1257:. Since it is such a remote location, it takes a lot of fuel to get there; resulting in ships producing large pollution through waste disposal and green house gas emissions. Additionally, there is a potential for oil spills from damaged ships traversing through aggressive waters filled with natural obstacles such as icebergs. Although ecotourists claim to be educationally sophisticated and environmentally concerned, they rarely understand the ecological consequences of their visits and how their day-to-day activities append physical impacts on the environment. As one scientist observes, they "rarely acknowledge how the meals they eat, the toilets they flush, the water they drink, and so on, are all part of broader regional economic and ecological systems they are helping to reconfigure with their very activities." Nor do ecotourists recognize the great consumption of non-renewable energy required to arrive at their destination, which is typically more remote than conventional tourism destinations. For instance, an exotic journey to a place 10,000 kilometers away consumes about 700 liters of fuel per person.
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transforms nature and the environment into commodities people are interested in paying and visiting. When the environment becomes a product with economic value, people try to advertise and sell it. Some of the ecotourism sites are turning to private sectors, and the government cut off their funding. Hence, they are obligated to make money on their own. Private natural parks and sites are looking for their own advantage by advertising the soundness of natural parks or coastal marines in the
Caribbean. They try to show they are protecting nature and attract people interested in ecotourism. However, they will focus on the phenomenon that might be more interesting for tourists and neglect other aspects of nature when they prioritize their profits. Consequently, this policy will result in abandoning rich ecological sites or destroying those valuable sites. For example, in Montego Bay, hotel staff cut the seagrass that appeared to drive back tourists; conversely, they are crucial for local nutrient cycles.
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investments are required, communities must find a company or non-governmental organization that reflects the philosophy of ecotourism; is sensitive to their concerns, and is willing to cooperate at the expense of profit. The basic assumption of the multiplier effect is that the economy starts with unused resources, for example, that many workers are cyclically unemployed and much of industrial capacity is sitting idle or incompletely used. By increasing demand in the economy, it is then possible to boost production. If the economy was already at full employment, with only structural, frictional, or other supply-side types of unemployment, any attempt to boost demand would only lead to inflation. For various laissez-faire schools of economics which embrace Say's Law and deny the possibility of
Keynesian inefficiency and under-employment of resources, therefore, the multiplier concept is irrelevant or wrong-headed.
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with natural and cultural resources, the improvement of quality of life within local communities, and the economic contribution to other programs of national development. CST uses a rating system that categorizes a company based on how sustainable its operations are. CST evaluates the interaction between the company and the surrounding habitat; the management policies and operation systems within the company; how the company encourages its clients to become active contributors towards sustainable policies; and the interaction between the company and local communities/the overall population. Based upon these criteria, the company is evaluated for the strength of its sustainability. The measurement index goes from 0 to 5, with 0 being the worst and 5 being the best.
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1145:—far outweigh the medium-term economic benefits. A tremendous amount of money and human resources continue to be used for ecotourism despite unsuccessful outcomes, and even more, money is put into public relation campaigns to dilute the effects of criticism. Ecotourism channels resources away from other projects that could contribute more sustainable and realistic solutions to pressing social and environmental problems. "The money tourism can generate often ties parks and managements to ecotourism". But there is a tension in this relationship because ecotourism often causes conflict and changes in
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the course of the study, such as diving, porpoising, banking, and eye rolling that are associated with distress and attempt to avoid the diver. The average time the whale sharks spent with the divers in 1995 was 19.3 minutes, but in 1997 the average time the whale sharks spent with the divers was 9.5 minutes. There was also an increase in recorded behaviors from 56% of the sharks showing any sort of diving, porpoising, eye rolling or banking in 1995 to 70.7% in 1997. Some whale sharks were also observed to have scars that were consistent with being struck by a boat.
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conflict between people and wildlife is avoided or at least suitably mitigated; there is good outreach and education of the local population into the benefits of ecotourism; there is effective collaboration with stakeholders in the area; and there is proper use of the money generated by ecotourism to conserve the local ecology. They conclude that ecotourism works best to conserve predators when the tourism industry is supported both politically and by the public, and when it is monitored and controlled at local, national, and international levels.
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1181:, resources, and tourism profits. In this case, ecotourism has harmed the environment and local people and has led to conflicts over profit distribution. Very few regulations or laws stand in place as boundaries for the investors in ecotourism. Calls have been made for more efforts toward educating tourists of the environmental and social effects of their travels, and for laws to prohibit the promotion of unsustainable ecotourism projects and materials which project false images of destinations and demean local and Indigenous cultures.
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either a two pricing system represented as two separate price lists (the first for the locals and the second for the tourists with respect to the local's purchase power ability); (2) design unique goods and services subject only or the tourists' consumption. Leakage appears when international investors import foreign products instead of using local resources; thus, the tourists will be using international products and in-turn contributing to the outside economy rather than the local one (Drumm & Moore, 2002).
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region now see little opportunity for economic development. Ecotourism may provide solutions to the economic hardships suffered from the loss of industry to conservation in the Yunnan in the same way that it may serve to remedy the difficulties faced by the Maasai. As stated, the ecotourism structure must be improved to direct more money into host communities by reducing leakages for the industry to be successful in alleviating poverty in developing regions, but it provides a promising opportunity.
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when a proportion of ecotourism profits are directed back into the community. Harsh survival realities and deprivation of traditional use of land and natural resources by local people can occur. Local
Indigenous people may also feel strong resentment towards the change, especially if tourism has been allowed to develop with virtually no controls. Without sufficient control mechanisms, too many lodges may be built, and tourist vehicles may drive off-track and harass the wildlife. Vehicle use may
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similar practices, increasing competition and reducing demand. Eventually, the demand will be reduced until the economic profit is zero. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the company bears the cost of environmental protection without receiving the gains. Without economic incentive, the whole premise of self-interest through environmental protection is quashed; instead, ecotourism companies will minimize environment related expenses and maximize tourism demand.
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uncertain in effectiveness. Government regulatory agencies, are susceptible to making decisions that spend on politically beneficial but environmentally unproductive projects. Because of prestige and conspicuousness, the construction of an attractive visitor's center at an ecotourism site may take precedence over more pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat, protecting endemic species, and removing invasive ones. Finally, influential groups can
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released to the coastal water produced directly or indirectly by ecotourists. Hotels in
Jamaica release much more wastewater than a city. The tourists generate a lot of waste that ends up in the coastal water. The indirect effect of ecotourism in Jamaica is that many people migrated to the town near the natural site because of the more job opportunities due to construction increase, resulting in destroying the environment.
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against the challenges of invasive species, human impact, and tourism. For travelers who want to be mindful of the environment and the impact of tourism, it is recommended to use an operator that is endorsed by a reputable ecotourism organization. In the case of the
Galapagos, IGTOA has a list of the world's premiere Galapagos Islands tour companies dedicated to the lasting protection and preservation of the destination.
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the ecotourism site beyond its sustainable level. By increasing the number of ecotourists, for instance, a company gains all the economic benefit while paying only a part of the environmental cost. In the same way, a company recognizes that there is no incentive to actively protect the environment; they bear all the costs, while the benefits are shared by all other companies. The result, again, is mismanagement.
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242:. The definition sometimes also includes being financially beneficial to the host community or making conservation financially possible. There are a range of different definitions, and the correct definition of the term was an active subject of debate as of 2009. The term is also used more widely by many organizations offering nature tourism, which do not focus on being beneficial to the environment.
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762:. According to the World Travel & Tourism Travel, tourism constituted "10.3 percent to the global gross domestic product, with international tourist arrivals hitting 1.5 billion marks (a growth of 3.5 percent) in 2019" and generated $ 1.7 trillion export earnings yet, improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader
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Indigenous lands are enjoyed by international tourist companies, who do not share back with the people to whom those lands belong. Ecotourism offers a tourist-appealing experience of the landscape and environment, one that is different from the experience of the residents; it commodifies the lives of
Indigenous people and their land which is not fair to its inhabitants.
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resources, they are destroyed, and floral and fauna species are becoming extinct. Ecotourism programs can be introduced for the conservation of these resources. Several plans and proper management programs can be introduced so that these resources remain untouched, and there are many organizations–including nonprofits–and scientists working on this field.
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1246:. In other cases, the environment suffers because local communities are unable to meet the infrastructure demands of ecotourism. The lack of adequate sanitation facilities in many East African parks results in the disposal of campsite sewage in rivers, contaminating the wildlife, livestock, and people who draw drinking water from it.
624:). Self-proclaimed practitioners and hosts of ecotourism experiences assume it is achieved by simply creating destinations in natural areas. According to critics of this commonplace and assumptive practice, true ecotourism must, above all, sensitize people to the beauty and fragility of nature. These critics condemn some operators as
1063:(i.e., traditional dance, ...) Ecotourism can also help mitigate deforestation that happens when local residents, under economic stress, clear lands and create smallholder plots to grow cash crops. Such land clearing hurts the environment. Ecotourism can be a sustainable and job-creating alternative for local populations.
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Management of ecotourism sites by private ecotourism companies offers an alternative to the cost of regulation and deficiency of government agencies. It is believed that these companies have a self-interest in limited environmental degradation because tourists will pay more for pristine environments,
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Most forms of ecotourism are owned by foreign investors and corporations that provide few benefits to the local people. An overwhelming majority of profits are put into the pockets of investors instead of reinvestment into the local economy or environmental protection leading to further environmental
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Drumm and Moore (2002) discuss the price increase and economic leakage in their paper; saying that prices might augment since the visitors are more capable to pay higher rates for goods and services in opposition to the locals. Also, they have mentioned two solutions regarding the previous issue: (1)
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ecotourism. According to McLaren, these schemes are environmentally destructive, economically exploitative, and culturally insensitive at its worst. They are also morally disconcerting because they mislead tourists and manipulate their concerns for the environment. The development and success of such
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and governments, however, focus more on the product aspect, treating ecotourism as equivalent to any sort of tourism based in nature. As a further complication, many terms are used under the rubric of ecotourism. Nature tourism, low impact tourism, green tourism, bio-tourism, ecologically responsible
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In
Southeast Asia government and nongovernmental organizations are working together with academics and industry operators to spread the economic benefits of tourism into the kampungs and villages of the region. A recently formed alliance, the South-East Asian Tourism Organization (SEATO), is bringing
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As an example, consider the government increasing its expenditure on roads by $ 1 million, without a corresponding increase in taxation. This sum would go to the road builders, who would hire more workers and distribute the money as wages and profits. The households receiving these incomes will
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The lack of sustainability highlights the need for small-scale, slow-growth, and locally-based ecotourism. Local peoples have a vested interest in the well-being of their community and are therefore more accountable to environmental protection than multinational corporations, though they receive very
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Some countries have their certification programs for ecotourism. Costa Rica, for example, runs the GSTC-Recognized
Certification of Sustainable Tourism (CST) program, which is intended to balance the effect that business has on the local environment. The CST program focuses on a company's interaction
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states that distinctiveness will entail profits, but profits will promote imitation. A company that protects its ecotourism sites is able to charge a premium for the novel experience and pristine environment. But when other companies view the success of this approach, they also enter the market with
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nomads in Kenya killed wildlife in national parks but are now helping the national park to save the wildlife to show aversion to unfair compensation terms and displacement from traditional lands. The lack of economic opportunities for local people also constrains them to degrade the environment as a
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off their reserves, increasing the risk of inbreeding and further endangering the species. In a study done from 1995 to 1997 off the
Northwestern coast of Australia, scientists found that whale sharks' tolerance for divers and swimmers decreased. The whale sharks showed an increase in behaviors over
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can be considered "ecotourism". For this reason, environmentalists, special interest groups, and governments define ecotourism differently. Environmental organizations have generally insisted that ecotourism is nature-based, sustainably managed, conservation supporting, and environmentally educated.
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However, there needs to be a proper business plan and organizational structure, which helps to ensure that the generated money from ecotourism indeed flows towards the
Indigenous peoples themselves, and the protection of the Indigenous territory. Debates around ecotourism focus on how profits off of
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Natural resource management can be used as a specialized tool for the development of ecotourism. There are several places throughout the world where several natural resources are abundant, but with human encroachment and habitats, these resources are depleting. Without the sustainable use of certain
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The multiplier effect arises because of the induced increases in consumer spending which occur due to the increased incomes – and because of the feedback into increasing business revenues, jobs, and income again. This process does not lead to an economic explosion not only because of the supply-side
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Tour guides are an obvious and direct medium to communicate awareness. With the confidence of ecotourists and intimate knowledge of the environment, tour guides can actively discuss conservation issues. Informing ecotourists about how their actions on the trip can negatively impact their environment
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The purpose of ecotourism is to engage tourists in low impact, non-consumptive and locally oriented environments to maintain species and habitats – especially in underdeveloped regions. While some ecotourism projects, including some found in the United States, can support such claims, many projects
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is a conservation model based on the belief that biodiversity protection is best achieved by creating protected areas where ecosystems can function in isolation from human disturbance. It is argued that money generated from ecotourism is the motivating factor to drive Indigenous inhabitants off the
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Though conservation efforts in East Africa are indisputably serving the interests of tourism in the region it is important to make the distinction between conservation acts and the tourism industry. Eastern African communities are not the only of developing regions to experience economic and social
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There is a longstanding failure by the Peruvian government to acknowledge and protect Indigenous lands, and therefore the Indigenous peoples have been forced to protect their own land. The land has a better chance of staying safe and free from deforestation if the people who care about the land are
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can benefit conservation, provided the complexities of history, culture, and ecology in the affected regions are successfully navigated. Catherine Macdonald and colleagues identify the factors that determine conservation outcomes, namely whether: animals and their habits are sufficiently protected;
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In addition, the systematic literature review conducted by Cabral and Dhar (2019) have identified several challenges due to slow progression of ecotourism initiatives such as (a) economic leakages, (b) lack of government involvement, (c) skill deficiency among the local communities, (d) absence of
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offers another model for economic unsustainability from environmental protection, in ecotourism sites used by many companies. Although there is a communal incentive to protect the environment, maximizing the benefits in the long run, a company will conclude that it is in their best interest to use
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Ecotourism activities are, in and of themselves, issues in environmental impact because they may disturb fauna and flora. Ecotourists believe that because they are only taking pictures and leaving footprints, they keep ecotourism sites pristine, but even harmless-sounding activities such as nature
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The other problem is that the companies try to hide the truth behind the ecotourism to maintain their profit. They do not cover the fact that traveling from other countries to the natural sites burns extensive amounts of aircraft fuel. In Montego Bay and Negril, a considerable amount of run-off is
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A 2002, summit held in Quebec led to the 2008 Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria–a collaborative effort between the UN Foundation and other advocacy groups. The criteria, which are voluntary, involve the following standards: "effective sustainability planning, maximum social and economic benefits
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The increased contributions of communities to locally managed ecotourism create viable economic opportunities, including high-level management positions, and reduce environmental issues associated with poverty and unemployment. Because the ecotourism experience is marketed to a different lifestyle
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In 1998, Crinion suggested a Green Stars System, based on criteria including a management plan, benefits for the local community, small group interaction, education value, and staff training. Ecotourists who consider their choices would be confident of a genuine ecotourism experience when they see
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procedures, with representation from various groups including governments, hotels, tour operators, travel agents, guides, airlines, local authorities, conservation organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The decisions of the board would be sanctioned by governments so that non-compliant
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within protected areas. Local people and their images can also be turned into commodities". Kamuaro points out the relatively obvious contradiction that any commercial venture into unspoiled, pristine land inevitably means a higher pressure on the environment. The people who live in the areas now
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The ecotourism system exercises tremendous financial and political influence. The evidence above shows that a strong case exists for restraining such activities in certain locations. Funding could be used for field studies aimed at finding alternative solutions to tourism and the diverse problems
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Depending on how protected areas are set up and handled, it can lead to local people losing their homes, usually with no compensation. Pushing people onto marginal lands with harsh climates, poor soils, lack of water, and infested with livestock and disease does little to enhance livelihoods even
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Natural resources of hill areas like Kurseong in West Bengal are plenty in number with various flora and fauna, but tourism for business purpose poised the situation. Researchers from Jadavpur University are presently working in this area for the development of ecotourism to be used as a tool for
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for conservation reasons. Organizations focusing on ecotourism often make direct or indirect contributions to conservation or employ practices or technology that reduce impacts on the environment. However (according to Buckley), very few organizations make a net-positive impact on the environment
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to the local people (which may be Indigenous people). Protected areas for instance require park rangers, and staff to maintain and operate the ecolodges and accommodation used by tourists. Also, the traditional culture can act as a tourist attraction, and can create a source of revenue by asking
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leakages are reduced. The Great Barrier Reef Park in Australia reported over half of a billion dollars of indirect income in the area and added thousands of indirect jobs between 2004 and 2005. However, even this form of tourism may require foreign investment for promotion or start-up. When such
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Region of China has similarly brought drastic changes to traditional land use in the region. Prior to logging restrictions imposed by the Chinese Government the industry made up 80 percent of the regions revenue. Following a complete ban on commercial logging the Indigenous people of the Yunnan
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Some of the world's most exceptional biodiversity is located in the Galapagos Islands. These islands were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979, then added to UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger in 2007. IGTOA is a non-profit dedicated to preserving this unique living laboratory
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While governments are typically entrusted with the administration and enforcement of environmental protection, they often lack the commitment or capability to manage ecotourism sites. The regulations for environmental protection may be vaguely defined, costly to implement, hard to enforce, and
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rights, fails to deliver promises of community-level benefits, damages environments, and has many other social impacts. Indeed, many argue repeatedly that ecotourism is neither ecologically nor socially beneficial, yet it persists as a strategy for conservation and development due to the large
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and threats they experience, as well as local culture. Responsible ecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural
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travel that benefits local communities and host countries". Many of the ecotourism projects are not meeting these standards. Even if some of the guidelines are being executed, the local communities are still facing many of the negative impacts.The other negative side of ecotourism is that it
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An environmental protection strategy must address the issue of ecotourists removed from the cause-and-effect of their actions on the environment. More initiatives should be carried out to improve their awareness, sensitize them to environmental issues, and care about the places they visit.
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In 2008 the Global Sustainable Tourism Council Criteria was launched at the IUCN World Conservation Congress. The Criteria, managed by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, created a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism and includes criteria and performance indicators for
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could also be used as a form of accreditation. Feasibility is evaluated on a scientific basis, and recommendations could be made to optimally plan infrastructure, set tourist capacity, and manage the ecology. This form of accreditation is more sensitive to site-specific conditions.
572:. ... A tour of or visit to an area of ecological interest, usually with an educational element; (in later use also) a similar tour or visit designed to have as little detrimental effect on the ecology as possible or undertaken with the specific aim of helping conservation efforts.
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have failed to address some of the fundamental issues that nations face in the first place. Consequently, ecotourism may not generate the very benefits it is intended to provide to these regions and their people, and in some cases leaving economies in a state worse than before.
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the interests of the government to their favor. The government and its regulators can become vested in the benefits of the ecotourism industry which they are supposed to regulate, causing restrictive environmental regulations and enforcement to become more lenient.
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defines ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and creates knowledge and understanding through interpretation and education of all involved (visitors, staff, and the visited)".
1306:. For example, the number of motor vehicles crossing a park increases as tour drivers search for rare species. The number of roads disrupts the grass cover, which has serious consequences on plant and animal species. These areas also have a higher rate of
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means of sustenance. The presence of affluent ecotourists encourage the development of destructive markets in wildlife souvenirs, such as the sale of coral trinkets on tropical islands and animal products in Asia, contributing to illegal harvesting and
728:. In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly. Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing
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that control ecotourism resources. These corporations finance and profit from the development of large-scale ecotourism that causes excessive environmental degradation, loss of traditional culture and way of life, and exploitation of local labor. In
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Although ecotourism is intended for small groups, even a modest increase in population, however temporary, puts extra pressure on the local environment and necessitates the development of additional infrastructure and amenities. The construction of
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Taken together, the mobility of foreign investment and lack of economic incentive for environmental protection means that ecotourism companies are disposed to establishing themselves in new sites once their existing one is sufficiently degraded.
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off of the beaten path into new, undiscovered areas. Ecotourism also has an effect on species through the value placed on them. "Certain species have gone from being little known or valued by local people to being highly valued commodities. The
1269:, erosion, and plant damage. Where the ecotourism activity involves wildlife viewing, it can scare away animals, disrupt their feeding and nesting sites, or acclimate them to the presence of people. In Kenya, wildlife-observer disruption drives
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can be categorized as ecotourism along with canoeing, camping, photography, and wildlife observation. The failure to acknowledge responsible, low-impact ecotourism puts legitimate ecotourism companies at a competitive disadvantage.
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is one of the countries that is reaping significant economic benefits from ecotourism, but the negative effects far outweigh the positive—including forcing people to leave their homes, gross violations of fundamental rights, and
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profits. While several studies are being done on ways to improve the ecotourism structure, some argue that these examples provide a rationale for stopping it altogether. However, there are some positive examples, among them the
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Management strategies to mitigate destructive operations include but are not limited to establishing a carrying capacity, site hardening, sustainable design, visitation quotas, fees, access restrictions, and visitor education.
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Although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is little statistical data, some estimate that more than five million ecotourists—the majority of the ecotourist population—come from the
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Even while ecotourism is often presented as a responsible form of tourism, it nonetheless carries several risks. Potential ecological, economic, and sociocultural benefits associated with ecotourism are described below.
991:(MPC) is less than one so that each round some extra income goes into saving, leaking out of the cumulative process. Each increase in spending is thus smaller than that of the previous round, preventing an explosion.
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In the continuum of tourism activities that stretch from conventional tourism to ecotourism, there has been a lot of contention to the limit at which biodiversity preservation, local social-economic benefits, and
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When assessing the potential positive impacts of ecotourism, it is necessary to mention that ecotourism can have unintended negative effects as well. Negative impacts can be mitigated through regulations and
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land. Up to 250,000 people worldwide have been forcibly evicted from their homes to make way for conservation projects since 1990, according to the UN special rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples.
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becoming ecotourism spots have very different lifestyles than those who come to visit. Ecotourism has created many debates based on if the economic benefits are worth the possible environmental sacrifices.
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from large-scale ecotourism, the development of facilities and infrastructure does not need to conform to corporate Western tourism standards, and can be much simpler and less expensive. There is a greater
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and Nepal's Annapurna region, where underdevelopment is taking place, more than 90 percent of ecotourism revenues are expatriated to the parent countries, and less than 5 percent go into local communities.
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Currently, there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism certification programs. National ecotourism certification programs have been put in place in countries such as Costa Rica,
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overall. Ecotourism has also been criticized for often using the same infrastructure and practices of regular tourism under a different name. Like most long-distance travel, ecotourism often depends on
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degradation. The limited numbers of local people who are employed in the economy enter at its lowest level and are unable to live in tourist areas because of meager wages and a two-market system.
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The problems associated with defining ecotourism have often led to confusion among tourists and academics. Many problems are also subject of considerable public controversy and concern because of
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save part of the money and spend the rest on consumer goods. These expenditures, in turn, will generate more jobs, wages, profits, and so on with the income and spending circulating the economy.
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disseminating environmental education, (e) sporadic increase in pollution, (f) conflict between tourism management personnel and local communities and (g) inadequate infrastructure development.
962:, adverse impacts to the environment, and loss of culture and traditions outweigh the benefits of establishing large-scale ecotourism. Additionally, culture loss can be attributed to cultural
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The following case studies illustrate the rising complexity of ecotourism and its impacts, both positive and negative, on the environment and economies of various regions in the world.
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for local communities, minimum negative impacts on cultural heritage, and minimum negative impacts on the environment."There is no enforcing agency or system of punishments for summit.
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Jacobson, Susan K.; Robles, Rafael (1998). "Ecotourism, sustainable development, and conservation education: development of a tour guide training program in Tortuguero, Costa Rica".
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A holistic approach to ecotourism must promote socio-cultural as well as economic and ecological practices. The direct and indirect socio-cultural benefits are outlined as follows:
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Macdonald, Catherine; Gallagher, Austin J.; Barnett, Adam; Brunnschweiler, Juerg; Shiffman, David S.; Hammerschlag, Neil (2017). "Conservation potential of apex predator tourism".
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817:, differentiating ecotourism companies based on their level of environmental commitment, creating a standard to follow. A national or international regulatory board would enforce
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with tourist infrastructure, population pressures from ecotourism also leaves behind garbage and pollution associated with the Western lifestyle. An example of this is seen with
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to ecologically sensitive areas, putting wildlife as well as local communities at risk; ecotourism activities may also place travelers at risk of health problems or injuries.
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Ecotourism has become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the tourism industry. One definition of ecotourism is "the practice of low-impact, educational, ecologically and
329:. Ecotourism must serve to maximize ecological benefits while contributing to the economic, social, and cultural wellbeing of communities living close to ecotourism venues.
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barriers at potential output (full employment) but because at each "round", the increase in consumer spending is less than the increase in consumer incomes. That is, the
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practices of human society are having a serious impact on the environment. Ecotourism is now also considered to be playing a role in environmental depletion including
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Ecotourism operations occasionally fail to live up to conservation ideals. It is sometimes overlooked that ecotourism is a highly consumer-centered activity, and that
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Zeng, L. Economic Development and Mountain Tourism Research from 2010 to 2020: Bibliometric Analysis and Science Mapping Approach. Sustainability 2022, 14, 562.
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destinations, tour operators and hotels. The GSTC provides accreditation through a third party to Certification Bodies to legitimize claims of sustainability.
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in Ghana, ensuring that tourists have least direct impact on the surrounding ecology. The visitor park received the Global Tourism for Tomorrow Award in 1998.
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Haaland, Hanne; Aas, Øystein (2010). "Eco-tourism Certification – Does it Make a Difference? A Comparison of Systems from Australia, Costa Rica and Sweden".
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large scale, energy intensive, and ecologically unsustainable schemes are a testament to the tremendous profits associated with being labeled as ecotourism.
579:. ... Tourism to areas of ecological interest (typically exotic and often threatened natural environments), esp. to support conservation efforts and observe
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Cabral, Clement; Dhar, Rajib Lochan (2019-06-10). "Ecotourism research in India: from an integrative literature review to a future research framework".
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in 2017. There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tourism for SDGs focuses on how
720:, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all. It has its roots in
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which translates to higher profit. However, theory indicates that this practice is not economically feasible and will fail to manage the environment.
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as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for
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Some sources suggest the terms were used nearly a decade earlier. Claus-Dieter (Nick) Hetzer, an academic and adventurer from Forum International in
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Ecotourism activities, or merely the presence of travelers in a particular region or location, may negatively impact the ecological integrity of
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Barkin, David; Bouchez, Carlos Paillés (2002). "NGO–Community Collaboration for Ecotourism: A Strategy for Sustainable Regional Development".
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Local communities may be negatively impacted by ecotourism. For example, as is the case with other forms of tourism, ecotourism may result in
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has helped mitigate negative environmental impacts by providing information and regulating tourists on the parks' beaches used by nesting
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Johnston, Alison (2000). "Indigenous Peoples and Ecotourism: Bringing Indigenous Knowledge and Rights into the Sustainability Equation".
1945:
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with a primary focus on experiencing natural areas that foster environmental and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation."
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Ecotourists serving as watchdogs or guardians who personally intervene in situations where the environment is perceived to be threatened
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Ecotourism carries known health risks for tourists and local community members, along with wildlife and ecosystems. Travelers may bring
2000:
Tuohino, Anja; Hynonen, Anne (2001). "Ecotourism—imagery and reality. Reflections on concepts and practices in Finnish rural tourism".
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2327:. Adelaide, Australia: Down to Earth planning for an out-of-the-ordinary industry, presented at the South Australian Ecotourism Forum.
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Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (1993). Sustainable tourism: An evolving global approach. Journal of sustainable tourism, 1(1), 1-5.
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1051:, ...) and these governmental services can thus decide whether or not to implement ecotourism in these Indigenous territories.
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3415:"Ecotourism in Antarctica and adjacent sub-Antarctic islands: development, impacts, management and prospects for the future"
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and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means. There is now broad consensus that tourism should be
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their operations: using the labels of "green" and "eco-friendly", while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways.
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Ecotourism: Suicide or Development? Voices from Africa #6: Sustainable Development, UN Non-Governmental Liaison Service
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Because the regulations of ecotourism may be poorly implemented, ecologically destructive greenwashed operations like
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In some cases, the resentment by local people results in environmental degradation. As a highly publicized case, the
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local resources. The conversion of natural land to such tourist infrastructure is implicated in deforestation and
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Generates revenue (related to visitor expenditures) and creates employment that is directly related to the sector
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1879:(Canad. Forestry Service) (heading) Ecotour of the Trans-Canada Highway, Ottawa-North Bay", and "1982 (title)
1353:, sea turtle reserves use a very large portion of their budget to guard against these destructive activities.
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Ecotourism in the third world—problems and prospects for sustainability, in Ecotourism: a sustainable option?
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Circuit in Nepal, ecotourists have worn down the marked trails and created alternate routes, contributing to
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Aspects of the biology and ecotourism industry of the whale shark Rhincodon typus in North-Western Australia
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Duffy, Rosaleen (2000). "Shadow players: Ecotourism development, corruption and state politics in Belize".
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Saayman, Melville; Rossouw, Krugel (September 2012). "The impact of tourism on poverty in South Africa".
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Reguero Oxide, M. del. 1995. Ecoturismo. Nuevas Formas de Turismo en el Espacio rural. Ed. Bosch Turismo
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between tourists and local community members, and may potentially increase the cost of rent, rates, and
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1114:, a trend towards the commercialization of tourism schemes disguised as sustainable, nature based, and
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For some decision-makers, economic factors are more compelling than ecological factors in deciding how
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Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with living parts of natural environments, in contrast to
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2720:"Indigenous ecotourism in the Amazon: A case study of 'Casa Matsiguenka' in Manu National Park, Peru"
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companies would be legally required to disassociate themselves from the use of the ecotourism brand.
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Orams, Mark B. (2000). "Tourists getting close to whales, is it what whale-watching is all about?".
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Isaacs, J.C. (2000). "The limited potential of ecotourism to contribute to wildlife conservation".
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Ecotourism may also have positive ecological consequences, and some of them are listed as follows:
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Peeters P., Gössling S., Ceron J.P., Dubois G., Patterson T., Richardson R.B., Studies E. (2004).
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on the economy, because local products, materials, and labor are used. Profits accrue locally and
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Ohl-Schacherer, Julia; Mannigel, Elke; Kirkby, Chris; Shepard, Glenn H.; Yu, Douglas W. (2008).
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in general, ecotourism also usually intended to foster a greater appreciation in tourists of
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2781:"Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly"
2679:"Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly"
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Foster community stability and well-being through economic benefits and local participation
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3107:"Protecting the Environment the Natural Way: Ethical Consumption and Commodity Fetishism"
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1875:, Version 4.0, draft entries December 2001, Oxford University Press 2009. Citing: "1973
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Rethinking tourism and ecotravel: the paving of paradise and what you can do to stop it
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2312:. Nairobi, Kenya: The final report from the Conference of Ecotourism at the Crossroads.
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that effectively and persuasively impart messages about appropriate visitor behavior.
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Orams, Mark B.; Nowaczek, Agnes M.K. (2010). "Ecotourism: Principles and Practices".
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Conservation is our government now : the politics of ecology in Papua New Guinea
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Ecotourism is often misinterpreted as any form of tourism that involves nature (see
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A bid to legitimize invasions of Brazil's indigenous lands faces a court challenge
2243:"Travel & Tourism Economic Impact | World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)"
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Valorization of the Indigenous territories can be important for designation as a
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Ecotourists assist with habitat maintenance and enhancement through their actions
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is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for
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2630:"Galápagos Islands Travel & Tours - Conservation & Ecotourism - IGTOA"
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Many environmentalists have argued for a global standard that can be used for
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1894:"Claus-Dieter Hetzer Obituary ( - ) - Pleasant Hill, CA - Contra Costa Times"
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Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1998. Ecoturismo. Naturaleza y Desarrollo Sostenible.
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1781:"Introduction to Fundamentals of Geotourism With a Special Emphasis on Iran"
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Over 50 ecolabels on tourism exist. These include (but are not limited to):
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should be used. Potential ecotourism economic benefits are presented below:
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3895:"Spatial Extent of Human-Intrusion Effects on Subalpine Bird Distributions"
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Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, Highlights
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emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the
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3617:"'Large-scale human rights violations' taint Congo national park project"
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Since the 1980s, ecotourism has been considered an important endeavor by
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together these diverse players to discuss resource management concerns.
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2130:. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters. pp. 198, 234.
1547: – Tourism associated with geological attractions and destinations
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Ceballos-Lascurain, H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas.
2861:"Does poverty constrain deforestation? Econometric evidence from Peru"
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Aesthetic and spiritual benefits and enjoyment for locals and tourists
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IUCN. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 301 pp.
2664:"The Sustainability Challenges of Indigenous Territories in Amazonia"
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Communities experience changes in environmental attitude and behavior
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2022:"Costa Rica Achieves Global Sustainable Tourism Council Recognition"
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At the local level, ecotourism has become a source of conflict over
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and the local people. A tour guide training program in Costa Rica's
539:
290:, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities.
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Vivanco, L. (2002). "Ecotourism, Paradise lost—A Thai case study".
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3591:"Who is ordering continuous attacks against Batwa people in DRC?"
1925:
3800:
Burger, Joanna (2000). "Landscapes, tourism, and conservation".
2223:"Tourism & Sustainable Development Goals – Tourism for SDGs"
1107:, although they are not necessarily synonymous with ecotourism.
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in 1965, according to the Contra Costa Times, and ran the first
4458:
4191:
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3980:(1999). "Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities".
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harms from conservation efforts. Conservation in the Southwest
1037:. Ecotourism can help bring in revenue for Indigenous peoples.
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2952:, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 1558–1561,
138:
104:
77:
36:
3195:
Reichelt-Zolho, Brit; Kirchgatter, Johannes (27 March 2015).
1298:, disruption of ecological life systems and various forms of
966:, in which local cultures are commodified to make a profit.
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Areas protected for ecotourism provide environmental benefits
2325:
South Australian tourism strategy and the role of ecotourism
278:
factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of
156:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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3845:
Rev. ed. Pasadena: Salem Press. Vol. 2, pp. 421–424.
1755:
Fundamentals of Geotourism With a Special Emphasis on Iran
1725:"What is ecotourism? A guide on how to travel sustainably"
1681:
Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?
744:
International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development
2119:
2117:
2115:
1938:"Greenwashing In Tourism: What Is It And How To Avoid It"
409:
The locals may also learn new skills from the ecotourists
397:
Incentive to rehabilitate modified environments and lands
2127:
Sustainable Tourism: Principles, Contexts and Practices
1995:
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1983:
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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1541: – Practice of protecting the natural environment
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High multiplier effect and indirect revenue employment
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Provides economic opportunities for peripheral regions
4726:
MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)
3454:"Travel Experts See Worrisome Downside to Ecotourism"
1564: – Tourism industry based on viewing wild sharks
1222:
facilities, and lodges come with the exploitation of
1103:
tourism, and others have been used in literature and
473:, sectors that are highly compatible with ecotourism.
3646:
Economics, environmental policy, and quality of life
2986:
Buckley, Ralf (1994). "A Framework for Ecotourism".
2310:
Ecotourism at a Crossroads: charting the way forward
1535: – Movement for addressing environmental issues
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sharpens the future of well well-being of the locals
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4225:
3893:Gutzwiller, Kevin J.; Anderson, Stanley H. (1999).
3328:. Arlington, Virginia, USA: The Nature Conservancy.
2779:Coria, Jessica; Calfucura, Enrique (January 2012).
856:
Asian Ecotourism Standard for Accommodations (AESA)
400:
Provides funds to manage and expand protected areas
265:, which is associated with geology. In contrast to
5351:World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers
5296:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
3026:. West Hartford, Connecticut, USA: Kamarian Press.
3019:
1873:Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM
1708:Tourism and Sustainability: Principles to Practice
1609:. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass. : CABI.
419:Exposure to ecotourism fosters a broader sense of
3841:Larkin, T. and K. N. Kähler. 2011. "Ecotourism."
2266:
2264:
2262:
1683:(Second ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
1529: – Museum focused on the identity of a place
2585:Cater, E. (1994). Cater, E.; Lowman, G. (eds.).
1881:Ecological tourism (ecotourism): a new viewpoint
497:Accessible to a broad spectrum of the population
2919:United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service
2048:Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
1558: – Tourism around the jungles of the world
1152:Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area
1025:Impact on indigenous people and indigenous land
754:("responsible consumption and production") and
3226:Ndaskoi, N. (2003). "The Maasai Predicament".
2904:
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2764:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
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1261:hikes can be ecologically destructive. In the
876:European Ecotourism Labelling Standard (EETLS)
530:- India's first planned ecotourism destination
325:Ecotourism is a sub-component of the field of
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4203:
4078:
2509:. Conservation International/Ernst and Young.
8:
1883:(U.N. F.A.O. & Econ. Comm. for Europe)".
1504: – An environmentally sustainable hotel
3161:
3159:
3088:"UNDERSTANDING THE RISE OF ECOTOURISM 2023"
2677:Coria, Jessica; Calfucura, Enrique (2012).
1659:Integra: developing impact from opportunity
1047:are managed by governmental services (i.e.
928:Small scale, slow growth, and local control
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5601:https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/
5443:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism
4477:
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4008:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
3013:
3011:
2946:"Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas"
2390:"The Certification of Sustainable Tourism"
2193:. World Tourism Organization. 2017-12-18.
1877:Ecol. Interpretative Map, Ottawa–North Bay
1606:Ecotourism : principles and practices
936:theory of tourism describes a new form of
758:("life below water") implicate tourism in
714:economic, social, and environmental issues
107:. Please do not remove this message until
5546:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
5346:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
4020:
3912:
3690:
3082:
3080:
3060:
2605:"Challenges Facing the Galápagos Islands"
2471:
2469:
2349:Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC)
2124:Fennell, David A.; Cooper, Chris (2020).
1852:(2nd ed.). Wiley. pp. 124–130.
1515: – Large rainforest in South America
1323:may erase their social value and lead to
736:United Nations World Tourism Organization
732:, for example its environmental impacts.
394:Incentive to protect natural environments
203:Learn how and when to remove this message
185:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4047:) is being considered for deletion. See
3413:Hall, C. M.; McArthur, S. (1993-04-01).
2580:
2578:
689:
602:The definition of ecotourism adopted by
103:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2859:Zwane, Alix Peterson (September 2007).
1586:
599:in the Yucatán during the early 1970s.
518:A hanging bridge in ecotourism area of
236:conservation of the natural environment
5291:American Hotel and Lodging Association
3395:
3384:
3326:An Introduction to Ecotourism Planning
3197:"Live elephants have to be worth more"
2757:
2478:Ecotourism in the Less Developed World
1944:. Clean Travel Pty Ltd. Archived from
1706:Stabler, M. J. (eds.) (1997, page 45)
995:Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk
5336:South-East Asian Tourism Organisation
4022:10.1146/annurev-environ-041210-132637
3843:Encyclopedia of Environmental Issues.
3648:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA:
3319:
3317:
3315:
2911:"Ecotourism: suicide or development?"
2338:
2336:
2334:
1777:Introduction available in English at
750:("decent work and economic growth"),
7:
5574:
3492:Research Repository. pp. 1–282.
1751:مبانى زمينگردشگرى با تأکيد بر ايران
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1592:
1590:
5584:
3569:"Critique of fortress conservation"
3505:"FORUM: Is Ecotourism Sustainable?"
2559:Entrepreneuring Sustainable Tourism
1655:"Ecotourism vs Sustainable Tourism"
1513:Ecotourism in the Amazon rainforest
614:The Global Ecotourism Network (GEN)
5030:Destination marketing organization
3644:Baumol, W.J.; Oates, W.E. (1977).
3252:The Yunnan Great Rivers Expedition
2107:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010562
1827:(2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 8.
1808:(Second ed.). New York, USA:
1757:] (in Persian). Tehran: SAMT.
1033:, which can deter threats such as
534:Ecotourism is a late 20th-century
25:
5514:Convention and exhibition centers
4051:to help reach a consensus. ›
3324:Drumm, Andy; Moore, Alan (2002).
2083:"Sustainable development | UNWTO"
1710:. CAB International: Wallingford.
1570: – Mode of human development
478:Potential socio-cultural benefits
52:This article has multiple issues.
5583:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5509:Cities by international visitors
5368:World Travel and Tourism Council
3803:Science of the Total Environment
3133:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00768.x
2865:Journal of Development Economics
2003:Nordia Geographical Publications
1723:Cardenas, Julieta (2023-07-26).
1665:from the original on 2021-09-01.
1631:"Ecotourism and Protected areas"
1485:
1471:
1457:
834:Environmental impact assessments
682:This section is an excerpt from
606:is: "Ecotourism is ecologically
305:watching near Malusi Islands in
143:
82:
41:
5551:World Heritage Sites by country
5331:Pacific Asia Travel Association
3245:Director: Jim Norton; Writers:
3207:from the original on 2015-03-31
3105:Carrier, James G. (June 2010).
2653:Clarkin and Kähler, p. 423
2507:Ecotourism: the uneasy alliance
2355:from the original on 2020-07-10
1445:Ecotourism in the United States
1226:sources and the use of already
556:was first recorded in 1973 and
60:or discuss these issues on the
5306:Caribbean Tourism Organization
4930:Hospitality management studies
4835:Visiting friends and relatives
2805:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024
2705:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024
2536:10.1080/02508281.2000.11014914
2168:The Eco-efficiency of Tourism.
1916:, Cabi Publishing, 2001, p. 5.
1914:The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism
1357:Eviction of Indigenous peoples
989:marginal propensity to consume
760:creating a sustainable economy
234:intended to contribute to the
1:
5392:Akwaaba African Travel Market
5316:Historical Archive on Tourism
3994:10.1016/s0261-5177(98)00069-7
3967:10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00006-6
3824:10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00509-4
3730:10.1080/14724049.2019.1625359
3692:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
3503:Wall, Geoffrey (1997-07-01).
3452:Mellgren, Doug (2007-05-16).
2877:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.11.007
2848:Traditional aboriginal dances
2837:Traditional aboriginal dances
1749:Ṣadrī, Bahrām Nikūʼī (2010).
1302:, all of which contribute to
1054:Ecotourism can also bring in
1013:natural resource management.
853:Austrian Ecolabel for Tourism
740:Sustainable Development Goals
381:Potential ecological benefits
230:is a form of nature-oriented
27:Tourism visiting environments
5463:Tourism improvement district
3946:10.1016/j.annals.2009.10.007
3665:"The Tragedy of the Commons"
3431:10.1016/0261-5177(93)90044-L
3298:10.1080/0376835x.2012.706041
3002:10.1016/0160-7383(94)90126-0
2295:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.013
2061:10.1080/15022250.2010.486262
1198:Direct environmental impacts
793:Regulation and accreditation
742:, through programs like the
486:Direct and indirect benefits
5630:Natural resource management
3761:Ecotourism: An Introduction
3345:United Nations News Service
3285:Development Southern Africa
3201:Development and Cooperation
2523:Tourism Recreation Research
1522:Ecotourism routes in Europe
1375:Mismanagement by government
1059:payment for the showing of
1004:Natural resource management
436:Potential economic benefits
109:conditions to do so are met
5651:
5356:World Tourism Organization
5311:European Travel Commission
3933:Annals of Tourism Research
3759:Fennell, David A. (1999).
3381:(1). The Ecologist: 61–69.
2989:Annals of Tourism Research
2958:10.4135/9781412939591.n624
2724:Environmental Conservation
2375:"Ecotourism in Costa Rica"
1440:Ecotourism in South Africa
1360:
1204:environmental conservation
1162:Africa faces in result of
942:multinational corporations
892:Ecotour guide stands on a
879:Korean Ecotourism Standard
701:
681:
349:Risks to local communities
29:
5559:
4181:
4102:
4098:
4003:"Tourism and Environment"
3053:10.1080/13683500208667921
3040:Current Issues in Tourism
2950:Encyclopedia of Geography
2736:10.1017/S0376892908004517
1349:from the environment. In
1321:commodification of plants
1304:environmental degradation
1251:environmental degradation
1079:the ones maintaining it.
549:Oxford English Dictionary
365:local community members.
5438:Heritage commodification
5286:American Bus Association
4049:templates for discussion
3663:Hardin, Garrett (1968).
3510:Environmental Management
3170:(2nd ed.). Durham:
2439:Environmental Management
1539:Environmental protection
1430:Ecotourism in Costa Rica
1394:monopolistic competition
1255:ecotourism in Antarctica
1116:environmentally friendly
918:Tortuguero National Park
884:Guidelines and education
845:Labels and certification
826:the higher star rating.
771:Improving sustainability
718:environmental protection
702:Not to be confused with
636:, with many others from
30:Not to be confused with
2738:(inactive 2024-08-16).
2308:Elper-Wood, M. (1998).
2274:Biological Conservation
1850:Ecotourism, 2nd edition
1825:Ecotourism, 2nd Edition
1568:Sustainable development
958:. The lack of control,
859:Eco-certification Malta
764:sustainable development
722:sustainable development
510:Terminology and history
319:Tarangire National Park
254:, which contributes to
240:environmental education
5361:World Tourism rankings
5301:BEST Education Network
4353:Ultralight backpacking
4001:Buckley, Ralf (2011).
3394:Cite journal requires
2476:Weaver, D. B. (1998).
2199:10.18111/9789284419340
2136:10.21832/9781845417673
1848:Weaver, David (2008).
1823:Weaver, David (2008).
1679:Honey, Martha (2008).
1603:Buckley, Ralf (2009).
1533:Environmental movement
1402:tragedy of the commons
1216:water treatment plants
1206:is a means to further
1045:Indigenous territories
922:endangered sea turtles
908:
699:
531:
469:Supports cultural and
322:
317:Kikoti Safari Camp in
310:
224:
165:by rewriting it in an
5397:Arabian Travel Market
4093:Ecotourism by country
3865:Third World Quarterly
3717:Journal of Ecotourism
3531:10.1007/s002679900044
3172:Duke University Press
2944:Warf, Barney (2010),
2909:Kamuaro, Ole (2007).
2591:John Wiley & Sons
2557:Soifer, Jack (2008).
1810:John Wiley & Sons
1661:. September 1, 2021.
1493:Earth sciences portal
1368:Fortress conservation
1363:Fortress conservation
1278:Environmental hazards
1232:habitat deterioration
1156:Virunga National Park
1143:environmental hazards
891:
693:
517:
316:
301:
218:
18:Environmental tourism
5625:Ecological economics
5407:Festival del Viaggio
5373:World Travel Monitor
5025:Convention (meeting)
4872:Hospitality industry
4258:Backpacking (hiking)
4253:Backpacking (travel)
4243:Adventure recreation
3339:Kamauro, O. (1996).
3166:West, Paige (2006).
3018:McLaren, D. (1998).
2785:Ecological Economics
2684:Ecological Economics
2414:Ecolabels on tourism
2323:Crinion, D. (1998).
1942:Clean Travel Connect
1926:Ecotourism Australia
1804:Randall, A. (1987).
1785:OpenEdition Journals
1508:Ecotourism in Africa
1435:Ecotourism in Jordan
1224:non-renewable energy
1158:, as judged by WWF.
1129:culturally sensitive
1095:environmental impact
867:Ecotourism Australia
694:A canopy walkway at
604:Ecotourism Australia
5484:Adjectival tourisms
5402:Cruise of the Kings
5321:Life Beyond Tourism
5100:Roadside attraction
4238:Adjectival tourisms
3816:2000ScTEn.249...39B
3763:. London, England:
3683:1968Sci...162.1243H
3677:(3859): 1243–1248.
3523:1997EnMan..21..483W
3482:Norman, B. (1999).
3153:Walpole et al. 2001
3125:2010Antip..42..672C
2797:2012EcoEc..73...47C
2697:2012EcoEc..73...47C
2505:Ziffer, K. (1989).
2287:2017BCons.215..132M
780:Ecotourism in both
710:Sustainable tourism
696:Kakum National Park
684:Sustainable tourism
677:Sustainable tourism
608:sustainable tourism
546:. According to the
327:sustainable tourism
271:sustainable tourism
96:of this article is
32:Sustainable tourism
5541:Passenger airlines
5448:Impacts of tourism
5278:Trade associations
5253:Outdoor literature
5145:Tourist attraction
5090:Perpetual traveler
4233:Accessible tourism
3982:Tourism Management
3955:Tourism Management
3625:. 26 November 2020
3490:Murdoch University
3419:Tourism Management
2925:on 1 December 2017
2915:Voices from Africa
2589:. United Kingdom:
2452:10.1007/bf02645660
1948:on 27 January 2021
1806:Resource economics
1465:Environment portal
1382:pressure, and sway
1314:due to increasing
1234:of butterflies in
909:
870:Ecotourism Ireland
700:
560:, "probably after
532:
323:
311:
294:Risks and benefits
288:water conservation
252:air transportation
225:
167:encyclopedic style
154:is written like a
5597:
5596:
5422:World Tourism Day
5240:Travel literature
5205:Travel technology
5130:Tourism geography
4890:Convention center
4880:Bed and breakfast
4741:Recreational drug
4452:
4451:
4358:Urban exploration
4185:
4184:
3978:Scheyvens, Regina
3878:10.1080/713701038
3851:978-1-58765-737-5
2568:978-989-95976-0-0
2208:978-92-844-1934-0
2145:978-1-84541-767-3
1912:David B. Weaver,
1779:Sadry, Bahram N.
1764:978-964-530-415-5
1690:978-1-59726-125-8
1616:978-1-84593-457-6
1284:industrialization
1174:of agriculture.
1168:industrialization
972:multiplier effect
799:underwater hotels
786:marine ecosystems
730:impact of tourism
461:Indirect benefits
442:natural resources
414:Indirect benefits
284:energy efficiency
247:environmentalists
213:
212:
205:
195:
194:
187:
137:
136:
129:
75:
16:(Redirected from
5642:
5635:Types of tourism
5620:Adventure travel
5587:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5567:
5566:
5263:Travel magazines
5258:Tourism journals
5190:Travel insurance
5135:Tourism minister
5115:Tour bus service
4479:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4368:Wildlife tourism
4363:Volunteer travel
4273:Cultural tourism
4219:Adventure travel
4212:
4205:
4198:
4189:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4026:
4024:
3997:
3970:
3949:
3926:
3916:
3889:
3835:
3787:
3786:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3460:. Archived from
3458:Associated Press
3449:
3443:
3442:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3310:
3309:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3259:. Archived from
3242:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3163:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3047:(3–4): 245–253.
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2921:. Archived from
2906:
2889:
2888:
2856:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2392:. Archived from
2385:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2121:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1997:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1776:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1600:
1518:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1312:invasive species
1240:squirrel monkeys
1172:overexploitation
1100:tourist industry
1073:degrade the land
934:underdevelopment
873:Ecotourism Kenya
803:helicopter tours
504:codes of conduct
471:heritage tourism
421:environmentalism
275:natural habitats
208:
201:
190:
183:
179:
176:
170:
147:
146:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5593:
5555:
5472:
5426:
5377:
5272:
5234:
5195:Travel medicine
5185:Travel document
5180:Travel behavior
5150:Tourist gateway
5075:Journey planner
5008:
4900:Destination spa
4866:
4537:Bicycle touring
4488:
4483:
4453:
4448:
4419:Nude recreation
4404:Mountain biking
4372:
4283:Extreme tourism
4263:Bicycle touring
4221:
4216:
4186:
4179:
4094:
4091:
4052:
4033:
4000:
3976:
3952:
3929:
3914:10.2307/1370001
3892:
3861:
3799:
3796:
3794:Further reading
3791:
3790:
3775:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3393:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3263:on July 2, 2019
3244:
3243:
3239:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3009:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2908:
2907:
2892:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2756:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1998:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1765:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1602:
1601:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1516:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1419:
1377:
1365:
1359:
1334:
1280:
1208:economic growth
1200:
1179:control of land
1154:(KAZA) and the
1125:
1123:Negative impact
1090:
1085:
1049:FUNAI in Brazil
1027:
1006:
997:
964:commodification
930:
886:
847:
795:
778:
773:
768:
767:
707:
687:
679:
674:
512:
488:
480:
463:
450:
448:Direct benefits
438:
416:
391:
389:Direct benefits
383:
371:
359:property values
351:
343:protected areas
339:
337:Ecological risk
296:
209:
198:
197:
196:
191:
180:
174:
171:
163:help improve it
160:
148:
144:
133:
122:
116:
113:
102:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5648:
5646:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5571:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Leakage effect
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5230:Visitor center
5227:
5222:
5220:Travel website
5217:
5215:Travel warning
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Tourism region
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4969:
4967:Referral chain
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4885:Boutique hotel
4882:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4569:Archaeological
4561:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:River trekking
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:Mountaineering
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:Jungle tourism
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4288:Freighthopping
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4036:
4032:
4031:External links
4029:
4028:
4027:
4015:(1): 397–416.
3998:
3988:(2): 245–249.
3974:
3971:
3961:(6): 561–569.
3950:
3927:
3907:(2): 378–389.
3890:
3872:(3): 549–565.
3859:
3856:
3853:
3839:
3836:
3810:(1–3): 39–49.
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3773:
3767:. p. 30.
3751:
3706:
3655:
3636:
3608:
3597:. 9 April 2022
3595:Deutsche Welle
3582:
3560:
3517:(4): 483–491.
3495:
3474:
3444:
3425:(2): 117–122.
3405:
3396:|journal=
3369:
3350:
3331:
3311:
3292:(3): 462–487.
3274:
3249:, Jim Norton.
3237:
3218:
3187:
3181:978-0822337492
3180:
3155:
3146:
3119:(3): 672–689.
3097:
3076:
3029:
3007:
2996:(3): 661–665.
2978:
2966:
2936:
2890:
2871:(1): 330–349.
2851:
2840:
2829:
2818:
2771:
2710:
2669:
2655:
2646:
2621:
2596:
2574:
2567:
2549:
2512:
2497:
2491:978-0851992235
2490:
2465:
2446:(6): 701–713.
2428:
2417:
2406:
2388:Stater, Adam.
2380:
2373:Stater, Adam.
2365:
2330:
2315:
2300:
2258:
2234:
2214:
2207:
2180:
2171:
2159:
2144:
2111:
2098:
2074:
2055:(3): 375–385.
2037:
2013:
1959:
1929:
1918:
1905:
1885:
1865:
1859:978-0470813041
1858:
1840:
1834:978-0470813041
1833:
1815:
1796:
1763:
1740:
1712:
1696:
1689:
1668:
1646:
1622:
1615:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1556:Jungle tourism
1553:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1479:Ecology portal
1468:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1418:
1415:
1376:
1373:
1361:Main article:
1358:
1355:
1333:
1330:
1325:overproduction
1279:
1276:
1267:soil impaction
1199:
1196:
1124:
1121:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1031:protected area
1026:
1023:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
960:westernization
954:little of the
929:
926:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
860:
857:
854:
846:
843:
794:
791:
777:
774:
772:
769:
688:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
638:Western Europe
622:jungle tourism
585:
584:
573:
511:
508:
499:
498:
495:
492:
487:
484:
479:
476:
475:
474:
467:
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459:
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457:
454:
449:
446:
437:
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429:
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423:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
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401:
398:
395:
390:
387:
382:
379:
370:
367:
350:
347:
338:
335:
295:
292:
267:nature tourism
256:climate change
219:Ecotourism in
211:
210:
193:
192:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5647:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5603:
5602:
5590:
5582:
5580:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5499:Casino hotels
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:Tourism Radio
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:Travel survey
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5175:Travel agency
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:Tour operator
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Hypermobility
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Escorted tour
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4694:International
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
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4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
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4554:
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4528:
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4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
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4491:
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4475:
4473:
4468:
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4460:
4457:
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4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4177:
4176:United States
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
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3866:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
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3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3774:9780203457481
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3747:
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3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
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3719:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3650:Prentice Hall
3647:
3640:
3637:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3475:
3464:on 2007-05-20
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3388:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3360:The Ecologist
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
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3291:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3275:
3262:
3258:
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3253:
3248:
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3229:
3222:
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3206:
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3198:
3191:
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3046:
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3023:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2969:
2967:9781412956970
2963:
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2955:
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2516:
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2449:
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2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2396:on 2018-08-20
2395:
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2376:
2369:
2366:
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1332:Who benefits?
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1296:deforestation
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19:
5599:
5519:Cruise lines
5494:Bibliography
5155:Tourist trap
5080:Package tour
5045:Factory tour
5020:College tour
4699:Volunteering
4647:Experiential
4634:
4439:Scuba diving
4399:Hang gliding
4338:Slum tourism
4277:
4171:South Africa
4042:
4012:
4006:
3985:
3981:
3958:
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3754:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3645:
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3622:The Guardian
3620:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3563:
3514:
3508:
3498:
3484:
3477:
3466:. Retrieved
3462:the original
3447:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3387:cite journal
3378:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3340:
3334:
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3289:
3283:
3277:
3267:November 29,
3265:. Retrieved
3261:the original
3256:
3251:
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3227:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3200:
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3116:
3110:
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3044:
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3032:
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2993:
2987:
2981:
2971:, retrieved
2949:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2914:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2843:
2832:
2821:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2760:cite journal
2730:(1): 14–25.
2727:
2723:
2713:
2688:
2682:
2672:
2658:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2586:
2558:
2552:
2530:(2): 89–96.
2527:
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2477:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2383:
2368:
2357:. Retrieved
2348:
2345:"About GSTC"
2324:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2278:
2272:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2217:
2189:
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2126:
2101:
2090:. Retrieved
2086:
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2046:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1941:
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1805:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1754:
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1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1707:
1680:
1658:
1649:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1605:
1424:
1420:
1417:Case studies
1411:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1366:
1339:
1335:
1308:disturbances
1292:agricultural
1288:urbanization
1281:
1259:
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1212:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1164:urbanization
1160:
1138:South Africa
1134:
1126:
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1061:performances
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708:
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650:
630:
626:greenwashing
619:
612:
601:
596:
592:
586:
576:
575:ecotourism,
569:
564:", in 1982.
561:
557:
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369:Health risks
352:
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123:
114:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
5589:WikiProject
5489:Attractions
5468:Tourist tax
5458:Overtourism
5383:Trade fairs
5210:Travel visa
5013:Terminology
4915:Guest ranch
4910:Guest house
4895:Cruise ship
4820:Sustainable
4601:Pop-culture
4527:Backpacking
4517:Alternative
4512:Agritourism
4424:Paragliding
4318:Overlanding
4303:Hitchhiking
4248:Agritourism
4037:‹ The
3940:: 270–271.
3366:(2): 28–30.
3247:Les Guthman
3228:New African
3062:11362/33030
2929:17 November
2281:: 132–141.
2026:TravelPulse
2010:(4): 21–34.
1952:18 February
1574:Overtourism
1249:Aside from
938:imperialism
782:terrestrial
726:sustainable
538:compounded
321:, Tanzania.
175:August 2024
117:August 2024
5615:Ecotourism
5609:Categories
5417:ITB Berlin
5385:and events
5268:Wikivoyage
5248:Guide book
5120:Tour guide
5110:Staycation
5055:Grand Tour
5004:Restaurant
4905:Front desk
4771:Pilgrimage
4689:Industrial
4684:Geotourism
4635:Ecotourism
4557:Enotourism
4532:Beachgoing
4502:Accessible
4444:Zip-lining
4394:Geohashing
4389:Geocaching
4377:Activities
4278:Ecotourism
4151:Mozambique
4116:Costa Rica
4054:Ecotourism
3900:The Condor
3468:2007-05-21
3257:Snag Films
3092:meadowmere
2973:2022-05-12
2400:2013-05-10
2359:2021-03-24
2252:2022-10-21
2228:2021-01-10
2092:2020-09-25
2031:2020-10-28
1899:Legacy.com
1790:2021-04-23
1734:2024-08-26
1640:2024-08-25
1635:UN Tourism
1581:References
1545:Geotourism
1244:Costa Rica
1220:sanitation
1170:, and the
1088:Definition
1056:employment
863:EarthCheck
776:Principles
704:Ecotourism
593:ecotourism
558:ecotourism
361:, thereby
263:geotourism
228:Ecotourism
94:neutrality
57:improve it
5165:Transport
5095:Road trip
5065:Honeymoon
5050:Gift shop
5040:Excursion
4756:Christian
4751:Religious
4736:Orphanage
4667:Genealogy
4618:Holocaust
4584:Bookstore
4507:Adventure
4328:Rogaining
3886:153634543
3765:Routledge
3746:197805541
3738:1472-4049
3724:: 23–49.
3539:0364-152X
3439:0261-5177
3306:153660005
3141:0066-4812
3071:133558848
2885:0304-3878
2813:0921-8009
2791:: 47–55.
2691:: 47–55.
2634:igtoa.org
2609:igtoa.org
2544:168101298
2343:Hocking.
2154:228913882
1773:889667013
1527:Ecomuseum
1502:Eco hotel
1300:pollution
1263:Annapurna
1105:marketing
1083:Criticism
904:, around
896:spotting
766:strategy.
654:Australia
646:Australia
568:ecotour,
536:neologism
375:pathogens
280:recycling
105:talk page
63:talk page
5569:Category
5326:Musement
5225:Vacation
5105:Souvenir
5085:Passport
4925:Homestay
4920:Heuhotel
4845:Wildlife
4840:Wellness
4731:Nautical
4677:Identity
4672:Heritage
4630:Domestic
4613:Disaster
4579:Literary
4564:Cultural
4552:Culinary
4547:Business
4414:Naturism
4384:Climbing
4343:Tramping
4313:Kloofing
4293:Glamping
4161:Paraguay
4131:Honduras
4111:Colombia
4039:template
3832:10813445
3783:51036894
3701:17756331
3571:. SESMAD
3555:35966965
3488:(MRes).
3205:Archived
3112:Antipode
2752:85169102
2744:44520978
2639:21 April
2460:67806838
2353:Archived
2247:wttc.org
2069:20774227
1663:Archived
1451:See also
1351:Suriname
1347:poaching
1271:cheetahs
1147:land-use
947:Zimbabwe
906:Lido Key
902:manatees
898:dolphins
597:ecotours
589:Berkeley
581:wildlife
520:Thenmala
355:friction
221:Svalbard
98:disputed
5579:Commons
5529:Largest
5504:Casinos
5060:Holiday
4987:Seaside
4962:Pension
4945:Manager
4830:Virtual
4788:Sensory
4783:Science
4721:Medical
4711:Justice
4657:Fashion
4652:Extreme
4589:Tolkien
4486:Tourism
4429:Rafting
4268:Camping
4156:Nigeria
4041:below (
3923:1370001
3812:Bibcode
3679:Bibcode
3670:Science
3547:9175538
3519:Bibcode
3211:12 July
3121:Bibcode
2793:Bibcode
2693:Bibcode
2283:Bibcode
1316:traffic
1228:limited
956:profits
662:Estonia
562:ecotour
554:ecotour
544:tourism
307:Estonia
232:tourism
161:Please
5536:Motels
5524:Hotels
5431:Issues
5170:Travel
5160:Touron
4982:Island
4972:Resort
4935:Hostel
4850:Safari
4815:Sports
4766:Kosher
4706:Jungle
4662:Garden
4522:Atomic
4348:Travel
4333:Safari
4323:Picnic
4298:Hiking
4146:Mexico
4136:Jordan
4126:Greece
4106:Brazil
4058:Curlie
4044:Curlie
3921:
3884:
3849:
3830:
3781:
3771:
3744:
3736:
3699:
3629:27 May
3601:26 May
3575:26 May
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1342:Maasai
1236:Mexico
1187:Yunnan
976:import
756:SDG 14
752:SDG 12
666:Sweden
664:, and
644:, and
642:Canada
524:Kerala
5477:Lists
5412:FITUR
4977:Hotel
4957:Motel
4940:Hotel
4855:Scuba
4825:Urban
4808:Lunar
4803:Space
4798:Smart
4778:Rural
4761:Halal
4640:Shark
4596:Music
4542:Birth
4494:Types
4226:Types
4141:Kenya
4121:Ghana
3919:JSTOR
3882:S2CID
3742:S2CID
3551:S2CID
3302:S2CID
3234:(44).
3067:S2CID
2748:S2CID
2740:JSTOR
2540:S2CID
2456:S2CID
2425:EETLS
2150:S2CID
2065:S2CID
1753:[
1069:erode
894:kayak
748:SDG 8
658:Kenya
528:India
4997:Town
4862:Yoga
4793:Slum
4716:LGBT
4608:Dark
4574:Film
4166:Peru
3847:ISBN
3828:PMID
3779:OCLC
3769:ISBN
3734:ISSN
3697:PMID
3631:2022
3603:2022
3577:2022
3543:PMID
3535:ISSN
3435:ISSN
3400:help
3269:2012
3213:2021
3176:ISBN
3137:ISSN
2962:ISBN
2931:2017
2881:ISSN
2809:ISSN
2766:link
2641:2017
2616:2015
2563:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2482:CABI
2203:ISBN
2140:ISBN
1954:2021
1854:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1769:OCLC
1759:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1400:The
1310:and
1290:and
1282:The
1238:and
1098:The
1071:and
932:The
900:and
801:and
784:and
734:The
542:and
540:eco-
303:Seal
269:and
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4952:Inn
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4623:War
4056:at
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3905:101
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3820:doi
3808:249
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