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of
Virginia. These efforts paid off in a rapidly expanding movement. By 1914, the league included 45 chapters across the state, a number that increased to 115 by 1916. In 1919, ten years after the founding, the ESL reached 30,000 members. By this time, efforts toward changes in the state constitution intensified with the ESL actively lobbying for an amendment to the state constitution that would permit women to vote.
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Early efforts of the group included canvassing, distributing leaflets, and public speaking events. Leaders across the state visited women’s colleges, schools, fairs, and union meetings. In
Richmond, a group of businessmen were encouraged to join the effort and founded the Men’s Equal Suffrage League
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from the early days, the Equal
Suffrage League of Virginia found itself struggling to catch up to the progress of the national movement. Where the NAWSA had moved on to lobbying and direct political activism, the Virginia movement had to focus on education and awareness. Effectively, the ESL was
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The minutes of the first meeting on
November 20 describe the attendees as "women interested in the formation of the Virginia Suffrage League" At a second meeting held one week later, officers and a board of directors were elected. Among the original eighteen founders were
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By 1909, when the Equal
Suffrage League of Virginia was founded, the national suffrage movement had gained considerable traction. The movement lagged behind in Virginia as elsewhere in the South where both supporters and opponents sought to safeguard white dominance.
123:. In the first year, the league enrolled 120 members, mostly in Richmond. The majority of its members were socially prominent caucasian women who used their political connections and wealth to facilitate the spread of their ideas.
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argued that extending the vote to women would threaten white hegemony by giving more
African Americans the right to vote while supporters of woman suffrage countered, not by condemning
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was ratified in 1920, enabling women to vote in all states, the Equal
Suffrage League dissolved and was reconstituted as Virginia League of Women Voters, associated with the national
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The Equal
Suffrage League of Virginia was formed out of a series of meetings in November 1909 at the home of the Anne Clay Crenshaw, daughter of Kentucky suffragist
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was founded in 1909 in
Richmond, Virginia. Like many similar organizations in other states, the league's goal was to secure voting rights for women. When the
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188:. Their stated purpose was to register women voters, to educate them on the issues, and to advocate for social reform. With the passage of the
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Disbanded shortly after the passage of the 19th
Amendment in 1920, the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was reconstituted as the Virginia
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in Richmond, the home is part of the West Franklin Street Historic District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Graham, Sara Hunter (1993). "Woman Suffrage in Virginia: The Equal Suffrage League and Pressure-Group Politics, 1909-1920".
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Graham, Sarah Hunter. "Woman Suffrage in Virginia: The Equal Suffrage League and Pressure-Group Politics, 1909-1920,"
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at 919 West Franklin Street in Richmond, site of the first meeting of the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia in 1909.
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Virginia Women & the Vote, 1909–2009: The Equal Suffrage League & The League of Women Voters in Virginia
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Virginia Women & The Vote, 1909-2009: The Equal Suffrage League & The League of Women Voters in Virginia
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Kollatz, Jr., Harry. “The Genteel Crusaders,” (August 27, 2012). Richmond Magazine, Target Communications, Inc.
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about 20 years behind the national movement, which meant the state initiative was off to a slow start.
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426:. Edited by Nancy A. Hewitt and Suzanne Lebsock, 62–100. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
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https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/VLR_to_transfer/PDFNoms/127-0228-0029_Crenshaw_House_2010_NR_FINAL.pdf
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https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/VLR_to_transfer/PDFNoms/127-0228-0029_Crenshaw_House_2010_NR_FINAL.pdf
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On January 21, 1910, the league hosted their first major public event, a guest lecture by Dr.
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https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Equal_Suffrage_League_of_Virginia_1909-1920#start_entry
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National Register of Historic Places, Crenshaw House, Richmond, VA, 127-0228-0029, 2010.
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served as the secretary for one year and headed the group's lobbying efforts in the
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http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/valeague
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Lebsock, Suzanne. "Women Suffrage and White Supremacy: A Virginia Case Study." In
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402:"Anne Clay Crenshaw and the Women's Suffrage Movement in Virginia"
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36:. The 19th Amendment was not ratified in Virginia until 1952.
290:. The League of Women Voters of Virginia Education Fund.
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Women's suffrage advocacy groups in the United States
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Equal Suffrage League of Richmond, Va., February 1915
480:Salmon, Emily J. and Edward D. C. Campbell, Jr.
437:"Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (1909–1920)"
261:"Equal Suffrage League of Virginia (1909–1920)"
424:Visible Women: New Essays on American Activism
368:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
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161:National American Woman Suffrage Association
132:National American Woman Suffrage Association
472:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
467:. Richmond: League of Women Voters, 2009.
331:. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.
308:A Guide to the Adele Goodman Clark Papers
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30:19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
304:"Biographical/Historical Information"
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484:Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1994.
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238:List of suffragists and suffragettes
310:. Virginia Commonwealth University.
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520:Organizations established in 1909
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406:Equal Suffrage League of Virginia
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525:1909 establishments in Virginia
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159:Although affiliated with the
535:Women's suffrage in Virginia
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265:www.encyclopediavirginia.org
54:. Other cofounders included
42:was the first president and
115:(secretary), Nora Houston,
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325:"Adèle Clark (1882–1983)"
221:Elizabeth Langhorne Lewis
194:Virginia General Assembly
52:Virginia General Assembly
85:919 West Franklin Street
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408:. 2005. Archived from
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329:Encyclopedia Virginia
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46:was vice president.
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216:Lila Meade Valentine
105:Lila Meade Valentine
40:Lila Meade Valentine
206:Adele Goodman Clark
180:Failure and success
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109:Kate Waller Barrett
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514:Categories
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244:References
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380:0042-6636
232:See also
75:Founding
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70:History
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171:(1918)
155:Growth
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384:JSTOR
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