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453:
141:
An epicontinental sea is synonymous with an epeiric sea. The term "epicontinental sea" may also refer to the waters above a continental shelf. This is a legal, not geological, term. Epeiric, epicontinental, and inland seas occur on a continent, not adjacent to it.
1079:
Encinas, Alfonso; Pérez, Felipe; Nielsen, Sven; Finger, Kenneth L.; Valencia, Victor; Duhart, Paul (2014). "Geochronologic and paleontologic evidence for a
Pacific–Atlantic connection during the late Oligocene–early Miocene in the Patagonian Andes (43–44°S)".
412:
before finding its present eastward outlet into the South
Atlantic. Gradually this inland sea became a vast freshwater lake and wetlands where sediment flattened its profiles and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater. Over 20 species of
130:(e.g., where bottom sediments are no longer stirred by the wave above), as one with limited connection to an ocean, and as simply shallow. An inland sea is only an epeiric sea when a continental interior is flooded by marine transgression due to
408:, originally emptying into the Pacific, as South America rifted from Africa, found its exit blocked by the rise of the Andes about 15 million years ago. A great inland sea developed, at times draining north through what is now
501:
Geologist
Richard A. Matzner defines shallow as usually under 250 metres (820 ft) in depth. Rydén, Migula, and Andersson do not define shallow, but cite examples of inland seas with a depth of 100 metres (330 ft) or
540:, it enjoyed little support among the other explorers, most of whom were more inclined to believe in the existence of a Great River which discharged into the ocean in the north-west corner of the continent.
1127:
Nielsen, S.N. (2005). "Cenozoic
Strombidae, Aporrhaidae, and Struthiolariidae (Gastropoda, Stromboidea) from Chile: their significance to biogeography of faunas and climate of the south-east Pacific".
536:
Also in
Australia the promise of an inland sea is often said to have been one of the prime motives of inland exploration during the 1820s and 1830s. Although this theory was championed by the explorer
1164:
Guillame, Benjamin; Martinod, Joseph; Husson, Laurent; Roddaz, Martin; Riquelme, Rodrigo (2009). "Neogene uplift of central eastern
Patagonia: Dynamic response to active spreading ridge subduction?".
375:. The transgression might have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, as inferred from the findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in
397:
At the same time, much of the low plains of modern-day northern France and northern
Germany were inundated by an inland sea, where the chalk was deposited that gave the
300:) and has some characteristics of the sea, like being composed of at least a good portion of saltwater. However, it is also considered the largest lake in the world.
562:
887:
Galletti, Florence (2015). "Transformations in
International Law of the Sea: Governance of the Space or Resource". In Monaco, André; Prouzet, Patrick (eds.).
107:
Geologic engineers
Heinrich Ries and Thomas L. Watson say an inland sea is merely a very large lake. Rydén, Migula, and Andersson and Deborah Sandler of the
932:Šliaupa, Salius; Hoth, Peer (2011). "Geological Evolution and Resources of the Baltic Sea Area from the Precambrian to the Quaternary". In Harff, Jan;
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567:
1220:
970:
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417:, most closely related to those found in the Pacific Ocean, can be found today in the freshwaters of the Amazon, which is also home to a
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defined it as "a body of water nearly or completely surrounded by land, especially if very large or composed of salt water".
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add that an inland sea is "more or less" cut off from the ocean. It may be semi-enclosed, or connected to the ocean by a
1287:
108:
31:
312:, have been referred to as resembling or having characteristics like inland seas from a USGS management perspective.
425:, estimated to have been 46 ft (14 m) in length, were discovered in the northern rainforest of Amazonian
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At various times in the geologic past, inland seas covered central areas of continents during periods of high
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387:
372:
266:
during the
Quaternary glaciations. However, the origin of both depressions is unrelated to glacier erosion.
1190:
688:
Environmental Science: Understanding, Protecting, and Managing the Environment in the Baltic Sea Region
563:"Tidal circulation patterns in Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Cretaceous epeiric and mioclinal shelf seas"
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1006:
200:
inland sea, arguably the largest body of brackish water in the world. Other possibilities include the
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418:
376:
352:
161:
This 1827 map of Australia depicts a 'Great River' and a 'Supposed Sea' that both proved nonexistent.
135:
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1034:
379:. Connection would have occurred through narrow epicontinental seaways that formed channels in a
177:
located in modern-day Turkey is surrounded by land all around, except where it connects the two
92:. As with other seas, inland seas experience tides governed by the orbits of the Moon and Sun.
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894:
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752:
751:. St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada: Geological Association of Canada. p. 1.
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is a very large, inland body of water at least hundreds of miles from the nearest part of the
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987:
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259:
1007:"Transport and Mixing Between the Coastal and Offshore Waters in the Great Lakes: a Review"
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332:
270:
251:
178:
85:
126:
in 1917. He defined an epeiric sea as a shallow body of water whose bottom is within the
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Modern examples might also include the recently (less than 10,000 years ago) reflooded
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What constitutes an "inland sea" is complex and somewhat necessarily vague. The
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is not clear as there are differing views on the role of erosion and tectonics.
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355:. Inland seas have been greater in extent and more common than at present.
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992:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199703)22:3<297::AID-ESP758>3.0.CO;2-R
633:
414:
247:
182:
89:
81:
77:
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475: – A sea partially enclosed by islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas
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in Japan is not a true inland sea but rather a body of water separating
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243:
235:
166:
1206:
440:
Period. It covered large swaths of the eastern half of the continent.
239:
112:
69:
481: – Mostly enclosed sea with limited exchange with outer oceans
208:(its deep southern basin is a closed-off relic of the now-vanished
56:
which is very large in area and is either completely surrounded by
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156:
73:
65:
61:
720:
Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge
426:
116:
723:. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute. p. 45.
115:
or "arm of the sea". An inland sea is distinguishable from a
863:
The Changing Law of the Sea: Western Hemisphere Perspectives
653:. Washington, D.C.: Supintendent of Documents. p. 189.
1143:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1120:csaasg]2.0.co;2
1246:
The Water Dreamers: How Water and Silence Shaped Australia
589:
10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<1050:TCPIPP>2.0.CO;2
1023:
10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[202:TAMBTC]2.0.CO;2
839:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Aldine Transaction. p. 124.
250:
in the south. The bay shares some similarities with the
483:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1053:"Great Lakes and Inland Seas | U.S. Geological Survey"
968:(1997). "A long-term perspective on glacial erosion".
685:
Rydén, Lars; Migula, Pawel; Andersson, Magnus (2003).
561:
Klein, George Devries; Ryer, Thomas A. (1 July 1978).
779:
Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy
806:
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology
394:
deep into present-day Canada during the Cretaceous.
1273:Geology Project - Inland Sea Movement Through Time
1074:
1072:
1005:Rao, Yerubandi R.; Schwab, David J. (2007-01-01).
119:in that a bay is directly connected to the ocean.
1208:Prehistoric marine life in Australia's inland sea
691:. Uppsala: Baltic University Press. p. 123.
469: – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
523:that includes the Granitic Group islands of the
866:. Leiden, Netherlands: Sijthoff. p. 109.
742:
740:
618:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. p. 286.
515:that covers much of the sunken "continent" of
1186:"Peru finds giant crocodile fossil in Amazon"
343:Former epicontinental seas in Earth's history
8:
828:
826:
607:
605:
809:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 757.
647:United States Hydrographic Office (1956).
612:Ries, Heinrich; Watson, Thomas L. (1947).
285:, three of the four main islands of Japan.
1248:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. chapter 7.
1111:
771:
769:
712:
710:
708:
421:. In 2005, fossilized remains of a giant
27:Shallow sea within continental land areas
1083:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
747:Pratt, Brian R.; Holmden, Chris (2007).
316:is the only Great Lake connected to the
226:at its southern end, reaches within the
169:are low, and there are few inland seas.
165:In modern times, continents stand high,
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782:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 156.
568:Geological Society of America Bulletin
971:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
122:The term "epeiric sea" was coined by
7:
76:". An inland sea will generally be
25:
803:Morris, Christopher, ed. (1992).
776:Matzner, Richard A., ed. (2020).
527:could not be considered "inland".
102:United States Hydrographic Office
479:Mediterranean sea (oceanography)
451:
88:but usually lower salinity than
1205:Clode, Danielle (August 2015).
1011:Journal of Great Lakes Research
615:Elements of Engineering Geology
149:does not apply to inland seas.
833:Monkhouse, Francis J. (2008).
214:origin of the Baltic Sea basin
1:
893:. London: Wiley. p. 31.
890:Governance of Seas and Oceans
258:; it lies in the middle of a
204:and the northern half of the
1104:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.008
262:and it was the centre of an
308:, despite being completely
109:Environmental Law Institute
1309:
1244:Cathcart, Michael (2009).
519:and the largely submerged
335:that presently covers the
29:
836:A Dictionary of Geography
717:Sandler, Deborah (1994).
749:Dynamics of Epeiric Seas
228:North American continent
1130:Journal of Paleontology
966:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
388:Western Interior Seaway
386:A vast inland sea, the
342:
936:; Hoth, Peter (eds.).
860:Zaklin, Ralph (1974).
162:
921:on 22 September 2009.
650:Navigation Dictionary
353:marine transgressions
160:
1194:. 12 September 2005.
938:The Baltic Sea Basin
390:, extended from the
381:dissected topography
377:La Cascada Formation
373:marine transgression
136:epeirogenic movement
30:For other uses, see
1096:2014JSAES..55....1E
984:1997ESPL...22..297L
915:"Baltic Sea Portal"
581:1978GSAB...89.1050K
436:existed during the
167:eustatic sea levels
60:or connected to an
1288:Historical geology
432:In Australia, the
419:freshwater dolphin
371:were subject to a
163:
153:Modern inland seas
47:epicontinental sea
41:(also known as an
1222:978-1-921833-16-8
951:978-3-642-17219-9
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252:Gulf of Bothnia
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179:Turkish Straits
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74:arm of the sea
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473:Marginal sea
434:Eromanga Sea
346:
329:Persian Gulf
326:
314:Lake Ontario
303:
298:Persian Gulf
256:Fennoscandia
222:, including
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38:
36:
1191:Daily Times
423:crocodilian
359:During the
337:Sunda Shelf
310:fresh water
306:Great Lakes
294:World Ocean
290:Caspian Sea
175:Marmara Sea
51:continental
43:epeiric sea
1282:Categories
1062:2023-02-06
548:References
525:Seychelles
438:Cretaceous
399:Cretaceous
331:, and the
220:Hudson Bay
210:Tethys Sea
194:Baltic Sea
96:Definition
39:inland sea
32:Inland Sea
1231:895759221
1167:Tectonics
1151:130207579
1031:0380-1330
517:Zealandia
410:Venezuela
369:Patagonia
361:Oligocene
349:sea level
264:ice sheet
224:James Bay
206:Black Sea
202:White Sea
128:wave base
1090:: 1–18.
1039:53538578
942:Springer
594:21 April
445:See also
415:stingray
248:Manitoba
198:brackish
90:seawater
82:salinity
78:brackish
58:dry land
1092:Bibcode
980:Bibcode
659:3040490
577:Bibcode
279:Shikoku
244:Ontario
236:Nunavut
212:). The
84:than a
49:) is a
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406:Amazon
320:below
283:Kyūshū
281:, and
275:Honshū
260:shield
240:Quebec
113:strait
70:strait
45:or an
1147:S2CID
1035:S2CID
502:less.
489:Notes
230:from
196:is a
66:river
64:by a
62:ocean
1250:ISBN
1227:OCLC
1217:ISBN
1027:ISSN
946:ISBN
895:ISBN
868:ISBN
841:ISBN
811:ISBN
784:ISBN
753:ISBN
725:ISBN
693:ISBN
655:OCLC
630:OCLC
620:ISBN
596:2023
511:The
427:Peru
404:The
363:and
304:The
288:The
269:The
246:and
192:The
185:and
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