2550:`(t) The Administrator shall prepare, within one hundred and twenty days of the enactment of this section and yearly thereafter, a pollution control index for each of the top fifty countries identified by the Office of Trade and Investment of the Department of Commerce based on the value of exports to the United States from that country's attainment of pollution control standards in the areas of air, water, hazardous waste and solid waste as compared to the United States. The purpose of this index is to measure the level of compliance within each country with standards comparable to or greater than those in the United States. The Administrator shall analyze, in particular, the level of technology employed and actual costs incurred for pollution control in the major export sectors of each country in formulating the index.
107:
2524:, Qatar, towards the improvement of work related issues concerning the implementation of present agreements. This was a mandated conference dubbed the Fourth Ministerial Conference. One of the issues discussed concerned the issues of trade barriers on environmental goods and services. The result of which was ministers agreeing to a reduction or complete removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers to environmental goods and services such as catalytic converters and air filters to name a few.
3249:
1705:
1693:
1769:
38:
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2494:
One of the major issues that are raised when discussing environmental tariffs, is the issue of a reduction in trade. The argument raised is that tariffs reduce trade and may not actually be targeting the actual source of the pollution. They argue that pollution is not just as a result of imported
2490:
Proponents of environmental tariff implementation have highlighted that if implemented correctly, the tariff could serve to stop strategic behavior of foreign nations and return efficient economic policy in the foreign country. Additionally, environmental standards will be harmonized between the
2636:
Moreover, the GATT does condone the use of tariffs as market interventions, so long as the interventions do not discriminate products, both foreign and domestic. A disputed case relating to this policy was brought forth to the GATT/WTO, involving the U.S. and Canada over
Canadian environmental
2507:
has in the past been accused of dragging its feet on implementing tough new anti-pollution measures, it was the originator of a legislative proposal suggesting an environmental tariff be applied against exporting countries whose exports gained significant cost advantages due to less stringent
2857:
2624:
Environmental tariffs may result in the movement in production of goods to areas in which stricter environmental standards are enforced. Environment tariffs were not implemented in the past, in part, because they were not sanctioned by multilateral trade regimes such as the
2655:
Further implementation problems have been as a result of what some developing nations may view as green protectionism. Green protectionism is the use of methods meant to address legitimate environment goals for the end goal of protection of domestic industry.
2485:
Since freer trade raises income, it directly contributes to increasing pollution levels via the scale effect. However, it thereby induces the composition (and) technique effects of increased income, both of which tend to reduce pollution
2648:"...seeing it as a threat to their growth and fearing that developed countries would attempt to export their preferences for pollution control or to place 'environmental' tariffs on imports from countries with lower standards."
3130:
3289:
2495:
goods but a large part of pollution suffered occurs within the borders of a country, therefore trade would merely harming trade without actually addressing the root cause effectively.
2477:
are intimately linked to increases in international trade, others have argued that as citizens become more affluent they'll also advocate for cleaner environments. According to a
3122:
2412:
1387:
3180:
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1244:
3391:, Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Volume 7 Issue 4 (June 1996), Pgs. 391–411;
1109:
1104:
2931:
2601:
with 450 votes for, 115 against, and 55 abstentions and the
Council of the EU with 24 countries in favour. It entered into force on 17 May 2023.
3038:
2665:
2630:
1458:
1056:
282:
3398:, Universite de Lausanne, Ecole des HEC, DEEP - Cahiers de Recherches Economiques du Département d'Econometrie et d'Economie politique (DEEP);
3378:
2995:
2915:
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48:
59:
3121:
Catrain, Lourdes; Seeuws, Stephanie; Schroeder, Stefan; Poll-Wolbeck, Finn; Maruyama, Warren H.; Hawkins, Gregory M. (9 September 2021).
3094:
1533:
106:
2454:
2326:
1984:
1735:
1598:
731:
243:
2547:
Section 8002 of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6982) is amended by adding the following new subsections at the end thereof:
3370:
3347:
2987:
2907:
2803:
2776:
1064:
817:
77:
3340:
Pollution and the
Struggle for the World Product: Multinational Corporations, Environment, and International Comparative Advantage
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1752:
534:
3463:
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716:
312:
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2652:
Moreover, the problem of what the ideal tariff level is also a cause for concern when implementing environmental tariffs.
2180:
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has played in increasing pollution. While some maintain that increases in pollution which result in both local
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for the purpose of reducing pollution and improving the environment. These trade barriers may take the form of
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1974:
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1939:
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2011:
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1979:
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1428:
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672:
592:
587:
508:
52:
that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3314:
3066:
3009:
U.S. Congress Thomas online database, 102nd
Congress, 1st session, 25 April 1991. Retrieved 2009-06-07
2359:
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1969:
1949:
1934:
1929:
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and underdeveloped countries saw the attempts to impose pollution controls on them as suspicious...
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3440:, Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 98(4), Pgs. 853–73, August 1990;
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3405:, Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, Vol. 21, Pgs. 187–99, February;
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223:
3424:
The
Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade: An Empirical Test
3410:
Do
Regional Trading Arrangements Harm the Environment?: An Analysis of 162 Countries in 1990
2960:
2930:, Pgs. 3 & 5, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 13860, Cambridge, MA.
2731:
2699:– proposed international emissions intensity data-gathering legislation in the United States
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2016:
1884:
1851:
1603:
1528:
1134:
1099:
1079:
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597:
348:
3123:"The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism : inspiration for others or Pandora's box?"
3039:"The proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism fails the ambition and equity tests"
2858:"The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism : inspiration for others or Pandora's box?"
3158:
2935:
2247:
2046:
2001:
1889:
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2536:
was the international pollution control index it cited within its
Section 5, which read:
3363:
International Trade and
Climate Change: Economic, Legal, and Institutional Perspectives
3006:
2980:
International Trade and Climate Change: Economic, Legal, and Institutional Perspectives
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407:
377:
292:
213:
208:
183:
173:
115:
17:
3417:
Can R&D-Inducing Green Tariffs Replace International Environmental Regulations?
3071:
2696:
2597:, it takes effect in 2026, with reporting starting in 2023. CBAM was passed by the
2321:
2036:
1914:
1828:
1709:
1223:
1016:
985:
956:
936:
827:
812:
792:
706:
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503:
297:
3433:, Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, Vol. 87 (345), pages 30–46, March 1977
3382:
2887:
3438:
Social Cost of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis
2685:
1218:
966:
926:
844:
780:
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3007:
S 984 IS: International Pollution Deterrence Act of 1991 (Introduced in Senate)
2965:
2948:
2616:
California has a carbon border adjustment mechanism for imported electricity.
2478:
2446:
2442:
1861:
1808:
1323:
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994:
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124:
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2633:(GATT), a fact which generated considerable criticism and calls for reform.
2252:
2041:
1156:
1074:
1069:
765:
760:
571:
498:
188:
2722:
Mani, Muthukumara S. (1996). "Environmental tariffs on polluting imports".
1768:
2453:
or are imported from countries with lax environmental regulations. The EU
1692:
3431:
MFN Tariff Reductions and Developing Country Trade Benefits under the GSP
3099:
1899:
1318:
1286:
980:
970:
891:
886:
859:
832:
642:
392:
333:
328:
161:
3394:
Jean-Marie, Grether & Mathys, Nicole A. & Jaime, de Melo, 2006,
3181:"Carbon border adjustment mechanism as part of the European green deal"
3095:"OECD boss: Digital tax deal can inspire global deal on carbon pricing"
2735:
2604:
1129:
961:
864:
854:
193:
151:
2508:
environmental regulations. The proposed legislation was tabled as the
2675:
2586:
1338:
1149:
1144:
1139:
951:
839:
2902:, Pg. 56, Fredriksson, World Bank, World Bank Publications, 1999,
2582:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1308:
1303:
1250:
1122:
3412:, Applied Econometric and International Development, 2006 Vol. 6;
2521:
2928:
Trade Growth, Production Fragmentation, and China's Environment
3389:
Environmental Tariffs on Polluting Imports: An Empirical Study
266:
98:
31:
3403:
Industrial Pollution Abatement: The Impact on Balance of Trad
2705: – Self-interests causing depletion of a shared resource
2890:, Telepolis, at Heise.de online, 2000. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
2560:
The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism of the European Union
3020:"Why Ukraine peace talks are more about talking than peace"
49:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3154:"Brussels agrees details of world-first carbon border tax"
2949:"Strategic Environmental Policy and Environmental Tariffs"
3426:, Kyklos, Blackwell Publishing, Vol. 43(2), Pgs. 191–209;
2823:
Keohane, Robert O.; Colgan, Jeff D. (20 September 2021).
2491:
trading nations as a result of the environmental tariff.
3319:
Model Laws for Deep Decarbonization in the United States
2512:
and was introduced in its Senate in April of that year.
2765:
Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Orsini, Amandine (11 July 2014).
55:
3152:
Hancock, Alice; Espinoza, Javier (18 December 2022).
2768:
Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance
1058:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
3290:"Factsheet: UK Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism"
2796:Import Tariffs as Environmental Policy Instruments
3067:"Ministry urges firms to step up decarbonization"
2461:International trade vs. environmental degradation
3396:Unraveling the World-Wide Pollution Haven Effect
2688: – In economics, an imposed cost or benefit
2825:"Save the Environment, Save American Democracy"
3436:Hazilla, Michael & Kopp, Raymond J, 1990,
2528:Proposed International Pollution Control Index
2510:International Pollution Deterrence Act of 1991
2640:Additionally, many foreign factory owners in
2406:
1729:
8:
2926:Dean, Judith M & Lovely, Mary E (2008),
2465:There is debate on the role that increased
2413:
2399:
1747:
1736:
1722:
1371:
1192:
455:
271:
89:
3315:"California ETS Border Carbon Adjustment"
3093:Smith-Meyer, Bjarke (14 September 2021).
2964:
2900:Trade, Global Policy, and the Environment
1245:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
3429:Baldwin, R E & Murray, Tracy, 1977,
3419:; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, 2006–92;
2790:
2788:
2982:Pg. 36, World Bank Publications, 2007,
2714:
2532:A notable feature of the proposed U.S.
1759:
1400:
1374:
1236:
1195:
610:
563:
516:
458:
320:
274:
97:
3408:Ghosh, S. & Yamarik, Steven 2006,
3133:from the original on 28 September 2021
2666:American Clean Energy and Security Act
2631:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2620:Implementation problems and resistance
2612:Border Carbon Adjustment in California
2589:and some electricity, imported to the
2581:on carbon intensive products, such as
2534:International Pollution Deterrence Act
2575:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
2567:EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
2541:INTERNATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL INDEX
7:
3342:Pg. 69, Cambridge University Press,
3264:"Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism"
2724:Environmental and Resource Economics
2637:regulations on beverage containers.
2499:Early tariff implementation proposal
27:Tariff to equalise externality costs
2868:from the original on 3 October 2021
2455:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
2327:Renewable energy commercialization
25:
3365:, World Bank Publications, 2007,
3211:"Results of Votes (22 June 2022)"
3065:Oung, Angelica (2 October 2021).
2555:Currently implemented eco-tariffs
1065:Global minimum corporate tax rate
2565:This section is an excerpt from
2520:Negotiations took place in 2001
1767:
1703:
1691:
535:Base erosion and profit shifting
105:
36:
3037:Gore, Tim (13 September 2021).
2953:Journal of Economic Integration
313:Optimal capital income taxation
3222:. 22 June 2022. Archived from
2642:newly industrialized countries
2449:on products that have a large
1383:List of countries by tax rates
1:
2104:Socially responsible business
1880:Bright green environmentalism
818:Natural resources consumption
3387:Mani, Muthukumara S., 1966,
3185:Legislative Train Schedule (
2607:will be implemented by 2027.
2593:. Legislated as part of the
2516:Doha Ministerial Declaration
2355:Environmental pricing reform
668:United States as a tax haven
3338:Leonard, Jeffrey H., 1988,
2862:www.engage.hoganlovells.com
2109:Social return on investment
3490:
2966:10.11130/jei.2006.21.4.861
2794:Kraus, Christiane (2000),
2564:
2094:Pollution haven hypothesis
2089:Natural resource economics
2074:High-performance buildings
582:Offshore financial centres
472:Repatriation tax avoidance
3401:Robison, David H., 1988,
2471:environmental degradation
1857:Climate change mitigation
1047:Financial transaction tax
137:Property tax equalization
2627:World Trade Organization
2297:Environmental technology
1940:Ecological modernization
1895:Corporate sustainability
1388:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
1052:Currency transaction tax
638:Liechtenstein tax affair
3127:engage.hoganlovells.com
2681:Environmental economics
2671:Carbon fee and dividend
2370:Green industrial policy
2084:Marginal abatement cost
2007:Fiscal environmentalism
1824:Personal carbon trading
1794:Carbon fee and dividend
1789:Carbon emission trading
1761:Environmental economics
1095:Permanent establishment
1090:Exchange of Information
603:Financial Secrecy Index
254:Medical savings account
3464:International taxation
3422:Tobey, James A, 1990,
3044:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
2703:Tragedy of the commons
2552:
2544:
2488:
2475:tragedy of the commons
2307:Fossil fuel divestment
1000:Vehicle miles traveled
619:Ireland as a tax haven
433:Private tax collection
58:by rewriting it in an
2947:Xing, Yuqing (2006).
2629:(WTO) and within the
2545:
2538:
2483:
2365:Free public transport
2312:Fossil fuel phase-out
1834:Social cost of carbon
673:Panama as a tax haven
625:Ireland v. Commission
593:Conduit and sink OFCs
588:Offshore magic circle
509:Unreported employment
2457:is a carbon tariff.
2431:environmental tariff
2360:Environmental tariff
1985:full-cost accounting
1950:Efficient energy use
1935:Ecological footprint
1930:Ecological economics
1659:United Arab Emirates
1401:Individual Countries
1110:Foreign revenue rule
912:Inheritance (estate)
631:Leprechaun economics
18:Environmental tariff
3268:European Commission
3219:European Parliament
3187:European Parliament
2599:European Parliament
2595:European Green Deal
2467:international trade
2429:, also known as an
2292:Carbon-neutral fuel
1955:Energy conservation
1698:Business portal
1393:Tax rates in Europe
1263:Tax Justice Network
1209:Dhammika Dharmapala
722:Airport improvement
530:Transfer mispricing
321:Distribution of Tax
93:Part of a series on
3415:Naghavi, Alireza,
3191:. 20 November 2022
2934:2010-06-04 at the
2736:10.1007/bf00369626
2332:Sustainable energy
2317:Low-carbon economy
2156:consumer behaviour
1299:Eight per thousand
1214:James R. Hines Jr.
1105:European Union FTT
132:Government revenue
60:encyclopedic style
47:is written like a
3469:Commercial policy
3459:Environmental law
3454:Environmental tax
3379:978-0-8213-7225-8
2996:978-0-8213-7225-8
2916:978-0-8213-4458-3
2812:978-0-7923-6318-7
2423:
2422:
2287:Carbon neutrality
2276:2000-watt society
2270:Energy transition
2181:development goals
2099:Social accounting
1819:Environmental tax
1814:Emissions trading
1746:
1745:
1681:
1680:
1277:
1276:
1269:Tax Policy Center
1022:Negative (income)
798:Environmental tax
680:
679:
598:Financial centres
418:Tax investigation
356:
355:
224:Tax harmonization
88:
87:
80:
16:(Redirected from
3481:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
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3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3270:. European Union
3260:
3254:
3253:
3248:Council (2023).
3245:
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2756:
2755:
2719:
2451:carbon footprint
2415:
2408:
2401:
2281:Alternative fuel
2171:design standards
2079:Impact investing
1885:Circular economy
1852:Carbon footprint
1771:
1748:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1710:Money portal
1708:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1372:
1193:
1100:Transfer pricing
1080:Tax equalization
1059:
1007:Corporate profit
643:Luxembourg Leaks
577:Corporate havens
456:
272:
109:
90:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
40:
39:
32:
21:
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3357:Further reading
3354:
3350:, 9780521340427
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3257:
3250:"Voting record"
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3209:
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3159:Financial Times
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3031:
3018:
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2945:
2941:
2936:Wayback Machine
2925:
2921:
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2829:Foreign Affairs
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2263:
2262:
2248:Thermoeconomics
2002:Ethical banking
1890:Climate finance
1875:
1867:
1866:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1779:
1742:
1704:
1702:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1314:Fiscus Judaicus
1289:
1279:
1278:
1237:Advocacy groups
1190:
1182:
1181:
1172:Trade agreement
1167:Free-trade zone
1125:
1115:
1114:
1057:
1042:
1032:
1031:
692:
682:
681:
653:Paradise Papers
494:Debtors' prison
453:
443:
442:
413:Tax preparation
373:Revenue service
368:
358:
357:
269:
259:
258:
239:Double taxation
234:Tax withholding
229:Tax competition
147:Non-tax revenue
127:
84:
73:
67:
64:
56:help improve it
53:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3331:
3306:
3281:
3255:
3240:
3229:on 9 July 2022
3202:
3172:
3144:
3113:
3085:
3057:
3029:
3011:
2999:
2972:
2959:(4): 861–880.
2939:
2919:
2892:
2888:Salami Tactics
2886:Horvath, John
2879:
2849:
2815:
2784:
2777:
2757:
2730:(4): 391–411.
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2692:Green politics
2689:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2591:European Union
2571:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2500:
2497:
2462:
2459:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:Rail subsidies
2382:
2380:Green politics
2377:
2375:Green New Deal
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:Carbon leakage
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Feed-in tariff
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:Value of Earth
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2114:Sustainability
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Eco-innovation
1917:
1912:
1910:Eco-capitalism
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:Climate change
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Carbon finance
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:United Kingdom
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1257:Tax Foundation
1254:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:Gabriel Zucman
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Mihir A. Desai
1198:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:Excess profits
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
983:
978:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
897:Gross receipts
894:
889:
884:
879:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
837:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
795:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
748:
747:
746:
736:
735:
734:
729:
724:
714:
709:
704:
699:
693:
688:
687:
684:
683:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:Offshore Leaks
645:
640:
635:
634:
633:
628:
613:
612:
611:Major examples
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
579:
574:
566:
565:
561:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
546:Dutch Sandwich
543:
538:
532:
527:
519:
518:
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:Tax resistance
481:
476:
475:
474:
461:
460:
454:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
388:Taxable income
385:
383:Tax assessment
380:
375:
369:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
323:
322:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
277:
276:
275:General Theory
270:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:
244:Representation
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
128:
123:
122:
119:
118:
111:
110:
102:
101:
95:
94:
86:
85:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3486:
3475:
3474:Protectionism
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:0-8213-7225-4
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3348:0-521-34042-X
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:0-8213-7225-4
2985:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:0-8213-4458-7
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:0-7923-6318-3
2801:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:9781136777042
2774:
2771:. Routledge.
2770:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:carbon tariff
2576:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:United States
2503:Although the
2498:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:and a global
2472:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:trade barrier
2436:
2435:carbon tariff
2432:
2428:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:refurbishment
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:impact design
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:Environmental
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Ecotechnology
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Eco-investing
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Disinvestment
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Carbon offset
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Carbon credit
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:United States
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:All Countries
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Tolerance tax
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:International
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:Resource rent
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
741:
740:
739:Capital gains
737:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
686:
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3224:the original
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3072:Taipei Times
3070:
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2840:. Retrieved
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2697:PROVE IT Act
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2577:(CBAM) is a
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2447:export taxes
2434:
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2424:
2322:Net metering
2196:food systems
2124:organization
1915:Eco commerce
1829:Pigovian tax
1778:Carbon price
1629:South Africa
1224:Joel Slemrod
902:Hypothecated
870:Sugary drink
807:
744:Expatriation
623:
541:Double Irish
504:Black market
349:Proportional
298:Laffer curve
283:Price effect
74:
65:
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29:
3233:20 December
3195:20 December
3165:20 December
3137:22 November
2686:Externality
2221:procurement
2176:development
2161:consumption
2146:agriculture
2141:advertising
2136:Sustainable
2027:development
1644:Switzerland
1609:Philippines
1584:New Zealand
1579:Netherlands
1219:Ronen Palan
967:User charge
786:Value-added
751:Consumption
663:Swiss Leaks
551:Single Malt
489:Tax shelter
479:Tax evasion
438:Tax farming
423:Tax shelter
339:Progressive
303:Optimal tax
204:Tax amnesty
199:Tax holiday
157:Tax bracket
142:Tax revenue
3448:Categories
3299:31 January
3024:www.ft.com
2710:References
2603:A similar
2479:World Bank
2427:eco-tariff
2211:management
2206:livelihood
2201:industries
2151:capitalism
2119:accounting
2017:accounting
1975:enterprise
1965:accounting
1862:Food miles
1809:Carbon tax
1554:Kazakhstan
1439:Bangladesh
1434:Azerbaijan
1367:By country
1324:Temple tax
1294:Church tax
1177:ATA Carnet
1162:Free trade
1157:Tariff war
1085:Tax treaty
976:Congestion
917:Land value
808:Eco-tariff
776:Television
732:Solidarity
712:Ad valorem
572:Tax havens
403:Tax shield
398:Tax refund
366:Collection
344:Regressive
219:Tax reform
3106:3 October
3078:3 October
3050:3 October
2872:3 October
2837:0015-7120
2752:152590275
2744:0924-6460
2253:Used good
2241:transport
2129:reporting
2047:marketing
1634:Sri Lanka
1599:Palestine
1559:Lithuania
1524:Indonesia
1509:Hong Kong
1429:Australia
1419:Argentina
1287:Religious
1075:Spahn tax
1070:Tobin tax
932:Pigouvian
850:Cigarette
823:Severance
756:Departure
564:Locations
517:Corporate
499:Smuggling
267:Economics
189:Tax shift
184:Deduction
174:Exemption
3131:Archived
3100:Politico
2932:Archived
2866:Archived
2660:See also
2344:Policies
2231:sourcing
2057:recovery
2022:building
1995:planning
1900:Degrowth
1874:Concepts
1753:a series
1751:Part of
1654:Tanzania
1619:Portugal
1594:Pakistan
1474:Colombia
1454:Bulgaria
1319:Leibzoll
1196:Academic
1189:Research
1017:Windfall
957:Turnover
937:Property
887:Georgist
833:Stumpage
828:Steering
813:Landfill
793:Dividend
717:Aviation
707:Per unit
702:Indirect
393:Tax lien
329:Tax rate
308:Theories
162:Flat tax
125:Policies
99:Taxation
2605:UK CBAM
2486:levels.
2437:, is a
2236:tourism
2191:finance
2067:vehicle
2062:trading
2052:paradox
2032:economy
1980:finance
1674:Uruguay
1574:Namibia
1569:Morocco
1534:Ireland
1514:Iceland
1499:Germany
1489:Finland
1484:Denmark
1479:Croatia
1424:Armenia
1414:Algeria
1409:Albania
1061:(CCCTB)
927:Payroll
882:General
875:Tobacco
845:Alcohol
781:Tourist
727:Landing
459:General
194:Tax cut
152:Tax law
54:Please
3377:
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3324:21 May
3294:GOV.UK
3274:21 May
2994:
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2676:Ecotax
2587:cement
2481:paper:
2443:import
2216:market
2186:energy
2166:design
2037:growth
1970:design
1649:Taiwan
1639:Sweden
1624:Russia
1614:Poland
1589:Norway
1539:Israel
1504:Greece
1494:France
1464:Canada
1449:Brazil
1444:Bhutan
1339:Kharaj
1247:(ITEP)
1150:Export
1145:Import
1140:Tariff
1130:Custom
1027:Wealth
952:Surtax
947:Single
922:Luxury
907:Income
840:Excise
803:Carbon
697:Direct
584:(OFCs)
537:(BEPS)
249:Unions
179:Credit
3227:(PDF)
3214:(PDF)
2748:S2CID
2583:steel
2012:Green
1755:about
1564:Malta
1549:Japan
1544:Italy
1519:India
1469:China
1354:Zakat
1349:Nisab
1344:Khums
1334:Jizya
1309:Tithe
1304:Teind
1265:(TJN)
1251:Oxfam
1123:Trade
771:Stamp
766:Sales
761:Hotel
690:Types
3375:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3326:2023
3301:2024
3276:2023
3235:2022
3197:2022
3167:2022
3139:2021
3108:2021
3080:2021
3052:2021
2992:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2874:2021
2844:2021
2833:ISSN
2808:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2740:ISSN
2573:The
2522:Doha
1604:Peru
1529:Iran
1271:(US)
1259:(US)
1253:(UK)
1135:Duty
995:Toll
990:GNSS
986:Road
981:Fuel
892:Gift
860:Meat
556:CAIA
334:Flat
2961:doi
2732:doi
2445:or
2433:or
2425:An
2042:job
1459:BVI
971:fee
962:Use
865:Sin
855:Fat
3450::
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