Erectile dysfunction - Knowledge (XXG)

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strive for prolonged sexual function. Anthropologists argue that a biomedical focus places emphasis on the biological processes of fixing the body thereby disregarding holistic ideals of health and aging. By relying on a wholly medical approach, Western biomedicine can become blindsided by bodily dysfunctions which can be understood as appropriate functions of age, and not as a medical problem. Anthropologists understand that a biosocial approach to ED considers a person's decision to undergo clinical treatment more likely a result of "society, political economy, history, and culture" than a matter of personal choice. In rejecting biomedical treatment for ED, males can challenge common forms of medicalized social control by deviating from what is considered the normal approach to dysfunction.

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described the decrease in erectile function "as an aid for aging in socially appropriate ways". A common theme amongst the interviewees showed that respectable older males shifted their focus toward the domestic sphere into a "second stage of life". The Mexican males of this generation often pursued sex outside of marriage; decreasing erectile function acted as an aid to overcoming infidelity thus helping to attain the ideal "second stage" of life. A 56-year-old about to retire from the public health service said he would now "dedicate myself to my wife, the house, gardening, caring for the grandchildren—the Mexican classic". Wentzell found that treating ED as a pathology was antithetical to the social view these males held of themselves, and their purpose at this stage of their lives.

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rigid (see image below). The reference values vary across studies, ranging from > 25 cm/s to > 35 cm/s. Values above 35 cm/s indicate the absence of arterial disease, values below 25 cm/s indicate arterial insufficiency, and values of 25–35 cm/s are indeterminate because they are less specific (see image below). The data obtained should be correlated with the degree of erection observed. If the peak systolic velocities are normal, the final diastolic velocities should be evaluated, those above 5 cm/s being associated with venogenic ED.

8047: 765: 752: 530:, although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve an erection. As far as inguinal hernia surgery is concerned, in most cases, and in the absence of postoperative complications, the operative repair can lead to a recovery of the sexual life of people with preoperative sexual dysfunction, while, in most cases, it does not affect people with a preoperative normal sexual life. 803:. Their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. There are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection: snap gauge and strain gauge. A significant proportion of males who have no sexual dysfunction nonetheless do not have regular nocturnal erections. 738:

veno-occlusive mechanism (in which too much blood circulates back out of the penis). Before the Doppler sonogram, the penis should be examined in B mode, in order to identify possible tumors, fibrotic plaques, calcifications, or hematomas, and to evaluate the appearance of the cavernous arteries, which can be tortuous or atheromatous.

1005:. Several types of FDA approved vacuum therapy devices are available under prescription. When pharmacological methods fail, a purpose-designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the base of the penis to maintain it. These pumps should be distinguished from other 1084: 742:

deformity of the penis, or penile implants. Phentolamine (2 mg) is often added. Visual and tactile stimulation produces better results. Some authors recommend the use of sildenafil by mouth to replace the injectable drugs in cases of contraindications, although the efficacy of such medication is controversial.

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type, is effective for preventing ED during midlife. Counseling can be used if the underlying cause is psychological, including how to lower stress or anxiety related to sex. Medications by mouth and vacuum erection devices are first-line treatments, followed by injections of drugs into the penis, as

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Erection can be induced by injecting 10–20 μg of prostaglandin E1, with evaluations of the arterial flow every five minutes for 25–30 min (see image). The use of prostaglandin E1 is contraindicated in patients with predisposition to priapism (e.g., those with sickle cell anemia), anatomical

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Longitudinal, ventral ultrasound of the penis, with pulsed mode and color Doppler. Flow of the cavernous arteries at 5, 15, and 25 min after prostaglandin injection (A, B, and C, respectively). The cavernous artery flow remains below the expected levels (at least 25–35 cm/s), which indicates ED

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recommended ingesting roasted wolf penis as a remedy for impotence. During the late 16th and 17th centuries in France, male impotence was considered a crime, as well as legal grounds for a divorce. The practice, which involved inspection of the complainants by court experts, was declared obscene in

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Focused shockwave therapy appears to work best for males with vasculogenic ED, which is a blood vessel disorder that affects blood flow to tissue in the penis. The treatment is painless and has no known side effects. Treatment with shockwave therapy can lead to a significant improvement of the IIEF

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measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum. Saline is infused under pressure into the corpus cavernosum with a butterfly needle, and the flow rate needed to maintain an erection indicates the degree of venous leakage. The leaking veins responsible may be visualized by infusing a

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In the 20th and 21st centuries, anthropologists investigated how common treatments for ED are built upon assumptions of institutionalized social norms. In offering a range of clinical treatments to 'correct' a person's ability to produce an erection, biomedical institutions encourage the public to

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Before the injection of the chosen drug, the flow pattern is monophasic, with low systolic velocities and an absence of diastolic flow. After injection, systolic and diastolic peak velocities should increase, decreasing progressively with vein occlusion and becoming negative when the penis becomes

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There was no evidence for an association between internet pornography use with erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, or sexual satisfaction. However, there were small to moderate positive correlations between self-perceived internet pornography addiction and erectile dysfunction, premature

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Penile erection is managed by two mechanisms: the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft, and the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. The former involves the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the

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Anthropological research presents ED not as a disorder but, as a normal, and sometimes even welcome sign of healthy aging. Wentzell's study of 250 Mexican males in their 50s and 60s found that "most simply did not see decreasing erectile function as a biological pathology". The males interviewed

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test are used to ascertain whether there is enough nerve sensation in the penis. The physician squeezes the glans (head) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. A physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal

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One ad from 1897 claims to restore "perfect manhood. Failure is impossible with our method". Another "will quickly cure you of all nervous or diseases of the generative organs, such as Lost Manhood, Insomnia, Pains in the Back, Seminal Emissions, Nervous Debility, Pimples, Unfitness to Marry,

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can be used to examine the erect penis. Most cases of ED of organic causes are related to changes in blood flow in the corpora cavernosa, represented by occlusive artery disease (in which less blood is allowed to enter the penis), most often of atherosclerotic origin, or due to failure of the

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in many of these products. The FDA has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant. A 2021 review indicated that ginseng had "only trivial effects on erectile function or satisfaction with

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in 1952. In the early 20th century, medical folklore held that 90-95% of cases of ED were psychological in origin, but around the 1980s research took the opposite direction of searching for physical causes of sexual dysfunction, which also happened in the 1920s and 30s. Physical causes as

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Attempts to treat the symptoms described by ED date back well over 1,000 years. In the 8th century, males of Ancient Rome and Greece wore talismans of rooster and goat genitalia, believing these talismans would serve as an aphrodisiac and promote sexual function. In the 13th century,

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Graphs representing the color Doppler spectrum of the flow pattern of the cavernous arteries during the erection phases. A: Single-phase flow with minimal or absent diastole when the penis is flaccid. B: Increased systolic flow and reverse diastole 25 min after injection of

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are required for the development of a healthy erectile system. As can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems.

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One of the first steps is to distinguish between physiological and psychological ED. Determining whether involuntary erections are present is important in eliminating the possibility of psychogenic causes for ED. Obtaining full erections occasionally, such as

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initiated a boom in male impotence treatments in the U.S. in the 1920s and 1930s, with radio programs that recommended expensive goat gland implants and "mercurochrome" injections as the path to restored male virility, including operations by surgeon

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Delgado PL, Brannan SK, Mallinckrodt CH, Tran PV, McNamara RK, Wang F, et al. (June 2005). Freeman MP (ed.). "Sexual functioning assessed in 4 double-blind placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trials of duloxetine for major depressive disorder".

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11.2 years). Prevalence of diagnosis or prescription was the highest for age group 60–69 at 11.5%, lowest for age group 18–29 at 0.4%, and 2.1% for 30–39, 5.7% for 40–49, 10% for 50–59, 11% for 70–79, 4.6% for 80–89, 0.9% for ≥90, respectively.

5141: 5122: 5107: 298:. These drugs function by dilating blood vessels, facilitating increased blood flow into the spongy tissue of the penis, analogous to opening a valve wider to enhance water flow in a fire hose. Less frequently employed treatments encompass 966:

involves passing short, high frequency acoustic pulses through the skin and into the penis. These waves break down any plaques within the blood vessels, encourage the formation of new vessels, and stimulate repair and tissue regeneration.

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Schouten BW, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FP, Dohle GR, Thomas S, Bosch JL (July 2010). "Erectile dysfunction in the community: trends over time in incidence, prevalence, GP consultation and medication use – the Krimpen study: trends in ED".

1136:, was developed by Vincent Marie Mondat in the early 1800s. A more advanced device based on a bicycle pump was developed by Geddings Osbon, a Pentecostal preacher, in the 1970s. In 1982, he received FDA approval to market the product. 1070:" or "natural" sexual enhancement products, but no clinical trials or scientific studies support the effectiveness of these products for the treatment of ED, and synthetic chemical compounds similar to sildenafil have been found as 247:

The majority of ED cases are attributed to physical risk factors and predictive factors. These factors can be categorized as vascular, neurological, local penile, hormonal, and drug-induced. Notable predictors of ED include aging,

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Vardi Y, Appel B, Jacob G, Massarwi O, Gruenwald I (August 2010). "Can low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve erectile function? A 6-month follow-up pilot study in patients with organic erectile dysfunction".

540:, a Belgian professor and sex researcher, "Put simply, respondents who watch 60 minutes a week and think they're addicted were more likely to report sexual dysfunction than those who watch a care-free 160 minutes weekly." 488:: ED and chronic kidney disease have pathological mechanisms in common, including vascular and hormonal dysfunction, and may share other comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus that can contribute to ED 517:

Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. ED is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including

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In a study published in 2016, based on US health insurance claims data, out of 19,833,939 US males aged ≥18 years, only 1,108,842 (5.6%), were medically diagnosed with erectile dysfunction or on a PDE5I prescription

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The vibrator was invented in the late 19th century as a medical instrument for pain relief and the treatment of various ailments. Sometimes described as a massager, the vibrator is used on the body to produce

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well as penile implants. Vascular reconstructive surgeries are beneficial in certain groups. Treatments, other than surgery, do not fix the underlying physiological problem, but are used as needed before sex.

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ED often has an impact on the emotional well-being of both males and their partners. Many males do not seek treatment due to feelings of embarrassment. About 75% of diagnosed cases of ED go untreated.

4071:"Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and a chemical cleavage reaction for the structure elucidation of a new sildenafil analogue detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement" 1213:. Research indicates that ED is common, and it is suggested that approximately 40% of males experience symptoms compatible with ED, at least occasionally. The condition is also on occasion called 2763:"Pornography Addiction: An Exploration of the Association Between Use, Perceived Addiction, Erectile Dysfunction, Premature (Early) Ejaculation, and Sexual Satisfaction in Males Aged 18-44 Years" 4030:"Determination of analogs of sildenafil and vardenafil in foods by column liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry" 1385:

Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Erectile Dysfunction. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017.

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Treatment of ED encompasses addressing the underlying causes, lifestyle modification, and addressing psychosocial issues. In many instances, medication-based therapies are used, specifically

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when asleep (that is, when the mind and psychological issues, if any, are less present), tends to suggest that the physical structures are functionally working. Similarly, performance with

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treatments for ED at the time and proliferated new types of specialised pharmaceutical marketing which emphasised social connotations of ED and Viagra rather than its physical effects.

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Transverse ultrasound image, ventral view of the penis. Image obtained after induction of an erection, 15 min after injection of prostaglandin E1, showing dilated sinusoids (arrows).

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Clavijo RI, Kohn TP, Kohn JR, Ramasamy R (January 2017). "Effects of Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Gryniewicz CM, Reepmeyer JC, Kauffman JF, Buhse LF (2009). "Detection of undeclared erectile dysfunction drugs and analogues in dietary supplements by ion mobility spectrometry".

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Wentzell E, Salmerón J (2009). "Prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its treatment in a Mexican population: distinguishing between erectile function change and dysfunction".

2250: 847:. Magnetic resonance angiography uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide detailed images of the blood vessels. The doctor may inject into the patient's bloodstream a 933:

that can be inserted into the urethra. Once inserted, an erection can begin within 10 minutes and last up to an hour. Medications to treat ED may cause a side effect called

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Frederick LR, Cakir OO, Arora H, Helfand BT, McVary KT (October 2014). Mulhall JP (ed.). "Undertreatment of erectile dysfunction: claims analysis of 6.2 million patients".

1032:. Several clinical studies have found vibrators to be an effective solution for Erectile Dysfunction. Examples of FDA registered vibrators for erectile dysfunction include 823:

Technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure. It gives a measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum during an erection.

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there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED.

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which involves the insertion of artificial rods into the penis. Some sources show that vascular reconstructive surgeries are viable options for some people.

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ED can also be associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression. The increased risk appears to be about 1.7-fold.

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mixture of saline and x-ray contrast medium and performing a cavernosogram. In Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA), the images are acquired digitally.

1863: 851:, which causes vascular tissues to stand out against other tissues, so that information about blood supply and vascular anomalies is easier to gather. 2489:

Verze P, Margreiter M, Esposito K, Montorsi P, Mulhall J (2015). "The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review".

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Wespes E (chair), et al. Guidelines on Male Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. European Association of Urology 2013

276:. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to psychosocial factors, encompassing conditions like depression, stress, and problems within relationships. 7963: 6012: 5629: 5442: 3412: 3104: 860: 5422: 536:

Concerns that use of pornography can cause ED have little support in epidemiological studies, according to a 2015 literature review. According to

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Man L, Li G (September 2018). "Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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A vacuum erection device helps draw blood into the penis by applying negative pressure. This type of device is sometimes referred to as

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Huang V, Munarriz R, Goldstein I (September 2005). "Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: an increase in interest (and concern)".

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This prevalence of ED in young men is alarmingly high and the results of presented study suggest a significant association with PPC.

580:. In both cases, an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of the penile shaft by the 3872:"Improved erectile function after focal muscle vibrations therapy in a patient with neurogenic erectile dysfunction: a case report" 2246: 983:

are twice as likely to have lower levels of testosterone, and are three times more likely to experience ED than non-diabetic men.

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Levine LA, Lenting EL (1995). "Use of nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in the evaluation of male erectile dysfunction".

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In many cases, the diagnosis can be made based on the person's history of symptoms. In other cases, a physical examination and

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Exhausting Drains, Varicocele and Constipation". The U.S. Federal Trade Commission warns that "phony cures" exist even today.

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disorders characterized by sexual dysfunction symptoms, including erectile dysfunction in males; these disorders are known as

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Rosen RC, Khera M (2023). "Epidemiology and etiologies of male sexual dysfunction". In O'Leary MP, Cummingham GR (eds.).

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Cunningham GR, Rosen RC. Overview of male sexual dysfunction. In: UpToDate, Martin KA (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2018.

6479: 3919:"319 Penile vibratory stimulation in penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy: a randomized, controlled trial" 3048: 7329: 7027: 5666: 5464: 4395: 3441: 2211: 1168:

by the FDA in 1998, which at the time of release was the fastest selling drug in history. Sildenafil largely replaced

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Men with low levels of testosterone can experience ED. Taking testosterone may help maintain an erection. Males with

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Zieren J, Menenakos C, Paul M, Müller JM (2005). "Sexual function before and after mesh repair of inguinal hernia".

7764: 7316: 6931: 6764: 6416: 5331: 4121:"Structure elucidation of a novel analogue of sildenafil detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement" 3602:"International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): Guidelines on Clinical Application of IIEF patient Questionnaire" 3192:

Vodušek DB, Deletis V (January 2002). "Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring of the Sacral Nervous System".

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The first major publication describing a broad medicalization of sexual disorders was the first edition of the

800: 3350: 1066:(FDA) does not recommend alternative therapies to treat sexual dysfunction. Many products are advertised as " 592:(the main erectile tissue of the penis), and subsequently penile erection. Additionally, adequate levels of 8007: 7980: 7834: 6411: 5918: 5768: 5763: 5720: 5537: 677: 618: 589: 527: 475: 471: 419: 2946:

Jacobs T, Geysemans B, Van Hal G, Glazemakers I, Fog-Poulsen K, Vermandel A, et al. (September 2021).

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explanations continue to dominate literature when compared with psychological explanations as of 2022.

6811: 4716:"Sexual dysfunction or sexual discipline? Sexuopharmaceutical use by men as prevention and proficiency" 2454:

Kendirci M, Nowfar S, Hellstrom WJ (2005). "The impact of vascular risk factors on erectile function".

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Carson C, Faria G, Hellstrom WJ, Krishnamurti S, Minhas S, Moncada I, et al. (1 January 2010).

4836:. Trends in Andrology and Sexual Medicine. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 23–35. 4419:

Tiefer L (1996). "The medicalization of sexuality: Conceptual, normative, and professional issues".

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Sommer F, Goldstein I, Korda JB (July 2010). "Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: a review".

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Depends if psychological or physiological; absence of involuntary erections suggests physiological

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Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, Colonnello E, Vena W, et al. (February 2021).

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can prove useful since it can affect sexual functions in males and is relatively easily curable.

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Russo GI, Broggi G, Cocci A, Capogrosso P, Falcone M, Sokolakis I, et al. (November 2021).

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Montague DK, Jarow JP, Broderick GA, Dmochowski RR, Heaton JP, Lue TF, et al. (July 2005).

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Meldrum DR, Morris MA, Gambone JC, Esposito K (December 2020). "Aging and erectile function".

2272: 2203: 2156: 2148: 2102: 2084: 2029: 2011: 1958: 1940: 1919: 1883: 1875: 1859: 1822: 1814: 1743: 1600: 1419: 1403: 1304: 1274: 1092: 661: 622: 269: 253: 137: 92: 51: 7973: 7737: 7583: 7538: 7442: 7377: 7178: 7159: 6826: 6586: 6571: 6138: 6092: 6060: 5908: 5886: 5851: 5614: 5496: 5447: 5394: 5369: 5364: 5321: 5309: 5116: 5063: 4959: 4931: 4837: 4785: 4727: 4686: 4643: 4552: 4511: 4453: 4377: 4361: 4235: 4227: 4132: 4082: 4041: 4002: 3930: 3883: 3842: 3826: 3785: 3769: 3758:"Innovative trends and perspectives for erectile dysfunction treatment: A systematic review" 3702: 3659: 3549: 3511: 3503: 3296: 3288: 3242: 3197: 3179: 3159: 3151: 3016: 2969: 2959: 2887: 2827: 2774: 2746:

Robinson M, Wilson G (July 11, 2011). "Porn-Induced Sexual Dysfunction: A Growing Problem".

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dropped his trousers and demonstrated to a shocked Urodynamics Society audience showing his

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for ED. Penile injections, on the other hand, can involve one of the following medications:

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Sexually Transmitted Disease: An Encyclopedia of Diseases, Prevention, Treatment and Issues

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Modern drug therapy for ED made a significant advance in 1983, when British physiologist

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in males characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain a

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Bauer SR, Breyer BN, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Kenfield SA (November 2020).

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Often, as a last resort, if other treatments have failed, the most common procedure is

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ED is characterized by the persistent or recurring inability to achieve or maintain an

307: 291: 1810: 8066: 7712: 7603: 7457: 7186: 7121: 7112: 7060: 7052: 7012: 7002: 6879: 6859: 6816: 6626: 6333: 6284: 5602: 5068: 5051: 4963: 4859: 4805: 4747: 4678: 4663: 4557: 4540: 4473: 3903: 2724: 2681: 2638: 2608: 2362: 2114: 2041: 1970: 1067: 799:

It is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during

573: 519: 457: 384: 362: 306:, the injection of smooth-muscle relaxants and vasodilators directly into the penis, 299: 129: 5234: 4690: 4589: 4574: 3950: 3219: 2857: 2697: 2654: 2440: 2168: 1569:"Erectile dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology to management" 1433: 321:

ED is reported in 18% of males aged 50 to 59 years, and 37% in males aged 70 to 75.

17: 7912: 7851: 7841: 7811: 7727: 7722: 7650: 7467: 7259: 6966: 6908: 6784: 6656: 6651: 6621: 6616: 6606: 6187: 5968: 5520: 5222: 5211: 4231: 3679: 3044: 1895: 1834: 1729: 1010: 918: 693: 689: 654: 642: 638: 593: 585: 552: 544: 500: 443: 436: 265: 261: 257: 156: 152: 88: 4457: 3663: 2424: 2389: 2346: 1986:"The association between plant-based diet and erectile dysfunction in Chinese men" 1013:. More drastically, inflatable or rigid penile implants may be fitted surgically. 5165: 4830:"Role of Medical Anthropology in Understanding Cultural Differences in Sexuality" 4214:

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for ED, although numerous other pathologies that may occur with ageing, such as

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3706: 2832: 2815: 2779: 2762: 2541: 2006: 369:, and males with heart diseases are more likely to experience ED. By contrast, 7907: 7890: 7702: 7407: 7324: 6943: 6854: 6661: 6643: 6489: 6182: 6087: 5788: 5513: 5508: 5304: 5217: 5135: 5131: 4789: 4647: 3773: 3020: 2502: 1161: 1153: 1133: 1071: 1006: 998: 992: 914: 894: 890: 697: 665: 634: 311: 295: 241: 202: 194: 189: 181: 177: 6900: 5052:"Implants, Mechanical Devices, and Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction" 4797: 4739: 4731: 4655: 4465: 4373: 4365: 4046: 4029: 3964: 3942: 3917:

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3611:. Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ: Addenbrooke's Hospital. Archived from 2591: 2574: 8024: 7895: 7824: 7707: 7643: 7598: 7588: 7402: 7364: 7100: 6948: 6841: 3507: 2079: 1210: 685: 669: 504: 492: 303: 113: 56: 5099: 2892: 2875: 1871: 1398:

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2073:

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613:, including ED. Restriction of blood flow can arise from impaired 3194:

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1480: 1478: 236:. It is the most common sexual problem in males and can cause 4987:"Bad Timing: The Problematics of Intimacy in On Chesil Beach" 4191:

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In some cases, the simple search for a previously undetected

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describes simple inability to insert the penis into the

6772:

Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis

1393: 1391: 869:

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. In general,

815:

and nerve function in the glans and shaft of the penis.

357:

Causes of or contributors to ED include the following:

337:

with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory

232:

with sufficient rigidity and duration for satisfactory

4632:"The medicalisation of sex: a barrier to intercourse?" 1521: 1519: 684:. Screening for cardiovascular risk factors, such as 503:

and erectile dysfunction, some studies have described

3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 1117:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

929:. In addition to injections, there is an alprostadil 5089: 2299: 2297: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1205:(ED). The study of ED within medicine is covered by 543:

In seemingly rare cases, medications such as SSRIs,

7921: 7810: 7529: 7481: 7358: 7315: 7220: 7173: 7046: 6942: 6872: 6840: 6749: 6742: 6720: 6670: 6642: 6557: 6550: 6435: 6404: 6373: 6352: 6231: 6208: 6162: 6129: 6036: 6003: 5951: 5894: 5885: 5866: 5807: 5739: 5701: 5561: 5536: 5433: 5345: 5292: 5197: 5093: 4299:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 149–52. 495:, which is a key risk factor for ED as it promotes 188: 173: 162: 146: 136: 99: 83: 70: 50: 42: 37: 1132:. 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Its antonym, or opposite condition, is 466:: after age 40 years, ageing itself is a 6417:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 6013:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 1707: 1705: 391:, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, 4498:Hoyland K, Vasdev N, Adshead J (2013). 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1230: 748: 4343: 4341: 3726: 3724: 3628: 3582:from the original on 23 September 2021 3351:"Phony Cures for Erectile Dysfunction" 2958:(10). JMIR Publications Inc.: e32542. 2802:ejaculation or sexual dissatisfaction. 2273:"Male Sexual Dysfunction Epidemiology" 1681:"Treatment for erectile dysfunction |" 1562: 1560: 1460:. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1124:Treatments in the 80s for ED included 1087:An unhappy wife is complaining to the 820:Dynamic infusion cavernosometry (DICC) 6700:Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis 4414: 4412: 3756:Ismail EA, El-Sakka AI (2016-06-01). 3444:from the original on 22 February 2021 3434:"Viagra can be sold over the counter" 2874:Landripet I, Štulhofer A (May 2015). 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1036:'s Tenuto and Reflexonic's Viberect. 7: 6759:Balanoposthitis / Balanitis 4997:from the original on 19 October 2021 4866:from the original on 3 February 2022 4169:Enforcement Report for June 30, 2010 3361:from the original on April 30, 2020. 3275:Dawson C, Whitfield H (April 1996). 3140:"Ultrasound evaluation of the penis" 2927:from the original on 3 November 2021 2761:Whelan G, Brown J (September 2021). 2253:from the original on 9 December 2022 1648:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 1243:Gökçe Mİ, Yaman Ö (September 2017). 840:Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 499:. Due to its propensity for causing 6832:Persistent genital arousal disorder 6120:Physiological and physical behavior 2952:JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 1504:from the original on 4 January 2022 1297:Shamloul R, Bella AJ (2014-03-01). 27:Form of sexual dysfunction in males 6066:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 5460:Emotional and behavioral disorders 4216:"Ginseng for erectile dysfunction" 4069:Reepmeyer JC, Woodruff JT (2007). 2814:Grubbs JB, Gola M (January 2019). 2200:10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07315.x 2132:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1937:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21701 1164:(Viagra) was approved for use for 1075:intercourse compared to placebo". 623:prolonged exposure to bright light 262:abnormal lipid levels in the blood 25: 6246:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 4348:Hart G, Wellings K (2002-04-13). 3357:. U.S. Federal Trade Commission. 2573:Tian Y, Zhou LQ (February 2021). 1811:10.1097/01.ju.0000164463.19239.19 1654:from the original on 21 July 2021 1303:. Biota Publishing. pp. 6–. 909:has been approved in Canada as a 796:Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) 76:Inability to gain or maintain an 8045: 5546:X-linked intellectual disability 5069:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01626.x 4964:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01849.x 4558:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05797.x 3471:from the original on 13 May 2011 3202:10.1016/B978-012209036-3/50011-1 2725:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00099.x 2682:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01664.x 2639:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00983.x 1712:Vardi M, Nini A (January 2007). 1454:"Causes of Erectile Dysfunction" 764: 751: 660:Another factor leading to ED is 507:as an anaphrodisiacal substance. 8001:LGBT-affirming religious groups 5375:Intermittent explosive disorder 5300:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 4754:from the original on 2023-12-13 4691:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs297 4636:Sexual and Relationship Therapy 4612:from the original on 2022-02-03 4594:The Canadian Journal of Urology 4480:from the original on 2023-12-23 4398:from the original on 2023-12-23 4272:. 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Archived from 1001:and may be used just prior to 772:due to arterial insufficiency. 1: 7212:Women who have sex with women 6890:Postorgasmic illness syndrome 6827:Balanitis xerotica obliterans 6690:Chronic bacterial prostatitis 4679:"Medicalization of sexuality" 4458:10.1080/19419899.2021.1888312 4422:Annual Review of Sex Research 4270:Impotence: A Cultural History 4034:Journal of AOAC International 3664:10.1016/j.urology.2017.09.011 3463:Bujdos B (16 November 2010). 3332:The Helena Weekly Independent 3097:"Tests for Erection Problems" 2390:10.12968/bjon.2005.14.7.17939 2347:10.1080/13685538.2019.1686756 2305:"Erectile Dysfunction Causes" 905:with the permeation enhancer 7345:History of erotic depictions 7235:Criminal transmission of HIV 6707:Benign prostatic hyperplasia 6422:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 5959:Generalized anxiety disorder 5692:Neurological and symptomatic 5337:Sexual relationship disorder 4440:Grunt-Mejer K (2022-07-03). 3554:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.04.004 2468:10.1358/dot.2005.41.1.875779 1990:Basic and Clinical Andrology 1929:American Medical Association 1402:. Current Clinical Urology. 1064:Food and Drug Administration 621:, but can also be caused by 557:post-SSRI sexual dysfunction 425:Cavernosal disorders (e.g., 402:Neurogenic disorders (e.g., 7330:Counterculture of the 1960s 6198:REM sleep behavior disorder 5667:Seasonal affective disorder 5465:Separation anxiety disorder 4842:10.1007/978-3-030-36222-5_2 4778:The Journal of Sex Research 3247:10.1007/978-3-319-42178-0_2 3156:10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0152 1573:World Journal of Nephrology 1416:10.1007/978-1-59745-155-0_9 1101:Medicalisation of sexuality 682:peripheral vascular disease 651:nocturnal penile tumescence 8109: 8052:Human sexuality portal 6765:Balanitis plasmacellularis 6465:Symptoms and uncategorized 5566:developmental disabilities 5332:Sexual maturation disorder 5056:Journal of Sexual Medicine 5020:. D.C. 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Post, TW. Waltham, MA: 964:Focused shockwave therapy 959:Focused shockwave therapy 635:laboratory investigations 373:show a lower risk for ED. 184:(psychological treatment) 6475:Impulse-control disorder 6391:Schizoaffective disorder 6386:Brief reactive psychosis 6083:Mass psychogenic illness 6046:Body dysmorphic disorder 5825:Post-concussion syndrome 5435:Emotional and behavioral 4732:10.1177/0959353517750682 4366:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.896 3635:: CS1 maint: location ( 3293:10.1136/bmj.312.7035.902 801:rapid eye movement (REM) 672:, and most specifically 664:, a well known cause of 6412:Childhood schizophrenia 5764:Frontotemporal dementia 5721:High-functioning autism 5538:Intellectual disability 4924:Journal of Men's Health 4772:Tiefer L (2001-05-01). 3762:Arab Journal of Urology 3135:Originally copied from: 2425:10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:087 1531:www.clevelandclinic.org 1490:www.clevelandclinic.org 678:coronary artery disease 619:coronary artery disease 528:external beam radiation 522:and destruction of the 476:cardiovascular diseases 472:testosterone deficiency 456:Surgery (e.g., radical 420:multiple system atrophy 397:5α-reductase inhibitors 217:), also referred to as 7473:Split attraction model 7463:Sexual objectification 7373:Anarchism and love/sex 6885:Retrograde ejaculation 5929:Specific social phobia 5820:Organic brain syndrome 5662:Melancholic depression 5423:Childhood and learning 4630:Pacey S (2008-08-01). 4429:(1) – via EBSCO. 4174:June 25, 2016, at the 4047:10.1093/jaoac/91.3.580 2491:European Urology Focus 1794:The Journal of Urology 1644:"Erectile Dysfunction" 1261:10.5152/tud.2017.70482 1096: 873:, particularly of the 866: 788:bulbocavernosus reflex 783:Penile nerves function 731:Penile ultrasonography 727: 674:cardiovascular disease 442:Psychological causes: 408:temporal lobe epilepsy 250:cardiovascular disease 238:psychological distress 148:Differential diagnosis 106:Cardiovascular disease 95:, neurogenic disorders 7433:Sex-positive movement 7086:Reproductive medicine 7081:Obesity and sexuality 7028:Sexual response cycle 6485:Psychomotor agitation 6275:and substance-related 6218:Postpartum depression 6098:Somatization disorder 5984:Acute stress reaction 5749:AIDS dementia complex 5062:(1). Wiley: 501–523. 3609:Department of Urology 3409:www.urologyhealth.org 3144:Radiologia Brasileira 1860:John Wiley & Sons 1586:10.5527/wjn.v4.i3.379 1209:, a sub-field within 1099:Further information: 1086: 863: 828:Corpus cavernosometry 808:Penile biothesiometry 725: 240:due to its impact on 7959:Buddhist monasticism 7949:Christian demonology 7775:Urethral intercourse 7574:Erotic sexual denial 7265:Cybersex trafficking 7138:Erectile dysfunction 6800:Erectile dysfunction 6480:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 6310:Substance dependence 6223:Postpartum psychosis 5769:Huntington's disease 5551:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 5400:Personality disorder 5223:Erectile dysfunction 4685:. pp. 721–817. 3440:. 28 November 2017. 3071:Urol. Clin. North Am 2309:Erectile Dysfunction 2277:Erectile dysfunction 2145:10.4088/JCP.v66n0603 1458:Erectile dysfunction 1410:. pp. 195–226. 1400:Male Sexual Function 1300:Erectile Dysfunction 1203:erectile dysfunction 1058:Alternative medicine 911:first line treatment 813:evaluate sensitivity 778:Other workup methods 572:latter involves the 345:Psychological impact 281:erectile dysfunction 211:Erectile dysfunction 132:diet, kidney disease 38:Erectile dysfunction 18:Erectile Dysfunction 8083:Sexual dysfunctions 8013:Sacred prostitution 7802:Wet T-shirt contest 7666:Non-penetrative sex 7624:Mammary intercourse 7305:Revenge pornography 7076:Masters and Johnson 7038:Vaginal lubrication 6730:Seminal vesiculitis 6360:Delusional disorder 6305:Stimulant psychosis 6295:Physical dependence 6149:Rumination syndrome 6051:Conversion disorder 6028:Psychogenic amnesia 5878:with depressed mood 5876:Adjustment disorder 5779:Parkinson's disease 5754:Alzheimer's disease 5647:Atypical depression 5483:Social functioning 5358:Munchausen syndrome 5353:Factitious disorder 5018:Sexual interactions 5016:Allgeier A (1995). 4204:, February 21, 2009 2592:10.1530/rep-20-0523 1500:. 20 January 2021. 1052:prosthetic implants 843:This is similar to 444:performance anxiety 416:Parkinson's disease 404:diabetic neuropathy 258:high blood pressure 7859:Red-light district 7755:Sexual penetration 7743:Sexual intercourse 7661:Nipple stimulation 7340:Golden Age of Porn 7240:Child sexual abuse 7207:Sexual orientation 7133:Sexual dysfunction 7071:Male contraceptive 7033:Sexual stimulation 6982:Nocturnal emission 6812:Peyronie's disease 6807:Spontaneous orgasm 6795:Sexual dysfunction 6582:Testicular torsion 6379:schizophrenia-like 6023:Dissociative fugue 5472:Movement disorders 5198:External resources 4504:Reviews in Urology 4268:McLaren A (2007). 4196:2019-04-23 at the 3732:"Men and diabetes" 3508:10.1111/ijcp.12908 2249:. 26 August 2015. 2080:10.3390/nu13114148 1195:impotentia coeundi 1097: 1030:sexual stimulation 1023:Vibrator (sex toy) 1003:sexual intercourse 867: 786:Tests such as the 728: 655:manual stimulation 611:sexual dysfunction 607:Spinal cord injury 497:arterial narrowing 433:Hyperprolactinemia 427:Peyronie's disease 412:multiple sclerosis 377:Prescription drugs 325:Signs and symptoms 223:sexual dysfunction 93:prescription drugs 8060: 8059: 7969:Hindu monasticism 7954:Clerical celibacy 7820:Adult video games 7531:Sexual activities 7448:Sexual attraction 7438:Sexual abstinence 7350:Sexual revolution 7335:Feminist sex wars 7290:Sexual misconduct 7285:Sexual harassment 7250:Indecent exposure 6957:Clitoral erection 6898: 6897: 6868: 6867: 6850:Fournier gangrene 6738: 6737: 6685:Acute prostatitis 6597:Asthenozoospermia 6577:Testicular cancer 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6323: 6322: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6105: 5999: 5998: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5794:Vascular dementia 5716:Asperger syndrome 5682: 5681: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5526:Tourette syndrome 5412: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5232: 5231: 5031:Grimes J (2013). 4901:978-0-520-27197-5 4851:978-3-030-36221-8 4700:978-1-4051-9006-0 4600:(Suppl 1): 7–11. 4545:BJU International 4360:(7342): 896–900. 4331:978-0-7011-2915-6 4324:. Vintage/Ebury. 4320:Darmon P (1985). 4306:978-0-393-33479-1 4279:978-0-226-50076-8 3502:(12): 1012–1018. 3256:978-3-319-42176-6 3211:978-0-12-209036-3 2893:10.1111/jsm.12853 1920:JAMA Network Open 1872:10.1111/jsm.12647 1862:on behalf of the 1545:on 4 January 2022 1425:978-1-59745-155-0 1404:Cham, Switzerland 1310:978-1-61504-653-9 1215:phallic impotence 1093:Ottoman miniature 662:diabetes mellitus 596:(produced by the 590:corpora cavernosa 371:plant-based diets 254:diabetes mellitus 208: 207: 138:Diagnostic method 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8100: 8050: 8049: 7974:Jain monasticism 7738:Sexual fetishism 7656:Mechanics of sex 7539:Conventional sex 7443:Sexual addiction 7378:Extramarital sex 7160:Sexual surrogate 6996:male ejaculation 6925: 6918: 6911: 6902: 6747: 6587:Male infertility 6572:Hydrocele testis 6555: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6506: 6461: 6350: 6329: 6264: 6139:Anorexia nervosa 6127: 6116: 6093:Psychogenic pain 6061:Globus pharyngis 5909:Childhood phobia 5892: 5864: 5843: 5699: 5688: 5598: 5497:Selective mutism 5448:Conduct disorder 5431: 5418: 5395:Trichotillomania 5370:Gender dysphoria 5365:Fear of intimacy 5322:Sexual anhedonia 5290: 5279: 5266:Mental disorders 5259: 5252: 5245: 5236: 5091: 5081: 5071: 5037: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4825: 4810: 4809: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4560: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4519: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4385: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4293:Roach M (2009). 4290: 4284: 4283: 4265: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4211: 4205: 4188: 4182: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3743: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3606: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3578:. 27 July 2020. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3542:European Urology 3536: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3380:www.elsevier.com 3372: 3363: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3287:(7035): 902–05. 3272: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3235:"Biothesiometry" 3230: 3224: 3223: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3167: 3133: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2977: 2967: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2886:(5): 1136–1139. 2871: 2865: 2864: 2835: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2782: 2773:(9): 1582–1591. 2758: 2752: 2751: 2748:Psychology Today 2743: 2737: 2736: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2594: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2341:(5): 1115–1124. 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2100: 2082: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2027: 2009: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1956: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1765: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1677: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1609: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1539:Cleveland Clinic 1523: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1498:Cleveland Clinic 1482: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1449: 1438: 1437: 1395: 1386: 1383: 1346: 1343: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1294: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1240: 1138:John R. Brinkley 950:age 55.2 years, 925:, also known as 923:prostaglandin E1 768: 755: 600:) and an intact 452:mental disorders 435:(e.g., due to a 316:vascular surgery 122:mental disorders 91:levels, certain 35: 21: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8088:Penile erection 8078:Penis disorders 8063: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8044: 8036: 7964:Catholic Church 7924: 7917: 7806: 7525: 7477: 7383:Family planning 7362: 7354: 7311: 7300:Sexual violence 7275:Sex trafficking 7216: 7202:Sexual identity 7192:Gender identity 7169: 7155:Sexual medicine 7051: 7042: 7008:Penile erection 6962:Erogenous zones 6946: 6938: 6936:human sexuality 6929: 6899: 6894: 6864: 6836: 6822:Penile fracture 6734: 6722:Seminal vesicle 6716: 6712:Prostate cancer 6666: 6638: 6546: 6533: 6503: 6494: 6466: 6447: 6431: 6400: 6378: 6369: 6344: 6319: 6276: 6273:substance abuse 6250: 6227: 6204: 6158: 6144:Bulimia nervosa 6121: 6102: 6078:Hypochondriasis 6073:False pregnancy 6056:Ganser syndrome 6038:Somatic symptom 6032: 5995: 5947: 5936:Specific phobia 5881: 5858: 5829: 5803: 5735: 5731:Savant syndrome 5703:Autism spectrum 5693: 5678: 5606: 5584: 5563: 5557: 5532: 5425: 5404: 5380:Dermatillomania 5341: 5327:Sexual anorexia 5284: 5273: 5263: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5193: 5192: 5102: 5088: 5049: 5046: 5044:Further reading 5041: 5040: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4852: 4827: 4826: 4813: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4267: 4266: 4257: 4226:(4): CD012654. 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198:Wayback Machine 4189: 4185: 4176:Wayback Machine 4167: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4102: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4027: 4026: 4022: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3978: 3976: 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2240: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2054: 2053: 2049: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1767: 1766: 1755: 1724:(1): CD002187. 1711: 1710: 1703: 1694: 1692: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1612: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1535:Cleveland, Ohio 1525: 1524: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1494:Cleveland, Ohio 1484: 1483: 1476: 1467: 1465: 1452:Lue TF (2006). 1451: 1450: 1441: 1426: 1408:Springer Nature 1397: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1349: 1344: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1311: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1242: 1241: 1232: 1227: 1193:The Latin term 1191: 1178: 1126:penile implants 1108:Albertus Magnus 1103: 1081: 1060: 1048: 1042: 1025: 1019: 995: 989: 981:type 2 diabetes 977: 961: 943: 888:PDE5 inhibitors 884: 858: 832:Cavernosography 780: 773: 769: 760: 756: 720: 718:Ultrasonography 631: 602:pituitary gland 569: 567:Pathophysiology 547:(Accutane) and 355: 347: 339:sexual activity 327: 308:penile implants 292:PDE5 inhibitors 234:sexual activity 221:, is a form of 61:sexual medicine 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8106: 8104: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8065: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8018:Ancient Greece 8010: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7929: 7927: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7735: 7733:Sexual fantasy 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7634:Anal fingering 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7594:Foot fetishism 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7453:Sexual capital 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7418:Premarital sex 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7295:Sexual slavery 7292: 7287: 7282: 7280:Sexual assault 7277: 7272: 7267: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Age of consent 7226: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7143:Hypersexuality 7140: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7023:Sexual arousal 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6940: 6939: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6768: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6634:Ectopic testis 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6345: 6332: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6300:Rebound effect 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6241:Hypersexuality 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5974:Panic disorder 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5941:Claustrophobia 5933: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5924:Anthropophobia 5916: 5914:Social anxiety 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5860: 5859: 5846: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5784:Pick's disease 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5542: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5275: 5274: 5270:Classification 5264: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5214: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5179: 5168: 5157: 5138: 5119: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094:Classification 5087: 5086:External links 5084: 5083: 5082: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5035:. p. 496. 5023: 5008: 4977: 4958:(7): 2547–53. 4941: 4914: 4900: 4877: 4850: 4811: 4764: 4726:(3): 309–330. 4706: 4699: 4669: 4642:(3): 183–187. 4622: 4580: 4531: 4490: 4452:(3): 565–582. 4432: 4408: 4337: 4330: 4312: 4305: 4285: 4278: 4255: 4206: 4183: 4161: 4131:(5): 1615–21. 4111: 4061: 4020: 3985: 3956: 3909: 3862: 3825:(6): 767–780. 3805: 3748: 3720: 3685: 3642: 3593: 3567: 3531: 3482: 3455: 3425: 3396: 3364: 3342: 3316: 3267: 3255: 3225: 3210: 3184: 3150:(4): 257–261. 3117: 3088: 3061: 3015:(2): 180–193. 2995: 2938: 2907: 2866: 2826:(1): 111–125. 2806: 2753: 2738: 2719:(5): 596–604. 2703: 2676:(7): 2346–58. 2660: 2614: 2585:(2): R37–R44. 2565: 2536:(2): 223–231. 2516: 2481: 2456:Drugs of Today 2446: 2419:(2–3): 87–91. 2403: 2368: 2335:The Aging Male 2325: 2293: 2264: 2238: 2224: 2194:(2): 220–224. 2174: 2120: 2047: 1998:BioMed Central 1976: 1901: 1840: 1779: 1753: 1701: 1665: 1632: 1610: 1579:(3): 379–387. 1556: 1515: 1474: 1439: 1424: 1387: 1347: 1327: 1309: 1284: 1255:(3): 247–251. 1229: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1190: 1187: 1177: 1174: 1158:PDE5 inhibitor 1150:Giles Brindley 1143:Serge Voronoff 1080: 1077: 1059: 1056: 1046:Penile implant 1044:Main article: 1041: 1038: 1021:Main article: 1018: 1015: 991:Main article: 988: 985: 976: 973: 960: 957: 942: 939: 897:(Levitra) and 883: 880: 857: 854: 853: 852: 849:contrast agent 841: 837: 836: 829: 825: 824: 821: 817: 816: 809: 805: 804: 797: 793: 792: 784: 779: 776: 775: 774: 770: 763: 761: 759:prostaglandin. 757: 750: 719: 716: 700:, is helpful. 630: 627: 582:nervous system 568: 565: 515: 514: 508: 489: 486:Kidney disease 483: 461: 454: 440: 430: 423: 400: 389:antihistamines 374: 367:heart diseases 365:are linked to 361:Diets high in 354: 351: 346: 343: 326: 323: 274:medication use 206: 205: 192: 186: 185: 175: 171: 170: 164: 160: 159: 150: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 103: 97: 96: 85: 81: 80: 74: 68: 67: 54: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8105: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8073:Non-sexuality 8071: 8070: 8068: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Sex positions 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7604:Forced orgasm 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7521:United States 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Sexual ethics 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7360:Relationships 7357: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:Gender binary 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7148:Hyposexuality 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7122:PLISSIT model 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Sex education 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061:Birth control 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Pre-ejaculate 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:Pelvic thrust 7001: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6907: 6906: 6903: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6880:Hematospermia 6878: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6860:Pneumoscrotum 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Penile cancer 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6627:Teratospermia 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6536:Male diseases 6530: 6525: 6523: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405:Schizophrenia 6403: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6334:Schizophrenia 6330: 6326: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Drug overdose 6283: 6282: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6233:Sexual desire 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5919:Social phobia 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5854:-related and 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5009: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4915: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4765: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4623: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081:(4): 887–93. 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4040:(3): 580–88. 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001:(3): 601–06. 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3618:on 2021-10-26 3614: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3077:(4): 775–88. 3076: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2965:10.2196/32542 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2384:(7): 362–66. 2383: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2315:on 2007-10-09 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 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