pulse fishing 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Fisheries law 5695: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5667:Fisheries law 5663: 5659: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549:Eel fisheries 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5539:Cod fisheries 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Demersal fish 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Trophic level 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5146:Reforestation 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101:Cultured meat 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Birth control 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Deforestation 4901: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678:Manufacturing 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:nuclear power 4624: 4622: 4621:fracking (US) 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248:Marine Policy 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 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