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through economic incentives “that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices”, the second most common being “infrastructure investments and informative policies”. The most prominent and promising use of economic incentives are market-based measures (MBMs). The two main types of MBMs used are emission trading schemes and fuel levies. Both work through putting a price on GHG emissions providing economic incentives for taxed actors to improve their energy efficiency. However, these improvements are also accompanied by a short-term decline in industry profit. Some argue that the current use of MBMs in the EU Emission
Trading Scheme could serve as a window of opportunity to reduce GHG emissions in the shipping sector without placing an unnecessarily high burden on the shipping sector. The challenges standing in the way of this – the “allocation of emissions, carbon leakage, permit allocation, treatment of the great variety in ship type, size and usage, and transaction cost” – are however hard to overcome without global market-based economies. Others incentive-based schemes for achieving decarbonization include pricing schemes or the incentivization of “front-runner ships that implement decarbonization technologies beyond regulations”. However, evaluation of current the incentive schemes reveals that the schemes are onerous and only taken up by shipping enterprises or ports to a limited degree. Further, these incentive schemes are not specifically focused on a reduction in GHG emissions and thus do not support decarbonization.
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in the case of negotiations around taxation of shipping fuels, international agreement around uniform regulation has not been reached, resulting instead in a deadlock. Overlaps of decision-making authority between central institutions can pose similar barriers, if central norm conflicts between them are large enough – as in the case of competing principles guiding the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the IMO. The UNFCCC is guided by the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) which holds that since developed countries proportionately have contributed the most in terms of GHG emissions, they also take the largest responsibility for addressing the reduction of these emissions. The IMO in contrast is guided by principles of “non-discrimination and equal treatment and No More Favourable Treatment (NMFT) to all ships irrespective of their flag”. This has led to a conflict between central interests, since developed states support the NMFT principle, while developing states support the CBDR principle. The effect of this conflict is that we are left with no clear principle around which to regulate resulting in impeding the “legislation efficiency and consensus”.
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operate by a business-as-usual logic based on assumptions of uninterrupted growth where actors must only address “incremental challenges that can be adapted to in a piecemeal fashion”. However, the consequences of climate change might instead take place on a disruptive and uncontrollable level, “bringing starvation, destruction, migration disease and war” necessitating much more radical action. While Monios argues that the shipping industry has started to use the rhetoric of a logic of sustainability, the actions of shipping actors are still largely determined by the dominant business-as-usual logic, which block attempts at regulation from the IMO and leads to a loss of trust in and legitimacy of the system. Lastly, When MBMs become the primary means of addressing climate change at sea, Monios argues, this business-as-usual logic is strengthened, since they crowd out non-market norms and render invisible governance alternatives such as direct regulation and supply-side approaches.
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governance are still seen across different ports with the same uniform regulation underscoring the need for policy to also take local and sectoral factors into account, perhaps through tailor-made adaptation measures. The effectiveness of uniform regulation also depends on the use of MRV&E systems, which denote “technologies, policies and administrative processes that monitor, report, verify and enforce compliance with the regulations''. The current enforcement of regulations is lacking, and efforts need to be made to both “strengthen supervision and law enforcement and establish a global monitoring system”. The most common problems encountered with international shipping arise from paperwork errors and customs brokers not having the proper information about the items. Cruise ships, for example, are exempt from regulation under the US discharge permit system (NPDES, under the
2156:, much of the current regulations are considered inadequate. "In general, the treaties tend to emphasize the technical features of safety and pollution control measures without going to the root causes of sub-standard shipping, the absence of incentives for compliance and the lack of enforceability of measures." Where polycentric governance relies on positive relationships between major actors and conventions, one of the largest barriers to an effective environmental regulation of shipping arises from negative relationships between major actors and conventions, where ambiguous or overlapping jurisdictions result in a range of different issues such as a lack of effective enforcement and monitoring, inconsistent and unclear standards, and inadequate supervision resulting in blind spots in the high seas.
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prosper and ultimately to survive. Whales are starting to react to this in ways that are life-threatening. Despite sonar's military and civilian applications, it is destroying marine life. According to IFAW Animal Rescue
Program Director Katie Moore, "There's different ways that sounds can affect animals. There's that underlying ambient noise level that's rising, and rising, and rising that interferes with communication and their movement patterns. And then there's the more acute kind of traumatic impact of sound, that's causing physical damage or a really strong behavioral response. It's fight or flight".
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1980s has been characterized by intergovernmental decision-making centralized around the IMO. However, this picture has been changing since the 1980s when regional initiatives in the EU and its member states began to play a larger role, partly due to an increasing dissatisfaction with the lacking regulation and enforcement efforts of the IMO. This has led to a new synergy developing between the EU and the IMO and other regional actors, broadly characterized as a
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1208:, of which 400 or fewer remain. The greatest danger to the North Atlantic right whale is injury sustained from ship strikes. Between 1970 and 1999, 35.5% of recorded deaths were attributed to collisions. From 1999 to 2003, incidents of mortality and serious injury attributed to ship strikes averaged one per year. From 2004 to 2006, that number increased to 2.6. Deaths from collisions has become an extinction threat. The United States'
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Environment
Protection Committee (MEPC). In 2018, the industry discussed in London placing limits to cut levels from a benchmark of 2008 carbon dioxide emissions by 50% by the year 2050. Some methods of reducing emissions of the industry include lowering speeds of shipping (which can be potentially problematic for perishable goods) as well as changes to fuel standards. In 2019, international shipping organizations, including the
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engine exhaust, thus leaving a sludge that contains soot and various acidic compounds (or neutralized compounds, if alkaline substances are mixed in with the scrubbing liquid beforehand). This material can then be either treated via an on-board device (closed-loop system), or it can simply be dumped overboard (open-loop system). The discharged material can be harmful to marine life, especially in nearshore settings.
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1406:, a higher amount of nitrous oxides will be produced at higher combustion temperatures. However, other pollutants, particularly unburned or partially burnt hydrocarbons (also known as hyperfine particulates or soot), will be more common at lower combustion temperatures, so there is a trade-off between nitrogen oxides and soot.
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EC-IMO Energy
Efficiency Project. The 4-year project aims to establish Maritime Technology Cooperation Centres in 5 regions: Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America and the Pacific. Through technical assistance and capacity-building, the centres will promote the uptake of low carbon technologies
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It is expected that, (from 2004) "...shipping traffic to and from the United States is projected to double by 2020." However, many shipping companies and port operators in North
America (Canada and the United States) have adopted the Green Marine Environmental Program to limit operational impacts on
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facilities, and many ships dump their waste at sea Due to complexities of shipping trade and the difficulties involved in regulating this business, a comprehensive and generally acceptable regulatory framework on corporate responsibility for reducing GHG emissions is unlikely to be achieved soon. As
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mode of governance. The polycentric synergy of the EU and IMO has largely been driven by the active and leading role taken by the EU in both implementing and influencing IMO conventions. Four regional initiatives in this context are notable: “the use of special areas in IMO Conventions, the adoption
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Bluewater
Network, "Cruising for Trouble: Stemming the Tide of Cruise Ship Pollution," March 2000, p. 5. A report prepared for an industry group estimated that a 3,000-person cruise ship generates 1.1 million US gallons (4,200 m) of graywater during a seven-day cruise. Don K. Kim, "Cruise
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of solid waste are generated during a one-week cruise. It has been estimated that 24% of the solid waste generated by vessels worldwide (by weight) comes from cruise ships. Most cruise ship garbage is treated on board (incinerated, pulped, or ground up) for discharge overboard. When garbage must be
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in 2008. It was tasked with developing the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by the IMO's Marine
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A third option entails the use of wet scrubbers that essentially spray seawater through the exhaust column as it is pumped through a chamber. Depending on the detailed engineering-design attributes of the wet scrubber, these devices can wash out the sulfur oxides, soot and nitrogen oxides from the
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A 2016 journal article recommends that under current circumstances, it is necessary for states, the shipping industry and global organizations to explore and discuss market-based mechanisms (MBMs) for vessel-sourced GHG emissions reduction. MBMs are part of a broader category of mechanisms working
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Effective regulation of international shipping thus requires more international coordination. If states regulate emissions unilaterally, this leads to an overall increase in net emissions, whereas coordinated and uniform regulation between states reduces net emissions. However, varying patterns of
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area, and that percentage is expected to increase to 61 percent by 2015. Again, there is little cruise-industry specific data on this issue. They comprise only a small fraction of the world shipping fleet, but cruise ship emissions may exert significant impacts on a local scale in specific coastal
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One source of environmental stresses on maritime vessels recently has come from states and localities, as they assess the contribution of commercial marine vessels to regional air quality problems when ships are docked at port. For instance, large marine diesel engines are believed to contribute 7
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Further, these approaches are not without their critics. Lars
Stemmler is critical towards the attitude that both environmental and social consequences of climate change can be mitigated through “ever more efficiencies in shipping”. Jason Monios similarly argues that the shipping sector generally
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Some of the major international efforts in the form of treaties are the Marine
Pollution Treaty, Honolulu, which deals with regulating marine pollution from ships, and the UN Convention on Law of the Sea, which deals with marine species and pollution. Maritime governance from the 1950s up to the
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article on Sonic Sea
Journeys Deep into the Ocean over the last century, extremely loud noise from commercial ships, oil and gas exploration, naval sonar exercises and other sources has transformed the ocean's delicate acoustic habitat, challenging the ability of whales and other marine life to
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and dental waste. Sampling done by EPA and the state of Alaska found that untreated greywater from cruise ships can contain pollutants at variable strengths and that it can contain levels of fecal coliform bacteria several times greater than is typically found in untreated domestic wastewater.
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of water. EPA estimates that large marine diesel engines accounted for about 1.6 percent of mobile source nitrogen oxide emissions and 2.8 percent of mobile source particulate emissions in the United States in 2000. Contributions of marine diesel engines can be higher on a port-specific basis.
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contents. As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. However, bunker oil is still available, and large marine engines are able to switch between the two types simply by opening and closing the respective valves from two
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in these areas, the bilge spaces need to be flushed and periodically pumped dry. However, before a bilge can be cleared out and the water discharged, the oil that has been accumulated needs to be extracted from the bilge water, after which the extracted oil can be reused, incinerated, and/or
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materials, in particular. Greywater is typically the largest source of liquid waste generated by cruise ships (90 to 95 percent of the total). Estimates of greywater range from 110 to 320 liters per day per person, or 330,000 to 960,000 liters per day for a 3,000-person cruise ship.
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2830:"Discovery Channel's Sonic Sea Journeys Deep Into the Ocean Uncovering the Devastating Impact Man-Made Noise Has on Marine Life and What Can Be Done to Stop the Damage to These Creatures Who Are a Crucial Part of the Circle of Life – Discovery, Inc"
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Ng, Adolf K.Y.; Zhang, Huiying; Afenyo, Mawuli; Becker, Austin; Cahoon, Stephen; Chen, Shu-ling; Esteban, Miguel; Ferrari, Claudio; Lau, Yui-yip; Lee, Paul Tae-Woo; Monios, Jason; Tei, Alessio; Yang, Zaili; Acciaro, Michele (4 May 2018).
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releases yet more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. While this stream is comparatively small in relation to carbon-dioxide emissions caused by combustion of fossil fuels, it needs to be taken into account as well, as part of a complete
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material, oil and other chemicals. A typically large cruise ship will generate an average of 8 tonnes of oily bilge water for each 24 hours of operation. To maintain ship stability and eliminate potentially hazardous conditions from oil
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emission due to methane slip through the LNG supply-chain. Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide per unit volume, and is only slowly broken down in the environment by various chemical, photochemical and
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see some of the heaviest shipping traffic, which has left local officials desperately trying to clean up the air. Increasing trade between the United States and China is helping to increase the number of vessels navigating the
1534:, primarily carbon dioxide. According to the World Bank, in 2022, the shipping industry's 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions make it "the sixth largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide, ranking between Japan and Germany."
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to move a given mass of cargo a given distance, the sheer size of the industry means that it has a significant effect on the environment. The annual increasing amount of shipping overwhelms gains in efficiency, such as from
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and operations in maritime transport in the less developed countries in the respective region. This will also support the implementation of the internationally agreed energy efficiency rules and standards (EEDI and SEEMP).
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offloaded in port. If a separator, which is normally used to extract the oil, is faulty or is deliberately bypassed, untreated oily bilge water could be discharged directly into the ocean, where it can damage marine life.
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In July 2023, the IMO set a series of non-binding targets for cutting emissions, marking a significant step forward from the earlier 2018 plan. These targets, however, still fall short of complete alignment with the 2015
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in 2008, which expired in 2013. However, in 2017 an unprecedented mortality event occurred, resulting in the deaths of 17 North Atlantic right whales caused primarily from ship-strikes and entanglement in fishing gear.
1885:(GHG) intensity of ship fuel and is planning to implement the world’s first global, mandatory charge on GHG emissions by 2027. This charge is intended to incentivize the reduction of emissions across the global fleet.
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off-loaded (for example, because glass and aluminium cannot be incinerated), cruise ships can put a strain on port reception facilities, which are rarely adequate to the task of serving a large passenger vessel.
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areas that are visited repeatedly. Shipboard incinerators also burn large volumes of garbage, plastics, and other waste, producing ash that must be disposed of. Incinerators may release toxic emissions as well.
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has identified ocean noise as a potential threat to marine life. The disruption of whales' ability to communicate with one another is an extreme threat and is affecting their ability to survive. According to a
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at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste per day. With large cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be massive. For a large cruise ship, about 8
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and marine environment. Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles. One of the more widely known spills was the
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Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, cardboard, aluminium and steel cans, and plastics. It can be either non-hazardous or hazardous in nature. Solid waste that enters the ocean may become
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of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Port State Control, the development of the European Union shipping policy domain and the emergence of market-based initiatives by ports and cargo-owners”.
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A large cruise ship (3,000 passengers and crew) generates an estimated 55,000 to 110,000 liters per day of blackwater waste. The cruise line industry dumps 970,000 litres (255,000 US gal) of
1425:, carbon dioxide and water. However, both those options add cost and weight. Furthermore, the urea in diesel exhaust fluid is usually derived from fossil fuels, and therefore it is not carbon neutral.
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1143:. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, invasive, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems along with serious human health problems.
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4544:"Unilaterally removing implicit subsidies for maritime fuels: A mechanism to unilaterally tax maritime emissions while satisfying extraterritoriality, tax competition and political constraints"
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Walker TR, Adebambo O, Del Aguila Feijoo MC, Elhaimer E, Hossain T, Edwards SJ, Morrison CE, Romo J, Sharma N, Taylor S, Zomorodi S (2019). "Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation".
1155:. The noise produced by ships can travel long distances, and marine species who may rely on sound for their orientation, communication, and feeding, can be harmed by this sound pollution.
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monitoring on the smokestacks as well as recorded measuring via opacity meter while some are also using clean burning gas turbines for electrical loads and propulsion in sensitive areas.
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Other than replacing ambient air with pure oxygen or some other oxidizing agent, the only ways to significantly reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions are via passing flue gasses through a
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United Nations Environment Programme in collaboration with GEF, the University of Kalmar, the Municipality of Kalmar, Sweden, and the Governments of Sweden, Finland and Norway. (2006).
2046:, and can then pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities, and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships typically manage solid waste by a combination of
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Schrooten L, De Vlieger I, Int Panis L, Styns K, Torfs R (2008). "Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory, an activity-based emission model".
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In a recent study, the future of ship emissions has been investigated and reported that the growth of carbon dioxide emissions do not change with most common alternatives such as
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or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including
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4648:"Reconciling common but differentiated responsibilities principle and no more favourable treatment principle in regulating greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping"
1275:, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons which again leads to the formation of aerosols and secondary chemicals reactions including formations of HCHO, Ozone etc. in the atmosphere.
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US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. "Control of Emissions From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters Per Cylinder." Final rule.
1123:. Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water, which is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge
4803:"Designing a climate change policy for the international maritime transport sector: Market-based measures and technological options for global and regional policy actions"
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1506:. Ships can also have a significant impact in areas without large commercial ports: they contribute about 37 percent of total area nitrogen oxide emissions in the
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2074:, and birds can be injured or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released or disposed off of cruise ships. On average, each
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1919:. The ship ran aground and dumped a massive amount of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers and volunteers, over 400,000
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Ship Waste Dispersion Analysis Report on the Analysis of Graywater Discharge," presented to the International Council of Cruise Lines, 14 September 2000.
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goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. The IMO is also developing new regulations aiming to reduce the
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is high in sulfur and cheaper to buy compared to the fuel used for domestic land use. "A ship lets out around 50 times more sulfur than a lorry per
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3120:"Endangered Fish and Wildlife; Final Rule To Implement Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Ship Collisions With North Atlantic Right Whales"
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annex IV was brought into force September 2003 strictly limiting untreated waste discharge. Modern cruise ships are most commonly installed with a
1898:. While less frequent than the pollution that occurs from daily operations, oil spills have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life,
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1087:. The growth in tonne-kilometers of sea shipment has averaged 4 percent yearly since the 1990s, and it has grown by a factor of 5 since the 1970s.
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of the ship. Though bilge water is filtered and cleaned before being discharged, oil in even minute concentrations can kill fish or have various
4010:"The External Dimension of European Union Marine Governance: Institutional Interplay between the EU and the International Maritime Organization"
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1193:, such as whales and manatees, risk being struck by ships, causing injury and death. For example, a collision with a ship traveling at only 15
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4441:"Regulating international maritime shipping's air polluting emissions monitoring, reporting, verifying and enforcing regulatory compliance"
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Panetta, L. E. (Chair) (2003). "America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change." Electronic Version, CD. Pew Oceans Commission.
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Schrooten L, De Vlieger I, Panis LI, Chiffi C, Pastori E (December 2009). "Emissions of maritime transport: a European reference system".
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Reilly SB, Bannister JL, Best PB, Brown M, Brownell Jr RL, Butterworth DS, Clapham PJ, Cooke J, Donovan GP, Urbán J, Zerbini AN (2010).
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Some shipping companies, including large cruise shipping lines, have sometimes violated regulations by illegally bypassing the onboard
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The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business, "A Shifting Tide, Environmental Challenges and Cruise Industry Responses," p. 14.
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emissions are primarily a function of combustion temperature. As air contains over 70% nitrogen by volume, some of it will react with
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3921:"The regionalization of maritime governance: Towards a polycentric governance system for sustainable shipping in the European Union"
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Schmidt, C., & Olicker, J. (20 April 2004). World in the Balance: China Revs Up . PBS: NOVA. Retrieved 26 November 2006, from
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solution) which would have to be disposed of, adding yet further cost. In addition, calcium hydroxide commonly being produced by
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emissions goals and limits. The First Intersessional Meeting of the IMO Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions took place in
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Ward-Geiger LI, Silber GK, Baumstark RD, Pulfer TL (2005). "Characterization of Ship Traffic in Right Whale Critical Habitat".
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On a ship, oil often leaks from engine and machinery spaces or from engine maintenance activities and mixes with water in the
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and is exacerbating multiple environmental problems. To maintain the level of growth China is experiencing, large amounts of
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Vanderlaan AS, Taggart CT (2007). "Vessel Collisions with Whales: The Probability of Lethal Injury Based on Vessel Speed".
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standards), as well as adverse health effects associated with ambient concentrations of particulate matter and visibility,
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3139:"A decade of satellite observations reveal significant increase in atmospheric formaldehyde from shipping in Indian Ocean"
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4892:"Ports' role in shipping decarbonisation: A common port incentive scheme for shipping greenhouse gas emissions reduction"
4697:"Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air: A global review and taxonomy of policies, incentives and measures"
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In 2016, the IMO adopted new sulfur-emissions regulations for implementation by larger ships beginning in January 2020.
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has a 79% chance of being lethal to a whale. Ship collisions may be one of the leading causes of population decline for
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Walker TR (April 2016). "Green Marine: An environmental program to establish sustainability in marine transportation".
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The Ocean Conservancy, "Cruise Control, A Report on How Cruise Ships Affect the Marine Environment," May 2002. - PDF
1347:. According to Irene Blooming, a spokeswoman for the European environmental coalition Seas at Risk, the fuel used in
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bioreactors which produce near drinkable quality effluent to be re-used in the machinery spaces as technical water.
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is commonly employed. However, this would add weight and cost on ships and produce a further waste stream (usually
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Christodoulou, Anastasia; Gonzalez-Aregall, Marta; Linde, Tobias; Vierth, Inge; Cullinane, Kevin (18 March 2019).
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Of total global air emissions, marine shipping accounts for 18 to 30 percent of the nitrogen oxides and 9% of the
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4246:"Modeling the effects of unilateral and uniform emission regulations under shipping company and port competition"
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Zhang, Shuanghong; Chen, Jihong; Wan, Zheng; Yu, Mingzhu; Shu, Yaqing; Tan, Zhijia; Liu, Jiaguo (November 2021).
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Greywater has potential to cause adverse environmental effects because of concentrations of nutrients and other
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1982:, laundry, and cleaning activities aboard a ship. It can contain a variety of pollutant substances, including
1951:, and harmful nutrients. Discharges of untreated or inadequately treated sewage can cause bacterial and viral
1825:, proposed creating a $ 5 billion fund to support the research and technology necessary to cut GHG emissions.
4998:"Deep adaptation to climate change in the maritime transport sector – a new paradigm for maritime economics?"
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5047:"Competing institutional logics and institutional erosion in environmental governance of maritime transport"
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In inland-waters-based applications where sulfur cannot (fully) be removed from the fuel before combustion (
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4207:"Challenges and countermeasures for international ship waste management: IMO, China, United States, and EU"
2589:"Regulating global shipping corporations' accountability for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the seas"
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Ewan McGaughey, 'Liability for climate damage and shipping' in S Baughan, B Soyer and A Tettenborn (eds),
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3572:"Bold global action needed to decarbonize shipping and ensure a just transition: UNCTAD report | UNCTAD"
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4842:"The Greening of Ports: A Comparison of Port Management Tools Used by Leading Ports in Asia and Europe"
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2129:" have been prosecuted and resulted in large fines, but in other countries enforcement has been mixed.
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3138:
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2765:"Behavioral plasticity in larval reef fish: Orientation is influenced by recent acoustic experiences"
2600:
2523:
2422:
2255:
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1414:
1152:
427:
160:
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5342:
International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004
4529:
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2387:
2352:
2022:
1948:
1410:
762:
707:
672:
598:
525:
475:
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112:
5096:"The Moral Limits of Market-Based Mechanisms: An Application to the International Maritime Sector"
4841:
2465:
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17:
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2392:
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2012:
1851:
1120:
996:
757:
633:
395:
177:
117:
87:
36:
2896:"Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world's largest fish, the whale shark"
4593:"Analysis of the governance architecture to regulate GHG emissions from international shipping"
3365:
2686:"The (non-) taxation of international aviation and maritime fuels: Anomalies and possibilities"
2125:
and discharging untreated oily wastewater. In the US these violations by means of a so-called "
7612:
7472:
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172:
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77:
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4532:
Web Archives. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
3601:
7718:
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7457:
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7277:
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7191:
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3420:
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3123:
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2531:
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2153:
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1987:
1979:
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905:
802:
742:
628:
581:
530:
490:
465:
450:
432:
407:
347:
232:
182:
4746:"Bunker levy schemes for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction in international shipping"
2742:
Human Noise Pollution in Ocean Can Lead Fish Away from Good Habitats and Off to Their Death
2256:
MRV Monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions from large ships using EU ports
7420:
7330:
7296:
7181:
7135:
7061:
6988:
6908:
6811:
6753:
6608:
6428:
6343:
6101:
6018:
5998:
5978:
5878:
5727:
5365:
5358:
4522:
3786:
2630:, Final Report. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Univ. of Manchester, UK. 2014.
2417:
2161:
2066:
typically is discharged at sea, although some is landed ashore for disposal or recycling.
1983:
1878:
1803:
1461:
1453:
1391:
are being shipped to China. The numbers of shipments are expected to continue increasing.
1272:
1159:
1068:
1056:
690:
650:
520:
485:
417:
357:
285:
222:
122:
4326:"Governing shipping externalities: Baltic ports in the process of SOx emission reduction"
5248:
5164:
5062:
4956:
4907:
4818:
4761:
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4608:
4456:
4401:
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3101:
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6837:
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6128:
6023:
5923:
5851:
5128:
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4009:
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2407:
2169:
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1807:
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1352:
1304:
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1264:
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1008:
812:
712:
667:
660:
655:
412:
107:
5219:(Report). Washington, D.C.: US Congressional Research Service. RL32450. Archived from
4941:"Shipping and a "Great Transformation"—some remarks for a new sustainability paradigm"
3194:
2338:
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
2198:
1287:. The agency recognizes that these emissions from marine diesel engines contribute to
7746:
7487:
7388:
7174:
7103:
6875:
6623:
6487:
6338:
6296:
6246:
6111:
6066:
6046:
5868:
5643:
5272:
5080:
5031:
4982:
4925:
4873:
4787:
4730:
4681:
4632:
4592:
4577:
4482:
4425:
4369:
3991:
3823:
Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans; Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea
3432:
3170:
2880:
2497:
2427:
2372:
2067:
2043:
1995:
1395:
1308:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1190:
1116:
1084:
1064:
1052:
827:
317:
312:
307:
65:
5172:
4386:"Port Decision Maker Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Climate Adaptation Actions"
4230:
4041:
3944:
3475:
3056:
3003:
2535:
2152:
While plenty of local and international regulations have been introduced throughout
1218:
vessel speed restrictions to reduce ship collisions with North Atlantic right whales
7508:
7482:
7462:
7286:
7249:
7213:
6849:
6796:
6672:
6628:
6613:
6542:
6423:
6241:
5804:
5799:
5787:
5747:
5732:
5420:
5325:
5071:
5046:
3865:"The $ 40m 'magic pipe': Princess Cruises given record fine for dumping oil at sea"
3467:
3424:
3154:
2551:
2326:
2138:
2059:
2018:
1968:
1817:
1446:
1332:
1198:
860:
822:
807:
638:
603:
548:
267:
127:
5375:
5014:
4997:
4465:
4440:
4409:
1963:
beds, producing risks to public health. Nutrients in sewage, such as nitrogen and
5231:
Becker, Austin; Ng, Adolf K.Y.; McEvoy, Darryn; Mullett, Jane (8 February 2018).
4857:
4672:
4647:
4119:
4096:"Regulating GHG Emissions from shipping: Local, global, or polycentric approach?"
4080:
3983:
2613:
2588:
1518:
Annex VI came into force to combat this problem. As such cruise ships now employ
7445:
7440:
7125:
7120:
7091:
7056:
7029:
6559:
6236:
5918:
5873:
5742:
5715:
5232:
4916:
4891:
4826:
4523:
Challenges to international waters: regional assessments in a global perspective
4190:
Vessel-source marine pollution: the law and politics of international regulation
3313:
2412:
1991:
1863:
1469:
1403:
1367:
1340:
1317:
1292:
1229:
1194:
1151:
Noise pollution caused by shipping and other human enterprises has increased in
782:
480:
460:
97:
5281:"The First Wave A blueprint for commercial-scale zero-emission shipping pilots"
5111:
4965:
4940:
4301:
4284:
4148:
Bloor, Michael; Baker, Susan; Sampson, Helen; Dahlgren, Katrin (24 July 2015).
3403:
Liu J, Duru O (2020). "Bayesian probabilistic forecasting for ship emissions".
2900:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7622:
7239:
6554:
6547:
6530:
6515:
6408:
6261:
5983:
4769:
4713:
4696:
4616:
4560:
4543:
4269:
3730:"How the Shipping Industry Is Trying to Cut Its Billion Tons of CO2 Emissions"
3048:
2964:
Taylor S, Walker TR (November 2017). "North Atlantic right whales in danger".
2641:"Fuel charges in international aviation and shipping: How high; how; and why?"
2126:
2071:
1964:
1936:
1924:
1895:
1379:
1348:
1284:
1124:
832:
588:
92:
5264:
5119:
5023:
4974:
4865:
4722:
4624:
4569:
4474:
4445:
Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping
4417:
4361:
4310:
4175:
4033:
3162:
7551:
7503:
7477:
7425:
7259:
7221:
6971:
6961:
6633:
6495:
6470:
6418:
6373:
6348:
6286:
6106:
5752:
4342:
4325:
3343:
2987:
2920:
2781:
2764:
2397:
2165:
2105:
2055:
2008:
1972:
1960:
1952:
1903:
1375:
1336:
1300:
900:
855:
817:
767:
702:
608:
72:
44:
5180:
5137:
2995:
2947:
2543:
3884:"Magic Pipe: The Mystery of the Illegal Activity Still Continues on Ships"
2804:, UN Environment Programme-Convention on Migratory Species, archived from
1339:
which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled, sulfur is known to cause
1176:
7196:
7140:
6801:
6650:
6618:
5638:
4025:
3705:
1940:
1920:
1907:
1422:
1256:
1140:
272:
4352:
4166:
4149:
4128:
3676:"Ship industry proposes $ 5 billion research fund to help cut emissions"
2929:
2567:"Climate impact of shipping under growing scrutiny ahead of key meeting"
7157:
6660:
6638:
6525:
6520:
5933:
5883:
5663:
5214:
Cruise Ship Pollution: Background, Laws and Regulations, and Key Issues
1956:
1441:
1384:
1371:
1204:
One notable example of the impact of ship collisions is the endangered
5233:"Implications of climate change for shipping: Ports and supply chains"
3701:"Climate change: Shipping agrees net-zero goal but critics chide deal"
7561:
7541:
7435:
7110:
6603:
5757:
4283:
Dong, Junjie; Zeng, Jia; Yang, Yanbin; Wang, Hua (22 November 2022).
3137:
Gopikrishnan, G. S.; Kuttippurath, Jayanarayanan (30 November 2020).
1916:
1862:
This includes the practice of lowering or limiting the combustion of
1515:
1399:
1321:
1252:
1132:
910:
890:
797:
787:
495:
5256:
6194:
4597:
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics
4250:
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review
2164:) that requires compliance with technology-based standards. In the
7571:
7513:
6854:
6786:
6684:
6576:
4244:
Sheng, Dian; Li, Zhi-Chun; Fu, Xiaowen; Gillen, David (May 2017).
3831:
2114:
2093:
1944:
1488:
1388:
1356:
1288:
1175:
1136:
1128:
1107:
920:
865:
257:
4890:
Alamoush, Anas S.; Ölçer, Aykut I.; Ballini, Fabio (March 2022).
4150:"Enforcement Issues in the Governance of Ships' Carbon Emissions"
1394:
In contrast to sulfur emissions (which depend on the fuel used),
7546:
6667:
6655:
6571:
4945:
Sustainability Management Forum | NachhaltigkeitsManagementForum
4324:
Gritsenko, Daria; Yliskylä-Peuralahti, Johanna (December 2013).
1519:
1418:
1296:
895:
142:
137:
102:
6443:
6198:
5379:
3286:"Health risks of shipping pollution have been 'underestimated'"
3260:"Shipping industry sails into unknown with new pollution rules"
2763:
Simpson SD, Meekan MG, Larsen NJ, McCauley RD, Jeffs A (2010).
2104:
chronic effects. Bilge water also may contain solid wastes and
2025:
type treatment plant for all blackwater and greywater, such as
1939:
from toilets and medical facilities, which can contain harmful
2193:
2080:
1091:
5331:
2240:
EU Reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions from the shipping sector
6439:
3366:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3109_worldbal.html
1906:, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the
4285:"A review of law and policy on decarbonization of shipping"
3234:"Factbox: IMO 2020 - a major shake-up for oil and shipping"
2684:
Keen, Michael; Parry, Ian; Strand, Jon (9 September 2014).
1802:
Although the industry was not a focus of attention of the
1421:
reacts with the nitrous oxides in the flue gas to produce
1186:
Santa Barbara Channel § Risk of ship-whale collisions
4750:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
1291:
and carbon monoxide nonattainment (i.e., failure to meet
1236:, both for conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases.
5328:- Shipping Industry Guidance on Environmental Compliance
5300:"Charting a Course for Decarbonizing Maritime Transport"
3650:"The shipping industry attempts to cap carbon emissions"
5370:
3960:"Regulation of ship-source pollution in the Baltic Sea"
2209:
5359:
CO2 emissions calculator for transporting cargo by sea
4840:
Lam, Jasmine Siu Lee; Notteboom, Theo (4 March 2014).
2304:
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan
1796:, offshore ships and service and miscellaneous ships.
1119:
discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the
4744:
Kosmas, Vasileios; Acciaro, Michele (December 2017).
4008:
van Leeuwen, Judith; Kern, Kristine (February 2013).
3767:
EPA Draft Discharge Assessment Report, pp. 3-5 - 3-6.
2363:
International Association of Classification Societies
1971:, which consumes oxygen in the water and can lead to
1538:
CO2 Emissions Distribution by Vessel Type, 2012–2023
1498:
percent of mobile source nitrogen oxide emissions in
1094:
privileges has contributed to the growing emissions.
5199:
Disruptive Technologies, Climate Change and Shipping
4996:
Monios, Jason; Wilmsmeier, Gordon (2 October 2020).
7631:
7580:
7529:
7496:
7329:
7268:
7230:
7212:
7012:
6947:
6884:
6810:
6779:
6744:
6728:
6693:
6486:
6032:
5820:
5483:
5413:
4801:Miola, A.; Marra, M.; Ciuffo, B. (September 2011).
2959:
2957:
2058:. However, as much as 75 percent of solid waste is
1464:if flue gases are scrubbed by being passed through
1160:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
1112:
A cargo ship discharging ballast water into the sea
1402:during combustion. Given that those reactions are
5286:. Energy Transitions Commission. 11 November 2020
4503:. Blue Bell, PA: CLX Logistics. 11 September 2015
2723:"Noise could sound the death knell of ocean fish"
2314:Regulation of ship pollution in the United States
1978:Greywater is wastewater from the sinks, showers,
1894:Most commonly associated with ship pollution are
3815:
3813:
3775:
3773:
3527:"Charting global shipping's path to zero carbon"
2011:and 110,000 litres (30,000 US gal) of
1530:Maritime transport accounts for about 3% of all
3525:Kersing, Arjen; Stone, Matt (25 January 2022).
3504:"Infrastructure Podcast; Decarbonized Shipping"
2348:Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef
1214:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4057:"Climate strategy in the balance who decides?"
3826:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
3550:"Three pathways to shipping's decarbonization"
2692:. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
1866:for power and propulsion to limit emission of
6455:
6210:
5391:
2582:
2580:
1067:. Ships are responsible for more than 18% of
1028:
8:
3087:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41712A17084065.en
2509:
2507:
1854:by or around 2050, which is the goal of the
5326:Maritime International Secretariat Services
5045:Monios, Jason; Ng, Adolf K.Y. (June 2021).
4548:International Economics and Economic Policy
3308:
3306:
3182:
3180:
1927:, and immense numbers of fish were killed.
1104:Ballast water discharge and the environment
6462:
6448:
6440:
6217:
6203:
6195:
5398:
5384:
5376:
4779:10398/3d831fba-f595-40ad-9991-f0077630f0c9
3754:
3752:
3750:
2705:"Dumping into the Ocean | #TheOutlawOcean"
2299:Cruise ship pollution in the United States
1417:treatment, whereby an aqueous solution of
1343:problems and even increases the risk of a
1090:The fact that shipping enjoys substantial
1035:
1021:
925:
51:
31:
5909:Environmental issues in the United States
5127:
5070:
5013:
4964:
4915:
4777:
4712:
4671:
4559:
4542:Heine, Dirk; Gäde, Susanne (April 2018).
4464:
4351:
4341:
4300:
4165:
4127:
3333:
3331:
3085:
3038:
2937:
2919:
2894:Womersley, Freya C.; et al. (2022).
2780:
2612:
5894:Effects of climate change on agriculture
4497:"4 Challenges in International Shipping"
3904:. Oxford University Press Inc. New York.
3902:Globalization: A Very Short Introduction
1788:The group “other” includes vehicles and
1536:
1180:Carcass of a whale on a shore in Iceland
7603:Pollutant release and transfer register
4192:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
3258:Fletcher, Philippa (12 December 2019).
2745:, University of Bristol, 13 August 2010
2472:World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation
2445:
1975:and destruction of other aquatic life.
1232:from ships are a significant source of
964:
928:
43:
5899:Effects of climate change on livestock
3624:"IMO targets greenhouse gas emissions"
3379:"A Guide To Scrubber Systems On Ships"
2852:
2850:
2587:Rahim MM, Islam MT, Kuruppu S (2016).
2273:Merchant Shipping (Pollution) Act 2006
1986:, detergents, oil and grease, metals,
1848:greenhouse gas emissions from shipping
1259:, also known as bunker oil, producing
5212:Copeland, Claudia (6 February 2008).
4885:
4883:
4200:
4198:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4003:
4001:
3919:van Leeuwen, Judith (November 2015).
3914:
3912:
3910:
3882:Kantharia, Raunek (24 October 2019).
3102:"Shipping threat to endangered whale"
7:
7693:
6934:Electromagnetic radiation and health
6399:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
6153:
6009:Tropical cyclones and climate change
4439:Brewer, Thomas L. (2 October 2021).
2516:The Science of the Total Environment
2245:EU Sustainable Shipping Forum (ESSF)
1493:Cruise ship haze over Juneau, Alaska
1281:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1060:
7709:
7701:
6792:Radium and radon in the environment
6042:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
5094:Monios, Jason (21 September 2022).
3674:Saul, Jonathan (18 December 2019).
3232:Saul, Jonathan (13 December 2019).
3077:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2565:Kaminski, Isabella (22 June 2023).
2289:Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships
1856:International Maritime Organization
1440:(LNG) as well as growing volume of
263:Radium and radon in the environment
4896:Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain
3820:National Research Council (1995).
3490:"Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study 2020"
3208:"New sulfur regulations from 2020"
2480:10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9
1316:(ULSD) is a standard for defining
25:
18:Environmental issues with shipping
5689:pharmaceuticals and personal care
5354:Ecological facts on ballast water
4094:Gritsenko, Daria (October 2017).
4055:Prehn, Michael (September 2021).
3958:Ringbom, Henrik (December 2018).
2703:Urbina, Ian (25 September 2019).
2343:Environmental impact of transport
1823:International Chamber of Shipping
1362:Cities in the United States like
1210:National Marine Fisheries Service
7753:Environmental impact of shipping
7727:
7717:
7708:
7700:
7692:
7680:
7679:
6272:Environmental impact of shipping
6164:
6163:
6152:
5840:decline in amphibian populations
5545:Deforestation and climate change
5002:Maritime Policy & Management
2881:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00098.x
2798:Noise Pollution and Ship-Strikes
2197:
1900:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1834:This section is an excerpt from
1049:environmental impact of shipping
1002:
990:
6506:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5974:Land surface effects on climate
5431:Environmental impact assessment
5407:Human impact on the environment
5173:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.029
4231:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105836
3945:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.013
3377:Sargun, Sethi (22 March 2021).
2536:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.037
2235:Cruise ship pollution in Europe
2076:cruise ship passenger generates
1325:different on-board fuel tanks.
83:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
5348:Cruise Ship Pollution Overview
5072:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103114
5051:Journal of Transport Geography
4591:Hackmann, Bernd (March 2012).
4211:Ocean & Coastal Management
3925:Ocean & Coastal Management
3598:"Working Group Oslo June 2008"
3468:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.071
3425:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117540
3155:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118095
952:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
6994:Electrical resistance heating
5845:decline in insect populations
5015:10.1080/03088839.2020.1752947
4466:10.1080/25725084.2021.2006464
4410:10.1080/08920753.2018.1451731
4014:Global Environmental Politics
3728:Wittels, Jack (20 May 2024).
3548:Raucci, Carlo (6 June 2019).
3314:"EU faces ship clean-up call"
1846:is an ongoing goal to reduce
1810:and the IMO have discussed CO
423:Electrical resistance heating
6646:Persistent organic pollutant
4939:Stemmler, Lars (June 2020).
4858:10.1080/01441647.2014.891162
4673:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104317
4120:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.07.010
4081:10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104621
3984:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.09.004
3284:Vidal, John (9 April 2009).
2647:. World Bank. 17 April 2013.
2614:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.018
2383:Maritime environmental crime
2368:List of environmental issues
1541:
1335:. Sulfur in the air creates
1080:most energy-efficient method
133:Persistent organic pollutant
7656:Least polluted cities by PM
6282:Fish diseases and parasites
4917:10.1016/j.clscn.2021.100021
4827:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.05.013
4646:Chen, Yuli (January 2021).
4289:Frontiers in Marine Science
3626:. IMO. 2020. Archived from
3600:. IMO. 2008. Archived from
3506:. World Bank. 16 March 2022
2294:American Bureau of Shipping
1844:decarbonization of shipping
1836:Decarbonization of shipping
1829:Decarbonization of shipping
1549:Dry bulk and general cargo
1320:with substantially lowered
1279:has been classified by the
1247:from ships is generated by
7774:
7598:Pollution haven hypothesis
7521:Brain health and pollution
6759:Ecological light pollution
6589:Internal combustion engine
5112:10.1007/s10551-022-05256-1
5100:Journal of Business Ethics
4966:10.1007/s00550-020-00499-w
4302:10.3389/fmars.2022.1076352
2268:Merchant Shipping Act 1995
2136:
2108:containing high levels of
1902:(PAHs), the components in
1833:
1206:North Atlantic right whale
1183:
1101:
7677:
7401:Nonpoint source pollution
7321:War and environmental law
6680:Volatile organic compound
6477:
6354:Nonpoint source pollution
6232:
6147:
6082:Environmental engineering
5929:Environmental degradation
5706:fishing down the food web
5153:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4770:10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.010
4714:10.1108/MABR-08-2018-0030
4617:10.1007/s10784-011-9155-9
4561:10.1007/s10368-017-0410-6
4528:29 September 2006 at the
4270:10.1016/j.tre.2017.03.004
4188:Khee-Jin Tan, A. (2006).
3049:10.1080/08920750590951965
2729:. London. 15 August 2010.
2334:(technical standards NGO)
2309:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
2168:, many ports lack proper
2096:, the lowest part of the
1994:, nutrients, food waste,
1787:
1508:Santa Barbara, California
678:War and environmental law
298:Health effects from noise
148:Volatile organic compound
6860:Marine mammals and sonar
6771:Radio spectrum pollution
6389:Plastic pellet pollution
6087:Environmental mitigation
5944:Greenhouse gas emissions
5904:Environmental insecurity
4701:Maritime Business Review
2133:International regulation
2015:into the sea every day.
1532:greenhouse gas emissions
1526:Greenhouse gas emissions
1283:(EPA) as a likely human
1073:greenhouse gas emissions
303:Marine mammals and sonar
7706:WikiProject Environment
7664:Most polluted countries
7608:Polluter pays principle
7339:Agricultural wastewater
6257:Cultural eutrophication
6134:Sustainable consumption
5475:Social ecology (ethics)
5371:The Global MTCC Network
4343:10.1186/2212-9790-12-10
3854:"Shifting Tide," p. 16.
3785:29 October 2013 at the
3552:. Global Maritime Forum
3448:Atmospheric Environment
3405:Atmospheric Environment
3143:Atmospheric Environment
2988:10.1126/science.aar2402
2921:10.1073/pnas.2117440119
2834:corporate.discovery.com
1485:Localized air pollution
1434:Ultra-low sulfur diesel
1314:Ultra-low sulfur diesel
1240:Conventional pollutants
1078:Although ships are the
778:Freshwater salinization
698:Agricultural wastewater
57:Container ships in port
7724:Environment portal
6957:Agricultural pollution
6394:Point source pollution
6077:Ecological engineering
5857:runaway climate change
5332:GloBallast partnership
3900:Steger, M. B. (2003).
3108:. BBC. 28 August 2001.
2628:High Seas, High Stakes
2378:Marine fuel management
2332:Classification society
2206:This section is empty.
1935:Blackwater is sewage,
1790:roll-on/roll-off ships
1504:New Orleans, Louisiana
1494:
1181:
1113:
1071:pollution, and 3% of
997:Environment portal
7379:Industrial wastewater
7245:Clutter (advertising)
7153:Municipal solid waste
6999:Soil guideline values
6843:Sustainable transport
6736:Information pollution
6536:Open burning of waste
5460:List of global issues
5364:9 August 2020 at the
3212:marine-electronics.eu
3072:"Eubalaena glacialis"
2860:Marine Mammal Science
2782:10.1093/beheco/arq117
2433:Zero emission vehicle
2358:Hydrogen-powered ship
2137:Further information:
1913:Exxon Valdez incident
1492:
1479:life-cycle assessment
1438:liquified natural gas
1225:Atmospheric pollution
1179:
1111:
738:Industrial wastewater
506:Municipal solid waste
428:Soil guideline values
7651:Most polluted cities
7344:Biological pollution
7255:Overhead power lines
6404:Silver nanoparticles
6062:Community resilience
5862:in the United States
5830:Biodiversity threats
5503:cannabis cultivation
5470:Planetary boundaries
5436:Environmental issues
5426:Ecological footprint
5237:WIREs Climate Change
5226:on 17 December 2008.
4026:10.1162/GLEP_a_00154
2474:. pp. 505–530.
2423:Wind-powered vehicle
2123:oily water separator
1967:, promote excessive
1949:intestinal parasites
1860:an initial strategy.
1806:signed in 2016, the
1804:Paris Climate Accord
1415:diesel exhaust fluid
1359:of cargo carried."
947:Most polluted cities
599:Overhead power lines
7714:WikiProject Ecology
7411:Ocean acidification
7316:Unexploded ordnance
7187:Post-consumer waste
7047:Foam food container
7025:Biodegradable waste
6599:Global distillation
6369:Ocean deoxygenation
6364:Ocean acidification
6124:Restoration ecology
6057:Climate engineering
5994:Ocean acidification
5984:Loss of green belts
5954:Holocene extinction
5949:Habitat destruction
5624:Environmental crime
5249:2018WIRCC...9E.508B
5165:2016MarPB.105..199W
5063:2021JTGeo..9403114M
4957:2020SMFor..28...29S
4908:2022CLSC....300021A
4819:2011EnPol..39.5490M
4762:2017TRPD...57..195K
4664:2021MarPo.12304317C
4609:2012IEAPL..12...85H
4530:Library of Congress
4457:2021JIMSE...5..196B
4402:2018CoasM..46..148N
4262:2017TRPE..101...99S
4223:2021OCM...21305836Z
4167:10.3390/laws4030335
4112:2017MarPo..84..130G
4073:2021MarPo.13104621P
3976:2018MarPo..98..246R
3937:2015OCM...117...23V
3890:. Bangalore, India.
3578:. 27 September 2023
3460:2008AtmEn..42..667S
3417:2020AtmEn.23117540L
3031:2005CoasM..33..263W
2980:2017Sci...358..730T
2912:2022PNAS..11917440W
2906:(20): e2117440119.
2873:2007MMamS..23..144V
2665:on 17 December 2018
2605:2016MarPo..69..159R
2528:2009ScTEn.408..318S
2388:Mobility transition
2353:GREEN Cell Shipping
2023:membrane bioreactor
1858:(IMO). The IMO has
1539:
1411:catalytic converter
1172:Wildlife collisions
763:Ocean acidification
673:Unexploded ordnance
594:Advertising clutter
526:Post-consumer waste
471:Foam food container
456:Biodegradable waste
113:Global distillation
7734:Ecology portal
7618:Waste minimisation
7593:Industrial ecology
7588:Cleaner production
7406:Nutrient pollution
7283:Herbicidal warfare
7077:Construction waste
6713:Introduced species
6584:Indoor air quality
6511:Chlorofluorocarbon
6359:Nutrient pollution
6252:Aquatic toxicology
6139:Waste minimization
6097:Mitigation banking
6092:Industrial ecology
6052:Cleaner production
6004:Resource depletion
5540:Corporate behavior
5498:animal agriculture
4501:CLX Logistics Blog
4390:Coastal Management
3871:. 2 December 2016.
3126:. 10 October 2008.
3019:Coastal Management
2769:Behavioral Ecology
2403:Particle (ecology)
2393:North Pacific Gyre
2062:on board, and the
2052:waste minimization
1537:
1495:
1458:flue gas scrubbing
1216:(NOAA) introduced
1182:
1121:marine environment
1114:
1009:Ecology portal
634:Herbicidal warfare
178:Introduced species
118:Indoor air quality
88:Chlorofluorocarbon
7740:
7739:
7613:Pollution control
7293:Nuclear holocaust
7202:Thermal treatment
7170:Plastic pollution
7087:Mercury poisoning
7040:Battery recycling
6939:Radioactive waste
6708:Genetic pollution
6703:Biological hazard
6501:Air quality index
6437:
6436:
6292:Friendly Floatees
6192:
6191:
6014:Water degradation
5889:Ecological crisis
5835:biodiversity loss
5634:Industrialisation
5619:Genetic pollution
5465:Impact assessment
4846:Transport Reviews
3841:978-0-309-17677-4
3734:www.bloomberg.com
2489:978-0-12-805052-1
2284:the environment.
2226:
2225:
1988:organic compounds
1800:
1799:
1474:calcium carbonate
1466:calcium hydroxide
1271:, in addition to
1165:Discovery Channel
1045:
1044:
980:
979:
646:Nuclear holocaust
569:Urban heat island
383:Radioactive waste
168:Biological hazard
78:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
7765:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7722:
7721:
7712:
7711:
7704:
7703:
7696:
7695:
7683:
7682:
7557:Legacy pollution
7416:Oil exploitation
7278:Chemical warfare
7192:Waste management
7099:Industrial waste
7067:Biomedical waste
7035:Electronic waste
7020:Advertising mail
7004:Phytoremediation
6979:Land degradation
6764:Overillumination
6718:Invasive species
6464:
6457:
6450:
6441:
6334:Invasive species
6226:Marine pollution
6219:
6212:
6205:
6196:
6167:
6166:
6156:
6155:
5989:Phosphorus cycle
5969:Land consumption
5964:Land degradation
5939:Freshwater cycle
5738:Overexploitation
5711:marine pollution
5518:cocoa production
5400:
5393:
5386:
5377:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5276:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5185:
5184:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5017:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4968:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4813:(9): 5490–5498.
4798:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4716:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4563:
4539:
4533:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4468:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4355:
4345:
4330:Maritime Studies
4321:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4202:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4005:
3996:
3995:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3916:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3817:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3339:"Ship Pollution"
3335:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3204:
3198:
3188:Federal Register
3184:
3175:
3174:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3124:Federal Register
3116:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3042:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2974:(6364): 730–31.
2961:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2923:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2775:(5): 1098–1105.
2760:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2661:. Archived from
2655:
2649:
2648:
2645:World Bank Blogs
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2467:
2221:
2218:
2208:You can help by
2201:
2194:
2185:Issues by region
2154:maritime history
2110:oxygen-demanding
2048:source reduction
2001:oxygen-demanding
1540:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1006:
1005:
995:
994:
926:
629:Chemical warfare
531:Waste management
491:Industrial waste
466:Electronic waste
451:Advertising mail
433:Phytoremediation
408:Land degradation
348:Depleted uranium
233:Overillumination
183:Invasive species
55:
32:
21:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7758:Ocean pollution
7743:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7728:
7726:
7716:
7673:
7659:
7627:
7576:
7525:
7492:
7431:Pharmaceuticals
7421:Oil exploration
7325:
7297:Nuclear fallout
7264:
7226:
7208:
7182:Packaging waste
7136:Deep sea mining
7062:Hazardous waste
7008:
6989:Open defecation
6943:
6909:Nuclear fallout
6904:Nuclear fission
6880:
6806:
6775:
6746:Electromagnetic
6740:
6724:
6689:
6609:Ozone depletion
6482:
6473:
6468:
6438:
6433:
6429:Water pollution
6344:Mercury in fish
6228:
6223:
6193:
6188:
6143:
6102:Organic farming
6028:
6019:Water pollution
5999:Ozone depletion
5979:Loss and damage
5879:Desertification
5816:
5728:Overconsumption
5649:cleaning agents
5550:Energy industry
5513:meat production
5479:
5409:
5404:
5366:Wayback Machine
5322:
5309:
5307:
5306:. 23 April 2021
5304:World Bank Live
5298:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5257:10.1002/wcc.508
5230:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5205:) ch 13 and on
5194:
5192:Further reading
5189:
5188:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5044:
5043:
5039:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4147:
4146:
4137:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3787:Wayback Machine
3778:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3630:on 8 March 2023
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3185:
3178:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3040:10.1.1.170.1740
3016:
3015:
3011:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2811:on 22 July 2011
2808:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2659:"Fuel taxation"
2657:
2656:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2469:
2468:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2418:Wave power ship
2322:
2281:
2264:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2192:
2187:
2162:Clean Water Act
2141:
2135:
2090:
2039:
1984:fecal coliforms
1933:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1879:Paris Agreement
1873:
1839:
1831:
1815:
1814:
1794:passenger ships
1528:
1487:
1462:calcium sulfate
1454:desulfurization
1353:container ships
1301:acid deposition
1273:carbon monoxide
1251:that burn high
1242:
1227:
1188:
1174:
1149:
1147:Sound pollution
1106:
1100:
1069:nitrogen oxides
1057:water pollution
1041:
1003:
1001:
989:
982:
981:
881:
873:
872:
846:
838:
837:
773:Pharmaceuticals
753:Nonpoint source
693:
683:
682:
651:Nuclear fallout
624:
614:
613:
584:
574:
573:
564:
554:
553:
544:
536:
535:
521:Packaging waste
486:Hazardous waste
446:
438:
437:
398:
388:
387:
358:Nuclear fallout
353:Nuclear fission
333:
323:
322:
288:
278:
277:
253:
245:
244:
218:
216:Electromagnetic
208:
207:
198:
190:
189:
163:
153:
152:
123:Ozone depletion
68:
58:
28:
27:Ocean pollution
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7771:
7769:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7745:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7646:Law by country
7643:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7468:Surface runoff
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7443:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7354:Eutrophication
7351:
7346:
7341:
7335:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7311:Scorched earth
7308:
7305:nuclear winter
7301:nuclear famine
7290:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7236:
7234:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7146:Uranium mining
7143:
7138:
7133:
7131:Surface mining
7128:
7123:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Lead poisoning
7079:
7074:
7072:Chemical waste
7069:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6984:Bioremediation
6981:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6953:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6899:Bioremediation
6896:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:Transportation
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6594:Global dimming
6591:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6565:Diesel exhaust
6557:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6444:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6414:Surface runoff
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6312:North Atlantic
6309:
6304:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:Eutrophication
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6199:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6160:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6129:Sustainability
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6024:Water scarcity
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Nitrogen cycle
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5924:Forest dieback
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5852:Climate change
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5826:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5669:nanotechnology
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5453:on marine life
5445:
5444:
5443:
5441:list of issues
5433:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5329:
5321:
5320:External links
5318:
5317:
5316:
5296:
5277:
5228:
5209:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5159:(1): 199–207.
5143:
5106:(2): 283–299.
5086:
5037:
5008:(7): 853–872.
4988:
4951:(1–2): 29–37.
4931:
4879:
4852:(2): 169–189.
4832:
4793:
4736:
4687:
4638:
4583:
4554:(2): 523–545.
4534:
4514:
4488:
4451:(4): 196–207.
4431:
4396:(3): 148–175.
4375:
4316:
4275:
4236:
4194:
4181:
4160:(3): 335–351.
4135:
4086:
4047:
3997:
3950:
3906:
3893:
3888:Marine Insight
3874:
3856:
3847:
3840:
3809:
3799:
3790:
3769:
3760:
3746:
3720:
3692:
3666:
3641:
3615:
3604:on 7 July 2009
3589:
3563:
3540:
3517:
3495:
3481:
3454:(4): 667–676.
3438:
3395:
3383:Marine Insight
3369:
3357:
3327:
3316:. 25 June 2003
3302:
3276:
3250:
3224:
3199:
3176:
3129:
3111:
3093:
3062:
3009:
2953:
2886:
2846:
2821:
2788:
2755:
2732:
2714:
2695:
2676:
2650:
2632:
2620:
2576:
2557:
2503:
2488:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Shipping route
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2262:United Kingdom
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2229:European Union
2227:
2224:
2223:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2170:waste disposal
2134:
2131:
2089:
2086:
2068:Marine mammals
2038:
2035:
1932:
1929:
1923:, about 1,000
1891:
1888:
1883:greenhouse gas
1871:
1868:carbon dioxide
1840:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1808:United Nations
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1527:
1524:
1486:
1483:
1305:eutrophication
1277:Diesel exhaust
1265:nitrogen oxide
1261:sulfur dioxide
1249:diesel engines
1241:
1238:
1226:
1223:
1191:Marine mammals
1173:
1170:
1153:recent history
1148:
1145:
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
999:
984:
983:
978:
977:
976:
975:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
942:Law by country
939:
931:
930:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
853:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
813:Surface runoff
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:Eutrophication
710:
705:
700:
694:
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
668:Scorched earth
665:
664:
663:
661:Nuclear winter
658:
656:Nuclear famine
653:
643:
642:
641:
631:
625:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
565:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Bioremediation
410:
405:
399:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
343:Bioremediation
340:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
293:Transportation
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
240:Radio spectrum
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
175:
170:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
108:Global dimming
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7770:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7735:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7707:
7699:
7690:
7686:
7676:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7489:
7488:Water quality
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Traffic signs
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7175:Microplastics
7173:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7165:Nanomaterials
7163:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7104:Lead smelting
7102:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:Radioactivity
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6876:Noise control
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Metal working
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6339:Marine debris
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6317:South Pacific
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Great Pacific
6300:
6299:
6298:
6297:Garbage patch
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6247:Anoxic waters
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6112:Reforestation
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Cultured meat
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Birth control
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Deforestation
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5644:Manufacturing
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:nuclear power
5590:
5588:
5587:fracking (US)
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4807:Energy Policy
4804:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4652:Marine Policy
4649:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4603:(1): 85–103.
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:Marine Policy
4097:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:Marine Policy
4058:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:Marine Policy
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3832:10.17226/4769
3829:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3721:
3709:. 7 July 2023
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3655:
3654:The Economist
3651:
3645:
3642:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3197:, 2003-02-28.
3196:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3025:(3): 263–78.
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:(1): 144–56.
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Marine Policy
2590:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:(2): 318–23.
2521:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Windmill ship
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Marine debris
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2279:United States
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:marine debris
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:contamination
1950:
1946:
1943:, pathogens,
1942:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:nitrous oxide
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:sulfur oxides
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1309:nitrification
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Air pollution
1239:
1237:
1235:
1234:air pollution
1231:
1230:Exhaust gases
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Ballast water
1110:
1105:
1098:Ballast water
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:slow-steaming
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:oil pollution
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:air pollution
1050:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1000:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
985:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
932:
927:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
877:
876:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
842:
841:
834:
831:
829:
828:Water quality
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
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695:
692:
687:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
618:
617:
610:
607:
605:
604:Traffic signs
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
578:
577:
570:
567:
566:
563:
558:
557:
550:
547:
546:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Nanomaterials
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
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459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
392:
391:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Radioactivity
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:
319:
318:Soundproofing
316:
314:
313:Noise control
311:
309:
308:Noise barrier
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
282:
281:
274:
271:
269:
266:
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149:
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126:
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119:
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111:
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99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7567:Point source
7509:Heavy metals
7483:Urban runoff
7463:Sulfur water
7441:Septic tanks
7287:Agent Orange
7141:Mining waste
6967:Manure waste
6797:Volcanic ash
6673:Black carbon
6629:Oil refining
6614:Particulates
6543:Construction
6424:Urban runoff
6384:Plastic bags
6307:Indian Ocean
6271:
6242:Anoxic event
5805:urban sprawl
5800:Urbanization
5748:Particulates
5733:Overdrafting
5448:Human impact
5421:Anthropocene
5308:. Retrieved
5303:
5288:. Retrieved
5243:(2). Wiley.
5240:
5236:
5221:the original
5198:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5103:
5099:
5089:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4899:
4895:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4707:(1): 16–30.
4704:
4700:
4690:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4500:
4491:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4393:
4389:
4378:
4353:10138/303779
4333:
4329:
4319:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4214:
4210:
4189:
4184:
4157:
4153:
4129:10138/305682
4103:
4099:
4089:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4020:(1): 69–87.
4017:
4013:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3928:
3924:
3901:
3896:
3887:
3877:
3869:The Guardian
3868:
3859:
3850:
3822:
3802:
3793:
3763:
3737:. Retrieved
3733:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3704:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3679:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3628:the original
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3602:the original
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3575:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3498:
3484:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3372:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3342:
3318:. Retrieved
3293:. Retrieved
3290:The Guardian
3289:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3263:
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3237:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3211:
3202:
3187:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3075:
3065:
3022:
3018:
3012:
2971:
2965:
2930:10754/676739
2903:
2899:
2889:
2864:
2858:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2813:, retrieved
2806:the original
2797:
2791:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2747:, retrieved
2741:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2698:
2689:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:the original
2653:
2644:
2635:
2623:
2596:
2592:
2571:The Guardian
2570:
2560:
2519:
2515:
2471:
2327:Bottom paint
2282:
2217:January 2011
2214:
2210:adding to it
2205:
2179:
2175:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2139:MARPOL 73/78
2120:
2091:
2040:
2017:
2006:
1992:hydrocarbons
1990:, petroleum
1977:
1969:algal blooms
1934:
1893:
1864:fossil fuels
1841:
1818:Oslo, Norway
1801:
1769:
1750:
1731:
1712:
1693:
1674:
1655:
1636:
1617:
1598:
1579:
1560:
1529:
1513:
1496:
1451:
1431:
1427:
1408:
1393:
1361:
1345:heart attack
1330:
1327:
1243:
1228:
1203:
1199:whale sharks
1189:
1157:
1150:
1115:
1089:
1077:
1048:
1046:
916:Point source
861:Heavy metals
823:Urban runoff
808:Sulfur water
783:Septic tanks
639:Agent Orange
549:Space debris
403:Agricultural
268:Volcanic ash
128:Particulates
29:
7537:Area source
7446:Pit latrine
7369:Groundwater
7126:Gold mining
7121:Coal mining
7092:Toxic waste
7057:Green waste
7030:Brown waste
7013:Solid waste
6560:Exhaust gas
6237:Algal bloom
5919:Externality
5914:Coral reefs
5874:Defaunation
5743:Overgrazing
5716:overfishing
5696:Marine life
5570:electricity
5493:Agriculture
4756:: 195–206.
4106:: 130–133.
3970:: 246–254.
3713:6 September
3685:19 December
3388:3 September
3269:19 December
3243:19 December
2669:17 December
2599:: 159–170.
2413:Tributyltin
2146:polycentric
2088:Bilge water
2072:sea turtles
2060:incinerated
2037:Solid waste
2029:, Zenon or
1500:Baton Rouge
1470:calcination
1449:processes.
1404:endothermic
1368:Los Angeles
1349:oil tankers
1341:respiratory
1318:diesel fuel
1293:air quality
1269:particulate
1212:(NMFS) and
886:Area source
728:Groundwater
481:Green waste
461:Brown waste
445:Solid waste
203:Information
98:Exhaust gas
7747:Categories
7689:by country
7685:Categories
7623:Zero waste
7504:Pollutants
7458:Stagnation
7396:Monitoring
7364:Freshwater
7240:Air travel
7052:Food waste
6972:Pesticides
6962:Herbicides
6866:Industrial
6695:Biological
6555:Demolition
6548:Renovation
6531:Joss paper
6516:Combustion
6409:Stormwater
6262:Cyanotoxin
6184:mitigation
6179:assessment
6174:by country
6072:Decoupling
6034:Mitigation
5763:Reservoirs
5684:pesticides
5629:Explosives
5607:reservoirs
5508:irrigation
5057:: 103114.
4902:: 100021.
4658:: 104317.
4256:: 99–114.
4217:: 105836.
4067:: 104621.
3576:unctad.org
3529:. McKinsey
3411:: 117540.
3350:23 January
3320:23 January
3149:: 118095.
2440:References
2127:magic pipe
2106:pollutants
2102:sub-lethal
2013:blackwater
1973:fish kills
1965:phosphorus
1937:wastewater
1931:Wastewater
1925:sea otters
1896:oil spills
1890:Oil spills
1552:Container
1447:biological
1436:(ULSD) or
1380:Pittsburgh
1364:Long Beach
1285:carcinogen
1184:See also:
1125:wastewater
973:By country
965:Categories
856:Pollutants
833:Wastewater
803:Stagnation
748:Monitoring
723:Freshwater
589:Air travel
476:Food waste
418:Defecation
228:Ecological
161:Biological
93:Combustion
35:Part of a
7581:Responses
7552:Garbology
7478:Turbidity
7426:Oil spill
7359:Firewater
7260:Vandalism
7222:Satellite
6919:Poisoning
6914:Plutonium
6894:Actinides
6886:Radiation
6634:Wood dust
6496:Acid rain
6471:Pollution
6419:Upwelling
6374:Oil spill
6349:Microbead
6287:Fish kill
6267:Dead zone
6107:Recycling
5773:Transport
5758:Quarrying
5753:Pollution
5612:transport
5602:petroleum
5597:oil shale
5560:biodiesel
5310:18 August
5273:135252051
5265:1757-7780
5120:0167-4544
5081:236368617
5032:219044869
5024:0308-8839
4983:254060523
4975:2522-5987
4926:245338131
4874:154682884
4866:0144-1647
4788:158832137
4731:169390326
4723:2397-3757
4682:228917989
4633:154544280
4625:1567-9764
4578:202668891
4570:1612-4804
4483:245574065
4475:2572-5084
4426:158519211
4418:0892-0753
4370:256335255
4362:2212-9790
4311:2296-7745
4176:2075-471X
4034:1526-3800
3992:158603826
3931:: 23–31.
3556:18 August
3533:18 August
3510:18 August
3433:219027704
3344:USA Today
3171:229387891
3163:1352-2310
3035:CiteSeerX
2727:The Hindu
2498:135422637
2398:Oil spill
2166:Caribbean
2056:recycling
2009:greywater
1961:shellfish
1957:fisheries
1904:crude oil
1514:In 2005,
1376:Galveston
1337:acid rain
901:Garbology
818:Turbidity
768:Oil spill
718:Firewater
703:Biosolids
609:Vandalism
368:Poisoning
363:Plutonium
338:Actinides
331:Radiation
73:Acid rain
45:Pollution
7669:Treaties
7641:Diseases
7453:Shipping
7349:Diseases
7197:Landfill
6872:Abstract
6869:Military
6802:Wildfire
6651:Smelting
6619:Asbestos
6379:Particle
6169:Category
5793:shipping
5778:aviation
5664:plastics
5654:concrete
5639:Land use
5555:biofuels
5523:palm oil
5362:Archived
5350:- Oceana
5181:26899158
5138:36158524
4526:Archived
4042:57559241
3783:Archived
3706:BBC News
3634:3 August
3476:93958844
3106:BBC News
3057:17297189
3004:38041766
2996:29123056
2948:35533277
2544:19840885
2320:See also
2070:, fish,
1941:bacteria
1921:seabirds
1908:sediment
1852:net-zero
1546:Tankers
1423:nitrogen
1257:fuel oil
1255:content
1141:bacteria
1061:acoustic
1051:include
957:Treaties
937:Diseases
793:Shipping
758:Nutrient
708:Diseases
273:Wildfire
7698:Commons
7473:Thermal
7374:Hypoxia
7158:Garbage
6929:Uranium
6780:Natural
6729:Digital
6661:Aerosol
6639:Welding
6526:Biomass
6521:Biofuel
6480:History
6329:Hypoxia
6158:Commons
5934:Erosion
5884:Ecocide
5822:Effects
5768:Tourism
5701:fishing
5659:fashion
5582:fashion
5535:Bitcoin
5414:General
5290:11 June
5245:Bibcode
5161:Bibcode
5129:9490725
5059:Bibcode
4953:Bibcode
4904:Bibcode
4815:Bibcode
4758:Bibcode
4660:Bibcode
4605:Bibcode
4507:5 April
4453:Bibcode
4398:Bibcode
4258:Bibcode
4219:Bibcode
4108:Bibcode
4069:Bibcode
3972:Bibcode
3933:Bibcode
3680:Reuters
3456:Bibcode
3413:Bibcode
3264:Reuters
3238:Reuters
3217:5 April
3027:Bibcode
2976:Bibcode
2967:Science
2939:9171791
2908:Bibcode
2869:Bibcode
2839:15 July
2815:6 March
2749:6 March
2709:YouTube
2601:Bibcode
2552:8271813
2524:Bibcode
2027:G&O
1996:medical
1980:galleys
1945:viruses
1783:19.90%
1780:24.03%
1777:27.52%
1774:28.55%
1764:19.81%
1761:25.35%
1758:27.56%
1755:27.28%
1745:18.88%
1742:26.13%
1739:28.28%
1736:26.71%
1726:19.14%
1723:25.35%
1720:28.13%
1717:27.38%
1707:20.53%
1704:25.84%
1701:27.22%
1698:26.41%
1688:19.73%
1685:27.09%
1682:27.42%
1679:25.76%
1669:19.41%
1666:26.91%
1663:28.06%
1660:25.62%
1650:19.53%
1647:26.83%
1644:28.33%
1641:25.31%
1631:19.56%
1628:26.99%
1625:28.42%
1622:25.03%
1612:19.45%
1609:27.18%
1606:28.87%
1603:24.50%
1593:19.15%
1590:27.47%
1587:28.77%
1584:24.61%
1574:18.59%
1571:27.80%
1568:28.57%
1565:25.04%
1442:methane
1413:and/or
1385:Pacific
1372:Houston
1137:viruses
1133:animals
851:History
733:Hypoxia
562:Thermal
516:Plastic
378:Uranium
252:Natural
197:Digital
173:Genetic
7562:Midden
7542:Debris
7497:Topics
7436:Sewage
7389:debris
7384:Marine
7232:Visual
7116:Mining
7111:Litter
6604:Mining
6162:
6151:
5723:Mining
5577:energy
5485:Causes
5271:
5263:
5179:
5136:
5126:
5118:
5079:
5030:
5022:
4981:
4973:
4924:
4872:
4864:
4786:
4729:
4721:
4680:
4631:
4623:
4576:
4568:
4481:
4473:
4424:
4416:
4368:
4360:
4309:
4174:
4040:
4032:
3990:
3838:
3739:22 May
3659:10 May
3608:26 May
3582:22 May
3474:
3431:
3295:3 July
3169:
3161:
3055:
3037:
3002:
2994:
2946:
2936:
2550:
2542:
2496:
2486:
2115:vapors
2054:, and
2031:Rochem
2019:MARPOL
1917:Alaska
1555:Other
1516:MARPOL
1400:oxygen
1378:, and
1322:sulfur
1303:, and
1253:sulfur
1139:, and
1129:plants
1063:, and
911:Midden
906:Legacy
891:Debris
845:Topics
798:Sludge
788:Sewage
743:Marine
582:Visual
501:Mining
496:Litter
37:series
7633:Lists
7572:Waste
7514:Paint
7331:Water
7214:Space
6855:Sonar
6850:Urban
6828:Water
6812:Noise
6787:Ozone
6754:Light
6685:Waste
6577:Smoke
6117:urban
5788:roads
5679:paper
5674:paint
5344:- IMO
5284:(PDF)
5269:S2CID
5224:(PDF)
5217:(PDF)
5077:S2CID
5028:S2CID
4979:S2CID
4922:S2CID
4870:S2CID
4784:S2CID
4727:S2CID
4678:S2CID
4629:S2CID
4574:S2CID
4479:S2CID
4422:S2CID
4366:S2CID
4336:(1).
4038:S2CID
3988:S2CID
3472:S2CID
3429:S2CID
3190:, 68
3167:S2CID
3053:S2CID
3000:S2CID
2809:(PDF)
2802:(PDF)
2690:VoxEU
2548:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2094:bilge
1543:Year
1389:grain
1357:tonne
1289:ozone
1195:knots
929:Lists
921:Waste
866:Paint
691:Water
543:Space
286:Noise
258:Ozone
223:Light
7547:Dust
7530:Misc
6949:Soil
6838:Rail
6824:Land
6668:Soot
6656:Smog
6572:Haze
6324:GASB
5783:rail
5565:coal
5528:(US)
5312:2022
5292:2021
5261:ISSN
5207:SSRN
5203:2022
5177:PMID
5134:PMID
5116:ISSN
5020:ISSN
4971:ISSN
4862:ISSN
4719:ISSN
4621:ISSN
4566:ISSN
4509:2018
4471:ISSN
4414:ISSN
4358:ISSN
4307:ISSN
4172:ISSN
4154:Laws
4030:ISSN
3836:ISBN
3741:2024
3715:2023
3687:2019
3661:2018
3636:2021
3610:2017
3584:2024
3558:2022
3535:2022
3512:2022
3390:2022
3352:2024
3322:2024
3297:2009
3271:2019
3245:2019
3219:2018
3195:9751
3159:ISSN
2992:PMID
2944:PMID
2841:2023
2817:2011
2751:2011
2671:2018
2540:PMID
2484:ISBN
2190:Asia
2098:hull
2081:tons
1959:and
1842:The
1770:2023
1751:2022
1732:2021
1713:2020
1694:2019
1675:2018
1656:2017
1637:2016
1618:2015
1599:2014
1580:2013
1561:2012
1520:CCTV
1502:and
1419:urea
1351:and
1307:and
1297:haze
1267:and
1158:The
1047:The
896:Dust
880:Misc
396:Soil
143:Soot
138:Smog
103:Haze
7658:2.5
7270:War
6833:Air
6488:Air
5812:War
5336:IMO
5253:doi
5169:doi
5157:105
5124:PMC
5108:doi
5104:187
5067:doi
5010:doi
4961:doi
4912:doi
4854:doi
4823:doi
4774:hdl
4766:doi
4709:doi
4668:doi
4656:123
4613:doi
4556:doi
4461:doi
4406:doi
4348:hdl
4338:doi
4297:doi
4266:doi
4254:101
4227:doi
4215:213
4162:doi
4124:hdl
4116:doi
4077:doi
4065:131
4022:doi
3980:doi
3941:doi
3929:117
3828:doi
3464:doi
3421:doi
3409:231
3151:doi
3147:246
3082:doi
3045:doi
2984:doi
2972:358
2934:PMC
2926:hdl
2916:doi
2904:119
2877:doi
2777:doi
2609:doi
2532:doi
2520:408
2476:doi
2212:.
2064:ash
1955:of
1915:in
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