454:â trade fairs held in cities all over the world to showcase scientific, technological and cultural advances to the population, and which became true mass spectacles and great advertising showcases for companies or countries that promoted their productsâis worth mentioning. These exhibitions were held in enclosures where each country or company built a pavilion to promote itself, which were buildings or structures conceived in an ephemeral way to last only as long as the exhibition lasted. However, many of these constructions were preserved due to their success or the originality of their design, becoming a testing ground and promotion of the work of many architects. These exhibitions saw the first experiments with new typologies and materials characteristic of
19:
1302:, or it can be transported and perched on any natural landscape. A hybrid architecture, hermetic, small, comfortable and technological, constituted by the space itself and by the machines connected to it: "The house is an apparatus to be transported with itself, the city is a machine to which you connect." Although comparable to a capsule, the Living Pod does not have autonomy, that is why in 1969 he proposed the Logplug-Rockplug. Real simulations of logs and rocks that serve to hide service points for semi-autonomous living containers. They go unnoticed, perfectly adapted to the landscape and bring to any environment a high degree of technological support without detracting from the natural beauty.
1163:
167:
796:
collective unconscious and induce us to enhance the value of change and speed. It is positive, within this way of conceiving times of use, that a rising value is also ecology, since the reuse of these obsolete pieces is the antidote against landfills. There is a prevailing trivialization in many social aspects with the dominance of the ephemeral, the disposable. We are not only tolerant but enthusiastic about garbage-jobs, garbage-companies, garbage-stores, garbage-furniture, garbage-houses, garbage-families, garbage-programs and garbage-books. This strategy goes through the elimination of the qualities of things. In the words of José Luis Pardo:
975:
148:
128:
1037:, inflatable architecture manuals like the Inflatocookbook, manifestos like the Nomadic Cowboy, or bound books like Reality, all with the aim of proposing new environments for a new way of life. A proposal with different mobile, inflatable, mechanical and technological elements that produce the necessary effects to make any support habitable with a vital, alternative, nomadic, utopian and experimental architecture, as he believes that "today's ambiguous society forces static patterns of life."
720:
427:
238:
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866:. The world changes constantly and at an ever-increasing speed. This type of architecture adapts quickly to the needs of the place. It can be constantly re-modeled, as needs change. The permeability of this architecture allows it to be assembled and disassembled by the users themselves. Nowadays any country or city is susceptible to encounter different emergency situations: situations derived from extreme meteorological phenomena,
858:. Life, nowadays, is unpredictable. "Everyone changes places when they want to. Life is an endless journey through a world that transforms so rapidly that each time seems different." Ephemeral architecture is meant to respond to a specific act and can be dismantled after it has responded to that act. It can always be returned to the origin, unlike permanent constructions, in which the site remains conditioned.
1178:
611:. It is worth mentioning the relationship of ephemeral architecture with citizen cartography, and its relationship with the decision-making power of the user, who becomes the architect of his part of the space on some occasions. It can happen that specific parts of a building are movable, to configure a space in a momentary way in which everyone can adapt the conditions to the most suitable for himself.
620:
603:, do not differ much from those used in traditional architecture. This and the fact that the societies in which it was developed were prone to venerate monumentality, and the success of some of the constructions of the universal exhibitions, meant that many of these buildings were finally preserved. Nowadays, the architecture that can best be compared to this type of event constructions are
372:, with events such as coronations, royal weddings and births, funerals, ambassador visits, any event that allowed the monarch to display his power to the admiration of the people. Baroque festivities involved a conjugation of all the arts, from architecture and the plastic arts to poetry, music, dance, theater, pyrotechnics, floral arrangements, water games, etc. Architects such as
557:
1365:. Thousands of people were left unprotected and homeless, and the objective was to raise funds for the reconstruction of the devastated homes. Given the strong visual and metaphorical potential of installing a village of pink "houses" in the devastated area, Pink was the virtual city of hope, a hybrid of art, architecture, film, media and fundraising strategies.
631:
987:
891:. It has been reflected above all in emergency solutions either by wars or natural disasters. Conditions such as lightness, economy, speed and simplicity of assembly and disassembly, storage, sustainability, minimal, collective, transportable, reusable, prefabrication, and so on, require using the most innovative aspect of the architectural research.
1259:. No element had to exceed 100 kilograms or measure more than 4 meters to meet the idea of quick and simple assembly, without technical aids, which could be transported in one go on a truck. The joints and connections had to be free of tension, even in the case of technical deformation; the facades had to be made up of interchangeable elements.
324:. This sentiment led to a vitalist appreciation of the fleetingness of the instant, to enjoy the light moments of relaxation that life offers, or the celebrations and solemn acts. Thus, births, weddings, deaths, religious ceremonies, royal coronations and other recreational or ceremonial events were dressed with pomp and artifice of a
1271:
Village in
Cardboard he proposes a vacation village in cardboard cells without doors or windows. All the space is public and does not offer "comfort". The roofs will be generated by the users with the aim that the vacationers are active, relate and communicate with others. The houses would be burned down at the end of the vacation.
273:, when European monarchs sought to elevate their figure above that of their subjects, resorting to all kinds of propagandistic and exalting acts of their power, in political and religious ceremonies or celebrations of a playful nature, which showed the magnificence of their government. One of the most frequent resources were the
912:. This type of architecture adapts economically to the needs of the place. It takes into account the existing, either by nearby materials, or by taking into account the environment. Non-permanent architecture should not be exempt from its surroundings. The structural design must be the most appropriate to optimize resources.
1144:. With his project Recetas Urbanas, he provides legal advice. He makes projects that reflect the idea of ephemeral architecture, these take into account the needs of the individual, the area where it is located and the circumstances of the moment. He defines an economic project, which adapts to demand and can even be
1384:
in 2000 and India in 2001. Self-built with maximum economy of means, they use sand-filled soft drink boxes as foundations, and walls constructed of cardboard tubes with insulating capacity and rain-resistant once protected with a kerosene primer. The tarpaulin roof, attached to a cardboard truss, can
1317:
Rural shelter that mounts on a standard articulated hydraulic boom. The unit is for two people, can move on air, land and water according to purpose, activity or time. It is a kinetic response to life, allowing the inhabitants to control the appearance or orientation of the capsule according to mood,
1341:
Proposal that aims to demonstrate that the habitat can be understood in a more essential and reasonable way, keeping a more direct relationship with the environment. An almost immaterial volume that swells from the heat of our own body or the sun, so versatile that it protects from cold and heat, so
674:
New
Babylon does not stop anywhere (because the earth is round); it knows no borders (because there are no more national economies), nor collectivities (because humanity is fluctuating). Any place is accessible to each and everyone. The whole planet becomes the home of the inhabitants of the earth.
94:
installations, each ephemeral period has given shape to its idea of celebration and has materialized it with the technique available at the time. Today the ephemeral continues to fulfill these playful and experimental functions, but it also aspires to channel new ideas about public space and social
1329:
A project from the mid-1980s, consisting of a concept of a house scattered all over the city, where life goes by while using the fragments of the city space as a collage. For it, the living room is the café-bar and the theater, the dining room is the restaurant, the closet is the boutique, and the
903:
have appeared in all media. In the ephemeral architecture, low cost is one of the priority concepts that allows and motivates rapid operations to experiment, investigate and propose models and construction methods that are more advanced and visionary than those that traditional architecture allows
214:
Four of the columns were shaped like palm trees, while those in the center resembled thyrsus. Outside the columns, on three sides, there was a portico with a peristyle and vaulted ceiling, where the retinue of guests could be placed. Inside, the pavilion was surrounded with purple curtains, except
201:
stand out for their monumentality and the long-lasting eagerness of their constructions, especially the religious ones. The ephemeral constructions were especially used for public ceremonies and celebrations of military victories, or for festivities related to kings and emperors. Thus, there is a
1286:
that had no buildings, just a large frame into which housing or service capsules could be fitted in the form of cells or standardized components. Each element had a durability; the base tubular structure 40 years, in the capsules it varies according to its program, from 6 months for a commercial
1270:
He proposes new and unprecedented architectures, corresponding to another way of living, combined with the new materials that were beginning to invade the construction market. His proposals deal with the architecture of camouflage, evolutionary, solar, ephemeral, vacation, recovery, etc. In his
820:
Architecture that is ephemeral because of its "economy of resources". Based on immediate constructions, the fundamental premise is the rapid response required for its construction. That it will lose its use, be dismembered or change its place is of no interest. The important thing is to solve a
795:
Unlike nomadic architecture, the structure of the world maintains its sedentary nature, but the elements that we find within it are projected to change at a faster rate every day: the latest generation of cell phones, fashionable clothes, fast food, etc. These are terms that have settled in the
766:
Architecture that is ephemeral because of its " temporariness". Architectural types that until now had always been conceived to remain, such as the house, are now thought to be dismembered and their pieces reused. It is the inheritance of the industrial society that allows us an architecture of
575:
circumstances that require this type of constructionâwhere various types of ice buildings have begun to proliferate, such as hotels, museums, palaces and other structures generally conceived for public use and for recreational or cultural purposes. These constructions are based on traditional
339:
and illusionist perspective, a tendency that had its maximum expression in festivities, the playful celebration, where buildings such as churches or palaces, or a neighborhood or an entire city, became theaters of life, in scenarios where reality and illusion were mixed, where the senses were
107:
In the social context there are various ways of including ephemeral architecture: for specific events (traditional ephemeral architecture), as a way of life (nomadic architecture), as a requirement of a society that reveres change (obsolescent architecture), and as a necessity (emergency
961:, which are characterized by their lightness and ease of transport, as well as making it possible to simplify the joining of different parts. Each person is the owner of their own environment, their own habitat. It is possible for the individual to become a contemporary
710:
approach to this type of utopian cities. The cycle closes. If the human being becomes sedentary because he discovers the benefits of cultivation, after millennia machines free him from such a chore, so he can put his house back in his backpack and travel the world.
1228:. The whole house must be manageable: volume, weight, surface and reduced cost. The house can be expandable and is supplied with the indispensable furniture. It is intended to live in harmony with the landscape and nature without damaging the natural environment.
166:
1385:
be removed and detached in summer to allow ventilation. The material cost of a 52 m unit is less than $ 2,000, and the assembly is designed to be carried out by the victims and volunteers themselves. Emergency housing took between 6 and 10 hours to build.
956:
movements, by rejecting the idea of always buying from others things that one can create or manufacture. From the 1950s, the ability of each person to build his own house is made available to society, supported by the emergence of new materials such as
1128:, the struggle with regulations, the commitment, participation, flexibility and the rejection of media architecture. Shigeru's houses are designed to be constantly remodeled, as are the needs. They are easy to build, the users themselves can do it.
48:, although a distinction must be made between constructions conceived for temporary use and those that, despite being built with durability in mind, have a brief expiration due to various factors, especially the poor quality of the materials (wood,
870:
or moments in which political, military or civil disturbance factors intervene. In this sense, ephemeral architecture has an important task to solve to provide temporary shelters and shelters for victims of any kind, showing its most supportive
1152:
I have no interest in making architecture that lasts 300 years, but to make an architecture that serves temporary states because there are situations in the city that are developed by people who occasionally, for years, will work there or live
1208:
architecture. The
Endless House project, where the author explored the architectural possibilities of spaces in infinite development, capable of adapting to the changing conditions of the environment, never constant, always evolving, with a
800:
The only way to maintain the typeâand this is the brilliant idea we are talking aboutâis for things to originally lack properties (i.e., to be junk beforehand) without their conversion into junk deriving from the wear and tear generated by
663:
on a planetary scale, which advocates a return to nomadic origins thanks to the improvement of the machine, which frees the human being from his tasks (food production, etc.), and in this way a new evolution of the human being appears, the
474:, a large glass palace with iron structure, which despite being preserved was destroyed by fire in 1937. From then until now there have been numerous exhibitions, many of which have revealed great architectural achievements, such as the
592:âbuilt in 1990 on a provisional basis and maintained thanks to the success of the initiative, being redecorated every year with the participation of various architects, artists and students of various disciplinesâis worth mentioning.
277:, erected for any act such as military celebrations, royal weddings or visits of the monarch to various cities. There are several testimonies in this regard, such as the triumphal arch at the Porte Saint-Denis for the entrance of
1148:. He believes in non-permanent architecture, so many of his projects can be dismantled once it loses the utility for which it was created. In the documentary Spanish Dream, Cirugeda explains his way of understanding architecture:
147:
837:
as a liberation from the bonds of capitalism, the construction of a greater solidarity among men, a condition of life in harmony with nature, and the feeling of being architects of a new beginning. The
127:
779:
Aware of the profound disturbances brought to the social structure by machinism, the transformation of the economic order and social life implies a transformation of the architectural phenomenon.
328:
character, where great assemblies were elaborated that agglutinated architecture and decorations to provide an eloquent magnificence to any celebration, which became a spectacle of almost
899:. Concept generalized in the 60's with the fast food chains. In this consumer society, "low cost" companies of services, communications, industrial, technological, automotive and even
926:
and social problems that make us change the way of doing things. Nowadays, many believe that architecture should optimize resources and be low cost. This can be achieved by using
670:
who, freed from his occupations, can devote himself to art and happiness. For this achievement the world must be conceived from the freedom of choices and therefore of movements.
772:
1101:
to the generation of the masters of the 60s with whom
Kaplicky and Levete were trained, and on the other hand, as visionaries of the world to come from the 21st century.
930:
materials, with reversible constructions. Once the building is no longer needed the materials can be returned to the company or reused for another construction, avoiding
1069:
made a series of technological, futuristic and utopian proposals that bet on an ephemeral architecture destined to be consumed like any other product of society.
1357:. It was conceived as an informative-commemorative tool to raise awareness and activate individual participation to alleviate the needs of those affected by
571:
Finally, it is worth mentioning the boom since the mid-20th century in ice architecture, especially in the Nordic countriesâas is logical given the special
431:
1624:
595:
Except in the case of ice architecture, which hosts functions usually reserved for traditional architecture and needs to be preserved to survive, the
18:
675:
Everyone changes place when he or she wants to. Life is an endless journey through a world that transforms so rapidly that each time seems different.
483:
645:
architecture that is ephemeral because of its "translationality". Architecture, in its origin, was born being ephemeral and to this day certain
1399:
584:, but have evolved by incorporating all the theoretical and technical advances of modern architecture. Among other buildings made of ice, the
312:
During the
Baroque, the ornamentalâcontrived and ornate character of the art of this time conveyed a transitory sense of lifeârelated to the
1196:
For more than 30 years, the
Viennese architect F. J. Kiessler, researched, speculated and experimented in an indeterminate, transformable,
1162:
439:
833:; or with social sectors with few resources who want to provide them with a better quality of life. The latter case is more related to
651:
1251:, they designed and produced 400 removable pavilions as temporary housing for casualties after the liberation of France during the
90:
Despite its circumstantial character, the ephemeral has been a recurrent and relevant architecture. From
Baroque scenographies to
1089:
propose three technological, mobile, transformable, autonomous, sustainable, capsule, prefabricated, lightweight houses, using
458:, such as construction with concrete, iron and glass, or the important development of interior design, especially fostered by
743:
332:
character, where the illusory element, the attenuation of the border between reality and fantasy took on special relevance.
974:
475:
385:
270:
190:
1665:
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250:
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318:, the ephemeral value of riches in the face of the inevitability of death, in parallel to the pictorial genre of the
198:
194:
392:, lighting and other elements, which often served them as a testing ground for future more serious endeavors. The
1287:
space, to 5â8 years for bedrooms and living rooms. At the top an inflatable balloon is activated in bad weather.
965:. Moreover, the user is the one who decides whether it works and must remain or whether it has finished its task.
649:
continue with this lifestyle. There are theoretical projects that transfer this concept to the city, such as the
585:
560:
1140:. His proposals on issues of occupation and resistance have given him international recognition in the field of
1670:
1404:
1377:
1354:
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where users can decide what divisions and connections they want to make according to the use they need. It's a
830:
735:
491:
1097:. On the one hand, they could be understood as a revision and updating of the fundamental aspects raised from
843:
759:
401:
40:
is the art or technique of designing and building structures that are transient, that last only a short time.
1628:
724:
286:
181:
45:
56:, cardboard, textiles), in cultures that would not have sufficiently developed solid construction systems.
1141:
1050:
173:
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1113:
242:
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Baroque art sought the creation of an alternative reality through fiction and illusion, resorting to
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There are few documents of constructions designed with an ephemeral duration, on the contrary, both
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for the spaces between the columns, adorned with skins of extraordinary variety and beauty.
154:
Embellishment of the
Platerias Street on the occasion of the entry of Charles III in Madrid
1201:
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923:
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220:
31:
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configuration. The architecture "infinite as the human being, without beginning or end".
1078:
435:
59:
Ephemeral architecture was usually used for celebrations and festivals of all kinds, as
1310:
1248:
1182:
1166:
1086:
949:
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specific need at a specific time, in the simplest way. It can be related to moments of
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349:
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72:
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1394:
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movement transferable to any area of daily life. Although it is also associated with
789:
Declaration of the 1st CIAM held from June 25 to 29, 1928 at the ChĂąteau de La Sarraz
707:
695:
471:
345:
1224:
A type of wooden, minimal, self-built, demountable house for the vacation period in
1177:
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1090:
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839:
511:
479:
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for a specific event, which was dismantled after the event. It has existed since
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994:
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1173:, easily assembled and disassembled houses that could be mass-produced cheaply.
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investitures. But just as lavish were the celebrations of the monarchy and the
1298:
It is a habitat-capsule that can be inserted inside an urban structure called
1205:
1197:
1145:
945:
738:, the structure is made of cardboard tubes. The church was initially built in
634:
604:
542:
410:
879:. It is about creating an architecture with innovative solutions in terms of
1225:
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1010:
979:
927:
703:
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556:
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activity and time, leaving behind the fixed viewpoint of static dwellings.
1380:. These emergency housing units have been built on two more occasions, in
846:(ValparaĂso) are examples of this field of architectural experimentation.
630:
1121:
1117:
888:
867:
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in Spain, contributed their talent to such events, designing structures,
290:
986:
75:, whose ephemeral model was fixed in permanent constructions during the
958:
739:
572:
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515:
499:
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of the architect through experimentation and new (old) materials, the
281:
in Paris in 1549, the arch at the Pont NĂŽtre-Dame for the entrance of
1381:
931:
747:
660:
646:
298:
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607:(in museums, on the street, etc.) and cinematographic or theatrical
1136:
Santiago
Cirugeda is one of the most innovative architects of the
962:
642:
629:
618:
581:
577:
555:
365:
306:
236:
49:
17:
1508:"GATEPAC Casas de fin de semana, entre la tradiciĂłn y la mĂĄquina"
829:(1995) to provide a temporary housing for several victims of the
116:
The architecture that is ephemeral because of its "eventuality".
526:
344:
played a special role, seeking to show its superiority over the
1169:'s Tropical Houses represent the culmination of his studies on
541:) and several office and technological development buildings (
599:
used for this type of ephemeral architecture, as well as the
301:
in 1515, the arch for the entrance of Prince Philip (future
1033:
such as the enviro-images, television programs clandestine
257:
The splendor of ephemeral architecture was produced in the
418:) was a model of the church of Santa Maria in Campitelli.
746:
in 1995. Although it was later dismantled and donated to
1526:
Constant's New
Babylon: The Hyper-architecture of Desire
348:
with pomp and pageantry, through events such as solemn
1112:
manages to develop an emergency architecture from the
79:âand it was very common in European courts during the
466:took place in London in 1851, being famous for the
1477:(magazine). Madrid: Historia 16. pp. 100â108.
1447:(magazine). Madrid: Historia 16. pp. 135â141.
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1462:(magazine). Madrid: Historia 16. pp. 17â18.
293:in 1513, the triumphal arch for the entrance of
133:Ephemeral architecture project for the entry of
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
798:
777:
672:
212:
637:presents Archigram's project of "Plug-in City"
400:thus served Bernini for his future design of
8:
1432:(magazine). Madrid: Historia 16. p. 66.
1005:At the end of the 60s in the United States,
233:Early modern period, Renaissance and Baroque
202:valuable testimony of a pavilion erected by
95:participation, halfway between the city and
1124:, the existing, the structural design, the
71:âit is at the origin of forms such as the
1323:Pao 1 and 2 of the nomadic girls of Tokyo
1021:and artists arose that produced numerous
340:subverted to deception and artifice. The
245:, on the occasion of the king's visit to
1176:
1161:
985:
973:
753:
730:
718:
425:
285:in Paris in 1571, the triumphal arch of
1548:Shigeru Ban, Arquitectura de Emergencia
1420:
825:, as in the case of the Paper House by
771:explained at the First Congress of the
123:
1489:"NEW BABYLON MANIFIESTO Constant 1974"
1400:Spanish Baroque ephemeral architecture
1181:Exterior of Birmingham Selfridges, by
516:International and Universal Exposition
7:
1627:(in Spanish). Madrid. Archived from
206:to celebrate a banquet, reported by
1592:"EfĂmeras, alternativas habitables"
1550:. Documental fundaciĂłn ARQUIA nÂș19.
1445:Renacimiento y Manierismo en Europa
1204:, versatile, infinite, mutable and
723:Raines court building, a symbol of
484:Barcelona International Exposition
137:in Madrid (February 18, 1701), by
112:Traditional ephemeral architecture
14:
1458:MartĂnez Ripoll, Antonio (1989).
808:Trash has never been so beautiful
537:, which bequeathed a theme park (
1077:Based in England and founded by
165:
146:
126:
1294:. David Greene, Archigram, 1966
269:, eras of consolidation of the
30:, one of the architects of the
1625:"Espacios pĂșblicos temporales"
1473:de Miguel Egea, Pilar (1989).
1443:SuĂĄrez Quevedo, Diego (1989).
1192:. Frederick John Kiesler, 1924
1120:, the temporal dimension, the
744:Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
580:, the typical dwelling of the
440:Barcelona Universal Exposition
172:Funerary ceremony in honor of
1:
1475:Del Realismo al Impresionismo
1428:Elvira, Miguel Ăngel (1989).
342:Counter-Reformationist Church
1608:Willemin, VĂ©ronique (2004).
767:prefabricated dwellings. As
727:, in Stoke Newington, London
251:Enric Sagnier i Villavecchia
1337:. MartĂn Ruiz de AzĂșa, 1999
1330:garden is the sports club.
750:for reconstruction in 2008.
685:New Babylon Manifesto, 1974
398:Saint Elizabeth of Portugal
241:Triumphal Arch in honor of
44:has been a constant in the
1687:
1546:Quinejure, Michel (2000).
1218:Detachable house for beach
464:first universal exhibition
386:SebastiĂĄn Herrera Barnuevo
844:Ciudad abierta de Ritoque
760:Ciudad abierta de Ritoque
706:are also examples of the
655:, developed from 1948 by
456:contemporary architecture
1612:(in French). Beau livre.
1405:Spanish Baroque painting
1355:Make It Right Foundation
1349:. Graph Architects, 2008
982:, architects association
736:Takatori Catholic Church
715:Obsolescent architecture
492:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
396:for the canonization of
26:in Hanover, designed by
1376:For the victims of the
928:recycled and recyclable
725:industrial architecture
576:structures such as the
549:, which legacy was the
432:CompañĂa TransatlĂĄntica
414:(sacred theater of the
182:Cathedral of Notre Dame
46:history of architecture
1342:light that it floats.
1278:. Archigram, 1962â1966
1185:
1174:
1155:
1142:guerrilla architecture
997:
983:
816:Emergency architecture
813:
793:
763:
751:
728:
689:
638:
627:
568:
476:Exposition Universelle
450:the phenomenon of the
443:
254:
249:, on 6 April 1904, by
230:
180:, held in 1747 at the
83:and especially in the
38:Ephemeral architecture
34:
22:Japan Pavilion at the
1524:Wigley, Mark (1998).
1506:Alvarez, OMA (2004).
1180:
1165:
1150:
1114:social responsibility
989:
977:
757:
734:
722:
692:L'Architecture Mobile
633:
622:
559:
498:, which produced the
496:Brussels World's Fair
486:, which produced the
452:universal exhibitions
429:
402:St. Peter's baldachin
240:
191:Egyptian architecture
21:
1623:Cirugeda, Santiago.
1460:El Barroco en Italia
1430:El arte griego (III)
1264:Village in cardboard
1035:Top Value Television
910:Economy of resources
823:natural catastrophes
681:Constant Nieuwenhuys
657:Constant Nieuwenhuys
615:Nomadic architecture
597:construction methods
508:Seattle World's Fair
265:andâespeciallyâ the
1666:Self-sustainability
1495:(in Spanish). 2008.
1493:PAC-MAN WWW.PKMN.ES
1372:. Shigeru Ban, 1955
1266:. Guy Rottier, 1960
1257:Maisons a Portiques
1233:Maisons a Portiques
1171:maisons Ă portiques
1138:Spanish urban scene
1045:Founded in 1962 by
842:in Alabama and the
448:Contemporary Period
422:Contemporary period
346:Protestant Churches
259:Early Modern Period
204:Ptolemy II of Egypt
176:, mother-in-law of
174:Catherine OpaliĆska
1237:Charlotte Perriand
1186:
1175:
1099:Buckminster Fuller
1009:, a collective of
998:
984:
764:
752:
729:
639:
628:
569:
531:Buckminster Fuller
478:of 1889, when the
444:
303:Philip II of Spain
255:
178:Louis XV of France
65:theatrical scenery
35:
1528:. 010 Publishers.
1410:Tactical urbanism
1359:Hurricane Katrina
1132:Santiago Cirugeda
1061:, Rom Herrom and
1029:, collections of
924:economic problems
922:. There are many
885:self-construction
835:self-construction
806:José Luis Pardo,
522:in the form of a
510:, famous for the
378:Pietro da Cortona
275:thriumphal arches
271:absolute monarchy
1678:
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1590:Blasco, Carmen.
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1425:
1353:Produced by the
1325:. Toyo Ito, 1989
1253:Second World War
1158:Remarkable works
1126:waste management
919:Waste management
811:
791:
785:Sigfried Giedion
769:Sigfried Giedion
687:
430:Pavilion of the
228:
169:
150:
139:Teodoro Ardemans
130:
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1671:Avant-garde art
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1610:Maisons mobiles
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1378:Kobe earthquake
1374:
1370:Paper Log House
1351:
1339:
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1280:
1268:
1245:
1222:
1220:. GATCPAC, 1932
1202:self-supporting
1194:
1160:
1134:
1107:
1075:
1055:Dennis Crompton
1043:
1003:
991:Pompidou Center
972:
954:anti-capitalist
881:miniaturization
852:
831:Kobe earthquake
818:
812:
805:
792:
783:
758:Working in the
717:
688:
679:
617:
504:André Waterkeyn
488:German Pavilion
482:was built; the
424:
235:
229:
221:Deipnosophistae
219:
185:
170:
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131:
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108:architecture).
105:
32:Pompidou Center
12:
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1631:on 31 May 2014
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1247:Together with
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1187:
1183:Future Systems
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1103:
1087:Future Systems
1074:
1073:Future Systems
1071:
1042:
1039:
1002:
999:
978:Peter Cook of
971:
968:
967:
966:
950:counterculture
946:self-buildings
941:Do it yourself
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708:megastructures
677:
616:
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545:); or that of
468:Crystal Palace
434:, designed by
423:
420:
406:Carlo Rainaldi
337:foreshortening
309:in 1549, etc.
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158:Lorenzo QuirĂłs
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120:Ancient period
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103:Classification
101:
73:triumphal arch
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1597:(in Spanish).
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1395:Ephemeral art
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1284:megastructure
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944:. Reversible
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42:Ephemeral art
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1656:Architecture
1635:19 September
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1618:
1609:
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1347:Pink Project
1346:
1340:
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1297:
1291:
1281:
1276:Plug in city
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1241:Le Corbusier
1232:
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1189:
1170:
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1135:
1108:
1091:solar energy
1079:Jan KaplickĂœ
1076:
1063:Michael Webb
1059:David Greene
1047:Warren Chalk
1044:
1027:audiovisuals
1023:performances
1015:philosophers
1004:
993:, Architect
970:Main authors
939:
917:
909:
896:
876:
863:
855:
840:Rural Studio
819:
807:
799:
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788:
778:
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700:Plug-in-City
699:
691:
690:
684:
673:
665:
650:
640:
623:Nomads near
609:scenographys
594:
570:
512:Space Needle
480:Eiffel Tower
470:designed by
445:
436:Antoni GaudĂ
409:
334:
319:
315:memento mori
313:
311:
289:designed by
287:Maximilian I
256:
243:Alfonso XIII
224:
213:
188:
153:
115:
106:
92:contemporary
89:
77:Roman Empire
58:
37:
36:
15:
1363:New Orleans
1335:Casa BĂĄsica
1249:Jean Prouvé
1167:Jean Prouvé
1110:Shigeru Ban
1105:Shigeru Ban
1095:wind energy
995:Shigeru Ban
864:Flexibility
827:Shigeru Ban
667:homo ludens
652:New Babylon
605:exhibitions
590:JukkasjÀrvi
565:JukkasjÀrvi
547:Lisbon 1998
539:Isla MĂĄgica
535:Sevilla '92
520:US Pavilion
518:, with the
382:Alonso Cano
370:aristocracy
362:processions
326:scenography
263:Renaissance
225:V, 196 y ss
81:Renaissance
69:ancient art
61:scenography
28:Shigeru Ban
1650:Categories
1416:References
1292:Living Pod
1211:biomorphic
1198:self-built
1146:self-built
1051:Peter Cook
1019:filmmakers
1011:architects
877:Innovation
871:character.
850:Principles
742:after the
702:(1964) by
694:(1958) by
635:Peter Cook
551:Oceanarium
543:Cartuja 93
533:; that of
411:quarantore
283:Charles IX
279:Enrique II
1255:known as
1226:Catalonia
1206:ergonomic
1067:Archigram
1041:Archigram
980:Archigram
889:materials
868:pandemics
704:Archigram
641:Portable
601:materials
567:, Sweden.
460:modernism
394:baldachin
295:Charles V
261:, in the
247:Barcelona
208:Athenaeus
184:in Paris.
24:Expo 2000
1661:Ephemera
1389:See also
1122:low tech
1118:low cost
959:plastics
901:airlines
897:Low cost
887:and new
804:â
782:â
762:, Chile.
698:and the
678:â
643:domestic
625:Nam Lake
586:Icehotel
573:climatic
561:Icehotel
524:geodesic
438:for the
358:jubilees
330:catartic
218:â
135:Felipe V
1300:plug-in
1007:AntFarm
1001:AntFarm
810:. p.85a
500:Atomium
446:In the
442:(1888).
416:Jesuits
374:Bernini
321:vanitas
267:Baroque
160:, 1760.
85:Baroque
54:plaster
1382:Turkey
1313:, 1984
1307:Peanut
1243:, 1945
1153:there.
1031:slides
932:debris
748:Taiwan
661:utopia
647:tribes
514:; the
506:; the
494:; the
462:. The
404:, and
299:Bruges
97:nature
1595:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
963:nomad
582:Inuit
578:igloo
529:, by
502:, by
380:, or
366:papal
307:Ghent
305:) in
291:DĂŒrer
199:Roman
195:Greek
156:, by
50:adobe
1637:2022
1239:and
1093:and
1081:and
801:use.
773:CIAM
740:KĆbe
659:. A
527:dome
384:and
350:mass
197:and
193:and
1361:in
904:us.
588:in
563:in
490:by
408:'s
376:or
364:or
297:in
63:or
1652::
1556:^
1534:^
1491:.
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360:,
356:,
352:,
223:,
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52:,
1639:.
934:.
253:.
227:.
141:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
