1557:(B.U.F.). On 6 April 1933 the New Guard leader was ceremoniously escorted by two hundred black-shirted fascists from Whitehall to the B.U.F. headquarters near the Houses of Parliament. As he entered, the staircases were lined with fascists "standing stiffly at attention, saluting". During his address Campbell predicted "that the time was not far distant when the Empire would be ruled by Fascists". He declared that the New Guard's organisation in Australia "almost equals that of Mussolini" and said that "orders must emanate from a single man", adding that "I alone give orders, and the New Guard execute them to the letter". The journalist who reported on the event reported that the fascists "insisted on the Press representatives joining in the salute as Mr. Campbell left the building".
1740:
the letter was read at a meeting of branch members, the president, treasurer and secretary resigned in protest, but after a unanimous vote of confidence, they agreed to resume their offices. The branch then voted to defy the central executive and wrote to inform them that
Campbell's name would remain as their nomination. A meeting of the Hume Electorate Council of the Country Party was held at Wagga Wagga in October 1945 to consider the endorsement of a candidate for the electorate. Campbell attended as the representative of the Young branch and was one of the five candidates submitted for endorsement. After a ballot Brigadier Warren McDonald of Canberra (formerly the commanding officer of the
874:). In February 1931 Campbell formed a militant breakaway organisation called the New Guard, which actively opposed the Lang government, the Communist party and left-wing unions. The New Guard reached a peak membership of about sixty thousand by 1932, assisted by military-style recruiting methods and locally based units and organisers, co-ordinated by a centralised command structure. From January to August 1933 Campbell toured Europe, establishing contacts with British, German and Italian fascist groups. After returning to Australia he introduced fascist salutes and ceremonial trappings to New Guard meetings. These changes and Campbell's public expressions of admiration for
1717:
reached Judge
Reginald Long Innes forwarded a report to the Attorney-General stating that he was satisfied that Campbell had "attempted to support the false evidence manufactured out of court by deliberate perjury". On 5 April 1939 the Full Court, in a majority decision of two to one, decided that the charges against Eric Campbell of perjury and complicity in the falsification of minutes had not been proven and so the solicitor was allowed to remain on the roll of solicitors. However, Campbell was ordered to pay the costs of the proceedings, on the ground "that he had been a party to irregularities which gave rise to legitimate suspicion".
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in the middle of the night for thirty-five minutes. The father of the young man was pressing for an inquiry into the incident which, he claimed, contributed to his son's death. The article concluded with the statement: "In this particular case the commanding officers were Major
Rickard and Campbell, and there was little doubt that they or the officers beneath them showed criminal neglect of duty". Two days after the article appeared Eric Campbell issued a writ out of the New South Wales Supreme Court for three thousand pounds damages against the newspaper. In October 1924 an apology was published in the
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membership of the organisation and appoint a council of 14 members in their place to control the movement. The resolution carried at the conference declared no confidence in
Campbell and his executive and affirmed an "intention of cleansing the New Guard of all subversive elements and tawdry theatricalities". It was reported that "new ideas introduced by Campbell following upon his return from abroad are responsible for the revolt". Campbell's response to the events was to declare "that the meeting was not a meeting of the New Guard, but of a number of men who had been found unsuitable to the movement".
1486:". Many members regarded the defeat of Lang's Labor government as signalling an end to "the period of social emergency", with the identity and purpose of the New Guard seeming to be "increasingly problematic". As the membership began to decline, Campbell remarked that the "lookers on" had been removed, "leaving men whose loyalty can be depended upon". Campbell's colleague, Francis de Groot, had a different view; his opinion was that the movement lost focus after Lang's departure so that "trifles were magnified and with no enemy to fight, we commenced to bicker amongst ourselves".
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the New Guard's principles was "the suppression of the disloyal elements in the community and in
Government circles". Campbell added that the blame for the prevailing conditions was the "idle, pleasure-loving, fear-ridden people, who composed the majority of Australians at the present time". In a broadcast address on 1 December 1932 Campbell described Australians as "weak, lazy, and unindustrious, incapable of holding their land against an invader", declaring that they "had failed miserably as trustees of Empire".
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for the "necessity of secrecy". The names of "persons belonging to the force" were not to be disclosed and "any written instructions must be destroyed by means of burning". The document mentioned assembly locations called "X stations", where force members would gather (should the need arise), which led to subsequent references to the shadowy group as 'X Force'. One of the mooted rallying locations for X Force was
Victoria Barracks, where Campbell was a part-time GSO to the commandant, Major-General Brand.
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varied from locality to locality and, in general, the New Guard was opposed by workers and trade unions (although right-wing unions such as the
Railway Services Union were supporters). Most of the leadership of the New Guard had served as officers during World War I and continued to denote themselves after the highest military rank they had achieved. Ex-servicemen were far less represented in the general membership (estimated at one-fifth in the inner city locality).
1438:, rode up to the official party on horseback and cut the ribbon with a sword. When the ribbon was severed he shouted: "I declare this bridge opened in the name of the people of New South Wales, in the name of common decency and decent politics". De Groot had been a captain in the 15th Hussars and British Tank Corps, and wore his military uniform on the day. Police held the horse's head, De Groot was pulled to ground and taken from the scene.
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the
Parliament as being made up of representatives held hostage by whichever political party they belonged, a system he vowed to change. The second proposal for political reform was a radical change to the electorates, converting the geographical areas to a system of vocational representation reflecting "the various industrial, professional and cultural associations which in their entirety make up the life of the nation".
859:. In Sydney in 1919 Campbell was admitted as a solicitor. He remained attached to the militia for about six years after returning from the war. In 1925 Campbell and another ex-A.I.F. officer organised a group of about five hundred men to provide extra-official support to the federal government to control anticipated unionist protests, in support of the government's efforts to deport two union leaders.
1609:(also known as the Centre Movement). Campbell explained that the decision had been arrived at because the Federal and State U.A.P. governments had failed to honor election promises to "eradicate Communism and to repeal socialistic legislation passed by the Lang Government". He added that it was the intention of the Centre Party to "smash machine politics... and to eliminate the hack politician".
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1404:. The New Guardsmen mingled around the platform and sang patriotic songs. Anyone who "failed to remove their hats when the National Anthem was sung", had their hats "knocked from their heads". Further disruptions and fights ensued and the police were sent for, but the New Guardsmen had driven off before they arrived. On the same evening a meeting of the Unemployed Workers' Movement in
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locality organisers and committees appointed to oversee local recruitment efforts. Rolls were compiled and maintained, and copies sent to headquarters, showing evidence of attendance at locality meetings and New Guard rallies. By May 1931 the New Guard claimed to have "membership of many thousands of responsible citizens", holding meetings "in every locality throughout the suburbs".
1699:. Campbell replied to the toasts "on behalf of the Australian returned men", expressing the wish that "never again will there be a war between Britain and Germany", adding: "Those people are of the same race and the same creed, and... I hope that, if war should come again, they will... fight side by side and not against each other". At the meeting of the Sherwood sub-branch of the
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Bruce had requested that he organise a force of five hundred hand-picked "ex-A.I.F." men to assist the police in controlling any anticipated demonstrations by "militant unions" in support of Walsh and
Johnson. Campbell agreed to help and, as he later claimed, "in a matter of days the job was completed in complete secrecy". A month earlier, during the election campaign, Sydney's
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A uniform was adopted of a white shirt, grey flannel trousers, grey tie and purple armbands. After
Campbell introduced fascist ritual to the New Guard, "including the salute by a bodyguard whenever he visited a locality, and continual requests for donations towards the maintenance of headquarters", a renewed undercurrent of discontent began to grow within the organisation.
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charges of conspiracy and perjury. The prosecution alleged that a minute book had been falsified in order that the three men "could escape the payment of a large sum of money, representing calls on shares which they held in the company". The trial proceedings occupied nineteen days. In early October 1938 a jury returned verdicts of not guilty for each of the accused.
1211:. By the following year with rising unemployment, Australian governments responded to the financial crisis with cuts to government spending, civil service salaries and public works cancellations. In New South Wales the opposition leader, Jack Lang, vigorously opposed these measures and was elected in a landslide in elections held in October 1930.
889:, a political party with the ambition to destroy the party system. The party failed to make any headway at the 1935 election in New South Wales and afterwards effectively ceased to exist. Campbell began to withdraw from public life and returned to his home town of Young in 1941. In 1945 he unsuccessfully sought selection as the
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movement would be "the organising and protecting factor" at the next elections in New South Wales. After Campbell's address, while a monetary collection was being taken at the meeting, another speaker "said the New Guard was not a rich organisation, and it had not paid for the trip of a certain member just returned from Europe".
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Campbell and Scott had been a secret organisation reflecting the camaraderie of ex-servicemen from the officer class, ready to support and champion a conservative non-Labor federal government. It was Campbell's first involvement in paramilitary activities and served as a forerunner of his later efforts in that direction.
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before the Deportation Board in Sydney. After the hearings were concluded, the Board decided that the presence of the two union officials in Australia "will be injurious to the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth". On 14 November 1925 Bruce's conservative coalition won a further term of office at the
1222:), a clandestine group founded by an elite group of ultra-conservative activist businessmen, ex-officers and graziers as a reaction to the Depression and fears about the left-wing agenda of Lang's Labor government in New South Wales. The principal organisers of 'the Movement' were the powerful business-figures,
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The Campbell brothers occupied temporary offices at 'Rickard House'. In January 1930 a third brother, William Campbell of Orange, joined the partnership, which was renamed 'Campbell, Campbell and Campbell'. A fourth brother, Neil Campbell, was also associated with the legal practice as an accountant.
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After his return to Australia, Campbell introduced "an array of imitative fascist paraphernalia" to the New Guard. At public appearances Campbell was surrounded by a ten-member bodyguard "who clicked their heels and marched in formation" and the fascist salute became a standard feature of meetings.
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Campbell used the medium of commercial radio to communicate with New Guard members and spread his message to new audiences. Others suggested that his radio broadcasts were an effort to stem the dwindling membership numbers of the New Guard. During a broadcast in September 1932 he stated that one of
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it was a flop". Campbell's business as a solicitor continued to flourish, even during the Depression years. In his words: "I had an almost princely income by the then standards from a thriving practice, which despite the Depression kept us busily engaged acting for receivers and liquidators instead
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Soon after its formation in late 1930, tensions emerged within the Old Guard regarding how secretive and combative the organisation should be. A group within the movement led by Eric Campbell advocated for more assertive and pro-active methods, rather than wait for disorder to occur. Campbell began
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In August 1926 the partnership between Campbell and Septimus Rowe, practising solicitors at 'Rickard House' at 84 Pitt Street in Sydney, was dissolved "by mutual agreement". Eric Campbell carried on in a practice under the name of 'Campbell and Campbell', in partnership with his older brother Allan.
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The seven other founding members of the New Guard were (with their previous military ranks, where appropriate): Major George E. Knox (Sydney manager of Eagle, Star, and British Dominions Insurance), Captain Norman Plomley (a tallow exporter), Major A. L. Rickard (son of Sydney businessman Sir Arthur
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Campbell placed himself as commander of the New Guard and mass recruitment began in April 1931, using the ideology Campbell had drafted as attestation papers to be signed by all New Guardsmen. Efficient military-style recruiting methods were employed, with district units divided into localities and
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On 18 February 1931 Campbell and seven of his personal friends and business associates (most of them ex-officers) met at the Imperial Service Club in Sydney with the object of forming a breakaway organisation called the 'New Guard'. Campbell brought along a draft policy for the meeting to consider,
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During the incarceration of Walsh and Johnson on Garden Island, Campbell was visited by a fellow ex-A.I.F. officer named William John Scott. Campbell had first met 'Jack' Scott in early 1919 at a demobilisation camp in England and the two had become friends. Scott told Campbell that Prime Minister
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into federal parliament which authorised the government to appoint "peace officers", with the "powers, privileges and immunities" of police officers, for the purpose of "the preservation of the peace throughout the Commonwealth". In late August Walsh and Johnson were served with summonses to appear
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In Sydney Campbell completed his legal studies and was admitted as a solicitor on 29 August 1919. From 1920 to August 1926 he worked as a solicitor in a partnership with Septimus G. Rowe, with offices in Pitt Street, Sydney. Campbell maintained a connection with the military during this period, as
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New Guardsmen were regularly involved in disrupting meetings of left-wing and unemployed organisations, often with violent intent. Taking advantage of their access to motor vehicles, the Guardsmen were able to rapidly mobilise to obstruct and break up meetings throughout the suburbs of Sydney. On
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to celebrate the first anniversary of the formation of the organisation. The hall was crowded and the proceedings were broadcast to a large assemblage outside. During his speech Campbell stated that "if the forces of revolution attempted anything, and if the Council of Action so decreed, the New
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In January 1932 Campbell was charged with using insulting words against the New South Wales premier, Jack Lang, during an address by the New Guard leader at Lane Cove Picture Theatre. Campbell had described Lang as a "scoundrel", a "buffoon" and as a "tyrant" during his speech. On 2 February 1932
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The New Guard reached about sixty thousand members at its peak during 1931 and 1932, which also included a small amount of women as part of an auxiliary group. The organisation was overwhelmingly a middle-class, made up mostly of urban professionals and small businessmen. Working-class membership
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had published a document, "secured... from an unimpeachable source", which detailed "the sinister and discreditable tactics" of the government in organising a secret force which the newspaper compared to the Fascists in Italy. The article quoted details from the document that included instructions
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had developed a reputation for militancy in its efforts to achieve better working conditions. From January 1925 the union was engaged in a dispute with ship-owners over the right to select crews. A series of strikes ensued over the 'job control' issue, with the ship-owners making attempts to have
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newspaper published an article about a young man named Harold Wallace who died of pneumonia at Sydney Hospital on May 19. Nine weeks before his death Wallace had been undergoing military training at Holsworthy camp where he was subjected to a punishment by being forcibly held beneath a cold shower
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In 1948 Campbell applied to the Central Army Records Office for the replacement of his medals and decorations that were destroyed in the 'Billabula' homestead fire. Those listed to be replaced were: the Distinguished Service Order, the Coronation Medal (George V, 1911) and a Volunteer decoration.
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nominated Campbell as their candidate for the Hume electorate at the next Federal election. After the nomination the Australian Country Party secretary wrote to the Young branch advising that "in the opinion of the party executive, Mr. Campbell was not a suitable candidate to contest Hume". When
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In April 1935, at a meeting of "several hundred supporters of the Centre Movement" in the Assembly Hall, Campbell announced that the organisation "would participate actively in the State election campaign". He nominated the "keynote of the Centre Movement" as political reform. Campbell described
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joined the fray. When somebody called out "he's got a gun", seven of the assailants hurriedly left the scene in a motor car, leaving one of their number, William Scott, bailed up against a fence by the dog. Scott was eventually taken to his home and arrested the following day by the police. The
1313:
Campbell's private interpretation of "such action" that may be required to be carried out by the New Guard, as he later described, included the possibility of illegal activities. In addition to the stated objective "to preserve law and order and maintain services", Campbell also included a second
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Founding principles: "Unswerving loyalty" to the British Empire and its sovereign; support for "sane and honourable representative Government" in Australia and the "suppression of any disloyal and immoral elements in Governmental, industrial and social circles"; the "abolition of machine politics"
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aeroplane. Anderson was an airman who had travelled to America with Kingsford-Smith and Ulm to be part of the crew for the trans-Pacific flight. He had to return to Australia while preparations for the venture were underway, and was unable to travel back to participate in the flight. Anderson's
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In September 1936 Campbell was one of an informal gathering of about seventy Australian and German ex-servicemen at the German Club Concordia. The Australians were described as representatives of returned soldiers' organisations. Captain Koehler, on behalf of the German ex-servicemen, proposed
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At a meeting of the New Guard in Ashfield Town Hall on 7 September 1933, Campbell "devoted most of his address to a eulogy of the Germans, and Hitlerism in particular", as well as praising Italian fascism. He stated that "we of the New Guard are sick of party politicians" and predicted that the
1345:
On the night of 11 December 1931 a large contingent of New Guard members disrupted a meeting at King's Cross, in support of a Communist Party candidate for the Senate at the upcoming federal election. The hostile section of the crowd initially tried to drown out the speakers' voices "by singing
1146:
On 11 December 1925 the High Court ordered the release of the two unionists and declared the decision by the Deportation Board to be invalid. With the High Court ruling as it did, the anticipated unionist demonstrations were averted and X Force faded back into obscurity. The force assembled by
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which included clauses that empowered the government, during a state of "serious industrial disturbance", to deport foreign-born labour organisers. With its sights set on Walsh and Johnson, the government anticipated large scale working-class demonstrations against their likely deportation. In
1712:
In 1938 Campbell was charged with conspiracy to pervert the course of justice and to cheat and defraud Du Menier Laboratories Ltd., a subsidiary of Australian Soaps Ltd., of which he was chairman. On 11 July 1938 Campbell and two others were committed for trial at the Central Criminal Court on
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on 22 July 1931, attended by an enthusiastic audience of four thousand. During his speech, Campbell declared that the organisation "is grimly determined and fully prepared, and, by the grace of God, able to prevent this State from being Sovietised, whether that attempt be brought about by open
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and Robert Gillespie (first chairman of its central committee). The counter-revolutionary group was directed towards the preservation of the existing order and devotion to the British Empire, prepared to mobilise to maintain essential services and defend property rights in the event of serious
1716:
On 27 February 1939 Eric Campbell appeared before a Full Bench of the New South Wales Supreme Court "to show cause why he should not be struck off the roll of solicitors". The charges arose from an Equity case to vary the list of contributors of Du Menier Laboratories. After a settlement was
1703:
in November 1936, the president of the sub-branch, Frank Silverstone, criticised Campbell's reported action of having toasted Hitler on behalf of Australian returned soldiers. Silverstone asked if any authority had been given to Campbell to act on behalf of the sub-branch, or any other State
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An attempt was made to depose Campbell from the New Guard in November 1933. A conference at the New Guard Rooms, 533 George Street, Sydney, of 120 delegates claiming to represent 14 of the 19 principal 'localities' of the New Guard resolved to remove Campbell and his executive committee from
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Campbell's personal political philosophy embraced the basic principles of individual freedom and a minimum of government interference. The re-election of Lang's government, with its strong support for the labour movement, was anathema to him. Campbell "looked with dismay on the aggressive
1612:
At a meeting of over a thousand members of the New Guard on 4 December 1933 at the Assembly Hall, Campbell declared his intention to establish one hundred branches of the Centre Party. He criticised the U.A.P. as having "feet of clay and head of concrete" and described the state premier,
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was thrown into the faces of three police officers. The crowd eventually broke through the police line and "smashed the platform" as the police escorted the speakers away from the scene. In December 1931 Scullin's federal Labor government was defeated in a massive landslide, and the
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patriotic songs". Later the Guardsmen made successive charges against the speakers' platform, surrounded by communist supporters estimated to number two hundred who were being "protected by a strong cordon of police". As the police tried to push back "the pressing throng", powdered
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Campbell had an active social life and was a member of a number of clubs, including the Imperial Service Club, with a membership of ex-military officers, and the exclusive Union Club. He was an avid golfer and was a member of Royal Sydney and Killara golf clubs. Campbell was a
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in early August 1933, "enthusiastic about the fascist transformation of Europe". When questioned about recent press reports of "German atrocities against the Jews", Campbell replied that "all the Jews he saw were well-dressed and fat, and were eating at expensive restaurants".
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On 16 October 1933 Campbell addressed a group of university undergraduates at the invitation of the Public Questions Society. The New Guard leader gave the fascist salute, prompting "laughs and cheers" from the audience. During his speech Campbell criticised efforts by the
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During Campbell's absence in Europe the central headquarters of the New Guard "ruled the units with a rod of iron". A "secret police" was formed to attend all meetings and report on instances of disloyalty, often leading to notices of expulsion being issued to members.
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For those subscribing to its stated principles, the object of the organisation was to "unite all loyal citizens irrespective of creed, party, social or financial position" into one association pledging "loyal support" to the "duly appointed General Council" of the New
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was elected to government in a landslide, with the sitting Prime Minister, Stanley Bruce, losing his seat. Labor had successfully depicted Bruce as seeking to adversely affect the wages and working conditions of Australian workers with his efforts to dismantle the
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was published. Publicity for the book claimed that it "blazes the trail to Political Freedom and Industrial Justice – the book that sweeps away the Party System, eliminates Professional Politicians, and frees the people from the dictatorship of minority control".
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Francis de Groot resigned from the New Guard in November 1932 "as an expression of his dissatisfaction with the higher command's control and the direction of its policy". In December 1932 it was reported that Campbell would depart for England in early January.
971:(A.I.F.) at Young on 1 April 1916 and was placed in the 27th Battery of the 7th Field Artillery Brigade. He was immediately promoted to captain in recognition of his service in the volunteer Field Artillery. In May he departed from Sydney aboard the troopship
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Street). His mother was the sister of Sir Philip Street, Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales at dismissal of J. T. Lang in May 1932. His younger brother, Allan Humphrey Scott, died in 1917. He died on 19 November 1956 in
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in the Central Summons Court, the Chief Stipendiary Magistrate agreed that the word "scoundrel", applied by Campbell to the premier, was "clearly insulting" and imposed a fine of two pounds (with eight shillings costs).
1427:, and petrol, food and equipment was donated by oil companies and major Sydney retailers. The convoy set off on January 9, arriving at Cobar three days later to be informed that all the major fires were under control.
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On 22 October 1924 Campbell married Nancy Emma Browne at the bride's family home at 'Memagong' station near Young. The couple lived at 'Boongala', a grand Federation house, located on Ku-ring-gai Avenue in the upper
1128:, during the campaign of which the issue of industrial anarchy had predominated. Six days later, in the early hours of November 20, Walsh and Johnson were arrested at their homes by the Federal police and taken to
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Rickard), Captain T. P. Clark (insurance broker), Lieutenant A. G. Farleigh (of Farleigh & Co., tanners), Arthur Macarthur-Onslow (a director of Camden Park Estate) and a Mr. Grant (a dentist from Ashfield).
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home and enticed into his backyard by eight men claiming to be police, when he was "brutally assaulted", possibly as a prelude to kidnapping him. Garden called out to his two sons and they and the family's
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The New Road: An Explanation of an Effective System of Selecting Governments in Keeping with Present-day Conditions, and also a Critical Commentary on Existing Institutions to Indicate the Urgent Need of
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In respect of the principles, objects and policy of the New Guard, "to decide upon and carry out within its power without fear or favour such action as from time to time may be in the true interests of
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Andrew Moore (2000), '"... when the caretaker's busy taking care"? Cross-currents in Australian Political Surveillance and Internment, 1935-1941' (in) Kay Saunders & Roger Daniels (eds.) (2000),
1084:. A general seamen's strike in June and July caused considerable disruption, with many conservative politicians blaming communists and foreign agitators for the disturbances. Attention focussed on
979:. In July 1917 he was transferred to the 12th Australian (Army) Field Artillery Brigade; he was promoted to major and placed in charge of the 46th Battery. In November 1917 Campbell suffered from
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By December 1924 Campbell had been promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the militia. In 1924 and 1925 Campbell served as a part-time General Service Officer (GSO) to Major-General
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a document in the form of a military-style attestation paper intended for signing by all prospective members. Campbell's draft policy for "the New Guard" included the following features:
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was elected with Campbell receiving only 16.7 percent of the votes. Two of the other Centre Party candidates lost their deposits due to the insufficient number of votes they received.
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In September 1933 Campbell announced that the New Guard would be running candidates at the next state election in New South Wales, representing a new political party to be known as the
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explaining that Majors Rickard and Campbell were not in camp when "the incident was alleged to have taken place", nor was the trainee in any unit commanded by either of the officers.
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Russell). His father was a local solicitor. Eric had three older brothers. He was educated privately after which Campbell worked as an articled law clerk in his father's office.
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the evening of 26 February 1932 about three hundred members of the New Guard, travelling in about fifty motor cars, disrupted "a Communist meeting" being held at Thompson Park in
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attended a New Guard rally in Wollongong and "was bored by long-winded addresses" delivered by Campbell and Francis de Groot; in later life he recalled that "as an imitation of a
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to "keep the Germans from arming". He predicted that "if the present attitude of suppression of German armaments was continued", Europe "would shortly be involved" in a war.
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and his wife Mary in June 1911. During their time in England the contingent was inspected by the King. In a letter referring to the inspection, published in Sydney's
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From late in 1913 Campbell served in the volunteer Australian Field Artillery. In January 1914 he was provisionally appointed as a lieutenant in the Field Artillery.
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Campbell was a sergeant in the New South Wales Senior Cadets. He travelled to England as a member of the New South Wales Coronation Cadet Contingent to march in the
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1625:". Campbell concluded his speech by declaring "I hate politics", adding: "I regard politics as wading through a slimy morass of filth to a promised land".
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insurrection of the organised forces of Communism or by revolutionary enactments". Campbell's address to the gathering was broadcast live on radio station
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Campbell's oratory was described as "invariably wooden, his speeches rambling and disjointed, his delivery stilted". As a young man the labour historian
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to agitate "for a more aggressive, 'virile' and militant approach", which Goldfinch and Gillespie resisted and "Campbell was politely invited to resign".
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Campbell moved to Canberra in 1966 where he worked as a solicitor, but his health was increasingly impaired by injuries received in an accident in 1959.
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On 6 January 1933 Campbell embarked on a tour of Europe in order to supplement "his data about Fascism". As he departed from Sydney aboard the
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other seven men were later arrested. On May 9 the eight men, "alleged to be New Guardsmen", were each sentenced to three months' imprisonment.
882:, coincided with a rapid decrease in membership of the New Guard during 1933 (a process that had commenced after Lang's dismissal in May 1932).
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David Carment (1977), 'Sir Littleton Groom and the Deportation Crisis of 1925: A Study of Non-Labor Response to Trade Union Militancy',
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paternalism of Mr. Lang's policy" and became convinced "that the implementation of the Lang Plan would create grave civil disturbance".
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and was transferred to a hospital in London. He was discharged the following January and returned to the front line in February 1918.
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In early January 1932, in response to reports of out-of-control bushfires in central western New South Wales and encouraged by
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objective: "to foil any attempt, constitutional or unconstitutional, by the government to foist socialization on the people".
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In November 1933 it was estimated that the New Guard membership had decreased by 38,500 during the previous twelve months.
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1052:. Eric and Nancy Campbell had five children born between 1925 and 1938 (including twin girls who died at birth in 1934).
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948:, Campbell wrote: "He asked me several questions when inspecting, I being the only cadet he addressed in the contingent".
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for a share of the profits from the recent trans-Pacific flight undertaken by the two pilots, as well as a share in the
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In October 1929 two events caused profound changes to economic, social and political conditions in Australia. At the
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was published in 1965, detailing his version of the establishment of the New Guard. He died in Canberra in 1970.
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As the membership of the New Guard declined, Campbell shifted focus to politics by the end of 1933, forming the
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1725:
During World War II Campbell "served for a short period at the School of Gunnery at Puckapunyal" in Victoria.
2829:
1645:
1530:
and his wife at their home for lunch. In Berlin and Rome he was frustrated by his inability to meet either
1526:
by a ferry boat loaded with admirers". In England Campbell was able to meet the British fascist leader Sir
1380:
1160:
1056:
581:
566:
3804:
Matthew Cunningham (2012), 'Australian Fascism? A Revisionist Analysis of the Ideology of the New Guard',
1729:
1681:
1352:
1191:
1168:
918:
833:
745:
705:
576:
188:
870:
in New South Wales he became involved with a clandestine ultra-conservative movement (later known as the
855:
Campbell had a distinguished career during World War I, serving as a major in artillery batteries on the
2256:
1431:
1219:
871:
735:
586:
516:
498:
453:
1088:
and Jacob Johnson, the president and secretary of the Seamen's Union, both of whom were born overseas.
1747:
On the night of 26 January 1946 Campbell's homestead at 'Billabula' near Young was destroyed by fire.
1441:
In the early hours of Friday morning, 6 May 1932, the prominent trade union leader and Lang supporter
3905:
3900:
2313:
1218:
Late in 1930 Campbell took on the role of recruitment officer for 'the Movement' (later known as the
1045:
922:
720:
2590:
3813:
The Secret Army and the Premier: Conservative Paramilitary Organisations in New South Wales 1930-32
1023:
639:
1677:
1543:
841:
138:
3766:
website, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University; accessed 17 October 2023.
2571:
website, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University; accessed 25 October 2023.
2554:
website, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University; accessed 25 October 2023.
2547:
2441:
2263:
website, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University; accessed 17 October 2023.
1943:
website, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University; accessed 15 October 2023.
17:
3816:
2862:
2808:
1766:
In 1957, Campbell bought 'Yuemburra' station and homestead near Yass and moved there to live.
1587:
1338:
1013:, arriving in Sydney on 18 April 1919. Campbell was discharged from the A.I.F. in June 1919.
750:
654:
483:
56:
2597:
website, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University; accessed 2 March 2024.
1538:, "making do with their underlings". In Berlin he observed a parade of one hundred thousand
862:
Campbell established a successful practice as a solicitor in Sydney. After the onset of the
2564:
1755:
1547:
1535:
1451:
1435:
1392:
1322:
1223:
894:
879:
775:
740:
629:
488:
3759:
1239:
Leader of the New Guard, Colonel Eric Campbell, on stage; photographed on 17 December 1931.
975:. On 29 December 1916 Campbell crossed from England to France to join the fighting on the
3866:
1704:
sub-branch, and the meeting agreed to forward a letter of protest to league headquarters.
926:
849:
755:
357:
192:
3715:
3699:
3667:
3651:
3635:
3619:
3603:
3587:
3571:
3555:
3539:
3523:
3507:
3475:
3401:
3351:
3307:
3291:
3275:
3256:
3240:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3177:
3161:
3133:
3108:
3092:
3076:
3049:
3024:
2999:
2983:
2975:
2959:
2943:
2927:
2786:
2770:
2736:
2720:
2641:
2498:
2482:
2457:
2413:
2370:
2354:
2297:
2223:
2134:
2118:
2102:
2051:
2035:
1975:
1959:
1347:
1321:
A meeting, described as "the Loyalist Reunion of the New Guard", was held a meeting at
619:
493:
353:
3683:
3491:
3459:
3443:
3382:
3335:
3041:
2902:
2886:
2870:
2712:
2696:
2530:
2514:
2207:
2182:
2166:
2150:
2083:
2067:
1936:
1902:
3894:
1527:
1195:
1178:
suit was finally settled in February 1929, without any monetary claim being ordered.
1111:
1009:
on 31 December 1918. In late February 1919 he left England for Australia aboard the
644:
634:
604:
463:
3848:
1758:
Council. In December 1949 Campbell was elected as Shire President of the council.
1696:
1618:
1531:
1523:
1507:
1356:
1334:
990:
in northern France, but remained on duty. His battery was involved in fighting at
875:
700:
624:
473:
285:
1779:
Eric Campbell died of cancer on 2 September 1970 in Canberra Hospital, aged 77.
1553:
In London Campbell was invited to deliver an address at the headquarters of the
1475:
1442:
1419:
to assist with fire-fighting duties. Five double-decker buses were provided by
1164:
1138:
1064:
1031:
730:
398:
1676:(Enoch Jones). Campbell was one of two candidates for the seat of Lane Cove;
1049:
659:
649:
295:
1692:
1401:
991:
845:
837:
571:
438:
342:
290:
246:
113:
1415:
newspaper, the New Guard agreed to send two hundred volunteer Guardsmen to
1207:
had occurred, causing a global economic crisis and subsequent onset of the
2345:
website, Australian Legal Information Institute; accessed 18 October 2023.
2320:
website, Australian Legal Information Institute; accessed 18 October 2023.
1022:
a major in the militia commanding the 9th Field Artillery Brigade at the
941:
209:
3795:
1798:
1622:
1396:
Guard, without the loss of life, could take over the control of State".
3840:
Andrew Moore (2005), 'The New Guard and the Labour Movement, 1931-35',
2805:
First Among Equals: Australian Prime Ministers from Barton to Turnbull
3684:
The Campbells are coming: Duke, Duchess to stay at historic homestead
1539:
987:
224:
1824:
on 21 June 1888, the son of Donald Scott (bank manager) and Maria (
1639:
1501:
1478:, the Governor of New South Wales, in May 1932 and its subsequent
1457:
1416:
1374:
1234:
1099:. Lang became premier and treasurer in the new Labor government.
1095:, gained power in New South Wales after a two-seat victory in the
958:
3425:
website, Parliament of New South Wales; accessed 19 October 2023.
3835:
Alien Justice: Wartime Internment in Australia and North America
1754:
By August 1948 Campbell had been elected as a councillor of the
3828:
The Right Road?: A History of Right-wing Politics in Australia
3779:
Baron Alder (1996), 'The Ideology of the New Guard Movement',
1687:
By 1935 the New Guard "was largely moribund and discredited".
1463:
1327:
1656:
In the end the Centre Party contested only four seats in the
2628:
website; accessed 17 October 2023 (originally published in
832:(11 April 1893 – 2 September 1970) was an Australian
1159:
In July 1928 Campbell was the solicitor for the aviators,
986:
In April 1918 Campbell was gassed for the second time at
3236:
3234:
1102:
In July 1925 the federal government, a coalition of the
3946:
Deaths from cancer in the Australian Capital Territory
1391:
On 18 February 1932 the New Guard held a rally in the
3815:, Kensington, NSW: New South Wales University Press,
1732:
in 1941 and practiced as a lawyer, working in Young.
1258:
and "maintenance of the full liberty of the subject".
929:, the youngest child of Allan Campbell and Florence (
1434:
on 19 March 1932 a zone commander of the New Guard,
1119:
August 1925 Bruce introduced legislation called the
3887:, West Melbourne: Victorian Historical Association.
3668:
Decentralisation Problem Should be Tackled Strongly
2224:
One Party, But Good One!: Union Club Day for Ladies
1866:"When the Australian ruling class embraced fascism"
1744:near Wagga) was selected as the party's candidate.
391:
381:
371:
363:
348:
330:
325:
304:
278:
252:
240:
230:
220:
199:
175:
170:
156:
146:
134:
112:
102:
92:
70:
36:
3781:Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
2626:Australian Society for the Study of Labour History
2622:When the Australian ruling class embraced fascism
3808:, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2012, pages 375–393.
3800:. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press.
3783:, Vol. 82 Issue 2, December 1996, pages 192–209.
3652:Cr. Eric Campbell New Burrangong Shire President
3178:British Fascists: Addressed by Mr. Eric Campbell
3162:With Eclat: Mr. Eric Campbell Departs for Europe
2807:. Wollombi, NSW: Exisle Publishing. p. 54.
1820:William John Rendell ('Jack') Scott was born at
1803:. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press.
1728:Campbell moved to the 'Billabula' property near
1059:, the District Commandant at Victoria Barracks.
3672:Grenfell Record and Lachlan District Advertiser
3352:Eric Campbell's Startling Book – "The New Road"
3192:
3190:
3148:
3146:
3508:Not Guilty: Campbell, Lloyd and Duesbury freed
317:Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration
3885:Australian Patriots: A Study of the New Guard
3855:, Vol. 57, Issue 2, June 2011, pages 188–206.
3849:Discredited Fascism: the New Guard after 1932
3797:The Rallying Point: My Story of the New Guard
3620:Eric Campbell's Homestead Razed to the Ground
3029:Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate
2499:Solicitors Amalgamate: Possible Empire Record
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1800:The Rallying Point: My Story of the New Guard
1771:The Rallying Point: My Story of the New Guard
795:
683:The Rallying Point: My Story of the New Guard
8:
3936:Australian military personnel of World War I
3873:website, Beercroft-Cheltenham History Group.
3790:, Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press.
3292:New Guard Battleground Shifts into "Smith's"
3212:(Brisbane), 31 July 1933, page 8; see also,
2098:
2096:
1976:Seeing England: Letter From Coronation Cadet
866:and the election of the Labor government of
2428:
2426:
2371:At Garden Isld.: Seek Writ of Habeus Corpus
2119:Boy Held Beneath Cold Shower for 35 Minutes
1660:held on 11 May 1935, in the electorates of
1430:Shortly before the official opening of the
1307:Caricatures of Eric Campbell by John Frith.
917:Eric Campbell was born on 11 April 1893 at
3853:Australian Journal of Politics and History
3397:
3395:
2944:Amazing Incident at Harbour Bridge Opening
2251:
2249:
2042:, 7 February 1914 (Issue No. 8), page 191.
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
802:
788:
419:
55:
33:
27:Solicitor and New Guard leader (1893–1970)
3322:
3320:
3077:Eric Campbell and His Dwindling New Guard
2853:Matthew Cunningham (2012), pages 382-383.
2665:
2663:
2616:
2614:
2612:
1342:of buyers and sellers as in boom days".
1067:and a member of the Sydney Rotary Club.
3594:(Wagga Wagga), 15 October 1945, page 2.
3109:Dictatorship in 2½ years: Eric Campbell
2777:(Sydney), 12 December 1931, pages 1, 5.
2591:Sir Robert Winton Gillespie (1865–1945)
2273:The Hon. John Thomas Lang (1876 - 1975)
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1853:
1564:Campbell returned to Sydney aboard the
1091:On 30 May 1925 the Labor Party, led by
532:Australians Against Further Immigration
427:
271: 1924; died 1970)
3482:(Coonabarabran), 16 June 1938, page 3.
3271:
3269:
3844:, No. 89, November 2005, pages 55–72.
3830:, Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
3314:(Sydney), 21 September 1933, page 14.
3298:(Sydney), 2 December 1933, pages 1-2.
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
2642:Sir Philip Goldfinch's Secret Service
2458:Reasons for Freeing Walsh and Johnson
2314:Amendment to the Immigration Act 1925
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1859:
1857:
1735:In June 1945 the Young branch of the
963:Major Eric Campbell (September 1917).
7:
3604:Brigadier as C.P. Candidate for Hume
3220:(Melbourne), 22 March 1933, page 8;
3099:(Grafton), 3 September 1932, page 5.
3015:Andrew Moore (2011), pages 190, 196.
2464:(Sydney), 18 December 1925, page 10.
1205:crash of the New York Stock Exchange
3722:(Sydney), 1 September 1965, page 7.
3530:(Sydney), 28 February 1939, page 5.
3276:Eric Campbell: Deposed By New Guard
3247:(Sydney), 8 September 1933, page 8.
3228:(Melbourne), 30 March 1933, page 9.
3168:(Brisbane), 9 January 1933, page 4.
3152:Andrew Moore (2011), pages 196-197.
3140:(Sydney), 17 December 1932, page 3.
3115:(Sydney), 2 December 1932, page 10.
3083:(Sydney), 18 November 1933, page 7.
3025:J. T. Lang Remains a Man of Mystery
2976:Jock Garden Attack has Queer Sequel
2803:Wildman, Kim; Hogue, Derry (2015).
2793:(Sydney), 12 December 1931, page 1.
2752:Andrew Moore (2011), pages 193-194.
2606:Baron Alder (1996), pages 192, 196.
2548:Stanley Melbourne Bruce (1883–1967)
2448:(Sydney), 11 December 1925, page 1.
2395:Eric Campbell (1965), pages 15, 27.
2377:(Sydney), 20 November 1925, page 1.
2257:John Thomas (Jack) Lang (1876–1975)
2230:(Sydney), 10 October 1929, page 25.
2036:Military Forces of the Commonwealth
1542:"goose-stepping their way past the
1423:, a bus proprietor and director of
1201:conciliation and arbitration system
1080:the union deregistered through the
3931:People from Young, New South Wales
3764:Australian Dictionary of Biography
3514:(Sydney), 9 October 1938, page 23.
3358:(Sydney), 26 January 1935, page 4.
3263:(Sydney), 14 October 1933, page 8.
2934:(Sydney), 10 January 1932, page 2.
2828:Moore, Andrew (15 November 2005).
2771:Three Police Blinded by Red Pepper
2648:(Sydney), 22 August 1936, page 12.
2595:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2569:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2552:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2505:(Sydney), 9 January 1930, page 15.
2420:(Sydney), 22 October 1925, page 1.
2279:website; accessed 17 October 2023.
2261:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1941:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1621:, as "nothing more than a pair of
1482:, "the New Guard lost much of its
25:
3880:, Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press.
3878:Eric Campbell & the New Guard
3837:, University of Queensland Press.
3716:New Guard "hero" spills the beans
2489:(Sydney), 30 August 1926, page 2.
2432:Andrew Moore (1989), pages 57-61.
2361:(Sydney), 31 August 1925, page 9.
2109:(Sydney), 9 October 1924, page 4.
2040:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
1982:(Sydney), 10 August 1911, page 6.
1893:Family records, per Ancestry.com.
682:
677:
3788:The New Guard Movement 1931-1935
3700:Fighting fit and no-one to fight
3636:Northern Riverina County Council
3578:(Sydney), 10 July 1945, page 10.
2918:Keith Amos (1976), pages 66, 68.
2869:, 22 January 1932, pages 11-12;
2863:New Guard: Charge Against Leader
2743:(Sydney), 22 July 1931, page 11.
2304:(Sydney), 26 July 1925, page 10.
1691:toasts to both the English King
1522:, Campbell was "tooted down the
1472:dismissal of the Lang government
1290:
1274:
1167:, in defending a legal claim by
769:
711:Far-right terrorism in Australia
437:
352:
335:
114:Chief Commander of the New Guard
61:A photograph of Campbell in 1932
18:Eric Campbell (New Guard leader)
3806:Politics, Religion and Ideology
3546:(Sydney), 5 April 1939, page 1.
3419:Lane Cove - 1935 (Roll: 19,409)
3326:Keith Amos (1976), pages 98-99.
3184:(Mackay), 7 April 1933, page 7.
3056:(Sydney), 1 March 1932, page 3.
2982:(Sydney), 8 May 1932, page 12;
2727:(Sydney), 23 July 1931, page 1.
2687:Keith Amos (1976), pages 35-36.
2669:Keith Amos (1976), pages 26-27.
2565:James Henry Scullin (1876–1953)
2386:Keith Amos (1976), pages 11-12.
2198:Eric Campbell (1965), page 101.
2141:(Sydney), 29 May 1924, page 10.
1466:Studio, Sydney, September 1932.
1462:Campbell broadcasting from the
1445:was awakened from sleep at his
1075:During the post-war period the
386:First Australian Imperial Force
268:
3760:William John Scott (1888–1956)
3738:National Archives of Australia
3434:Andrew Moore (2011), page 191.
3408:(Sydney), 12 May 1935, page 2.
3196:Andrew Moore (2011), page 197.
2761:Eric Campbell (1965), page 11.
2678:Eric Campbell (1965), page 72.
2657:Andrew Moore (1989), page 141.
2580:Eric Campbell (1965), page 27.
2404:Eric Campbell (1965), page 16.
2288:Eric Campbell (1965), page 15.
2125:(Sydney), 27 May 1924, page 5.
2058:(Orange), 29 May 1918, page 4.
2015:National Archives of Australia
1793:, Sydney: Briton Publications.
1110:parties led by Prime Minister
1082:Commonwealth Arbitration Court
967:Eric Campbell enlisted in the
1:
3450:, 19 September 1936, page 18.
3372:. Sydney: Briton Publication.
3000:The assault on Jock Garden...
2329:Baron Alder (1996), page 196.
2277:Parliament of New South Wales
2243:, No. 32 (May 1977), page 46.
2103:An Explanation and an Apology
1628:In late 1934 Campbell's book
1379:'Reflections!', a cartoon by
1203:. By the end of October the
1114:, passed an amendment to the
715:Christchurch mosque shootings
537:Australian National Socialist
127:
85:
3731:World War I service record:
3658:, 15 December 1949, page 10.
3572:Branch Defies C.P. Executive
3466:, 14 November 1936, page 17.
3048:, 18 February 1932, page 4;
2537:, 23 February 1929, page 21.
2214:, 15 February 1923, page 10.
2008:World War I service record:
1966:, 4 September 1970, page 10.
1506:Caricatures of Campbell and
998:from early August until the
126:18 February 1931 –
3734:"Scott William John Rendal"
3690:, 28 January 1959, page 32.
3686:by Annette Fielding-Jones,
3674:, 16 February 1950, page 4.
3282:, 30 November 1933, page 7.
3124:Keith Amos (1976), page 93.
2909:, 29 February 1932, page 1.
2893:, 19 February 1932, page 9.
2877:, 3 February 1932, page 13.
2737:Listen-in to these Stations
2473:Keith Amos (1976), page 11.
2189:, 30 December 1924, page 4.
2157:, 12 November 1924, page 8.
1007:Distinguished Service Order
552:Conservative National Party
459:Australian League of Rights
312:Distinguished Service Order
84:4 December 1933 –
3962:
3926:History of New South Wales
3876:Robert Darlington (1983),
3706:, 21 August 1965, page 12.
3626:, 29 January 1946, page 1.
3610:, 22 October 1945, page 6.
3588:Country Party and The Hume
3476:New Guard Leader on Remand
3342:, 5 December 1933, page 9.
3206:No Atrocities Against Jews
2887:New Guard: Town Hall Rally
2871:New Guard: Leader Fined £2
2173:, 22 August 1925, page 14.
1695:and to the German Fuhrer,
1644:'Memories!', a cartoon by
1617:, and the prime minister,
893:candidate for the federal
840:who was the leader of the
479:National Socialist Network
404:Second Battle of the Somme
72:Leader of the Centre Party
3883:Phyllis Mitchell (198-),
3688:Australian Women's Weekly
3642:, 16 August 1948, page 7.
3423:New South Wales Elections
3389:, 12 April 1935, page 11.
3257:New Guard in White Shirts
3214:Atrocities of Nazi Regime
2984:Euchred by Knave of Clubs
2719:, 22 July 1931, page 12;
2483:Notice is hereby given...
2090:, 5 October 1920, page 3.
2074:, 19 April 1919, page 12.
1937:Eric Campbell (1893–1970)
1769:In 1965 Campbell's book,
1701:Returned Soldiers' League
1555:British Union of Fascists
1408:was similarly disrupted.
1077:Australian Seamen's Union
1005:Campbell was awarded the
969:Australian Imperial Force
726:Islamophobia in Australia
527:Australian Defence League
469:Australian Protectionists
414:
166:
119:
77:
66:
54:
3498:, 12 July 1938, page 12.
2950:, 19 March 1932, page 1.
2563:J. R. Robertson (1988),
2521:, 20 July 1928, page 13.
1960:New Guard's founder dies
1708:The Du Menier legal case
1658:New South Wales election
1190:held on October 12, the
1057:Charles ('Digger') Brand
1000:cessation of hostilities
547:Confederate Action Party
522:Australia First Movement
221:Cause of death
3916:Australian nationalists
3867:New Guard and Old Guard
3562:, 20 June 1945, page 2.
3368:Campbell, Eric (1934).
3031:, 24 June 1950, page 5.
2990:, 15 May 1932, page 13.
2339:Peace Officers Act 1925
1909:, 20 May 1933, page 17.
1864:O'Shea, Louise (2017).
1652:(Sydney), 18 June 1937.
1161:Charles Kingsford-Smith
567:Nationalist Alternative
3847:Andrew Moore (2011), '
3794:Eric Campbell (1965).
3480:North-Western Watchman
3006:, 10 May 1932, page 2.
2703:, 1 May 1931, page 11.
2620:Louise O'Shea (2017),
2135:Major Campbell, D.S.O.
1797:Eric Campbell (1965).
1788:Eric Campbell (1934),
1682:United Australia Party
1653:
1544:former Imperial Palace
1515:
1467:
1388:
1387:(Sydney), 12 May 1932.
1353:United Australia Party
1240:
1192:Australian Labor Party
1097:state general election
1026:in south-west Sydney.
964:
746:White Australia policy
706:Anti-Chinese sentiment
577:Q Society of Australia
139:Sir George Hodges Knox
3921:Australian solicitors
3826:Andrew Moore (1995),
3811:Andrew Moore (1989),
3758:Andrew Moore (1988),
3624:Goulburn Evening Post
3560:Goulburn Evening Post
3496:Sydney Morning Herald
3464:Sydney Morning Herald
3448:Sydney Morning Herald
3387:Sydney Morning Herald
3340:Sydney Morning Herald
3241:New Guards No Singers
3046:Sydney Morning Herald
2966:, 6 May 1932, page 4.
2928:On Way to Fight Fires
2891:Sydney Morning Herald
2875:Sydney Morning Herald
2867:Sydney Morning Herald
2717:Sydney Morning Herald
2701:Sydney Morning Herald
2546:Heather Radi (1979),
2535:Sydney Morning Herald
2519:Sydney Morning Herald
2212:Sydney Morning Herald
2208:Imperial Service Club
2187:Sydney Morning Herald
2171:Sydney Morning Herald
2155:Sydney Morning Herald
2088:Sydney Morning Herald
2072:Sydney Morning Herald
1907:Sydney Morning Herald
1643:
1505:
1461:
1432:Sydney Harbour Bridge
1378:
1238:
962:
736:Politics of Australia
587:Yellow Vest Australia
517:Antipodean Resistance
511:Defunct organisations
499:United Patriots Front
364:Years of service
3656:Gundagai Independent
3640:Gundagai Independent
3608:Gundagai Independent
3524:Indentity of "Mr. X"
3460:Toast to Herr Hitler
3280:Yass Tribune-Courier
2298:That Deportation Law
973:H.M.A.T. Argyllshire
923:South Western Slopes
776:Australia portal
721:Fascism in Australia
448:Active organisations
152:Position established
98:Position established
3941:Australian colonels
3911:Australian fascists
3786:Keith Amos (1976),
2632:, 13, Summer 2017).
2630:Marxist Left Review
2589:Keith Amos (1983),
2414:An Amazing Document
2255:Bede Nairn (1983),
1935:Keith Amos (1979),
1870:Marxist Left Review
1672:(James Fowler) and
1514:, 8 February 1933).
1301:, 30 December 1931.
1029:On 27 May 1924 the
423:Part of a series on
3218:Sun News-Pictorial
3040:Examples include:
3027:by W. B. Ormonde,
2721:New Guard Prepared
1903:Mr. Allan Campbell
1678:Herbert FitzSimons
1654:
1516:
1468:
1389:
1241:
1121:Peace Officers Act
1002:in November 1918.
965:
902:The Rallying Point
895:electorate of Hume
844:organisation, the
562:National Socialist
429:Far-right politics
376:Lieutenant Colonel
162:Position abolished
108:Position abolished
3702:by Robin Gollan,
3540:Campbell Decision
3492:Conspiracy Charge
2814:978-1-77559-266-2
2787:Boo Guard Attacks
2068:Returned Soldiers
1773:, was published.
1664:(Eric Campbell),
1588:League of Nations
812:
811:
751:White nationalism
582:Rise Up Australia
484:Reclaim Australia
418:
417:
258:Nancy Emma Browne
16:(Redirected from
3953:
3801:
3767:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3740:. B2455. 3003941
3729:
3723:
3713:
3707:
3697:
3691:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3633:
3627:
3617:
3611:
3601:
3595:
3592:Daily Advertiser
3585:
3579:
3569:
3563:
3553:
3547:
3537:
3531:
3521:
3515:
3505:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3473:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3415:
3409:
3399:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3349:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3315:
3305:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3273:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3238:
3229:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3141:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3074:
3057:
3038:
3032:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
2997:
2991:
2973:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2903:New Guard Active
2900:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2713:Loyalist Reunion
2710:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2421:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2355:Summonses Served
2352:
2346:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2270:
2264:
2253:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2221:
2215:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2110:
2100:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2017:. B2455. 1853106
2006:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1957:
1944:
1933:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1818:
1804:
1756:Burrangong Shire
1668:(Fergus Munro),
1548:Unter den Linden
1480:electoral defeat
1452:Airedale terrier
1436:Francis de Groot
1421:Federick Stewart
1393:Sydney Town Hall
1355:(U.A.P.) led by
1323:Sydney Town Hall
1294:
1278:
1224:Philip Goldfinch
1209:Great Depression
1188:federal election
1126:federal election
994:during June and
900:Campbell's book
864:Great Depression
831:
826:
804:
797:
790:
774:
773:
772:
741:Ultranationalism
489:Soldiers of Odin
441:
420:
356:
341:
339:
338:
326:Military service
272:
270:
206:
203:2 September 1970
185:
183:
171:Personal details
159:
149:
129:
124:
105:
95:
87:
82:
59:
49:
34:
21:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3891:
3890:
3862:
3860:Further reading
3793:
3771:
3770:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3718:by W. A. Wood,
3714:
3710:
3698:
3694:
3682:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3650:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3618:
3614:
3602:
3598:
3586:
3582:
3570:
3566:
3554:
3550:
3538:
3534:
3522:
3518:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3416:
3412:
3400:
3393:
3383:Centre Movement
3381:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3350:
3346:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3306:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3274:
3267:
3261:Daily Telegraph
3255:
3251:
3239:
3232:
3222:Jews in Germany
3204:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3176:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3138:Daily Telegraph
3134:New Guard Again
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3113:Daily Telegraph
3107:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3060:
3039:
3035:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3004:Kyogle Examiner
2998:
2994:
2974:
2970:
2964:Kyogle Examiner
2958:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2907:Singleton Argus
2901:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2830:"The New Guard"
2827:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2785:
2781:
2775:Daily Telegraph
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2741:Daily Telegraph
2735:
2731:
2725:Daily Telegraph
2711:
2707:
2697:The "New Guard'
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2619:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2487:Daily Telegraph
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2228:Daily Telegraph
2222:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2011:"Campbell Eric"
2009:
2007:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1947:
1934:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1796:
1785:
1764:
1723:
1721:Return to Young
1710:
1648:, published in
1615:Bertram Stevens
1603:
1575:
1510:by John Frith (
1500:
1383:, published in
1373:
1339:Nuremberg rally
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:, 29 July 1931.
1279:
1246:
1233:
1184:
1153:
1139:The Labor Daily
1116:Immigration Act
1073:
1024:Holsworthy Base
1019:
957:
927:New South Wales
915:
910:
850:New South Wales
824:
820:
814:
813:
808:
770:
768:
761:
760:
756:White supremacy
696:
688:
687:
673:
665:
664:
600:
592:
591:
557:National Action
512:
504:
503:
454:Australia First
449:
430:
410:
358:Australian Army
336:
334:
321:
300:
274:
266:
262:
259:
242:
241:Other political
231:Political party
208:
204:
193:New South Wales
187:
181:
179:
157:
147:
141:
125:
120:
103:
93:
83:
78:
62:
50:
41:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3842:Labour History
3838:
3831:
3824:
3809:
3802:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3751:
3724:
3708:
3704:Canberra Times
3692:
3676:
3660:
3644:
3628:
3612:
3596:
3580:
3564:
3548:
3532:
3516:
3500:
3484:
3468:
3452:
3444:Former Enemies
3436:
3427:
3417:Antony Green,
3410:
3391:
3375:
3360:
3356:Smith's Weekly
3344:
3328:
3316:
3300:
3296:Smith's Weekly
3284:
3265:
3249:
3230:
3210:Daily Standard
3198:
3186:
3170:
3154:
3142:
3126:
3117:
3101:
3097:Daily Examiner
3085:
3081:Smith's Weekly
3058:
3033:
3017:
3008:
2992:
2968:
2952:
2936:
2920:
2911:
2895:
2879:
2855:
2846:
2834:Workers Online
2820:
2813:
2795:
2779:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2729:
2705:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2659:
2650:
2646:Smith's Weekly
2634:
2608:
2599:
2582:
2573:
2556:
2539:
2531:Pacific Flight
2523:
2507:
2491:
2475:
2466:
2450:
2442:Freedom Gained
2434:
2422:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2363:
2347:
2331:
2322:
2306:
2290:
2281:
2265:
2245:
2241:Labour History
2232:
2216:
2200:
2191:
2183:Rifle Shooting
2175:
2167:Family Notices
2159:
2143:
2127:
2111:
2092:
2076:
2060:
2044:
2028:
1984:
1968:
1964:Canberra Times
1945:
1911:
1895:
1875:
1872:. No. 13.
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1763:
1760:
1722:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1670:George's River
1602:
1599:
1574:
1571:
1566:R.M.S. Oronsay
1520:R.M.S. Oronsay
1499:
1496:
1372:
1369:
1348:cayenne pepper
1306:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1245:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1183:
1180:
1174:Southern Cross
1169:Keith Anderson
1152:
1151:Legal practice
1149:
1072:
1069:
1018:
1015:
956:
953:
914:
911:
909:
906:
810:
809:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:
763:
762:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
708:
703:
697:
695:Related topics
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
494:True Blue Crew
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
434:
433:
425:
424:
416:
415:
412:
411:
409:
408:
407:
406:
395:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
350:
349:Branch/service
346:
345:
332:
328:
327:
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
308:
306:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
288:
282:
280:
276:
275:
264:
260:
257:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
207:(aged 77)
201:
197:
196:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
136:
132:
131:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
75:
74:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
40:
37:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3958:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:Lost Deposits
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:Daily Mercury
3179:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2948:Newcastle Sun
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:Curious Claim
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
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1737:Country Party
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1528:Oswald Mosley
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1498:Overseas trip
1497:
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1484:raison d'être
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1359:took office.
1358:
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1300:
1297:Published in
1293:
1284:
1281:Published in
1277:
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1256:
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1243:
1237:
1231:The New Guard
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:James Scullin
1193:
1189:
1182:The Old Guard
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1130:Garden Island
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1112:Stanley Bruce
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1011:S.S. Anchises
1008:
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984:
982:
981:gas poisoning
978:
977:Western Front
974:
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891:Country Party
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857:Western Front
853:
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839:
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817:Eric Campbell
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186:11 April 1893
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38:Eric Campbell
35:
30:
19:
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3870:
3852:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3812:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3780:
3763:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3737:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
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3576:Daily Mirror
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3370:The New Road
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2931:
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2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2804:
2798:
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2782:
2774:
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2757:
2748:
2740:
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2724:
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2240:
2235:
2227:
2219:
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2203:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2014:
1980:Evening News
1979:
1971:
1963:
1940:
1906:
1898:
1869:
1837:
1825:
1816:
1799:
1789:
1783:Publications
1778:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:Kapooka Base
1734:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1697:Adolf Hitler
1689:
1686:
1655:
1649:
1635:
1630:The New Road
1629:
1627:
1619:Joseph Lyons
1611:
1607:Centre Party
1604:
1595:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1519:
1517:
1512:The Bulletin
1511:
1508:Adolf Hitler
1492:
1488:
1483:
1469:
1440:
1429:
1424:
1412:
1410:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1365:
1361:
1357:Joseph Lyons
1344:
1335:Robin Gollan
1332:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1299:The Bulletin
1298:
1283:The Bulletin
1282:
1251:
1247:
1217:
1213:
1185:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1120:
1115:
1101:
1090:
1074:
1061:
1054:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1010:
1004:
985:
972:
966:
950:
946:Evening News
945:
935:
930:
916:
901:
899:
887:Centre Party
884:
861:
854:
836:and later a
834:army officer
816:
815:
701:Antisemitism
678:The New Road
655:van Tongeren
609:
542:Centre Party
474:Lads Society
431:in Australia
392:Battles/wars
286:Army Officer
243:affiliations
235:Centre Party
205:(1970-09-02)
158:Succeeded by
121:
104:Succeeded by
79:
29:
3906:1970 deaths
3901:1893 births
3308:In Politics
3245:Labor Daily
3050:Station 2UE
3042:Station 2UW
2960:Jock Garden
2791:Labor Daily
2418:Labor Daily
2123:Labor Daily
2107:Labor Daily
1762:Later years
1476:Philip Game
1443:Jock Garden
1266:Australia".
1165:Charles Ulm
1104:Nationalist
1046:North Shore
1038:Labor Daily
1032:Labor Daily
955:War Service
731:Neo-fascism
640:Kent Hughes
615:G. Campbell
610:E. Campbell
399:World War I
216:, Australia
195:, Australia
148:Preceded by
94:Preceded by
3895:Categories
3821:0868402834
3744:17 October
3528:Daily News
2021:15 October
1848:References
1646:Tom Glover
1470:After the
1381:Tom Glover
1371:Activities
1244:Beginnings
1227:disorder.
1050:Turramurra
1048:suburb of
940:parade of
938:coronation
925:region of
913:Early life
672:Literature
331:Allegiance
296:Politician
279:Occupation
182:1893-04-11
3556:Hume Seat
3336:New Party
3166:Telegraph
3093:New Guard
1829:Adelaide.
1693:George VI
1674:Arncliffe
1662:Lane Cove
1536:Mussolini
1402:Bankstown
1220:Old Guard
1093:Jack Lang
1086:Tom Walsh
1065:Freemason
996:the Somme
992:Strazeele
921:, in the
908:Biography
880:Mussolini
872:Old Guard
868:Jack Lang
846:New Guard
842:far-right
838:solicitor
572:New Guard
367:1914–1932
343:Australia
291:Solicitor
247:New Guard
142:W. R. Cox
122:In office
80:In office
2151:Weddings
2052:Personal
1601:Politics
1573:Meetings
1447:Maroubra
1017:Post-war
942:George V
630:de Groot
620:Cottrell
210:Canberra
3774:Sources
3720:Tribune
3544:The Sun
3406:The Sun
3312:The Sun
3226:The Age
3054:The Sun
2932:The Sun
2503:The Sun
2462:The Sun
2446:The Sun
2375:The Sun
2359:The Sun
2343:AustLII
2318:AustLII
2139:The Sun
1822:Bingara
1680:of the
1666:Hornsby
1650:The Sun
1623:mummers
1524:Harbour
1474:by Sir
1425:The Sun
1413:The Sun
1406:Newtown
1385:The Sun
1194:led by
1108:Country
1071:X Force
645:Nalliah
635:Hersant
625:Erikson
273:
265:
261:
3819:
2839:25 May
2811:
2056:Leader
1791:Reform
1532:Hitler
1262:Guard.
988:Robecq
876:Hitler
660:Yemini
650:Saleam
605:Anning
599:People
340:
305:Awards
253:Spouse
225:Cancer
135:Deputy
3512:Truth
2988:Truth
2980:Truth
2302:Truth
1809:Notes
1730:Young
1540:Nazis
1417:Cobar
919:Young
827:
825:,
267:(
263:
189:Young
45:
3871:BCHG
3817:ISBN
3746:2023
2841:2021
2809:ISBN
2023:2023
1163:and
1106:and
878:and
382:Unit
372:Rank
200:Died
176:Born
130:1935
88:1935
3869:',
3851:',
1826:née
1550:".
1546:on
1534:or
1464:2CH
1328:2GB
931:née
848:in
822:DSO
214:ACT
43:DSO
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3736:.
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180:(
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