595:
561:(Çayönü, Cafer Höyük, Shimshara), found in Neolithic sites from the 8th to 7th millennia BC in eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, and some found in the layer A2 of the Kotias Klde cave. It has been suggested that the Kmlo tools are distinctive features of a culture established circa 9-8k cal BC on the highlands of western Armenia and continued at least until the 6th-5th millennia calBC. A local development of the Kmlo tools has also been hypothesized.
1575:
370:
2415:
2405:
556:
its origin or prototype. The only site that emerged before
Apnagyugh-8 is Kalavan-1, an Upper Paleolithic site dating to 16th–14th millennia B.C., where microliths of geometrical forms are fully absent. Though Apnagyugh-8 industry shows some similarities with Zarzian and Trialeti cultures, analytic studies for proving this comparison are still in the process.
555:
Let us conclude that
Apnagyugh-8 industry is closer to the production complexes with traditions of Mesolithic and/or Upper Paleolithic periods. But it’s difficult to show any culture or archaeological source in Armenia today, which belongs to these periods, preceding Apnagyugh-8 and could have been
502:
and Ali Tepe), even though the
Caspian Mesolithic had previously been attributed to Trialetian by Kozłowski (1994, 1996 and 1999), Kozłowski and Aurenche 2005 and Peregrine and Ember 2002. These differences have been established through a detailed study of the site of Komishan and are driven by the
560:
Layer III of Kmlo-2 contained the so-called “Kmlo tools”. Kmlo tools are characterized by "continuous and parallel retouch by pressure flaking of one or both lateral edges". Similar tools have been found, as the associated to the Paluri-Nagutny culture in
Georgia), the so-called "Çayönü tools”
547:
as raw material. The backed an scalene bladelets are the dominant type of microlith; these tools show similarities with those of the Late Upper
Paleolithic of Kalavan-1 and the Mesolithic layer B of the Kotias Klde. Cultural affinities of the Kmlo-2 lithic industry with the Epipaleolithic and
510:
While
Trialetian industry developed in steppe riparian and mountain ecozones, as for example in the Khrami river and the mountainous site of Chokh respectively, the Caspian Mesolithic took place in a transitional ecotone between the sea (Caspian Sea), plain and mountains
650:(xJ2a1b3, J2b2a1a1) (an independent analysis yields J2a-CTS1085(xCTS11251,PF5073) -probably J2a2-). Then, both KK1 and Iran_HotuIIIb individuals share a paternal ancestor that lived approximately 18.7k years ago (according to the estimates of yfull ). At the
515:). The Caspian Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were adapted to the exploitation of marine resources and had access to high quality raw material, whereas in the Trialetian sites as Chokh and Trialeti there is imported raw material from distances of 100 km.
622:
The genome of a
Mesolithic hunter-gatherer individual found at the layer A2 of the Kotias Klde rock shelter in Georgia (labeled KK1), dating from 9,700 BP, has been analysed. This individual forms a genetic cluster with another hunter-gatherer from the
1052:
Arimura, Makoto; Gasparyan, Boris; Chataigner, Christine (2012). Curtis, J.E.; Matthews, R.J.; Chapman, R.; Fletcher, A.; Gascoigne, Alison L.; Glatz, C.; Simpson, St.J.; Seymour, M.J.; Taylor, H.; Tubb, J.N. (eds.).
1032:
Gasparyan, Boris; Petrosyan, Arthur (2015). "Tools with an abrupt, regular, sub-parallel retouch from the
Armenian Highlands and the Near East: "Apnagyugh tools", "lekala" or "Hook-Like tools" and "Çayönü tools".
642:
Although the belonging of the
Caspian Mesolithic to the Trialetian has been questioned, it is worth noting that genetic similarities have been found between an Mesolithic hunther-gatherer from the
936:
Vahdati Nasab, Hamed; Jayez, Mozhgan (2016). "A separation: Caspian
Mesolithic vs Trialetian lithic industry. A research on the excavated site of Komishan, southeast of the Caspian Sea, Iran".
2469:
1105:
Bradley, Daniel G.; Pinhasi, Ron; Manica, Andrea; Hofreiter, Michael; Lordkipanidze, David; Currat, Mathias; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Jakeli, Nino; Matskevich, Zinovi (2015-11-16).
1355:
583:
Kozłowski suggests that the Trialetian does not seem to have continuation in the Neolithic of Georgia (as for example in Paluri and Kobuleti). Although in the 5k BC certain
319:
river basin. These sites include Barmaksyzkaya and Edzani-Zurtaketi. In Edzani, an Upper Paleolithic site, a significant percentage of the artifacts are made of obsidian.
2444:
569:
Little is known about the end of the Trialetian. 6k BC has been proposed as the time on which the decline phase took place. From this date are the first evidence of the
2489:
1317:
Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Cultures in the Middle East – the Birth of Agriculture, Livestock Raising, and Ceramics: A Calibrated 14C Chronology 12, 500-5500 cal BC
1237:
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016).
1200:
2464:
2439:
576:
In the southwest corner of the Trialetian region it has been proposed that this culture evolved towards a local version of the PPNB around 7k BC, in sites as
2350:
2459:
1943:
573:, an industry that has probably evolved from the Trialetian. Also from this date are the first pieces of evidence of Neolithic materials in the Belt cave.
2479:
2124:
2474:
1999:
1348:
1560:
2484:
2449:
2454:
269:
2262:
1690:
1341:
1078:
Varoutsiko s, Bastien; Mgeladze, Ana; Chahoud, Jwana; Gabunia, Manana; Agapishvili, Tamar; Martin, Lucie; Chataigner, Christine (2017).
348:
to the southwest. Alan H. Simmons describes the culture as "very poorly documented". In contrast, recent excavations in the Valley of
2164:
1417:
2385:
909:
891:
1323:
1004:
762:
The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory. Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C.
2081:
646:(labeled Iran_HotuIIIb) dating from 9,100-8,600 BCE and the CHG from Kotias Klde. The Iran_HotuIIIb individual belongs to the
551:
Let us quote a few words from Gasparyan about the industry found in Apnagyugh-8 (Kmlo-2) cave that express these similarities:
2408:
2117:
1994:
1978:
352:, to the north of the Trialetian region, display a Mesolithic culture. The subsistence of these groups were based on hunting
196:
2020:
2030:
1765:
134:
2086:
1968:
1963:
1898:
975:
174:
535:. This site seems to present three different phases of occupation (11-10k cal BC, 9-8k cal BC and 6-5k cal BC). The
2091:
1700:
1574:
1054:
594:
2209:
2110:
1775:
1590:
736:
Asie centrale: vers une redéfinition des complexes culturels de la fin du Pléistocène et des débuts de l’Holocène
698:
628:
202:
2390:
1730:
1372:
668:
643:
499:
495:
464:
451:
262:
72:
2298:
2292:
2040:
1973:
1867:
1720:
1638:
1633:
1299:
The Trialetian “Mesolithic” industry of the Caucasus, Transcaspia, Eastern Anatolia, and the Iranian Plateau
1201:
First ancient J2 from Iran (Mesolithic, Copper Age) and Levant (Bronze Age) – Lazaridis et al. first farmers
1080:"From the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic in the South Caucasus: New data from the Bavra Ablari rock shelter"
867:
The Trialetian “Mesolithic” industry of the Caucasus, Transcaspia, Eastern Anatolia, and the Iranian Plateau
588:
424:
323:
189:
179:
97:
779:
Préhistoire d’Anatolie. Genèse de deux mondes. Actes du Colloque international, Liège, 28 avril-3 mai 1997.
2174:
2071:
1923:
1682:
331:
1303:
Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions.
605:
period. In this map we can see some sites that have been associated with the Trialetian culture, such as
2204:
1740:
871:
Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions
602:
342:
149:
606:
414:
1948:
1088:
Context and Connection: Essays on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona
2418:
2282:
2277:
2154:
1958:
1918:
1397:
673:
647:
636:
1305:, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 3, Berlin 1996, pg. 161–170.
2360:
2355:
2045:
1953:
1928:
1735:
1710:
873:. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 3, Berlin 1996, pg. 161–170
678:
313:
255:
144:
87:
2035:
2004:
1903:
1750:
1667:
683:
335:
208:
76:
1312:(Cambridge World Archaeology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139061254
2380:
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1392:
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1258:
1144:
1126:
905:
632:
610:
577:
435:
420:
390:
286:
169:
164:
129:
117:
1319:, in: Near East Chronology: Archaeology and Environment. Radiocarbon 43,3 (2001) 1191–1202. (
2375:
2370:
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2149:
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1938:
1933:
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1817:
1812:
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1618:
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1079:
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897:
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213:
31:
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1872:
1847:
1842:
1822:
1770:
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1755:
1745:
1725:
1695:
1647:
1643:
1613:
1327:
688:
624:
536:
354:
338:
233:
773:
Nach Henri de Cotenson in: Syria, tomus 80, 2003, 270-271, here: pg. 271; Besprechung zu
1320:
2214:
1852:
1271:
1238:
1139:
1106:
803:
478:
The belonging of these Caspian Mesolithic sites to the Trialetian has been questioned.
297:
290:
17:
2433:
2322:
1652:
1500:
1407:
1186:
725:, Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed.), Stuttgart 2007, pg. 375–377, here: pg. 377.
528:
349:
159:
154:
139:
68:
2309:
1657:
1470:
1402:
524:
471:
184:
1003:
Arimura, Makoto; Badalyan, Ruben; Gasparyan, Boris; Chataigner, Christine (2010).
300:. It is tentatively dated to the period between 16,000 / 13,000 BP and 8,000 BP.
2327:
2141:
2076:
2066:
1857:
1789:
1662:
1550:
1364:
774:
491:
369:
1086:
1062:
Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient
790:
Alan H. Simmons says the culture is "very poorly documented" (Alan H. Simmons:
2337:
2247:
2179:
1608:
1603:
1315:
Olivier Aurenche, Philippe Galet, Emmanuelle Régagnon-Caroline, Jacques Évin:
1064:. 3: Fieldwork and Recent Research – Posters, Harrasowitz, Wiesbaden: 135–150.
663:
654:
level it falls in the cluster of the CHG's and the Iranian Neolithic Farmers.
397:
363:
293:
109:
46:
1262:
1130:
373:
Distribution of the Trialetian according to Kozłowski and Kaczanowska (2004)
308:
The name of the archaeological culture derives from sites in the district of
2237:
2224:
1913:
1598:
1485:
1422:
949:
825:
584:
540:
359:
245:
1280:
1148:
812:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
792:
The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. Transforming the Human Landscape
1310:
The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age
901:
548:
Aceramic Neolithic sites in Taurus-Zagros mountains have also been noted.
2317:
2242:
2199:
2189:
2159:
2050:
1705:
1628:
1623:
1530:
1515:
1510:
1465:
651:
544:
327:
309:
64:
1254:
1162:
2252:
2194:
1807:
1535:
1525:
1490:
1480:
1122:
532:
1333:
1239:"Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East"
1085:. In Batmaz A.; Bedianashvili G.; Michalewicz A.; Robinson A. (eds.).
983:
Neo-Lithics 2/09. The Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research
1555:
1505:
1427:
723:
Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit
570:
512:
316:
587:
similar to those of the Trialetian reappear in Shulaveris Gora (see
2102:
2287:
2184:
1908:
1545:
1540:
1520:
1107:"Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians"
593:
539:
of the three phases show similarities such as the predominance of
1212:
1055:"Prehistoric sites in Northwest Armenia: Kmlo-2 and Tsaghkahovit"
974:
Arimura, Makoto; Chataigner, Christine; Gasparyan, Boris (2009).
1495:
1190:
et al. The genetic structure of the world's first farmers, 2016.
826:"Gravettian/Epigravettian sequences in the Balkans and Anatolia"
764:, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1997, pg. 9.
455:
2106:
1337:
814:, Oxford University Press, 2014, pg. 252–278, here: pg. 265 ff.
747:
Nikolay I. Burchak-Abramovich, Oleg Grigor'evich Bendukidze:
467:(Iran), layers 28-11 (the last remains date from ca. 6k BC )
523:
Kmlo-2 is a rock shelter situated on the west slope of the
486:
Differences have been found between the Trialetian and the
810:, in: Vicki Cummings, Peter Jordan, Marek Zvelebil (ed.):
639:(an independent analysis has assigned him J2a1b-Y12379*).
1035:
ARAMAZD, Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies (AJNES)
1301:. In: Stefan Karol Kozłowski, Hans Georg Gebel (ed.):
869:. In: Stefan Karol Kozłowski, Hans Georg Gebel (ed.):
27:
Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry
2336:
2308:
2223:
2140:
2059:
2013:
1987:
1891:
1788:
1681:
1589:
1582:
1453:
1380:
1371:
808:
Upper palaeolithic hunter-gatherers in western Asia
93:
83:
60:
52:
42:
893:The Archaeology of the Caucasus by Antonio Sagona
631:(CHG) cluster. KK1 belongs to the Y-chromosome
461:Ali Tepe (Iran) (from cal. 10.5k BC to 8.87 BC)
330:area of Trialetian culture was adjacent to the
2118:
1349:
794:, University of Arizona Press, 2011, pg. 53).
263:
8:
2470:Archaeological cultures in Georgia (country)
749:Fauna epipaleoliticheskoy stoyanki Zurtaketi
431:Trialetian influences can also be found in:
37:
1944:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
976:"Kmlo 2. An Early Holocene Site in Armenia"
2414:
2404:
2125:
2111:
2103:
1586:
1377:
1356:
1342:
1334:
830:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
270:
256:
104:
1270:
1138:
2445:Archaeological cultures of the Near East
824:J. K. Kozlowski, M. Kaczanowska (2004).
368:
2490:Archaeological cultures in Turkmenistan
2351:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1005:"Current Neolithic Research in Armenia"
710:
503:underlying differences at the level of
107:
738:, in: Paléorient 28,2 (2002) pg. 9-24.
601:circa 7500 BC, with main sites of the
417:(from ca. 8.6-8.5k BC to 7.6-7.5k BC )
36:
2465:Archaeological cultures in Azerbaijan
1100:
1098:
1073:
1071:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
998:
996:
994:
992:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
931:
929:
927:
885:
883:
881:
879:
861:
859:
494:(represented by sites like Komishan,
423:shows some Trialetian admixture in a
341:to the east and south as well as the
7:
2440:Archaeological cultures of West Asia
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
751:, in: SANGSSR 55,3 (1969) pg. 32-33.
482:Relation with the Caspian Mesolithic
2460:Archaeological cultures in Armenia
2165:List of Paleolithic sites in China
760:Karine Khristoforovna Kushnareva:
25:
2480:Archaeological cultures in Turkey
2386:List of Bronze Age sites in China
890:Sagona, Antonio (November 2017).
2413:
2403:
2082:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
1573:
490:of the southeastern part of the
2475:Archaeological cultures in Iran
1639:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
1634:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
197:Mesolithic Southeastern Europe
1:
2485:Prehistoric Georgia (country)
2021:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
1418:Tigris–Euphrates river system
2450:Paleolithic cultures of Asia
445:Southeast of the Caspian Sea
2455:Mesolithic cultures of Asia
2238:Early Neolithic settlements
2087:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
1969:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
1964:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
175:Epipaleolithic Transylvania
2506:
2092:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
383:Caucasus and Transcaucasia
29:
2399:
1571:
699:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
648:Y-chromosome haplogroup J
629:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer
203:Epipalaeolithic Near East
2391:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
1297:Stefan Karol Kozłowski:
865:Stefan Karol Kozłowski:
669:Epipaleolithic Near East
73:Huto and Kamarband Caves
56:c. 16/13000 – c. 8000 BP
30:Not to be confused with
2299:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
2293:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
2175:Paleolithic Mesopotamia
950:10.3406/paleo.2016.5694
190:Schela Cladovei culture
180:Mesolithic Transylvania
135:Fosna–Hensbacka culture
98:Shulaveri-Shomu culture
18:Epipaleolithic Caucasus
2409:Archaeological periods
1924:Babylonian mathematics
614:
558:
374:
2205:South Asian Stone Age
1111:Nature Communications
902:10.1017/9781139061254
603:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
597:
553:
513:Alborz mountain range
403:Kotias Klde, layer B
372:
224:Trialetian Mesolithic
150:Iron Gates Mesolithic
2283:Neolithic South Asia
2278:Neolithic Revolution
2155:Japanese Paleolithic
1919:Babylonian astronomy
1398:Mesopotamian Marshes
832:. 4 - Issue 1: 5–18.
674:Prehistoric Caucasus
519:Relation with Kmlo-2
470:Dam-Dam-Cheshme II (
2361:Bronze Age Caucasus
2356:Bronze Age Anatolia
2000:Destruction by ISIL
1954:Sumerian literature
1929:Akkadian literature
1365:Ancient Mesopotamia
1308:Sagona, A. (2017).
1255:10.1038/nature19310
734:Frédérique Brunet:
679:Prehistoric Georgia
285:is the name for an
145:Maglemosian culture
126:Mesolithic cultures
88:Baradostian culture
39:
2248:Trialetian culture
2036:Mesopotamian myths
1326:2016-03-04 at the
1123:10.1038/ncomms9912
1091:. Leuven: Peeters.
896:. Cambridge Core.
684:Prehistory of Iran
635:and mitochondrial
615:
591:) and Irmis Gora.
543:, small cores and
488:Caspian Mesolithic
375:
296:industry from the
209:Levantine corridor
38:Trialetian culture
2427:
2426:
2381:Bronze Age Levant
2346:Andronovo culture
2253:Nemrikian culture
2100:
2099:
2051:Ziggurat (Temple)
2026:Sumerian religion
1784:
1783:
1731:Middle Babylonian
1673:Kish civilization
1569:
1568:
1393:Lower Mesopotamia
1388:Upper Mesopotamia
1249:(7617): 419–424.
400:), layers E-C200
287:Upper Paleolithic
280:
279:
170:Swiderian culture
165:Komornica culture
130:Mesolithic Europe
118:Upper Paleolithic
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
2497:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2376:Bronze Age Korea
2371:Bronze Age India
2366:Bronze Age China
2243:Khiamian culture
2233:Fertile Crescent
2170:Natufian culture
2150:Dmanisi hominins
2134:Prehistoric Asia
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
1949:Sumerian cuisine
1939:Warfare in Sumer
1934:Economy of Sumer
1587:
1577:
1461:Fertile Crescent
1445:Sinjar Mountains
1440:Hamrin Mountains
1435:Zagros Mountains
1413:Taurus Mountains
1378:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1234:
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1084:
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1065:
1059:
1049:
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1042:
1029:
1016:
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1012:Neo-Lithics 1/10
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1000:
987:
986:
980:
971:
954:
953:
933:
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863:
834:
833:
821:
815:
801:
795:
788:
782:
771:
765:
758:
752:
745:
739:
732:
726:
715:
694:Natufian culture
627:, the so-called
599:Fertile Crescent
505:cultural ecology
408:Eastern Anatolia
378:Trialetian sites
272:
265:
258:
105:
40:
32:Trialeti culture
21:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2395:
2332:
2304:
2273:Neolithic Korea
2268:Neolithic Tibet
2263:Neolithic China
2258:Zarzian culture
2219:
2136:
2131:
2101:
2096:
2055:
2009:
1983:
1892:Culture/society
1887:
1780:
1776:Muslim conquest
1746:Fall of Babylon
1677:
1578:
1565:
1449:
1367:
1362:
1328:Wayback Machine
1294:
1289:
1288:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1188:Iosif Lazaridis
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1082:
1077:
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1069:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1007:
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1001:
990:
978:
973:
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957:
935:
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925:
916:
914:
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888:
877:
864:
837:
823:
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818:
802:
798:
789:
785:
772:
768:
759:
755:
746:
742:
733:
729:
717:Anna Stolberg:
716:
712:
707:
689:Zarzian culture
660:
637:haplogroup H13c
625:Satsurblia Cave
620:
589:Shulaveri-Shomu
567:
537:lithic industry
527:valley, on the
521:
484:
380:
355:Capra caucasica
339:Zarzian culture
306:
276:
239:
238:
234:Zarzian culture
127:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2215:Xiaochangliang
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Assyriologists
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1979:List of rulers
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Proto-Armenian
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Middle Persian
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Neo-Babylonian
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Old Babylonian
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:Early Dynastic
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1306:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1229:
1204:
1193:
1179:
1154:
1094:
1067:
1044:
1017:
988:
955:
923:
910:
875:
835:
816:
804:Ofer Bar-Yosef
796:
783:
766:
753:
740:
727:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
659:
656:
633:haplogroup J2a
619:
616:
566:
563:
520:
517:
483:
480:
476:
475:
468:
462:
459:
442:
441:
438:
429:
428:
418:
405:
404:
401:
394:
379:
376:
305:
302:
298:South Caucasus
291:Epipaleolithic
278:
277:
275:
274:
267:
260:
252:
249:
248:
241:
240:
237:
236:
227:
226:
217:
216:
211:
200:
199:
194:
193:
192:
187:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
113:
112:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2502:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Halaf culture
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:(Mesopotamia)
2300:
2297:
2295:(Mesopotamia)
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Syrian Desert
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
993:
989:
984:
977:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
924:
913:
911:9781139061254
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
886:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
787:
784:
780:
776:
770:
767:
763:
757:
754:
750:
744:
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
720:
714:
711:
704:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
564:
562:
557:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
446:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
411:
409:
402:
399:
395:
392:
388:
387:
386:
384:
377:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
350:Qvirila river
347:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
315:
311:
303:
301:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
253:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
235:
232:
231:
230:
225:
222:
221:
220:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
198:
195:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Narva culture
158:
156:
155:Kunda culture
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Komsa culture
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
106:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:Shanidar Cave
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
33:
19:
2419:Time periods
2310:Chalcolithic
1974:Royal titles
1899:Architecture
1736:Neo-Assyrian
1583:(Pre)history
1403:Persian Gulf
1316:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1207:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1114:
1110:
1087:
1061:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1011:
982:
944:(1): 75–94.
941:
937:
915:. Retrieved
892:
870:
866:
829:
819:
811:
807:
799:
791:
786:
778:
769:
761:
756:
748:
743:
735:
730:
722:
718:
713:
641:
621:
582:
575:
568:
559:
554:
550:
525:Kasakh River
522:
509:
487:
485:
477:
474:), layers7-3
472:Turkmenistan
444:
443:
430:
407:
406:
382:
381:
353:
321:
307:
282:
281:
228:
223:
218:
201:
185:Tardenoisian
2328:Uruk period
2142:Paleolithic
2077:Hittitology
2067:Assyriology
1988:Archaeology
1858:Old Persian
1668:Jemdet Nasr
1163:"J-Y12379*"
781:Liège 1998.
775:Marcel Otte
611:Nevali Çori
607:Hallan Çemi
578:Cafer Höyük
565:Final phase
531:massif, in
492:Caspian Sea
436:Cafer Höyük
421:Nevali Çori
415:Hallan Çemi
304:Archaeology
94:Followed by
84:Preceded by
77:Kotias Klde
61:Major sites
2434:Categories
2338:Bronze Age
2180:Peking Man
2041:Divination
1751:Achaemenid
1716:Isin-Larsa
1609:Trialetian
1604:Mousterian
1591:Prehistory
1292:Literature
1213:"J2 YTree"
938:Paléorient
917:2019-06-15
705:References
664:Mesolithic
585:microliths
541:microliths
398:Azerbaijan
364:brown bear
294:stone tool
283:Trialetian
110:Mesolithic
47:Mesolithic
2225:Neolithic
1914:Cuneiform
1790:Languages
1599:Acheulean
1486:Babylonia
1423:Euphrates
1373:Geography
1263:1476-4687
1131:2041-1723
652:autosomal
644:Hotu cave
571:Jeitunian
500:Kamarband
465:Belt Cave
360:wild boar
343:Levantine
328:Anatolian
324:Caucasian
312:in south
246:Neolithic
219:Caucasus
2318:Daimabad
2210:Ubeidiya
2200:Solo Man
2190:Sangiran
2160:Java Man
2060:Academia
2014:Religion
1883:Urartian
1878:Sumerian
1863:Parthian
1798:Akkadian
1771:Sasanian
1761:Parthian
1756:Seleucid
1706:Simurrum
1696:Akkadian
1629:Khiamian
1619:Natufian
1531:Simurrum
1516:Kassites
1511:Hittites
1466:Adiabene
1324:Archived
1281:27459054
1222:June 15,
1172:June 15,
1149:26567969
1117:: 8912.
1014:: 77–85.
985:: 17–19.
658:See also
618:Genetics
545:obsidian
440:Boy Tepe
389:Edzani (
346:Natufian
314:Georgian
310:Trialeti
214:Natufian
65:Trialeti
2195:Soanian
2046:Prayers
2031:Deities
1995:Looting
1838:Kassite
1833:Hurrian
1828:Hittite
1818:Elamite
1813:Eblaite
1808:Aramaic
1803:Amorite
1726:Kassite
1701:Gutians
1683:History
1648:Samarra
1644:Hassuna
1614:Zarzian
1536:Subartu
1526:Mitanni
1491:Chaldea
1481:Assyria
1454:Ancient
1272:5003663
1140:4660371
777:(ed.):
719:Glossar
533:Armenia
529:Aragats
427:context
396:Chokh (
391:Georgia
336:Iranian
229:Zagros
79:, Chokh
1873:Sutean
1848:Median
1843:Luwian
1823:Gutian
1711:Ur III
1624:Nemrik
1561:Cities
1556:Urartu
1506:Hamazi
1501:Gutium
1476:Armani
1428:Tigris
1381:Modern
1330:, PDF)
1321:online
1279:
1269:
1261:
1243:Nature
1147:
1137:
1129:
908:
317:Khrami
43:Period
2288:Ohalo
2185:Riwat
1959:Music
1909:Akitu
1766:Roman
1658:Ubaid
1653:Halaf
1551:Tukri
1546:Sumer
1541:Suhum
1521:Media
1471:Akkad
1217:yfull
1167:yfull
1083:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1008:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
332:Iraqi
53:Dates
2005:Tell
1663:Uruk
1496:Elam
1277:PMID
1259:ISSN
1224:2019
1174:2019
1145:PMID
1127:ISSN
1041:(2).
906:ISBN
721:In:
609:and
496:Hotu
456:Iran
452:Hotu
425:PPNB
362:and
322:The
108:The
1904:Art
1267:PMC
1251:doi
1247:536
1135:PMC
1119:doi
946:doi
898:doi
2436::
1275:.
1265:.
1257:.
1245:.
1241:.
1215:.
1165:.
1143:.
1133:.
1125:.
1113:.
1109:.
1097:^
1070:^
1060:.
1039:IX
1037:.
1020:^
1010:.
991:^
981:.
958:^
942:42
940:.
926:^
904:.
878:^
838:^
828:.
806::
580:.
507:.
498:,
447::
410::
385::
366:.
358:,
244:↓
116:↑
75:,
71:,
67:,
2126:e
2119:t
2112:v
1646:/
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1283:.
1253::
1226:.
1176:.
1151:.
1121::
1115:6
952:.
948::
920:.
900::
613:.
511:(
458:)
454:(
393:)
334:-
326:-
289:-
271:e
264:t
257:v
34:.
20:)
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