416:"House of Stars. House of Lapis Lazuli, sparkling bright, you open the way to all the lands ... are set in the shrine. Eresh. Each month, the ancient lords raise their head for you. On the hill, soap ... The great goddess Nisaba has brought the great powers from heaven, adding to your powers ... Righteous woman of unmatched mind. Soothing ... and opening her mouth, consulting a tablet of lapis lazuli, giving guidance to all the lands. Righteous woman, cleansing soap, born to the upright stylus. She measures the heavens and outlines the earth:All praise Nisaba."
56:
49:
278:
619:
Colantoni, Carlo, "Are We Any Closer to
Establishing How Many Sumerians per Hectare? Recent Approaches to Understanding the Spatial Dynamics of Populations in Ancient Mesopotamian Cities", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam
293:
led by Donald P. Hansen in 1963 and 1965 for a total of 8 weeks. They found the site, lying in a salt bog, had numerous robber holes. Unlike the nearby site of Nippur which continued to be occupied for millennia, at Abu
Salabikh the Early Dynastic remains were near the surface. The expedition found
340:
of which the Abu
Salabikh tablet is the oldest copy. While the writing remained Sumerian, Semitic scribal names became more common as the Early Dynastic period wore on. The archaic form of Sumerian in the texts is not fully understood however a number of literary compositions were found that had
285:
The site consists of three mounds with an overall extent of roughly 900 meters by 850 meters. To the east is the 12 hectare wall enclosed Main (Early
Dynastic) mound. To the west, on the other side of the bed of an ancient canal or watercourse, is the 10 hectare Uruk and Jemdet Nasr mound to the
793:
Matthews, R. and
Matthews, W., "A palace for the king of Eres? Evidence from the Early Dynastic City of Abu Salabikh, south Iraq" In: Heffron, Y., Stone, A. and Worthington, M. (eds.) At the dawn of history. Ancient Near Eastern studies in honour of J. N. Postgate. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, pp.
388:. Eresh appears on an Early Dynastic geographical list. It is known that during the reign of the second Ur III Empire ruler Shulgi there was a governor of Eresh named Ea-Bani and one named Ur-Ninmug, and under Amar-Sin one named Ur-Baba. In the Ur III period there was a shrine to the goddess
380:(c. 1813-1792 BC) is "Year Sin-muballity built the city wall of Eresz". Its location is unknown though earlier Uruk was proposed and more recently Abu-Salabikh and Jarin. One tablet found at Abu Salabikh (IAS 505) did mention workers belonging to a "King of Eresh". Its city-god was
953:
Pollock, Susan, "Making Fire in Uruk-Period Abu
Salabikh", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 413–422,
232:
was the city's highway and lifeline; when it shifted its old bed (which was identified to the west of the Main Mound by coring techniques), in the late third millennium BC, the city dwindled away. Only eroded traces remain on the site's surface of habitation after the
781:
Woods, Christopher, "The Abacus in
Mesopotamia: Considerations from a Comparative Perspective", The First Ninety Years: A Sumerian Celebration in Honor of Miguel Civil, edited by Lluís Feliu, Fumi Karahashi and Gonzalo Rubio, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 416-478,
960:
Pope, Melody, "Remembrances from the Field – Excavating at Abu
Salabikh with Susan Pollock. A Photo Essay", Pearls, Politics and Pistachios. Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock's 65th Birthday, hrsg. v. Aydin Abar, pp. 203–218,
694:
Krebernik, Manfred, "Die Texte aus Fara und Tell Abu
Salabikh", In Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit, ed. P. Attinger and M. Wäfler, Annäher-ungen 1. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 237-427,
899:
Biggs, Robert D., "Ebla and Abu
Salabikh: The Linguistic and Literary Aspects", in La lingua di Ebla: Atti del convegno internazionale (Napoli, 21–23 aprile 1980), Edited by Luigi Cagni, Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, pp. 121–33,
855:
Sharlach, T. M., "Belet-šuhnir and Belet-terraban and Religious Activities of the Queen and the Concubine(s)", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 261-286,
363:
period, 1650 high fired clay sickles were found. Two grain samples from the Middle Uruk layer of the Uruk Mound were accelerator radiocarbon dated with calibrated dates of 3520 ± 130 BC. Calibration was based on that of Pearson.
704:
Biggs, R. D., "The Semitic Personal Names from Abu Salabikh and the Personal Names from Ebla", in Eblaite Personal Names and Semitic Name-giving, ed. A. Archi, ARES 1. Rome: Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria, pp.89–98,
367:
Seventy four Neolithic clay accounting tokens were found at the site. Over one hundred pottery shards that had been filed into 3 centimeter discs and pierced were found, suggested as for use in abacus type counting devices.
1144:
1139:
846:
Sharlach, T. M., "An Ox of One’s Own: Provisioners and Influence", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 211-238, 2017
772:
Overmann, Karenleigh A., "The Neolithic Clay Tokens", The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 157-178, 2019
286:
north and the 8 hectare South mound with its Early Dynastic palace to the south. The full Early dynastic extent, with outer margins now under alluvial deposits, is estimated at 50 hectares.
298:. A number of animal remains were also found including domestic dog, lion, equid, pig, cattle, gazelle, caprines (sheep and goat), and antelope. Remains of various birds were also found.
341:
beforehand been thought to have not existed until half a millennium later in the Old Babylonian period. Originally it was thought that the tablet. contemporary with the ones found at
376:
The city of Eresh (eréš) is known from the Early Dynastic, through the Akkadian period into the Ur III period and then apparently disappears from history though a year name of
994:
S. Pollock, M. Pope and C. Coursey, "Household Production at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 683–698, 1996
950:
Pollock, S., "Political Economy as viewed from the Garbage Dump: Jemdet Nasr Occupation at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh", Paléorient, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 57–75, 1990
629:
Alster, Bendt, "Early Dynastic Proverbs and Other Contributions to the Study of Literary Texts From Abū Ṣalābīkh", Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 38/39, pp. 1–51, 1991
1149:
763:
Pearson, G. W. et al., "High precision 14C measurement of Irish oaks to show the natural 14C variation from a.d. 1840 to 5210 b.c.", Radiocarbon 28, pp. 911-34, 1986
929:
Jones, Jennifer E., "Standardized Volumes? Mass-Produced Bowls of the Jemdet Nasr Period from Abu Salabikh, Iraq", Paléorient, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 153–60, 1996
525:
Cohen, Mark E., “The Name Nintinugga with a Note on the Possible Identification of Tell Abu Salābīkh", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 82–92, 1976
352:(c. 2500 BC). Subsequent study pushed the dating to a century before Ur-Nanshe though it has also been suggested that the dating was after Ur-Nanshe though before
1000:
Postgate J.N. and Moon J.A., "Excavations at Abu Salabikh, a Sumerian city", National Geographic Research Reports: 1976 projects, vol. 17, pp. 721–743, 1984
970:
Postgate, J. N. - Killick, J. A., "British Archaeological Expedition to Abu Salabikh, Final Field Report on the 8th Season", Sumer, vol. 39, pp. 95–99, 1983
819:
Michalowski, P., "Nisaba. A. Philologisch", in vol. 9 of Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Edited by D. O. Edzard. 10 vols. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, pp. 575–79, 2001
1179:
957:
Pomponio, F., "I nomi personali dei testi amministrativi die Abu Sal?bih", Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 8, pp. 141–147, 1991
1061:
932:
Manfred Krebernik and Jan J. W. Lisman, "The Sumerian Zame Hymns from Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ With an Appendix on the Early Dynastic Colophons", dubsar 12, 2020
1074:
1035:
1048:
837:
Frayne, Douglas, "Table III: List of Ur III Period Governors", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. xli-xliv, 1997
1164:
507:
Pettinato, G., "L’Atlante Geografico Del Vicino Oriente Antico Attestato Ad Ebla e Ad Abū Şalābīkh (I)", Orientalia, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 50–73, 1978
973:
Postgate, John Nicholas, "City of Culture 2600 BC: Early Mesopotamian History and Archaeology at Abu Salabikh", Archaeopress Publishing Ltd., 2024
874:
Attinger, P., "Remarques a Propos de la 'Malédiction d'Accad'", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 99–121, 1984
924:
Gori, Fiammetta, "Numeracy in early syro-mesopotamia. A study of accounting practices from Fāra to Ebla", University of Verona Disertation, 2024
261:
and Early Dynastic periods in the Early Bronze Age. An examination of the smaller outlying sites nearby showed there was also occupation in the
865:
Helle, Sophus, "The Temple Hymns", Enheduana: The Complete Poems of the World's First Author, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 53-94, 2023
734:
Hallo, William W., "The Date of the Fara Period A Case Study in the Historiography of Early Mesopotamia", Orientalia, vol. 42, pp. 228–38, 1973
649:
Clutton-Brock, Juliet, and Richard Burleigh, "The Animal Remains from Abu Salabikh: Preliminary Report", Iraq, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 89–100, 1978
516:
Pomponio, Francesco, "Notes on the Lexical Texts from Abū Salābīkh and Ebla", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 285–90, 1983
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937:
302:
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745:
Benco, Nancy L., "Manufacture and Use of Clay Sickles from the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, Iraq", Paléorient, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 119–34, 1992
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1092:
1087:
234:
754:
Susan Pollock, Caroline Steele and Melody Pope, "Investigations on the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh, 1990", Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 59–68, 1991
610:
Wilkinson, T. J., "Early Channels and Landscape Development around Abu Salabikh, a Preliminary Report", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 75–83, 1990
253:
Although signs of occupation at the site date back to the Neolithic period, primary occupation occurred during the Uruk period in the
896:
Robert D. Biggs, "The Abu Salabikh Tablets. A Preliminary Survey", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 73–88, 1966
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978:
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578:
640:
Alberti, A., "A Reconstruction of the Abu Salabikh God-list", Studi Epigraphici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente 2, pp. 3–23, 1985
101:
1065:
Volume IV - A.N. Green, "The 6G Ash-Tip and its Contents: Cultic and Administrative Discard from the Temple?", Oxbow Books, 1993
551:
Biggs, Robert D., "An Archaic Sumerian Version of the Kesh Temple Hymn from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh", vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 193-207, 1971
1120:
433:
48:
1031:
601:
Roux, G., "Recently Discovered Ancient Sites in the Hammar Lake District-Southern Iraq", Sumer, XVI, no. 1-2, pp. 20-31, 1960
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Payne, Joan Crowfoot, "An Early Dynastic III Flint Industry from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 105–19, 1980
290:
1003:
983:
1169:
329:(modern Fara, Iraq) included school texts, literary texts, word lists, and some administrative archives, as well as the
306:
193:
75:
883:
Michalowski, Piotr, "Maybe Epic: the origins and reception of Sumerian heroic poetry". Epic and History, pp. 7-25, 2010
539:
M. Krebernik and J. N. Postgate, "The tablets from Abu Salabikh and their provenance", Iraq, vol. 71, pp. 1- 32, 2009
725:
Nicholas Postgate, "Abu Salabikh", in J. Curtis, ed., Fifty Years of Mesopotamian Discovery, London, pp. 48–61, 1982
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565:
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421:
1112:
964:
Nicholas Postgate and J.A. Moon, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1981", Iraq, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 103–136, 1982
330:
988:
R.J. Matthews and Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1985-86", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 91–120, 1987
1159:
1010:
Unger-Hamilton, Romana, et al., "Drill bits from Abu Salabikh, Iraq", MOM Éditions 15.1, pp. 269–285, 1987
412:, with the final one, which survives in fragmentary form, dedicated to E-Zagin, the temple of Nisaba in Eresh.
942:
Moon, Jane, "Some New Early Dynastic Pottery from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 47–75, 1981
913:
Crawford, H. E. W., "More Fire Installations from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 32–34, 1983
810:
Postgate, J. N., and Moorey, P. R. S., "Excavations at Abu Salabikh, 1975", Iraq, vol. 38, pp. 133–69, 1976
922:
903:
Biggs, R. D. and Postgate, J. N., "Inscriptions from Abu Salabikh, 1975", Iraq 40, pp. 101–117, 1978
242:
1008:
906:
Crawford, Harriet E. W., "Some fire installations from Abu Salabikh, Iraq (Dedicated to the Memory of
1184:
1013:
Wencel, M., "ABU SALABIKH – ABSOLUTE RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY.", Iraq, vol. 83, pp. 245–258, 2021
997:
Nicholas Postgate, "Early Dynastic burial customs at Abu Salabikh", in Sumer 36, pp. 65–82, 1980
907:
985:
Postgate N., Moon J., "Late Third Millennium Pottery from Abu Essalabikh", Sumer 43, pp. 69-79, 1984
177:
408:
916:
Angela von den Driesch, "Fischknochen Aus Abu Salabikh/Iraq", Iraq, vol. 48, pp. 31–38, 1986
714:
Biggs, Robert D., "Semitic Names in the Fara Period", Orientalia, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 55–66, 1967
620:
Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 95-118, 2017
490:
482:
310:
295:
791:
685:
Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1978-79", Iraq, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 87–104, 1980
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Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1988-89", Iraq, vol. 52, pp. 95–106, 1990
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337:
334:
254:
225:
573:. Oriental Institute Publication 99. Donald P. Hansen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1014:
919:
Edzard, D. O., "Fara und Abu Salabih. Die 'Wirtschaftstexte'", ZA 66, pp. 156–195, 1976
466:
1005:
Postgate J.N., "Abu esSalabikh and Tell Mardikh: Sumer and Ebla", Sumer 42, pp. 68–70, 1986
967:
Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1983", Iraq, vol. 46, pp. 95–114, 1984
424:, a sorcerer, Urgirinuna, goes to Eresh and makes all the cows and goats stop giving milk.
1124:
1039:
Volume II - H.P. Martin, J. Moon & J.N. Postgate, "Graves 1 to 99", Oxbow Books, 1985
403:
399:
262:
455:"Abu Salabikh, Kish, Mari and Ebla: Mid-Third Millennium Archaeological Interconnections"
667:
Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1976", Iraq, vol. 39, pp. 269–299, 1977
676:
Nicholas Postgate, "Excavations at Abu Salabikh 1977", Iraq, vol. 40, pp. 89-100, 1978
1133:
828:
D.R. Frayne, "The Early Dynastic List of Geographical Names", AOS 74, New Haven, 1992
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184:(Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh), around 20 km (12 mi) northwest of the site of ancient
1117:
277:
377:
221:
217:
205:
658:
Eastham, Anne, "The bird bones from Abu Salabikh", Iraq, vol. 71, pp. 99–114, 2009
1052:
Volume III - Jane Moon, "Catalogue of Early Dynastic Pottery", Oxbow Books, 1987
241:
region of Southern Iraq, which has been suggested as the possible capital of the
1088:
Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1964-1965 - The Soundings At Tell Abu Salabikh
1026:
Volume I - J.N. Postgate, "The West Mound Surface Clearance", Oxbow Books, 1983
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and have not been resumed. The city, built on a rectilinear plan in the early
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Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1971-1972 - Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh
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Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1967-1968 - Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh
1093:
Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1965-1966 - Tablets from Tell Abu Salabikh
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342:
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through the late 3rd millennium, with cultural connections to the cities of
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17:
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345:
were dated to the period of Early Dynastic III ruler of First dynasty of
1018:
237:. There is another small archaeological site named Abu-Salabikh in the
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texts on some 500 tablets, of which the originals were stored in the
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around 500 tablets and fragments, containing some of the earliest
276:
325:, Baghdad. Texts, comparable in date and content with texts from
213:
197:
79:
1108:
Oriental Institute Annual Reports 1972-1973 - Tell Abu Salabikh
289:
Abu Salabikh was excavated by an American expedition from the
200:
marks the site of a small Sumerian city that existed from the
188:
and about 150 kilometers southeast of the modern city of
1145:
Populated places disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
356:
of Lagash, his grandson. This is still an open issue.
301:
Between 1975 and 1990 Abu Salabikh was excavated by a
1140:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
910:)", Paléorient, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 105–14, 1981
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216:. Its ancient name is unknown though Eresh and
317:, revealed a small but important repertory of
309:. Excavations were suspended in 1990 with the
269:, Seleucid, and Parthian periods in the area.
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281:Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic period
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545:
29:
1118:Site photographs from Oriental Institute
1113:Digital tables from Abu Salabikh at CDLI
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220:have been suggested as well as Gišgi.
420:In the Sumerian literary composition
384:, whose cult site was later moved to
303:British School of Archaeology in Iraq
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1150:History of Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
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1180:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)
567:Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh
170:Donald P. Hansen, Nicholas Postgate
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459:American Journal of Archaeology
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228:before excavations began. The
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305:team under the direction of
27:Archaeological site in Iraq
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422:Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana
564:Biggs, Robert D. (1974).
453:Moorey, P. R. S. (1981).
406:wrote a collection of 42
402:, the first ruler of the
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76:Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
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361:Jemdet Nasr
323:Iraq Museum
315:Uruk period
273:Archaeology
259:Jemdat Nasr
239:Hammar Lake
120: /
96:Coordinates
90:Mesopotamia
1134:Categories
1032:0903472066
440:References
396:Enheduanna
392:at Eresh.
154:Site notes
136:Settlement
108:45°05′00″E
105:32°16′00″N
495:191401637
479:0002-9114
390:Annunitum
350:Ur-Nanshe
327:Shuruppak
319:cuneiform
267:Sassanian
230:Euphrates
202:Neolithic
1121:Archived
428:See also
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335:Sumerian
72:Location
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263:Kassite
249:History
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372:Eresh
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343:Fara
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198:Iraq
176:The
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