457:, face significant air pollution issues. These cities are home to nearly 50% of Bolivia's population and have grown rapidly since the 1950's. This swift expansion has led to an increase in the number of motor vehicles and industries (brick production, oil refineries, metal foundries, etc.) within these urban areas, making them the primary contributors to air pollution. Vehicular emissions contribute up to 35% to the particles in the air in these high altitude cities. Another major contributor to air pollution is the burning of agricultural and household waste. In some parts of these cities, the concentration of air particles smaller than 10 micrometers is 2.5 times higher than the Latin American and Caribbean average and comparable to heavily polluted South American cities such as
68:
487:
86:(TIPNIS) which is a designated state park. Concerns about the impact of illegal logging on deforestation were so serious that in 2011 Bolivian protestors were able to halt the construction of a highway that would have increased access to the TIPNIS territory. Bolivia's highway network remains underdeveloped, restricting access to specific forested areas. However, as the country progresses, expanded road construction might not only lead to deforestation but also enhance access for illegal loggers to these forested regions.
537:, leading to the establishment of numerous protected areas in its lowland regions. These areas were created to conserve biodiversity and mitigate deforestation. Later in 2006, further reforms to land tenure and forestry management were introduced, aiming to better integrate indigenous communities through community-based forest management. However, these reforms faced challenges due to inadequate follow-up and enforcement, resulting in a weakened forestry regime.
2029:
371:, engaging in illicit logging, and other practices that further exacerbate habitat loss. A lack of historical road access in Bolivia has aided biodiversity conservation more than active conservation efforts, but the increased rate of development in the country has highlighted a need for more focused conservation policies in the face of growing biodiversity degradation.
550:"community lands of origin" for indigenous lands and initiated a land formalization program, supported by international donors and the state. This initiative resulted in an increase in indigenous lands, collectively-owned community lands, and public lands, contributing to the broader efforts of environmental conservation and sustainable land management in Bolivia.
411:(GIS) have been proven to have a positive impact on waste management in countries such as India and Uganda. When used in conjunction with waste management systems, GIS provides "better designation and handling of waste and disposal sites, improved observational safety reporting, and a more defined and proactive approach to
383:
implemented a technical assistance program titled the
Disaster Recovery and Vulnerability Reduction Project to increase the country's capacity for response to environmental disasters and the waste management made necessary by these events. The controls implemented include erosion and runoff control,
63:
Colonization schemes have also contributed to deforestation in
Bolivia. Since the 1960's, the Bolivian lowlands have seen large scale colonization by rural nationals from the Andean region as well as America and Japan. This has largely been encouraged by the Bolivian government. Inexpensive land and
51:
cover was 36.2 million hectares, the 13th largest national area in the world and representing 2.8% of the worldwide total. Bolivia also has the seventh largest amount of tropical rainforest. Overall, forests made up 51.4 million hectares or 46.8% of the country's total area as of 2013. Both primary
55:
Due to mostly cattle ranching, mechanized cultivation and small-scale agriculture, Bolivia lost approximately 200,000 hectares of rainforest per year between 2006 and 2010. Demand for
Bolivian agricultural products has risen in part due to the integration of Bolivian agriculture into international
549:
From 2010 to 2016, however, no
Protected Area Downgrading, Downsizing, and Degazettement (PADDD) events were reported in Bolivia. However, in 2017, the highway project across TIPNIS led to a downgrade in the area's protected status. Throughout this period, the law also established the category of
521:
In 1996, the
Bolivian forestry law mandated management plans, harvest limits, and inventory documentation for forestry concessions. The law aimed to regulate the use of forest resources, promote sustainable forestry practices, and grant user rights to citizens on public and private lands. The law
545:
in the same year marked a shift in policy. Protected areas and conservation initiatives experienced a weakening, as populist and productivist policies took precedence. This shift became evident with the introduction of a 2015 decree that facilitated hydrocarbon activities within protected areas,
507:
since 1970. Climate change has further exacerbated the severity of natural disasters caused by droughts and floods, leading to
Bolivia ranking among the top 10 countries affected by natural disasters for the first time in 2007. In addition, climate change has resulted in increased rates of land
502:
glacier losing 50% of its surface area and 66% of its volume since 1990, and the
Charquini glacier losing 47.4% of its surface area since 1940. The rate at which glaciers are retreating in Bolivia exceeds predictions made by climate experts and could result in possible negative effects on water
441:
In
Bolivia's eastern and Amazonian lowland areas, air quality remains high throughout the year, except during the four-month dry season when these regions are prone to fires. Fires have increased in these regions during the past few decades due to the expansion of agricultural activities.
1295:
Mardoñez, Valeria; Pandolfi, Marco; Borlaza, Lucille Joanna S.; Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc; Alastuey, Andrés; Besombes, Jean-Luc; Moreno R., Isabel; Perez, Noemi; Močnik, Griša; Ginot, Patrick; Krejci, Radovan; Chrastny, Vladislav; Wiedensohler, Alfred; Laj, Paolo; Andrade, Marcos (2023-09-15).
367:. Poor land management in Bolivia's cattle ranching industry accounts for around 50% of habitat destruction in the country. Bolivia's economic conditions and rapid development have led the country to increasingly rely on cultivating soybeans, producing
477:
Rapid low-density expansion of
Bolivia's urban areas likely results in water pollution, as a result of insufficient sanitation coverage paired with a lack of wastewater treatment. The use of unregulated septic tanks likely exacerbates the problem.
400:
The Solid Waste
Management (SWM) system in Bolivia relies heavily on open dumping, specifically in smaller communities. Open dumping is the act of disposing solid waste in a manner that may harm the environment, and leave the waste vulnerable to
60:. The Tierras Bajas region in eastern Bolivia, which was a site of a World Bank Development project, has seen some of the greatest deforestation due to the establishment of industrial scale soybean plantations largely by foreign landowners.
468:
Beyond urban areas, indoor air pollution affects almost 80% of the rural population. This issue stems from the extensive reliance on firewood and solid fuels for cooking within economically disadvantaged rural communities.
1116:
423:
In Bolivia, only 8% of landfills are regulated, and recycling is under 4% of the total waste generated in the country. In September 2019, COOPI implemented a waste management program in La Paz municipality titled
540:
By 2009, a co-management approach was adopted for protected areas, involving collaboration among the protected area service, indigenous groups, and farmer organizations. Despite this progress, the re-election of
428:." This program focuses on increased sustainability in Bolivia's capitol through the implementation of waste treatment plants and related machinery, as well as awareness campaigns for the separation of waste.
900:
805:
1828:
2179:
2162:
64:
fertile soil were additional driving factors for these immigrants who contributed to organizing commercial farming causing deforestation to increase by 60% from the 1980's to the 1990's.
83:
56:
commodity markets. Brazilian companies and farmers in particular have made large investments giving them increasing control and influence over Bolivian land, which has resulted in
494:
Climate change in Bolivia has resulted in an average annual temperature increase of 0.1 °C per decade since 1939, and an increase in 0.15 °C per decade in the tropical
1840:
858:
Kleemann, Janina; Zamora, Camilo; Villacis-Chiluisa, Alexandra Belen; Cuenca, Pablo; Koo, Hongmi; Noh, Jin Kyoung; FĂĽrst, Christine; Thiel, Michael (February 2022).
763:
Kleemann, Janina; Zamora, Camilo; Villacis-Chiluisa, Alexandra Belen; Cuenca, Pablo; Koo, Hongmi; Noh, Jin Kyoung; FĂĽrst, Christine; Thiel, Michael (February 2022).
646:"Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015"
2184:
2167:
1990:
2652:
558:
Water has become a contested resource in Bolivia due to increasing competition and unequal distribution. The high stakes of water access led in part to 1999's
530:
on public lands necessitate a minimum annual royalty of $ 1 per hectare, though these rights are revocable if standards are not met or resources are misused.
75:
In recent years, the growth of coca-leaves has become widespread in Bolivia. To create space for these large plantations, large areas have been deforested via
498:
region from 1950 to 1994. Changes in air temperature and humidity have led to significant glacier retreat in the country's mountainous regions, including the
2763:
690:
Andersen, Lykke E.; Doyle, Anna Sophia; Granado, Susana del; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Medinaceli, Agnes; Valdivia, Montserrat; Weinhold, Diana (2016-03-18).
82:
Logging, which is often done illegally in Bolivia, and forest fires are additional causes of deforestation. Illegal logging has occurred even in the
1659:
508:
degradation in the country, including increased erosion in areas affected by deforestation and an increase in the number and scale of forest fires.
135:
1995:
546:
accompanied by reduced funding, staff reductions, and increased repression of environmental and indigenous groups opposing extraction activities.
1147:"Assessment of municipal solid waste collection in Bolivia: Perspectives for avoiding uncontrolled disposal and boosting waste recycling options"
2496:
576:
57:
1970:
426:
LaPazRecicla. Integrated approach to waste management in the municipality of La Paz, Bolivia. New technologies to promote the circular economy
2501:
2212:
2049:
1753:
1392:
1078:
2320:
1806:
1713:
899:
Steininger, Marc K.; Tucker, Compton J.; Townshend, John R. G.; Killeen, Timothy J.; Desch, Arthur; Bell, Vivre; Ersts, Peter (June 2001).
804:
Steininger, Marc K.; Tucker, Compton J.; Townshend, John R. G.; Killeen, Timothy J.; Desch, Arthur; Bell, Vivre; Ersts, Peter (June 2001).
67:
1935:
1913:
1864:
1786:
2207:
2149:
1234:
534:
2730:
2675:
2645:
2235:
1568:
2753:
2720:
2710:
2695:
2325:
1813:
1348:
621:
2786:
2725:
2700:
1906:
412:
2705:
2685:
2002:
1768:
692:"Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model"
2758:
2690:
2415:
2395:
2301:
2174:
2157:
2137:
2014:
408:
79:. An estimated 4 hectares of forest need to be cleared for each one hectare of land needed for the cultivation of coca.
2715:
2638:
2390:
2308:
2094:
2007:
1928:
1791:
1652:
1145:
Ferronato, Navarro; Portugal AlarcĂłn, Grecia Paola; Guisbert Lizarazu, Edith Gabriela; Torretta, Vincenzo (2021-04-01).
2439:
486:
2569:
2564:
2385:
2242:
1945:
1708:
503:
availability in the country. Climate change trends have increased mean annual precipitation by 15% in the Bolivian
1604:"The role of protected areas and land tenure regimes on forest loss in Bolivia: Accounting for spatial spillovers"
1298:"Source apportionment study on particulate air pollution in two high-altitude Bolivian cities: La Paz and El Alto"
2189:
35:. Since 1990, Bolivia has experienced rapid urbanization raising concerns about air quality and water pollution.
1472:
1185:
2667:
2069:
1823:
1818:
2584:
2529:
2519:
2479:
2410:
2380:
2263:
2247:
2230:
2028:
1899:
1855:
1845:
1645:
385:
2491:
2400:
2367:
2313:
2059:
2466:
1980:
1923:
1796:
527:
402:
1603:
1146:
2471:
2456:
2425:
2296:
2132:
2084:
2079:
2037:
1975:
703:
571:
559:
392:, trash and construction debris management, pesticide management, dust control, and noise reduction.
2741:
2574:
2549:
2108:
1733:
1028:
364:
32:
2605:
2511:
2420:
2372:
2355:
2273:
2127:
2054:
1950:
1874:
1850:
1835:
1677:
1117:"Bolivia - Disaster Recovery and Vulnerability Reduction Project : environmental framework"
355:
as threatened. Biodiversity loss in Bolivia can be mainly attributed to illegal wildlife trade,
2524:
2461:
2405:
2089:
1801:
1623:
1564:
1520:
1388:
1329:
1203:
1166:
1074:
1002:
930:
881:
835:
786:
739:
721:
667:
581:
504:
2614:
2579:
2559:
2554:
2534:
2486:
2451:
2074:
1985:
1940:
1615:
1556:
1510:
1378:
1319:
1309:
1158:
1066:
992:
920:
912:
871:
825:
817:
776:
729:
711:
657:
2544:
2330:
1275:"Environment and Climate Change in Bolivia - Challenges and Opportunities for Development"
1215:
980:
959:"Environment and Climate Change in Bolivia - Challenges and Opportunities for Development"
603:"Environment and Climate Change in Bolivia - Challenges and Opportunities for Development"
20:
1763:
2630:
707:
2619:
2222:
1869:
734:
691:
356:
76:
48:
24:
2780:
2538:
2278:
2268:
1297:
1274:
997:
958:
602:
360:
352:
28:
1619:
1162:
522:
also established three national institutions for oversight, regulation, and funding
44:
1370:
1347:
Trohanis, Zoe Elena; Zangerling, Bontje Marie; Sanchez-Reaza, Javier (May 2015).
1100:
716:
662:
645:
620:
Trohanis, Zoe Elena; Zangerling, Bontje Marie; Sanchez-Reaza, Javier (May 2015).
1692:
1445:"Bolivia: Climate change, poverty and adaptation (Executive summary) | HimalDoc"
1420:
1383:
1235:"Bolivia. New facilities for the treatment and recycling of urban waste | COOPI"
542:
526:
Additionally, the law recognizes indigenous groups' rights to forest resources.
462:
368:
1375:
Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities
1758:
1314:
916:
821:
499:
454:
389:
380:
144:
The final figure (2.8%) represents the percentage of worldwide total in 2015.
1627:
1548:
1524:
1333:
1170:
1006:
934:
885:
839:
790:
725:
671:
562:, which consisted of a series of protests in support of deprivatizing water.
1918:
1560:
1515:
1498:
1070:
925:
830:
743:
1058:
19:
include deforestation caused by commercial agriculture, urbanization, and
1894:
1602:
Boillat, SĂ©bastien; Ceddia, M. Graziano; Bottazzi, Patrick (2022-09-01).
876:
859:
781:
764:
458:
1324:
2335:
1668:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1371:"Urbanization and Global Trends in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services"
644:
Morales-Hidalgo, David; Oswalt, Sonja N.; Somanathan, E. (2015-09-07).
450:
52:
forest and overall forest cover have been declining in recent decades.
1444:
1059:"Biodiversity Conservation in Bolivia: History, Trends and Challenges"
860:"Deforestation in Continental Ecuador with a Focus on Protected Areas"
765:"Deforestation in Continental Ecuador with a Focus on Protected Areas"
1499:"Indigenous Protest and the Roots of Sustainable Forestry in Bolivia"
446:
1369:
McDonald, Robert I.; Marcotullio, Peter J.; GĂĽneralp, Burak (2013),
1637:
1057:
Ibisch, Pierre L. (2005), Romero, Aldemaro; West, Sarah E. (eds.),
1102:
Environmental Management in Bolivia: Innovations and Opportunities
495:
485:
66:
2634:
1641:
405:, exposure to numerous environmental elements, and scavengers.
90:
Forest Cover in Bolivia (1,000s of hectares of primary forest)
1349:"Urbanization Trends in Bolivia: Opportunities and Challenges"
622:"Urbanization Trends in Bolivia: Opportunities and Challenges"
23:, and biodiversity loss attributed to illegal wildlife trade,
379:
Waste management has a high level of urgency in Bolivia. The
351:
There are 452 species endemic to Bolivia classified by the
43:
Bolivia has the 13th largest national share of the world's
343:
Source: MMAyA-OTCA, summarized by Andersen et al 2016:S1.
1555:, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 175–203,
652:. Changes in Global Forest Resources from 1990 to 2015.
445:
Cities situated at altitudes above 2000 meters, such as
1553:
Environmental Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean
1063:
Environmental Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean
639:
637:
635:
1184:
Group, SafetyStratus Research Advisory (2023-07-11).
84:
Isiboro Secure National Park and Indigenous Territory
2739:
2666:
2510:
2438:
2354:
2289:
2256:
2221:
2200:
2148:
2120:
2107:
2036:
1963:
1885:
1779:
1744:
1724:
1701:
1685:
1676:
1377:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 31–52,
1065:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 55–71,
1497:Dockry, Michael J.; Langston, Nancy (2019-01-01).
1473:"Impact of Climate Change on the Poor in Bolivia"
1140:
1138:
1136:
148:Forest cover in Bolivia by type of forest (2013)
1364:
1362:
1290:
1288:
1229:
1227:
1225:
853:
851:
849:
758:
756:
754:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1466:
1464:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
974:
972:
901:"Tropical deforestation in the Bolivian Amazon"
806:"Tropical deforestation in the Bolivian Amazon"
685:
683:
681:
1052:
1050:
1048:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
2646:
1653:
533:In the early 1990s, Bolivia committed to the
8:
2765:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1421:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal"
1186:"GIS Technology: Improving Waste Management"
2653:
2639:
2631:
2444:
2360:
2117:
2113:
2042:
1682:
1660:
1646:
1638:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1514:
1382:
1323:
1313:
996:
924:
875:
829:
780:
733:
715:
661:
146:
88:
593:
1211:
1201:
577:Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest
2661:Environmental issues in South America
1151:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
748:Included in Supplemental Material S1.
7:
1425:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org
979:Delgado, Ana Carolina (2017-05-08).
71:Deforestation in the Bolivian Andes
2208:Plurinational Constitutional Court
1754:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
535:Convention on Biological Diversity
136:Global Forest Resources Assessment
14:
1302:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
2027:
1986:Plurinational State Constitution
1471:Winters, Christian (June 2012).
998:10.1590/S0102-8529.2017390200009
981:"The TIPNIS Conflict in Bolivia"
409:Geographical Information Systems
1620:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102571
1549:"Eco-Labeling in Latin America"
1163:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105234
413:Environmental Impact Assessment
17:Environmental issues in Bolivia
1:
2302:Plurinational Electoral Organ
650:Forest Ecology and Management
1929:Bolivian National Revolution
1841:Treaty of Defensive Alliance
1792:Bolivian War of Independence
717:10.1371/journal.pone.0151241
663:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.011
490:Shrinking Chacaltaya Glacier
2497:Water supply and sanitation
2213:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
1814:Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1807:Declaration of Independence
1769:Rebellion of TĂşpac Amaru II
1608:Global Environmental Change
1547:Dietsch, Thomas V. (2005),
1384:10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_3
1273:Slunge, Daniel (May 2015).
957:Slunge, Daniel (May 2015).
601:Slunge, Daniel (May 2015).
2803:
2502:Water resources management
905:Environmental Conservation
810:Environmental Conservation
2599:
2447:
2363:
2190:Vice President of Bolivia
2116:
2045:
2025:
1764:Rebellion of TĂşpac Katari
1480:Global Majority e-Journal
1353:Open Knowledge Repository
1315:10.5194/acp-23-10325-2023
917:10.1017/S0376892901000133
822:10.1017/S0376892901000133
626:Open Knowledge Repository
327:
133:
77:slash and burn operations
1824:War of the Confederation
1819:Salaverry-Santa Cruz War
297:Dry inter-Andean forest
1856:Puna de Atacama dispute
1561:10.1007/1-4020-3774-0_8
1071:10.1007/1-4020-3774-0_3
419:Landfills and Recycling
2787:Environment of Bolivia
2326:Movement for Socialism
2314:Atacama border dispute
985:Contexto Internacional
512:Solutions and policies
491:
72:
1829:Bolivia-Argentina War
1797:Chuquisaca Revolution
1516:10.1093/envhis/emy090
1503:Environmental History
489:
70:
2133:President of Bolivia
2065:Environmental issues
1991:Constituent Assembly
1976:Cochabamba Water War
1946:Ă‘ancahuazĂş Guerrilla
1900:Treaty of PetrĂłpolis
1846:Battle of RĂo Grande
1714:Spanish colonization
877:10.3390/land11020268
782:10.3390/land11020268
572:Geography of Bolivia
560:Cochabamba Water War
2175:Chamber of Senators
2158:Chamber of Deputies
1734:Viceroyalty of Peru
1308:(18): 10325–10347.
708:2016PLoSO..1151241A
396:Collection services
365:habitat destruction
328:Total forest, 2013
149:
134:As reported to the
91:
33:habitat destruction
2416:Telecommunications
1951:Teoponte Guerrilla
1924:Military Socialism
1851:Litoral Department
1836:War of the Pacific
1214:has generic name (
492:
347:Endangered species
212:Chiquitano forest
147:
89:
73:
47:. As of 2015, its
2774:
2773:
2746:other territories
2628:
2627:
2595:
2594:
2434:
2433:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2309:Foreign relations
2168:Chamber President
2103:
2102:
2023:
2022:
2008:COVID-19 pandemic
1914:Revolutionary era
1907:Manuripi campaign
1802:La Paz revolution
1394:978-94-007-7087-4
1099:Weltbank (2013).
1080:978-1-4020-3774-0
582:Amazon Rainforest
528:Concession rights
341:
340:
142:
141:
2794:
2766:
2754:Falkland Islands
2668:Sovereign states
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2608:
2445:
2376:
2361:
2185:Senate President
2118:
2114:
2043:
2031:
1971:Contemporary era
1941:Operation Condor
1936:Dictatorship era
1683:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1599:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1386:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1033:World Land Trust
1024:
1011:
1010:
1000:
976:
967:
966:
954:
939:
938:
928:
926:2060/20000083958
896:
890:
889:
879:
855:
844:
843:
833:
831:2060/20000083958
801:
795:
794:
784:
760:
749:
747:
737:
719:
687:
676:
675:
665:
641:
630:
629:
617:
611:
610:
598:
280:Pantanal forest
246:Tucumano forest
150:
92:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2662:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2611:
2604:
2591:
2570:Public holidays
2565:National anthem
2506:
2430:
2386:Cement Industry
2374:
2342:
2331:Civic Community
2285:
2252:
2243:Law enforcement
2217:
2196:
2180:current members
2163:current members
2144:
2099:
2032:
2019:
1996:2009 referendum
1959:
1881:
1775:
1740:
1720:
1697:
1672:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1601:
1600:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1272:
1271:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1210:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1014:
978:
977:
970:
956:
955:
942:
898:
897:
893:
857:
856:
847:
803:
802:
798:
762:
761:
752:
702:(3): –0151241.
689:
688:
679:
643:
642:
633:
619:
618:
614:
600:
599:
595:
590:
568:
556:
519:
514:
484:
475:
439:
434:
421:
398:
390:site sanitation
386:fuel management
377:
349:
263:Flooded forest
169:
164:
159:
41:
21:illegal logging
12:
11:
5:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Stock Exchange
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Extreme points
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:Chiriguano War
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1787:Early Republic
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671: articles
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1581:
1569:
1530:
1489:
1460:
1449:lib.icimod.org
1436:
1405:
1393:
1358:
1339:
1284:
1250:
1221:
1176:
1132:
1108:
1091:
1079:
1044:
1012:
991:(2): 373–392.
968:
940:
911:(2): 127–134.
891:
845:
816:(2): 127–134.
796:
750:
677:
631:
612:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
567:
564:
555:
552:
518:
515:
513:
510:
483:
482:Climate change
480:
474:
471:
438:
435:
433:
430:
420:
417:
397:
394:
376:
373:
357:climate change
348:
345:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:Andean forest
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:Yungas forest
227:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:Amazon forest
176:
172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
153:
140:
139:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
111:
110:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
49:primary forest
40:
37:
25:climate change
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2759:French Guiana
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
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2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
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1690:
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1684:
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1679:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:1-4020-3773-2
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1240:
1239:www.coopi.org
1236:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1205:
1191:
1190:SafetyStratus
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
797:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
757:
755:
751:
745:
741:
736:
731:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
673:
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
616:
613:
608:
604:
597:
594:
587:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
563:
561:
554:Hydropolitics
553:
551:
547:
544:
538:
536:
531:
529:
525:
517:Forestry laws
516:
511:
509:
506:
501:
497:
488:
481:
479:
472:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
436:
431:
429:
427:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
404:
395:
393:
391:
387:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:deforestation
358:
354:
353:IUCN Red List
346:
344:
336:
333:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
197:
195:Chaco forest
194:
191:
190:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
167:
162:
157:
154:
152:
151:
145:
137:
132:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
87:
85:
80:
78:
69:
65:
61:
59:
58:deforestation
53:
50:
46:
39:Deforestation
38:
36:
34:
30:
29:deforestation
26:
22:
18:
2742:Dependencies
2680:
2530:Coat of arms
2520:Architecture
2480:Demographics
2381:Central Bank
2264:Armed Forces
2248:Human rights
2231:Constitution
2064:
2015:Coups d'Ă©tat
1981:Gas conflict
1964:21st century
1886:20th century
1780:19th century
1745:18th century
1725:17th century
1709:Colonial era
1702:16th century
1686:Pre-colonial
1611:
1607:
1574:, retrieved
1552:
1509:(1): 52–77.
1506:
1502:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1398:, retrieved
1374:
1352:
1342:
1325:10261/337553
1305:
1301:
1279:ResearchGate
1278:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1101:
1094:
1084:, retrieved
1062:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
988:
984:
963:ResearchGate
962:
908:
904:
894:
867:
863:
813:
809:
799:
772:
768:
699:
695:
653:
649:
625:
615:
607:ResearchGate
606:
596:
557:
548:
539:
532:
523:
520:
493:
476:
467:
444:
440:
425:
422:
407:
403:open burning
399:
378:
369:fossil fuels
350:
342:
155:Forest Type
143:
81:
74:
62:
54:
45:forest cover
42:
16:
15:
2401:Natural Gas
2368:Agriculture
2150:Legislative
2060:Departments
2003:2019 crisis
1875:Federal War
1865:Liberal Era
1693:Inca Empire
1486:(1): 33–43.
1212:|last=
543:Evo Morales
463:Mexico City
331:51,407,000
181:19,402,388
170:of Bolivia
2550:Literature
2467:Irrigation
2375:(currency)
2373:Boliviano
1759:Upper Peru
1614:: 102571.
1576:2023-11-01
1454:2023-11-07
1430:2023-11-07
1400:2023-11-09
1244:2023-11-08
1195:2023-11-08
1157:: 105234.
1126:2023-11-08
1121:World Bank
1086:2023-10-30
1038:2023-11-06
870:(2): 268.
775:(2): 268.
588:References
500:Chacaltaya
455:Cochabamba
381:World Bank
283:1,147,401
266:3,047,598
249:3,322,885
232:6,565,994
215:8,645,849
198:9,098,162
165:of forest
2731:Venezuela
2676:Argentina
2472:Languages
2457:Education
2426:Transport
2391:Companies
2297:Elections
2274:Air Force
2201:Judiciary
2121:Executive
2095:Volcanoes
2085:Provinces
2080:Mountains
2038:Geography
1919:Chaco War
1628:0959-3780
1525:1084-5453
1334:1680-7316
1171:0921-3449
1029:"Bolivia"
1027:Farrows.
1007:0102-8529
935:1469-4387
886:2073-445X
840:1469-4387
791:2073-445X
726:1932-6203
672:0378-1127
656:: 68–77.
432:Pollution
2781:Category
2721:Suriname
2711:Paraguay
2696:Colombia
2615:Category
2585:Olympics
2575:Religion
2290:Politics
2257:Military
2109:Politics
1895:Acre War
1204:cite web
744:26990865
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