556:, usually with several females per male. Studies in captive populations suggest that the dominant male and female begin the spawning event as nearly the only spawners for the first day or two, but other members of the aggregation fertilize more eggs as the event progresses, with even the most recently turned males fathering offspring. Giant groupers are diandric protogynous hermaphrodites, meaning that although some males develop from reproductively functional females other males start to produce sperm without ever having gone through a phase as a reproductive female.
408:
112:
60:
87:
520:
The giant grouper is a species of shallow water and can be found at depths of 1 to 100 metres (3.3 to 328.1 ft). It is associated with reefs and is the largest known bony fish found on reefs. Large specimens have been caught from shore and in harbours. They are found in caves and in wrecks while
525:
on the outer reef and in lagoons. They have also been caught in turbid water over silt or mud sea beds by prawn fishermen. The giant grouper is an opportunistic ambush predator which feeds on a variety of fishes, as well as small sharks, juvenile sea turtles, crustaceans and molluscs which are all
643:
The giant grouper is a highly valued food fish and is taken by both commercial and recreational fisheries. It is valued in Hong Kong as a live fish for the live reef food fish trade, especially smaller specimens, and its skin, gall bladder, and stomach, are used in
419:
equivalent to 2.4 to 3.4 times its depth. The dorsal profile of the head and the intraorbital area are convex, The propercle has a rounded corner and a finely serrated margin. The gill cover has a convex upper margin. There are 11 spines and 14–16 soft rays in the
436:. The adults are grayish-brown in colour overlain with a mottled pattern and with darker fins. The small juveniles are yellow with wide, dark irregular bars and irregular dark spots on their fins. The giant grouper can grow to huge size with the maximum recorded
540:. This species is normally solitary and long-lived. They are, however, curious and frequently approach divers closely. They are not generally considered dangerous to humans but divers are advised to treat large specimens with caution and not to hand feed them.
652:
and this practice is widespread but there is a restricted supply of juveniles, although hatcheries in Taiwan have produced captive bred juveniles, exporting some for to be grown on in other parts of South-East Asia. Many of the fish produced in
814:
FAO Species
Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rock-cod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to
493:
534:
in Hawaii had a stomach content of two spiny lobsters and a number of crabs. Fish living in estuarine environments in South Africa were found to be feeding almost exclusively on the crab
512:
but it is present off the coast of
Pakistan and southern Oman. It has been listed as a potential invasive species in the Bahamas but its presence in that region requires verification.
440:
being 270 centimetres (110 in), although they are more common around 180 centimetres (71 in), and a maximum published weight of 400 kilograms (880 lb).
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778:
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Peter Palma; Akihiro
Takemura; Gardel Xyza Libunaoa; et al. (2019). "Reproductive development of the threatened giant grouper
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1078:
31:
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934:"A study into parental assignment of the communal spawning protogynous hermaphrodite, giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)"
1028:
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68:
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north and east along the tropical coasts of
Australia, including offshore reefs, and then south along the eastern coast to
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the secretive juveniles occur in reefs and are infrequently observed. The adults are mainly solitary and hold
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472:. They occur as far north as southern Japan and as far south as Australia. In Australia it is found from
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1995:
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distribution, it is the most widely distributed species of grouper in the world. It occurs from the
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2184:
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1950:
1905:
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2004:
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2013:
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2999:
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1108:
553:
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59:
988:
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2157:
1959:
1878:
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1485:
1308:
1290:
1263:
680:
576:
536:
522:
290:
153:
91:
17:
996:
957:
552:. They spawn on a lunar cycle, with spawns lasting about 7 days. They are aggregative
3088:
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2444:
2408:
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509:
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392:
1050:"'Bubba,' Famed Cancer-surviving Grouper, R.I.P.; 'Overcame Some Incredible Odds'"
2942:
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1968:
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123:
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932:
Bright, David; Reynolds, Adam; Nguyen, Nguyen H.; et al. (June 2016).
846:
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1977:
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swallowed whole. Fish which inhabit coral reefs and rocky areas favour
453:
370:
183:
37:"Brown spotted cod" redirects here. For the Southern African fish, see
2947:
2877:
469:
133:
2798:
933:
635:. However, these species are still each other's closest relatives.
2751:
821:. FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 174–175.
619:
406:
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1112:
714:
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710:
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as prey; a 177-centimetre (70 in) specimen taken off
494:
Elizabeth and
Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve
395:
distribution and is one of the largest extant species of
432:
is slightly rounded. There are 54 to 62 scales in its
508:
and north eastern New
Zealand. It is absent from the
460:
in South Africa and across the Indian Ocean into the
2811:
2767:
2749:
2731:
2667:
2634:
2502:
2319:
2303:
2287:
1498:
1465:
1445:
1225:
1207:
1187:
1151:
1013:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
719:Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018).
456:and the eastern coasts of Africa as far south as
415:The giant grouper has a robust body which has a
744:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en
1124:
8:
2799:
1131:
1117:
1109:
811:Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993).
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
85:
58:
49:
882:"Epinephelus lanceolatus (giant grouper)"
742:
598:assigned the giant and goliath groupers (
500:. There have also been reports from the
1085:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
696:
548:Like most groupers, giant groupers are
876:
874:
872:
840:
838:
901:
899:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
657:are hybrids between this species and
625:but in 1972 this was designated as a
564:The giant grouper was first formally
7:
3095:IUCN Red List data deficient species
3023:54ca1892-a898-4704-bbf7-2d302bb24ae3
730:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3125:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch
428:has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The
25:
2313:Masked Grouper (G. albomarginata)
997:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.05.001
958:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.013
41:. For the Persian Gulf fish, see
1054:Underwatertimes.com News Service
911:Department of Primary Industries
110:
610:, which was then regarded as a
1029:California Academy of Sciences
648:. This species is cultured in
391:and sea basses. It has a wide
1:
1056:. Underwatertimes. 2006-08-24
448:The giant grouper has a wide
646:Traditional Chinese Medicine
2488:Hyporthodus septemfasciatus
355:Queensland groper (grouper)
69:Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
3141:
2297:Spanish flag (G. hispanus)
1519:Atlantic goliath grouper (
913:. State of New South Wales
671:The first fish to undergo
550:protogynous hermaphrodites
387:, which also includes the
36:
29:
3110:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
2715:Plectropomus pessuliferus
2708:Plectropomus oligacanthus
2452:Hyporthodus octofasciatus
2380:Hyporthodus flavolimbatus
2356:Hyporthodus ergastularius
1933:Pacific Goliath grouper (
1573:Blue and yellow grouper (
1424:Blue Spotted Sea Bass | (
907:"Giant Queensland groper"
679:, a giant grouper at the
365:, is a species of marine
248:
241:
222:
215:
107:Scientific classification
105:
83:
74:
66:
57:
52:
3105:Fish of the Indian Ocean
2332:Hyporthodus acanthistius
2257:White-streaked grouper (
2221:White-blotched grouper (
1924:Orange-spotted grouper (
1897:Oblique-banded grouper (
791:. December 2019 version.
777:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
484:. It also occurs around
482:Woy Woy, New South Wales
331:Stereolepoides thompsoni
30:Not to be confused with
2883:epinephelus-lanceolatus
2870:Epinephelus_lanceolatus
2857:Epinephelus_lanceolatus
2843:Epinephelus lanceolatus
2813:Epinephelus lanceolatus
2344:Hyporthodus darwinensis
2275:Yellowspotted grouper (
2077:Speckled blue grouper (
1591:Brown-marbled grouper (
1391:Cephalopholis polyspila
1178:Alphestes multiguttatus
1092:Epinephelus lanceolatus
1080:Epinephelus lanceolatus
1017:Holocentrus lanceolatus
973:Epinephelus lanceolatus
849:Epinephelus lanceolatus
781:Epinephelus lanceolatus
723:Epinephelus lanceolatus
570:Holocentras lanceolatus
490:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
350:Epinephelus lanceolatus
320:Serranus phaeostigmaeus
252:Holocentrus lanceolatus
226:Epinephelus lanceolatus
18:Epinephelus lanceolatus
3120:Fish described in 1790
2722:Plectropomus punctatus
2701:Plectropomus maculatus
2694:Plectropomus leopardus
2680:Plectropomus areolatus
2404:Hyporthodus mystacinus
2248:Whitespotted grouper (
2230:White-dotted grouper (
1861:Multispotted grouper (
1600:Brownspotted grouper (
1546:Black-dotted grouper (
1537:Barred-chest grouper (
1246:Blue-Spotted Grouper (
502:Younghusband Peninsula
412:
363:mottled-brown sea bass
260:Promicrops lanceolatus
43:Brown spotted reef cod
2780:Variola albimarginata
2646:Pacific creole-fish (
2622:Yellowmouth grouper (
2464:Hyporthodus perplexus
2428:Hyporthodus niphobles
2392:Hyporthodus haifensis
2239:White-edged grouper (
2149:Striped-fin grouper (
2131:Starspotted grouper (
2050:Smallscaled grouper (
1555:Blacksaddle grouper (
1171:Alphestes immaculatus
1105:on Sealife Collection
1011:Eschmeyer, William N.
737:: e.T7858A100465809.
586:(1723–1799) with the
462:Western Pacific Ocean
410:
380:which is part of the
353:), also known as the
276:Serranus geographicus
39:Brown-spotted rockcod
2523:Venezuelan grouper (
2440:Hyporthodus niveatus
2433:Star-studded grouper
2416:Hyporthodus nigritus
2250:E. coeruleopunctatus
2203:Wavy-lined grouper (
2104:Spinycheek grouper (
2023:Saddletail grouper (
2007:E. fasciatomaculosus
1996:Reticulate grouper (
1987:Red-tipped grouper (
1942:Palemargin grouper (
1915:One-blotch grouper (
1744:Goldblotch grouper (
1726:Foursaddle grouper (
1627:Clipperton grouper (
1609:Camouflage grouper (
1415:Strawberry grouper (
1345:Vermillion seabass (
584:Marcus Elieser Bloch
287:Serranus abdominalis
268:Serranus lanceolatus
2687:Plectropomus laevis
2604:Yellowfin grouper (
2595:Broomtail grouper (
2476:Hyporthodus quernus
2176:Threespot grouper (
1935:E. quinquefasciatus
1852:Moustache grouper (
1843:Marquesan grouper (
1836:E. undulatostriatus
1816:Longtooth grouper (
1807:Longspine grouper (
1789:Hong Kong grouper (
1780:Honeycomb grouper (
1708:Duskytail grouper (
1090:Queensland Groper,
989:2019Aquac.509....1P
950:2016Aquac.459...19B
884:. CAB International
855:Fishes of Australia
845:Bray, D.J. (2019).
667:Cultural references
607:E. quinquefasciatus
601:Epinephelus itajara
516:Habitat and biology
464:as far east as the
411:Juvenile coloration
208:E. lanceolatus
77:Conservation status
2385:Yellowedge grouper
2194:Twinspot grouper (
2086:Speckled grouper (
2059:Snubnose grouper (
2032:Seamount grouper (
1762:Halfmoon grouper (
1672:Dot-dash grouper (
1663:Dogtooth grouper (
1629:E. clippertonensis
1564:Blacktip grouper (
1510:Areolate grouper (
1455:Humpback grouper (
1282:Bluespotted hind (
1218:Aethaloperca rogaa
857:. Museums Victoria
554:broadcast spawners
413:
3082:
3081:
3044:Open Tree of Life
2805:Taxon identifiers
2796:
2795:
2760:Triso dermopterus
2742:Saloptia powelli
2624:M. interstitialis
2577:Mottled grouper (
2568:Leopard grouper (
2559:Sawtail grouper (
2550:Sailfin grouper (
2368:Hyporthodus exsul
2241:E. albomarginatus
2187:E. chlorocephalus
2140:Striped grouper (
2113:Spotted grouper (
1870:Mystery grouper (
1825:Malabar grouper (
1798:Longfin grouper (
1771:Highfin grouper (
1717:Epaulet grouper (
1618:Catface grouper (
1582:Bridled grouper (
1575:E. flavocaeruleus
1477:marbled grouper (
1397:Six-blotch hind (
1372:Pacific Graysby (
1363:Vermilion hind (
1327:Leopard grouper (
1318:Neptune grouper (
1309:Yellowfin hind (
1199:A. leucogrammicus
1197:slender grouper (
1146:
1097:Australian Museum
1024:Catalog of Fishes
478:Western Australia
341:
340:
335:
327:
316:
305:
294:
283:
272:
264:
256:
100:
67:Giant grouper at
16:(Redirected from
3132:
3075:
3074:
3062:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2800:
2481:Hawaiian grouper
2469:Puzzling grouper
2457:Eightbar grouper
2373:Tenspine grouper
2361:Sevenbar grouper
2266:Yellow grouper (
2158:Summan grouper (
2142:E. latifasciatus
2122:Starry grouper (
2068:Somali grouper (
2041:Sixbar grouper (
1960:Potato grouper (
1888:Netfin grouper (
1879:Nassau grouper (
1872:E. lebretonianus
1753:Greasy grouper (
1690:Dungat grouper (
1681:Dotted grouper (
1636:Cloudy grouper (
1611:E. polyphekadion
1593:E. fuscoguttatus
1530:E. amblycephalus
1528:Banded grouper (
1486:smooth grouper (
1320:C. igarashiensis
1291:Bluelined hind (
1264:Chocolate hind (
1144:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1007:
1001:
1000:
968:
962:
961:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
894:
893:
891:
889:
878:
867:
866:
864:
862:
842:
833:
832:
820:
808:
793:
792:
771:
756:
755:
753:
751:
746:
716:
660:E. fuscoguttatus
486:Christmas Island
466:Pitcairn Islands
333:
322:
311:
309:Oligorus goliath
300:
289:
278:
270:
262:
254:
228:
115:
114:
94:
89:
88:
62:
50:
21:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2763:
2745:
2727:
2663:
2630:
2613:Scamp grouper (
2586:Tiger grouper (
2514:Black grouper (
2498:
2493:Convict grouper
2315:
2299:
2283:
2223:E. multinotatus
2212:White grouper (
2185:Tonga grouper (
2178:E. trimaculatus
2167:Surge grouper (
2097:E. drummondhayi
2095:Speckled hind (
2088:E. magniscuttis
2070:E. indistinctus
2043:E. sexfasciatus
2034:E. suborbitalis
2016:E. adscensionis
1998:E. tuamotuensis
1951:Plump grouper (
1917:E. melanostigma
1906:Olive grouper (
1834:Maori grouper (
1735:Giant grouper (
1699:Dusky grouper (
1674:E. poecilonotus
1654:Coral grouper (
1645:Comet grouper (
1602:E. chlorostigma
1494:
1461:
1441:
1433:Darkfin hind (
1336:Freckled hind (
1221:
1203:
1183:
1147:
1137:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1009:
1008:
1004:
970:
969:
965:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
897:
887:
885:
880:
879:
870:
860:
858:
844:
843:
836:
829:
818:
810:
809:
796:
773:
772:
759:
749:
747:
718:
717:
698:
693:
669:
641:
572:in 1790 by the
562:
546:
518:
506:South Australia
474:Rottnest Island
446:
438:standard length
417:standard length
405:
367:ray-finned fish
359:brindle grouper
298:Batrachus gigas
237:
230:
224:
211:
109:
101:
90:
86:
79:
46:
35:
32:Goliath grouper
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Fish of Hawaii
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3063:
3053:
3040:
3027:
3017:
3004:
2991:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2874:
2861:
2848:
2833:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2532:Gulf grouper (
2529:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2421:Warsaw grouper
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2349:Darwin grouper
2340:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2133:E. hexagonatus
2128:
2124:E. labriformis
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2061:E. macrospilos
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2005:Rock grouper (
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1827:E. malabaricus
1822:
1813:
1809:E. longispinis
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1737:E. lanceolatus
1732:
1728:E. spilotoceps
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1656:E. corallicola
1651:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1417:C. spiloparaea
1412:
1403:
1399:C. sexmaculata
1394:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1365:C. oligosticta
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1311:C. hemistiktos
1306:
1297:
1288:
1284:C. cyanostigma
1279:
1270:
1261:
1255:Golden hind (
1252:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1164:Alphestes afer
1159:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1074:
1073:External links
1071:
1068:
1067:
1041:
1002:
963:
924:
895:
868:
834:
827:
794:
775:Froese, Rainer
757:
695:
694:
692:
689:
681:Shedd Aquarium
668:
665:
640:
637:
577:medical doctor
561:
558:
545:
542:
537:Scylla serrata
528:spiny lobsters
517:
514:
445:
442:
404:
401:
339:
338:
337:
336:
328:
317:
306:
295:
284:
273:
265:
257:
246:
245:
239:
238:
231:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
154:Actinopterygii
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
102:
92:Data Deficient
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
71:
64:
63:
55:
54:
53:Giant grouper
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2787:Variola louti
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2655:Creole-fish (
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:M. microlepis
2541:Gag grouper (
2539:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:Snowy grouper
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:Misty grouper
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:Haifa grouper
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2290:Gonioplectrus
2286:
2280:
2278:
2277:E. timorensis
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2232:E. polystigma
2228:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2106:E. diacanthus
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2079:E. cyanopodus
2075:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1969:Red grouper (
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:E. cifuentesi
1904:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1863:E. gabriellae
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1719:E. stoliczkae
1715:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1701:E. marginatus
1697:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1683:E. epistictus
1679:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:E. erythrurus
1634:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1488:D. striolata
1484:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1406:Tomato hind (
1404:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1374:C. panamensis
1370:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1338:C. microprion
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1228:Cephalopholis
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1141:Epinephelinae
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1103:Giant grouper
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
912:
908:
902:
900:
896:
883:
877:
875:
873:
869:
856:
852:
850:
841:
839:
835:
830:
828:92-5-103125-8
824:
817:
816:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
795:
790:
789:
784:
782:
776:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
745:
740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
724:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
661:
656:
651:
647:
638:
636:
634:
633:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
593:
590:given as the
589:
588:type locality
585:
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
543:
541:
539:
538:
533:
529:
524:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
409:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
378:Epinephelinae
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
345:giant grouper
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
274:
271:(Bloch, 1790)
269:
266:
263:(Bloch, 1790)
261:
258:
253:
250:
249:
247:
244:
240:
235:
229:
227:
221:
218:
217:Binomial name
214:
210:
209:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:Epinephelinae
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
98:
93:
82:
78:
73:
70:
65:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2812:
2785:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2750:
2740:
2732:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:Plectropomus
2668:
2657:P. furcifer
2656:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2505:Mycteroperca
2503:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2337:Rooster hind
2330:
2320:
2304:
2288:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2205:E. undulosus
2204:
2196:E. bilobatus
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2052:E. polylepis
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1944:E. bontoides
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1845:E. irroratus
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1773:E. maculatus
1772:
1764:E. rivulatus
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1692:E. goreensis
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1620:E. andersoni
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1584:E. heniochus
1583:
1574:
1566:E. fasciatus
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1512:E. areolatus
1511:
1499:
1487:
1478:
1468:Dermatolepis
1466:
1457:C. altivelis
1456:
1448:Chromileptes
1446:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1408:C. sonnerati
1407:
1398:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1354:Niger hind (
1346:
1337:
1329:C. leopardus
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1275:C. cruentata
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1237:Rusty hind (
1226:
1216:
1210:Aethaloperca
1208:
1198:
1188:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1152:
1091:
1079:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1022:
1016:
1005:
980:
976:
972:
966:
941:
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
886:. Retrieved
859:. Retrieved
854:
848:
813:
786:
780:
748:. Retrieved
734:
728:
722:
673:chemotherapy
670:
658:
642:
630:
622:
615:
605:
599:
569:
563:
547:
544:Reproduction
535:
519:
510:Persian Gulf
450:Indo-Pacific
447:
444:Distribution
434:lateral line
414:
393:Indo-Pacific
362:
358:
354:
349:
348:
344:
342:
334:Fowler, 1923
330:
319:
308:
297:
286:
280:Valenciennes
275:
267:
259:
251:
225:
223:
207:
206:
194:
47:
3100:Epinephelus
2943:iNaturalist
2837:Wikispecies
2606:M. venenosa
2597:M. xenarcha
2561:M. prionura
2322:Hyporthodus
2169:E. socialis
2115:E. analogus
2025:E. daemelii
2014:Rock hind (
1980:E. guttatus
1926:E. coioides
1899:E. radiatus
1890:E. miliaris
1881:E. striatus
1854:E. chabaudi
1800:E. quoyanus
1710:E. bleekeri
1557:E. howlandi
1539:E. faveatus
1501:Epinephelus
1426:C. taeniops
1257:C. aurantia
977:Aquaculture
938:Aquaculture
750:19 November
655:aquaculture
650:mariculture
632:Epinephelus
596:Felipe Poey
592:East Indies
523:territories
403:Description
255:Bloch, 1790
195:Epinephelus
180:Subfamily:
164:Perciformes
3089:Categories
2648:P. colonus
2637:Paranthias
2570:M. rosacea
2534:M. jordani
2160:E. summana
2151:E. posteli
1989:E. retouti
1978:Red hind (
1953:E. trophis
1818:E. bruneus
1755:E. tauvina
1665:E. caninus
1647:E. morrhua
1548:E. stictus
1521:E. itajara
1479:D. inermis
1435:C. urodeta
1383:C. polleni
1347:C. miniata
1293:C. formosa
1273:Graysby (
1190:Anyperodon
1145:(Groupers)
1101:Photos of
691:References
623:Promicrops
616:E. itajara
581:naturalist
498:Tasman Sea
430:caudal fin
424:while the
422:dorsal fin
385:Serranidae
174:Serranidae
2615:M. phenax
2588:M. tigris
2516:M. bonaci
2268:E. awoara
2214:E. aeneus
1962:E. tukula
1791:E. akaara
1746:E. costae
1266:C. boenak
1154:Alphestes
1095:from the
944:: 19–25.
618:) to the
566:described
458:Algoa Bay
397:bony fish
375:subfamily
373:from the
202:Species:
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
2961:10153941
2917:FishBase
2822:Wikidata
2734:Saloptia
2579:M. rubra
2552:M. olfax
2259:E. ongus
1971:E. morio
1782:E. merra
1356:C. nigri
1302:C. fulva
1248:C. argus
1239:C. aitha
1143:species
788:FishBase
627:subgenus
560:Taxonomy
492:and the
426:anal fin
243:Synonyms
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
97:IUCN 3.1
2935:2388587
2828:Q847747
2770:Variola
2525:M. cidi
2306:Gracila
1300:Coney (
1139:Extant
1083:on the
985:Bibcode
983:: 1–7.
946:Bibcode
685:Chicago
612:synonym
496:in the
454:Red Sea
389:anthias
371:grouper
302:Günther
236:, 1790)
190:Genus:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
3072:218224
3059:126552
3056:uBio:
3049:772661
3036:218224
3020:NZOR:
3013:310571
2987:551069
2948:100111
2878:ARKive
1060:27 May
1034:9 July
917:9 July
888:9 July
861:9 July
825:
574:German
470:Hawaii
382:family
326:, 1907
324:Fowler
315:, 1882
313:De Vis
304:, 1869
293:, 1855
291:Peters
282:, 1828
3067:WoRMS
2974:83923
2956:IRMNG
2909:6G5P2
2896:11670
2752:Triso
819:(PDF)
677:Bubba
620:genus
234:Bloch
3031:OBIS
3008:NCBI
3000:7858
2995:IUCN
2982:ITIS
2930:GBIF
2922:6468
2891:BOLD
1062:2012
1036:2020
919:2020
890:2020
863:2020
823:ISBN
815:date
752:2021
735:2018
675:was
604:and
579:and
532:Maui
488:and
468:and
369:, a
343:The
2969:ISC
2904:CoL
2865:AFD
2852:ADW
993:doi
981:509
975:".
954:doi
942:459
739:doi
683:in
639:Use
629:of
614:of
568:as
504:in
476:in
361:or
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